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Korsós SA, Staszyk C, Boone M, Josipovic I, Vogelsberg J, Vlaminck L. Micro-CT and histological examination of accessory canals in 34 equine cheek teeth. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1396871. [PMID: 38659446 PMCID: PMC11039908 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1396871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Accessory canals and apical deltas have been extensively studied in human dentistry. Their clinical role as a difficult to clean reservoir for bacteria during endodontic treatments has been well described. Many papers describe in detail the pulp anatomy of equine dentition but little attention has been given to their apical ramifications. The goal of this paper is to describe the presence and anatomy of these accessory canals and apical deltas in healthy equine cheek teeth and discuss their possible relevance in the light of equine endodontics. To accomplish this, 15 maxillary and 19 mandibular healthy cheek teeth were collected ranging from Triadan 06 s to 11 s with eruption ages from 4 to 9 years. Their root anatomy was documented in detail based on micro computed tomography images. A subset of 3 teeth also underwent histological examination. Accessory canals were found in all but two teeth examined. Up to 44 accessory canals per tooth have been found with locations ranging from the root furcation down to the apex of the root and with highly variable diameters. Apical deltas in different stages of development were found in 84% of the roots. The presence of accessory canals identified on microCT images could be confirmed using histological examination although some of them were obliterated by reparative dentin. Accessory canals can be found in most equine cheek teeth and add complexity to their endodontic anatomy. This could have important implications for their treatment in case of pulp pathology. In humans, failure to remove bacterial biofilm from such canals has been associated with failure of endodontic treatment. Research on diseased equine teeth is required to gain a better understanding of their clinical relevance in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs A. Korsós
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carsten Staszyk
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy,-Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Matthieu Boone
- Department of Physics and Astronomy – Radiation Physics, Faculty of Science, Radiation Physics Research Group – Centre for X-ray Tomography of the UGent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Iván Josipovic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy – Radiation Physics, Faculty of Science, Radiation Physics Research Group – Centre for X-ray Tomography of the UGent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jörg Vogelsberg
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy,-Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lieven Vlaminck
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Proost K, Boone MN, Josipovic I, Pardon B, Chiers K, Vlaminck L. Clinical insights into the three-dimensional anatomy of cheek teeth in alpacas based on micro-computed tomography - Part 2: Maxillary cheek teeth. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:6. [PMID: 34980090 PMCID: PMC8722134 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03039-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scientific knowledge regarding alpaca dentistry is relatively limited despite its clinical implications. The present gap in available supportive data leads to limited treatment options for dental pathology in alpacas in comparison to other species. The main goal of this study was to gain novel insights into the general and pulp morphology of maxillary cheek teeth to allow development of more advanced treatment strategies in the future. Also, the risk of causing pulp exposure when floating maxillary cheek teeth was of particular interest. Concurent research focusing on the anatomy of mandibular cheek teeth has been performed accordingly. The results obtained in mandibular teeth are expected to be non-extrapolatable because of the structural differences between mandibular and maxillary teeth. RESULTS Pulp morphology of maxillary cheek teeth showed great variation. A common pulp chamber was identified in 46/83 (55.4%) teeth with a mean dental age of 2 years and 7 months (± 2 years and 5 months). Pulpal segmentation was more commonly observed in teeth of increasing age. Full columnar segmentation was seen in 33/69 teeth (47.8%), whereas within-column segmentation was observed in 36/83 teeth (43.4%). Age and degree of segmentation of the pulpal tissue varied greatly according to Triadan position. Physical contact between roots of adjacent teeth was found in the majority of examined molars (range 82-94%) which resulted in morphological adaptations at the level of the root tips. The measured sub-occlusal dentinal thickness was as low as 0.46 mm above pulp horn 2 in a 14 years and 11 months old Triadan 09, emphasizing the risk of pulp exposure attributed to dental floating. CONCLUSION This study offers an objective description of age-dependent maxillary cheek teeth pulp morphology in alpacas. Current findings are of great value to provide a basis for the development of tooth-saving techniques as a treatment for dental disease in this species. Observed physical contact between the roots of different examined molars may be a facilitating factor in the spread of apical infection in chronically diseased cases. Finally, a conservative approach regarding dental floating is recommended in order to avoid iatrogenic damage to pulp tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Proost
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Matthieu N Boone
- Department of Physics and Astronomy - Radiation Physics, Faculty of Science, RP-UGCT, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ivàn Josipovic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy - Radiation Physics, Faculty of Science, RP-UGCT, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven Vlaminck
