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Sundra T, Kelty E, Rossi G, Rendle D. Retrospective assessment of the use of extended-release cabergoline in the management of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1332337. [PMID: 38511195 PMCID: PMC10951098 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1332337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dopaminergic agonists are accepted as the most effective treatment for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. However, some horses are refractory to daily oral pergolide, the recommended registered treatment. Extended-release cabergoline (ERC) injection may offer an alternative. The objective of this retrospective case series was to describe clinical and endocrinological responses to ERC. Methods Medical records of horses treated with weekly intramuscular injections of ERC (5 mg/mL, BOVA Aus) at either 0.01 mg/kg (high dose, HD) (n = 10) or 0.005 mg/kg (low dose, LD) (n = 30) were reviewed. Short-term ACTH responses were assessed at 5-8 days using a Wilcoxon signed ranked test. Longer-term ACTH responses (30 to 365 days) were assessed using generalised estimating equations. Results Five to eight days after the first dose of LDERC, median adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentration was lower (p = 0.001), changing from 153 pg/mL (IQR: 78, 331) to 57 pg/mL (IQR: 30, 102). With HDERC, median ACTH concentration was also 153 pg/mL (IQR: 96, 185) before and then 56 pg/mL (IQR: 29, 86) after 5-8 days of treatment (p = 0.047). Over 12 months of treatment, ACTH concentration ranged from 14 to >1,250 pg/mL (median: 51 pg/mL) in horses treated with LDERC and 20 to 472 pg/mL (median: 50 pg/mL) in horses treated with HDERC. Measurements remained above the seasonal reference range in 39.3 and 52.3% of horses treated with LDERC and HDERC, respectively. Clinical improvement was reported by owners in 78.3 and 100% of horses treated with LDERC and HDERC, respectively. Partial, self-limiting inappetence was reported in 30.0% of LDERC and 60% HDERC cases. Seven horses exhibited lethargy (5 LDERC, 2 HDERC). Insulin concentrations measured 30 days post-ERC treatment were no different from baseline. Discussion Clinical and endocrinological responses were consistent with results of previous reports of oral pergolide treatment. Weekly injection of ERC may be an effective alternative to pergolide; the 0.005 mg/kg dose appeared to be as effective, with less risk of inappetence, than the 0.01 mg/kg dose that has been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Sundra
- Avon Ridge Equine Veterinary Services, Brigadoon, WA, Australia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Erin Kelty
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Gabriele Rossi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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Borowska M, Jasiński T, Gierasimiuk S, Pauk J, Turek B, Górski K, Domino M. Three-Dimensional Segmentation Assisted with Clustering Analysis for Surface and Volume Measurements of Equine Incisor in Multidetector Computed Tomography Data Sets. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8940. [PMID: 37960639 PMCID: PMC10650163 DOI: 10.3390/s23218940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Dental diagnostic imaging has progressed towards the use of advanced technologies such as 3D image processing. Since multidetector computed tomography (CT) is widely available in equine clinics, CT-based anatomical 3D models, segmentations, and measurements have become clinically applicable. This study aimed to use a 3D segmentation of CT images and volumetric measurements to investigate differences in the surface area and volume of equine incisors. The 3D Slicer was used to segment single incisors of 50 horses' heads and to extract volumetric features. Axial vertical symmetry, but not horizontal, of the incisors was evidenced. The surface area and volume differed significantly between temporary and permanent incisors, allowing for easy eruption-related clustering of the CT-based 3D images with an accuracy of >0.75. The volumetric features differed partially between center, intermediate, and corner incisors, allowing for moderate location-related clustering with an accuracy of >0.69. The volumetric features of mandibular incisors' equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) degrees were more than those for maxillary incisors; thus, the accuracy of EOTRH degree-related clustering was >0.72 for the mandibula and >0.33 for the maxilla. The CT-based 3D images of equine incisors can be successfully segmented using the routinely achieved multidetector CT data sets and the proposed data-processing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Borowska
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Białystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (M.B.); (S.G.); (J.P.)
| | - Tomasz Jasiński
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (T.J.); (B.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Sylwia Gierasimiuk
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Białystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (M.B.); (S.G.); (J.P.)
| | - Jolanta Pauk
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Białystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (M.B.); (S.G.); (J.P.)
| | - Bernard Turek
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (T.J.); (B.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Kamil Górski
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (T.J.); (B.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Małgorzata Domino
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (T.J.); (B.T.); (K.G.)
