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Benz P, Zablotski Y, Schulz B. Influence of acclimatization time on parameters of barometric whole-body plethysmography in healthy adult cats. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299252. [PMID: 38470892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary function testing by barometric whole-body plethysmography (BWBP) is a long-established and well-accepted, non-invasive investigative procedure in cats. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate, if different acclimatization times influence the measurement parameters of BWBP in healthy adult cats. ANIMALS 48 healthy adult cats. METHODS In the prospective observational study, healthy cats were placed in a measuring chamber and BWBP was performed over 30 minutes. Parameters obtained during the three measurement units of 10 minutes each (T1, T2 and T3) were compared. RESULTS All measurement parameters except for tidal volume per body weight changed significantly (p<0.05) over the three time periods. From T1-T2, the parameters minute volume per body weight (p<0.001), peak inspiratory flow per body weight (p<0.001), peak expiratory flow per body weight (p = 0.002), pause (p = 0.03), enhanced pause (p = 0.03) and quotient of peak expiratory flow divided by expiratory flow at end expiratory volume plus 50% tidal volume (p = 0.03) changed significantly. From the time interval T2-T3, only respiratory rate (p = 0.02), inspiratory time (p = 0.02), expiratory time (p = 0.04), and relaxation time (p = 0.01) changed significantly. All measurement parameters except for tidal volume per body weight changed significantly (p<0.05) between T1 and T3. Age had a significant influence on all parameters except for peak expiratory flow per body weight and peak inspiratory flow per body weight. The parameters were not influenced by sex. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE All measurement parameters except tidal volume per body weight were significantly affected by acclimatization time. Controlling for age and sex, there was still a significant influence of acclimatization time on all parameters except for tidal volume per body weight. Standardization of the acclimatization time for future studies would be appropriate in order to maintain comparability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Benz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bianka Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Hartung BF, Mueller RS, Gauss J, Weitzer T, Boehm TMSA, Palić J, Schulz B. Reactions to environmental allergens in cats with feline lower airway disease. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1267496. [PMID: 38130436 PMCID: PMC10734688 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1267496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Aeroallergens have been discussed as potential triggers for feline asthma (FA), which can be induced experimentally by allergen sensitization. To date, only few studies have investigated reactions to environmental allergens in cats with naturally occurring feline lower airway disease (FLAD). The aim of the study was to compare results of intradermal testing (IDT) and serum allergen-specific immunoglobulin E-(IgE) testing (SAT) in cats with FLAD, and to investigate possible associations with allergen exposure. Material and methods Eight cats with eosinophilic airway inflammation (EI), ten cats with mixed inflammation (MI), six with neutrophilic inflammation (NI), and 24 healthy cats (HC) were included. Cats diagnosed with FLAD were assigned to the different inflammatory groups based on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BLAF) cytology. SAT was performed in all cats; IDT was only carried out in cats with FLAD. Information about the cats' environment and potential allergen exposure was obtained using an owner questionnaire. Results In comparison to 83% of HC with positive reactions on SAT only 52% of cats with FLAD had positive responses (p = 0.051). Significantly more positive reactions per cat were detected on IDT than on SAT (p = 0.001). No significant difference was found for positive reactions per cat on SAT when compared between HC, NI, EI, and MI (p = 0.377). Only "slight" agreement was found for most allergens when reactions obtained in both tests in cats with FLAD were compared, except for "moderate" agreement for English plantain (k = 0.504) and Alternaria alternata (k = 0.488). Overall, no clear association between the cats' environment and allergen reactions were detected. Conclusions and clinical importance Interpretation of allergy test results in cats with FLAD should be done in the context of clinical signs and individual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte F. Hartung
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf S. Mueller
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jana Gauss
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Weitzer
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jelena Palić
- Vet Med Labor GmbH Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Kornwestheim, Germany
| | - Bianka Schulz