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Seewald M, Gohl C, Egerbacher M, Handschuh S, Witter K. Endodontic Treatment of a Traumatic Tusk Fracture With Exposed Pulp in an Asian Elephant ( Elephas maximus). J Vet Dent 2021; 38:139-151. [PMID: 34873958 DOI: 10.1177/08987564211054590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tusk fracture in elephants is a common incident often resulting in pulp exposure and pulpitis. Extensive lavage, endodontic therapy, direct pulp capping, or extraction are treatment options. In this report, the successful management of a broken tusk of a juvenile male Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) including morphological analysis of the tusk tip 2 years after surgery are presented. Treatment was carried out under barn conditions and included antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and partial pulpotomy with direct pulp capping. Immediate pain relief was reached. The fractured tusk was preserved and continued to grow. The therapeutic filling material remained intact for over 1 year but was absent 2 years after treatment. The former pulp cavity of the tusk tip was filled with reparative dentin, osteodentin, and bone, but the seal between these hard tissues and pulp chamber dentin was incomplete. Radiographs obtained 3 years after treatment showed no differences in pulp shape, pulp width, and secondary dentin formation between the treated right and the healthy left tusk. It can be concluded that in case of an emergency, the endodontic therapy of a broken elephant tusk can be attempted under improvised conditions with adequate success. Photodynamic therapy might contribute to prevent infection and inflammation of the pulp. The decision tree published by Steenkamp (2019) provides a valuable tool to make quick decisions regarding a suitable therapy of broken tusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Seewald
- 27260Veterinary practice, Tierarzt Dr Matthias Seewald Kleintierpraxis am Alpenzoo, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Monika Egerbacher
- Histology & Embryology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Austria.,31510UMIT-Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology GmbH, Hall i.T., Austria
| | | | - Kirsti Witter
- Institute of Topographic Anatomy, Vetmeduni Vienna, Austria
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Proost K, Boone MN, Josipovic I, Pardon B, Chiers K, Vlaminck L. Clinical insights into the three-dimensional anatomy of cheek teeth in alpacas based on micro-computed tomography. Part 1: mandibular cheek teeth. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:334. [PMID: 34686206 PMCID: PMC8532286 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite dental disease being a common health concern in alpacas, important dental pathology including apical infection, remains poorly understood. Treatment options are limited compared to veterinary dentistry techniques in other species. The primary goal of this study was to increase understanding of the external and internal anatomy of mandibular cheek teeth to enable the development of tooth sparing techniques in this species. Also, an objective evaluation of the sub-occlusal dentinal thickness in normal mandibular cheek teeth is warranted to understand the risks associated with reduction of overgrown teeth. RESULTS Overall pulp anatomy was variably characterized by the presence of a common pulp chamber in younger teeth, and segmentation of pulp cavities into multiple separate pulp entities within the same tooth with increasing age. A common pulp chamber was identified in 55.3% (26/47) of teeth with a mean dental age of 1 year and 11 months (± 1 year and 8 months). Columnar segmentation was recorded in the remaining teeth with a mean dental age of 6 years and 5 months (± 3 years and 11 months). Age of segmentation of the common pulp chamber into multiple separate pulp entities shows wide variation and is dependent of the specific Triadan position. The present study illustrates the presence of disto-mesial root contacts between adjacent tooth roots, often leading to morphological adaptations, most frequently observed between Triadan 09-10s (80%) and 10-11s (67%). The measured sub-occlusal dentinal thickness was as low as 1.11 mm over some pulp horns. The sub-occlusal dentinal thickness was lower than 2, 3, and 4 mm in 13.1, 38.1 and 61.4% of performed measurements, respectively. CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on age-dependent mandibular cheek teeth anatomy in alpacas, which may support the use and development of advanced dental treatments in this species such as endodontics and tooth sectioning techniques. Apical morphological adaptations caused by disto-mesial root contact between adjacent mandibular cheek teeth are clearly illustrated. The limited amount of sub-occlusal secondary dentin warrants a cautious approach with regards to dental floating in alpacas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Proost
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Matthieu N Boone
- Department of Physics and Astronomy - Radiation Physics, Faculty of Science, RP-UGCT, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ivàn Josipovic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy - Radiation Physics, Faculty of Science, RP-UGCT, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven Vlaminck
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Dixon PM. Equine dental disease – no longer a neglected field of study. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Dixon
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute The University of Edinburgh Midlothian UK
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Abstract