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Gareis H, Hörner‐Schmid L, Zablotski Y, Palić J, Hecht S, Schulz B. Correlation of clinical and radiographic variables in cats with lower airway disease. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2443-2452. [PMID: 37728391 PMCID: PMC10658588 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline lower airway disease (FLAD) is frequently associated with radiographic abnormalities. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether radiographic changes in cats with naturally occurring FLAD improve with treatment and if radiographic changes correlate with clinical signs. ANIMALS Twenty-four client-owned cats newly diagnosed with FLAD, based on medical history, typical clinical signs, radiographic findings, and examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, were included in the prospective study. METHODS At 2 examination time points (days 0 and 60), an owner questionnaire, clinical examination, and thoracic radiography were carried out. Information from the questionnaire and clinical examination were evaluated on the basis of a 12-point clinical score. Radiographs were assessed using a 10-point radiographic score. Individual treatment was given to all cats over the study period, based on severity of the disease and compliance of the cat. Clinical and radiographic scores were compared statistically for both examination time points and evaluated for correlation. RESULTS All cats showed radiographic abnormalities at initial presentation. In addition to significant improvement in clinical variables, the total radiographic score improved significantly (P = .01) during the study period, with significant improvement in the severity of bronchial (P = .01) and interstitial lung pattern (P = .04). Improvement of the clinical and radiographic score was not correlated. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE In addition to clinical signs, repeated radiographic examination can be used as a diagnostic tool to evaluate treatment response in cats with FLAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Gareis
- Clinic of Small Animal MedicineLudwig Maximilian University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Lina Hörner‐Schmid
- Clinic of Small Animal MedicineLudwig Maximilian University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic of Small Animal MedicineLudwig Maximilian University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Jelena Palić
- Division of IDEXX LaboratoriesVet Med Labor GmbHKornwestheimGermany
| | - Silke Hecht
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Bianka Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal MedicineLudwig Maximilian University of MunichMunichGermany
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Hörner-Schmid L, Palić J, Mueller RS, Schulz B. Serum Allergen-Specific Immunoglobulin E in Cats with Inflammatory Bronchial Disease. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3226. [PMID: 37893950 PMCID: PMC10603667 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of feline inflammatory bronchial disease is poorly understood. This study compares the degree of allergen-specific serum IgE responses between cats with feline asthma, chronic bronchitis, mixed inflammation, and clinically healthy cats (HCs). The retrospective case-control study used serum from eighteen cats with eosinophilic inflammation (EI), ten with neutrophilic inflammation (NI), six with mixed inflammation (MI), and fourteen HCs. Affected cats were categorized into groups based on bronchoalveolar lavage cytology. The measurement of IgE for 34 different allergens including fungal organisms, weeds, grasses, trees, mites, and insects was performed using an indirect ELISA. Positive reactions to allergens were detected in the serum of 17/18 cats with EI, 8/10 with NI, 6/6 with MI, and 11/14 HCs (p = 0.364). When overall positive reactions were compared between groups, cats with MI (p = <0.01) had significantly more positive reactions against mite allergens than HCs. Blood eosinophils inversely correlated with the absolute amount of allergen-specific serum IgE expressed in ELISA absorbance units (EAs) (p = 0.014). Sensitization against dust mites seems to be more prevalent in cats with MI. However, positive IgE reactions can be observed in healthy and diseased cats, and, therefore, need to be interpreted in the light of clinical findings and environmental conditions of individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jelena Palić
- Vet Med Labor GmbH Division of IDEXX Laboratories, 70806 Kornwestheim, Germany
| | - Ralf S. Mueller
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Bianka Schulz
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Ehrhardt B, El-Merhie N, Kovacevic D, Schramm J, Bossen J, Roeder T, Krauss-Etschmann S. Airway remodeling: The Drosophila model permits a purely epithelial perspective. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:876673. [PMID: 36187164 PMCID: PMC9520053 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.876673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway remodeling is an umbrella term for structural changes in the conducting airways that occur in chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The pathobiology of remodeling involves multiple mesenchymal and lymphoid cell types and finally leads to a variety of hardly reversible changes such as hyperplasia of goblet cells, thickening of the reticular basement membrane, deposition of collagen, peribronchial fibrosis, angiogenesis and hyperplasia of bronchial smooth muscle cells. In order to develop solutions for prevention or innovative therapies, these complex processes must be understood in detail which requires their deconstruction into individual building blocks. In the present manuscript we therefore focus on the role of the airway epithelium and introduce Drosophila melanogaster as a model. The simple architecture of the flies’ airways as well as the lack of adaptive immunity allows to focus exclusively on the importance of the epithelium for the remodeling processes. We will review and discuss genetic and environmentally induced changes in epithelial structures and molecular responses and propose an integrated framework of research for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Ehrhardt
- Division of Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Natalia El-Merhie
- Division of Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Draginja Kovacevic
- Division of Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Juliana Schramm
- Division of Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Judith Bossen
- Division of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Division of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Krauss-Etschmann
- Division of Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Correspondence: Susanne Krauss-Etschmann
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Airway remodeling in asthma: what really matters. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 367:551-569. [PMID: 28190087 PMCID: PMC5320023 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Airway remodeling is generally quite broadly defined as any change in composition, distribution, thickness, mass or volume and/or number of structural components observed in the airway wall of patients relative to healthy individuals. However, two types of airway remodeling should be distinguished more clearly: (1) physiological airway remodeling, which encompasses structural changes that occur regularly during normal lung development and growth leading to a normal mature airway wall or as an acute and transient response to injury and/or inflammation, which ultimately results in restoration of a normal airway structures; and (2) pathological airway remodeling, which comprises those structural alterations that occur as a result of either disturbed lung development or as a response to chronic injury and/or inflammation leading to persistently altered airway wall structures and function. This review will address a few major aspects: (1) what are reliable quantitative approaches to assess airway remodeling? (2) Are there any indications supporting the notion that airway remodeling can occur as a primary event, i.e., before any inflammatory process was initiated? (3) What is known about airway remodeling being a secondary event to inflammation? And (4), what can we learn from the different animal models ranging from invertebrate to primate models in the study of airway remodeling? Future studies are required addressing particularly pheno-/endotype-specific aspects of airway remodeling using both endotype-specific animal models and “endotyped” human asthmatics. Hopefully, novel in vivo imaging techniques will be further advanced to allow monitoring development, growth and inflammation of the airways already at a very early stage in life.
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Allerton FJW, Leemans J, Tual C, Bernaerts F, Kirschvink N, Clercx C. Correlation of bronchoalveolar eosinophilic percentage with airway responsiveness in cats with chronic bronchial disease. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:258-64. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. J. W. Allerton
- Department for Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
| | - J. Leemans
- Section of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Department for Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
| | - C. Tual
- Department for Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
| | - F. Bernaerts
- Department for Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
| | - N. Kirschvink
- Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Sciences; University of Namur; Namur Belgium
| | - C. Clercx
- Department for Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
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Leemans J, Kirschvink N, Bernaerts F, Clercx C, Snaps F, Billen F, Gustin P. Salmeterol or doxycycline do not inhibit acute bronchospasm and airway inflammation in cats with experimentally-induced asthma. Vet J 2011; 192:49-56. [PMID: 22136877 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if inhaled salmeterol, a long-acting β(2)-adrenergic agonist, and oral doxycycline, a tetracycline antibiotic displaying matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitory activity, reduce airway inflammation and obstruction in cats with experimentally-induced asthma. Eight Ascaris suum (AS)-sensitised cats were enrolled in a prospective study in which they underwent four AS-challenges at 1 month intervals. The challenged animals were given no treatment or were treated on 4 consecutive days with either: (1) oral prednisolone (1mg/kg twice daily), (2) inhaled salmeterol (50 μg twice daily), or (3) oral doxycycline (5mg/kg twice daily), according to a randomised cross-over design. Inhibition of allergen-induced early (EAR) and late (LAR) asthmatic reactions were assessed by barometric whole-body plethysmography. Cytology and measurement of MMP-2 and -9 activities were carried out on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Although none of the treatments prevented the EAR, prednisolone treatment inhibited the LAR. Relative to untreated cats, the eosinophil percentage and MMP-2 activity in BALF were significantly reduced following prednisolone treatment (P<0.05). Short-term therapy with either salmeterol or doxycycline had no effect on the EAR or LAR or on airway inflammation. Given the chronic nature of this disease in cats, long-term therapy may be required to produce more favourable functional and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Leemans