Equine dentistry is a rapidly developing clinical specialty. It has benefitted from key advances in anatomical and physiological research, development of equipment and instrumentation, utilisation of standing sedation and anaesthesia protocols, a change towards minimally invasive surgical techniques, and the introduction of restorative and endodontic techniques translated from techniques used in human and canine dentistry. Anatomical research has provided further insight into the endodontic system of incisors and cheek teeth and how it changes throughout development with age. Studies of the periodontium have demonstrated a rich vascular supply and repair capacity. Routine dental visits are increasingly being performed utilising sedation and clinical instruments for routine examinations. Equipment has become more efficient, battery-operated and miniaturised giving benefits to both equine dental maintenance work and advanced techniques, assisting the transition to minimally invasive techniques, and the development of endodontic and restorative dentistry. Diagnosis has also benefitted from advances in equipment such as patient-side digital radiography systems, high definition oroscopy, and small diameter flexible fibrescopes that are capable of visualising inside a pulp canal. Dental units combining endodontic high- and low-speed drills, suction and air or water flush are becoming increasingly used and adapted for equine use. Sedative combinations and standing anaesthesia protocols have meant that revisions of traditional techniques, as well as novel techniques, can be performed with almost no requirement for general anaesthesia. Equine dentistry can only continue to advance in this way if there is early identification of dental disease through clinical oral examinations, leading to a system based on prophylaxis, as in human dentistry. This necessitates a change in attitude of the public and industry in general to a proactive approach, with early intervention based on examination and diagnostic findings of practitioners and not necessarily based on the clinical signs displayed by the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Pearce
- Equine Dental Clinic Ltd, Witchampton, Wimborne, UK
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Nottrott K, Guio CD, Schramme M. Successful Treatment of a Persistent Oroantral Fistula via Transbuccal and Transnasal Endoscopic Debridement in a Horse. J Vet Dent 2019; 35:28-34. [PMID: 29486682 DOI: 10.1177/0898756418754316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report an unusual case of a young Quarter Horse with a large dental fracture fragment displaced into the maxillary sinus, leaving an oroantral communication that caused food impaction and metaplastic calcification in the sinus and facial deformation with cutaneous fistulation. Oral extraction of a remaining tooth fragment from its alveolus was succeeded by a maxillary sinusotomy for removal of the abnormal sinus contents. Since the oroantral fistula did not heal spontaneously following the placement of a silicone dental prosthesis, minimally invasive transbuccal and transnasal endoscopic approaches were used to encourage closure of the oroantral fistula by alveolar granulation. The clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features of this case may be helpful to clinicians when dealing with similar cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Nottrott
- 1 Equine Department, VetAgro-Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Cécile De Guio
- 1 Equine Department, VetAgro-Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Michael Schramme
- 1 Equine Department, VetAgro-Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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8
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Baratt RM. Challenges in developing valid techniques for equine endodontic treatment of apically infected cheek teeth. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Baratt
- Salem Valley Equine Clinic; Salem Connecticut USA
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9
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Description of a technique for orthograde endodontic treatment of equine cheek teeth with apical infections. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Langeneckert F, Witte T, Schellenberger F, Czech C, Aebischer D, Vidondo B, Koch C. Cheek Tooth Extraction Via a Minimally Invasive Transbuccal Approach and Intradental Screw Placement in 54 Equids. Vet Surg 2015; 44:1012-20. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Langeneckert
- Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern ALP-Haras; Avenches Switzerland
| | - Thomas Witte
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC); University of London; London United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Beatriz Vidondo
- Swiss Institute for Veterinary Public Health; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Christoph Koch
- Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern ALP-Haras; Avenches Switzerland
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11
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Casey MB, Pearson GR, Perkins JD, Tremaine WH. Gross, computed tomographic and histological findings in mandibular cheek teeth extracted from horses with clinical signs of pulpitis due to apical infection. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:557-67. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Casey
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; UK
| | - G. R. Pearson
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; UK
| | - J. D. Perkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
| | - W. H. Tremaine
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; UK
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12
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Iacopetti I, Faughnan M, Bono S, Cozzi B, Facchini C. The Inferior Alveolar Nerve of the Horse: Course and Anatomical Relationship with Mandibular Cheek Teeth. Anat Histol Embryol 2014; 44:333-7. [PMID: 25182080 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The precise location of neurovascular structures within the relatively long mandibular canal of the horse is of paramount importance in surgical procedures of the area. The inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) enters the mandibular canal on the medial (lingual) surface of the mandible and innervates all the mandibular teeth. During its course, the nerve moves laterally, crossing the roots of the inferior cheek teeth. However, the exact anatomical relationships occurring between the IAN and the roots of the equine mandibular cheek teeth have not been described in detail. In this study, the mandibles of 40 horses were examined with CT scans and then used for bilateral detailed anatomical dissection, to assess the path of the IAN and its relationship to the roots of the lower cheek teeth. The data obtained show that the equine IAN is located ventral to the apices of the molar teeth (311/411, 310/410, 309/409 according to the Triadan numerical system). At the level of PM(4) (308/408), the IAN is located on the lingual side of the roots and coronally to its apices. At the level of PM(3) (307/407), the IAN is then found on the lingual side of the roots but in proximity to the apices. In 2 of 40 horses (=5%), the IAN moves towards the lingual side between the mesial and the distal root of PM(4). Our observations are valuable for planning a surgical approach to the ventral side of the mandible in the horse and to avoid potential post-operative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Iacopetti
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16 -Agripolis-, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - M Faughnan
- Veterinary Equine Practitioner, Padova, Italy
| | - S Bono
- Veterinary Equine Practitioner, Padova, Italy
| | - B Cozzi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Safety, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16 -Agripolis-, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - C Facchini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16 -Agripolis-, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.,Veterinary Equine Practitioner, Padova, Italy
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Simhofer H, Bach FS. Endodontic treatment of equine cheek teeth. EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Simhofer
- Equine Clinic; University for Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Veterinaerplatz 1 Vienna A-1210 Austria
| | - F. S. Bach
- Equine Departement; Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 Zurich Ch-8057 Switzerland
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Facchini C, Bono S, Faughnan M, Iacopetti I. Endodontic treatment of a mandibular premolar abscess in a horse: A case study. EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Facchini
- Equine Practitioner; Padova Italy
- Doctor in Dental Science; Padova Italy
| | - S. Bono
- Equine Practitioner; Padova Italy
| | | | - I. Iacopetti
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health; University of Padova; Italy
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Tremaine H. Advances in the Treatment of Diseased Equine Cheek Teeth. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2013; 29:441-65, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Advances in the Treatment of Diseased Equine Incisor and Canine Teeth. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2013; 29:411-40, vi-vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Kopke S, Angrisani N, Staszyk C. The dental cavities of equine cheek teeth: three-dimensional reconstructions based on high resolution micro-computed tomography. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:173. [PMID: 23006500 PMCID: PMC3514392 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies reported on the very complex morphology of the pulp system in equine cheek teeth. The continuous production of secondary dentine leads to distinct age-related changes of the endodontic cavity. Detailed anatomical knowledge of the dental cavities in all ages is required to explain the aetiopathology of typical equine endodontic diseases. Furthermore, data on mandibular and maxillary pulp systems is in high demand to provide a basis for the development of endodontic therapies. However, until now examination of the pulp cavity has been based on either sectioned teeth or clinical computed tomography. More precise results were expected by using micro-computed tomography with a resolution of about 0.1 mm and three-dimensional reconstructions based on previous greyscale analyses and histological verification. The aim of the present study was to describe the physiological configurations of the pulp system within a wide spectrum of tooth ages. Results Maxillary teeth: All morphological constituents of the endodontic cavity were present in teeth between 4 and 16 years: Triadan 06s displayed six pulp horns and five root canals, Triadan 07-10s five pulp horns and four root canals and Triadan 11s seven pulp horns and four to six root canals. A common pulp chamber was most frequent in teeth ≤5 years, but was found even in a tooth of 9 years. A large variety of pulp configurations was observed within 2.5 and 16 years post eruption, but most commonly a separation into mesial and distal pulp compartments was seen. Maxillary cheek teeth showed up to four separate pulp compartments but the frequency of two, three and four pulp compartments was not related to tooth age (P > 0.05). In Triadan 06s, pulp horn 6 was always connected to pulp horns 1 and 3 and root canal I. In Triadan 11s, pulp horns 7 and 8 were present in variable constitutions. Mandibular teeth: A common pulp chamber was present in teeth up to 15 years, but most commonly seen in teeth ≤5 years. A segmented pulp system was found in 72% of the investigated teeth. Segmentation into separate mesial and distal pulp compartments was most commonly present. Pulp horn 4 coalesced either with the mesial pulp horns 1 and 3 or with the distal pulp horns 2 and 5. Conclusions Details of the pulpar anatomy of equine cheek teeth are provided, supporting the continuous advancement in endodontic therapy. Numerous individual configurations of the pulp system were obtained in maxillary cheek teeth, but much less variability was seen in mandibular cheek teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kopke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, D- 30173, Germany.