- Section of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Department for Functional Sciences B41, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Effect of short-term oral and inhaled corticosteroids on airway inflammation and responsiveness in a feline acute asthma model. Vet J 2011; 192:41-8. [PMID: 21354836 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether high-dose inhaled fluticasone propionate (FP), alone or in combination with salmeterol (SAL), is as effective as oral prednisolone in reducing airway inflammation and obstruction in cats with experimentally-induced acute asthma. Six cats sensitised to Ascaris suum (AS) were enrolled in a prospective controlled therapeutic trial and underwent four aerosol challenges, at 1-month intervals with AS allergen. The allergen - stimulated animals received four consecutive days treatment with either oral prednisolone at 1mg/kg twice daily, 500 μg of FP inhaled twice daily, or a combination of FP/SAL at 500 μg/50 μg inhaled twice daily, respectively, according to a randomised cross-over design. Treatment-related changes in lung function, airway responsiveness (AR) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology were assessed. Barometric whole-body plethysmography (BWBP) was used for the assessment of respiratory variables and AR. No significant differences in respiratory rate or Penh (an estimate of airflow limitation measured by BWBP) were detected among treatment groups. Allergen-induced airway hyper-responsiveness was significantly inhibited by all three steroid treatments (P<0.05). The mean BALF eosinophil percentage (±SEM) was lower after oral and inhaled corticosteroid treatment and these changes were significant for groups receiving prednisolone and the FP/SAL combination. Findings suggest high-dose FP, particularly in combination with SAL, is effective in ameliorating airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in this model of acute feline asthma, and highlight the potential use of these drugs in cats experiencing acute exacerbations of the naturally occurring disease.
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Influence of age on bronchoscopic findings in healthy beagle dogs. Vet J 2011; 187:225-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Stursberg U, Zenker I, Hecht S, Hartmann K, Schulz BS. Use of Propentofylline in Feline Bronchial Disease: Prospective, Randomized, Positive-Controlled Study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 46:318-26. [DOI: 10.5326/0460318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Propentofylline is a methylxanthine derivative with bronchodilating actions similar to those of theophylline. Nineteen cats with bronchial disease were enrolled in this study. All cats received a low dose of prednisolone; 10 of the cats additionally received propentofylline. Propentofylline-treated cats significantly improved in their auscultation scores, respiratory pattern scores, and radiological bronchial markings score over the observation period, and they coughed less and slept less at the end of the study. No significant changes were noted in the control group. This study provides evidence that a combination therapy with prednisolone and propentofylline in cats with bronchial disease might be superior over monotherapy with prednisolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Stursberg
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, (Stursberg, Zenker, Hartmann, Schulz), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Munich, 80539 Germany and the
- Department of Small Animal, Clinical Sciences (Hecht), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4544
- From the
| | - Isabella Zenker
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, (Stursberg, Zenker, Hartmann, Schulz), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Munich, 80539 Germany and the
- Department of Small Animal, Clinical Sciences (Hecht), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4544
- From the
| | - Silke Hecht
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, (Stursberg, Zenker, Hartmann, Schulz), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Munich, 80539 Germany and the
- Department of Small Animal, Clinical Sciences (Hecht), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4544
- From the
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, (Stursberg, Zenker, Hartmann, Schulz), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Munich, 80539 Germany and the
- Department of Small Animal, Clinical Sciences (Hecht), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4544
- From the
| | - Bianka S. Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, (Stursberg, Zenker, Hartmann, Schulz), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Munich, 80539 Germany and the
- Department of Small Animal, Clinical Sciences (Hecht), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4544
- From the
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