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22
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Successful treatment of chronic periapical osteomyelitis in a Parma wallaby (Macropus parma) using comprehensive endodontic therapy with apicoectomy. J Zoo Wildl Med 2011; 41:703-9. [PMID: 21370653 DOI: 10.1638/2010-0016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although necrobacillosis remains a common condition of captive macropods, there have been limited reports of successful treatment modalities by which it can be treated. Comprehensive endodontic therapy with apicoectomy has been used reliably in human and domestic animal dentistry. This report describes a case of periapical osteomyelitis involving a mandibular incisor in a Parma wallaby (Macropus parma) that was successfully treated using these techniques in conjunction with low-level laser therapy at 810 nm, which was used for decontamination of the pulp cavity, anti-inflammatory, and biostimulatory effects.
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O'NEILL HD, BOUSSAUW B, BLADON BM, FRASER BS. Extraction of cheek teeth using a lateral buccotomy approach in 114 horses (1999-2009). Equine Vet J 2010; 43:348-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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TOWNSEND NB, HAWKES CS, REX R, BODEN LA, BARAKZAI SZ. Investigation of the sensitivity and specificity of radiological signs for diagnosis of periapical infection of equine cheek teeth. Equine Vet J 2010; 43:170-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Casey MB, Tremaine WH. The prevalence of secondary dentinal lesions in cheek teeth from horses with clinical signs of pulpitis compared to controls. Equine Vet J 2010; 42:30-6. [PMID: 20121910 DOI: 10.2746/042516409x464104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY With the advent of detailed oral examination in horses using dental mirrors and rigid endoscopy, secondary dentinal lesions are observed more frequently. More information regarding the association of secondary dentinal defects with apical dental disease would improve the sensitivity of oral examination as a diagnostic aid for pulpitis. OBJECTIVES To assess prevalence and severity of secondary dentinal defects observed on examination of occlusal surfaces of cheek teeth (CT) from horses showing clinical signs of pulpitis compared to asymptomatic controls. METHODS Records from all cases of equine CT exodontia at the University of Bristol over a 4 year period were examined. Case selection criteria included the presence of clinical signs of pulpitis, an intact extracted tooth and availability of a complete history and follow up. Cases where coronal fracture or periodontal pocketing featured were excluded. CT from cadavers with no history of dental disease served as normal controls. Triadan positions and eruption ages of control teeth were matched with those of teeth extracted from cases. CT from selected cases and control teeth were examined occlusally. Secondary dentinal defects were identified and graded. Prevalence of occlusal lesions in CT with pulpitis and controls was compared. RESULTS From the records of 120 horses where exodontia was performed, 40 cases matched selection criteria. Twenty-three mandibular and 21 maxillary CT were extracted from cases. The controls consisted of 60 mandibular and 60 maxillary CT from 7 cadaver skulls. Secondary dentinal defects were significantly over-represented in CT extracted from cases of pulpitis (P < 0.001). Of diseased mandibular CT, 56.5% had defects compared to none of the controls. Of diseased maxillary CT, 57% had defects compared with 1.6% of controls. Multiple defective secondary dentinal areas and severe lesions were more prevalent in diseased mandibular CT compared with diseased maxillary CT. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Careful examination of occlusal secondary dentine is an essential component in investigation of suspected pulpitis in equine CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Casey
- Equine Diagnostic Centre, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
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Galloway SS, Easley J. Establishing a scientific basis for equine clinical dentistry. Vet J 2008; 178:307-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dacre I, Kempson S, Dixon P. Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in the horse: 4. Aetiopathological findings in 41 apically infected mandibular cheek teeth. Vet J 2008; 178:341-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Dacre I, Kempson S, Dixon P. Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in the horse. 1: Normal endodontic anatomy and dentinal structure of equine cheek teeth. Vet J 2008; 178:311-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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