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Górski K, Borowska M, Turek B, Pawlikowski M, Jankowski K, Bereznowski A, Polkowska I, Domino M. An application of the density standard and scaled-pixel-counting protocol to assess the radiodensity of equine incisor teeth affected by resorption and hypercementosis: preliminary advancement in dental radiography. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:116. [PMID: 37559089 PMCID: PMC10413604 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03675-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis (EOTRH) syndrome is a dental disease where the radiographic signs may be quantified using radiographic texture features. This study aimed to implement the scaled-pixel-counting protocol to quantify and compare the image structure of teeth and the density standard in order to improve the identification of the radiographic signs of tooth resorption and hypercementosis using the EOTRH syndrome model. METHODS AND RESULTS A detailed examination of the oral cavity was performed in 80 horses and maxillary incisor teeth were evaluated radiographically, including an assessment of the density standard. On each of the radiographs, pixel brightness (PB) was extracted for each of the ten steps of the density standard (S1-S10). Then, each evaluated incisor tooth was assigned to one of 0-3 EOTRH grade-related groups and annotated using region of interest (ROI). For each ROI, the number of pixels (NP) from each range was calculated. The linear relation between an original X-ray beam attenuation and PB was confirmed for the density standard. The NP values increased with the number of steps of the density standard as well as with EOTRH degrees. Similar accuracy of the EOTRH grade differentiation was noted for data pairs EOTRH 0-3 and EOTRH 0-1, allowing for the differentiation of both late and early radiographic signs of EOTRH. CONCLUSION The scaled-pixel-counting protocol based on the use of density standard has been successfully implemented for the differentiation of radiographic signs of EOTRH degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Górski
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS - SGGW), Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Borowska
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Białystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bernard Turek
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS - SGGW), Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Pawlikowski
- Institute of Mechanics and Printing, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 85, 02-524, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jankowski
- Institute of Mechanics and Printing, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 85, 02-524, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bereznowski
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Polkowska
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Domino
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS - SGGW), Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797, Warsaw, Poland.
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Pistor P, Janus I, Janeczek M, Dobrzyński M. Feline Tooth Resorption: A Description of the Severity of the Disease in Regard to Animal's Age, Sex, Breed and Clinical Presentation. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2500. [PMID: 37570307 PMCID: PMC10417119 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline tooth resorption (odontoclastic resorptive lesion) is a common and important issue in veterinary dentistry. This study aimed to analyse the disease's severity and correlation with clinical information in the population of feline patients in Poland in the area of Lower Silesia. An analysis of the clinical charts of 174 cats with dental problems, which were diagnosed as tooth resorption, was conducted. The gender and breed had no influence on the disease severity, but the disease progressed with age. The lesions were mostly encountered within the third and fourth maxillary premolars (107, 108, 207, 208) and mandibular molars (309, 409). No direct correlation was found between the presence or severity of the disease and the clinical signs of affected cats. The study shows that feline tooth resorption is a common issue in feline dentistry and should be taken into account in all cases of animals with any signs of oral disease, including gingivitis and/or dental plaque with preserved appetite. A careful intraoral radiographic examination is essential to avoid false negative results in ambiguous cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Pistor
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska Str. 1/3, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Izabela Janus
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, CK Norwida Str. 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Maciej Janeczek
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska Str. 1/3, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland
- Veterinary Dentistry and Orthodontics Centre, Osadnicza Str. 12, 51-515 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Dobrzyński
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska Str. 26, 50-425 Wrocław, Poland;
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Wright AL, Earley ET, Austin C, Arora M. Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH): microspatial distribution of trace elements in hypercementosis-affected and unaffected hard dental tissues. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5048. [PMID: 36977746 PMCID: PMC10050172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis (EOTRH) is a common, painful and poorly understood disease. Enamel, dentin and cementum accumulate both essential and toxic trace elements during mineralization. Characterization of the spatial accumulation pattern of trace elements may provide insight into the role that toxic elements play and inform biological processes affecting these hard dental tissues for future research. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used to map the distribution of multiple trace elements and heavy metals across equine healthy and diseased (hypercementosis-affected) hard dental tissues among four teeth extracted from horses with EOTRH. Results showed banding patterns of some trace elements (lead, strontium, barium), reflecting the temporal component of accumulation of trace elements during dentin mineralization. Essential elements zinc and magnesium did not show banding patterns. Comparison to the unaffected cementum and dentin adjacent to the hypercementosis region showed that there is an underlying incremental pattern in the uptake of some metals with spatial irregularities. This supports a possible metabolic change involved in hypercementosis lesion development. This represents the first use of LA-ICP-MS to study the microspatial distribution of trace elements in equine teeth, establishing a baseline for elemental distribution in normal and EOTRH impacted dental hard tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Wright
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
| | - Edward T Earley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Christine Austin
- Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manish Arora
- Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Albers L, Albers J, Dullin C, Staszyk C, Bienert-Zeit A. Early incisor lesions and Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis: Reliability of radiographic findings. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:261-269. [PMID: 35302672 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In clinical practice, early diagnosis of Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis (EOTRH) and other resorptive incisor diseases is difficult to achieve. The radiographic appearance of subtle pathological changes has not been described in detail and might be confused with age-related changes. OBJECTIVES The study was performed to define typical radiographic signs of early incisor lesions and to evaluate the reliability of the radiographic findings. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive and comparative study using post mortem clinical, radiographic, macroscopic and µCT examination. METHODS The incisor region of 20 cadaveric horse heads, divided into three different age groups, was examined visually and by palpation. Intraoral radiographs were taken. After extraction, each incisor was macroscopically evaluated. Micro-computed tomography (µCT) scans were obtained. These scans were processed with Scry (v6.0, Kuchel & Sautter GbR) to obtain surface meshes which then were transferred to Meshlab (ISTI-CNR, version 2016.12). Attached tissues were virtually removed and surface curvature was computed to visualise and evaluate the quantity of unevenness (roughness) of the teeth's surface. Scoring systems for each diagnostic modality were developed. Scores were compared to describe and evaluate the radiographic appearance of early incisor lesions. RESULTS The prevalence and severity of incisor lesions increased with age. Early, subtle lesions develop on the palatal/lingual side of incisors. While radiographically detected lesions were confirmed macroscopically and on the µCT scans, numerous teeth which were radiographically classified as healthy displayed lesions by macroscopic inspection (13.7%) and µCT analysis (58.1%). MAIN LIMITATIONS Cadavers were studied and dental history was unknown. CONCLUSIONS The detection of early and subtle incisor lesions indicating first signs of EOTRH on dorsoventral intraoral radiographs is limited due to the typical localisation of the lesions on the palatal/lingual side of the incisors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Albers
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonas Albers
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Dullin
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Staszyk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Astrid Bienert-Zeit
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Górski K, Borowska M, Stefanik E, Polkowska I, Turek B, Bereznowski A, Domino M. Application of Two-Dimensional Entropy Measures to Detect the Radiographic Signs of Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis in an Equine Model. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2914. [PMID: 36428482 PMCID: PMC9687516 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental disorders are a serious health problem in equine medicine, their early recognition benefits the long-term general health of the horse. Most of the initial signs of Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis (EOTRH) syndrome concern the alveolar aspect of the teeth, thus, the need for early recognition radiographic imaging. This study is aimed to evaluate the applicability of entropy measures to quantify the radiological signs of tooth resorption and hypercementosis as well as to enhance radiographic image quality in order to facilitate the identification of the signs of EOTRH syndrome. A detailed examination of the oral cavity was performed in eighty horses. Each evaluated incisor tooth was assigned to one of four grade-related EOTRH groups (0-3). Radiographs of the incisor teeth were taken and digitally processed. For each radiograph, two-dimensional sample (SampEn2D), fuzzy (FuzzEn2D), permutation (PermEn2D), dispersion (DispEn2D), and distribution (DistEn2D) entropies were measured after image filtering was performed using Normalize, Median, and LaplacianSharpening filters. Moreover, the similarities between entropy measures and selected Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) texture features were investigated. Among the 15 returned measures, DistEn2D was EOTRH grade-related. Moreover, DistEn2D extracted after Normalize filtering was the most informative. The EOTRH grade-related similarity between DistEn2D and Difference Entropy (GLCM) confirms the higher irregularity and complexity of incisor teeth radiographs in advanced EOTRH syndrome, demonstrating the greatest sensitivity (0.50) and specificity (0.95) of EOTRH 3 group detection. An application of DistEn2D to Normalize filtered incisor teeth radiographs enables the identification of the radiological signs of advanced EOTRH with higher accuracy than the previously used entropy-related GLCM texture features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Górski
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (E.S.); (B.T.)
| | - Marta Borowska
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Białystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Stefanik
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (E.S.); (B.T.)
| | - Izabela Polkowska
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Bernard Turek
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (E.S.); (B.T.)
| | - Andrzej Bereznowski
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Domino
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (E.S.); (B.T.)
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Malocclusions and Dental Diseases in Privately Owned Horses in the Mazovia Region of Poland. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223120. [PMID: 36428347 PMCID: PMC9686654 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental disorders, a term encompassing both malocclusion and dental disease, constitute a serious health problem in horses worldwide. As horse populations differ among countries and regions, a geographically specific characterization of the occurrence of various dental disorders may be helpful for local equine practitioners. This study investigated the prevalence and frequency distribution of selected malocclusions and dental diseases in horses housed in the Mazovia region of Poland, with attention paid to variations among age, gender, and breed categories. Routine dental examinations were conducted on 206 privately owned horses (n = 206). Disorders were recorded using a dental chart and classified as either malocclusions or dental diseases. Out of all examined horses, 95% demonstrated at least one dental disorder, with a roughly equal distribution of these disorders among incisor teeth (31%) and cheek teeth (31% each for premolars and molars). More specifically, there were disorders noted in 14 incisors, 3 canines, 2 wolf teeth, and 15 cheek teeth. Across all age, gender, and breed groups, malocclusions of incisor, premolar, and molar teeth occurred with a higher prevalence than did dental diseases. Curvatures and calculus were the most commonly reported pathologies in incisor teeth, whereas sharp enamel points and caries predominated in cheek teeth.
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9
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James O. Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis. J Vet Dent 2022; 39:346-357. [PMID: 36198033 DOI: 10.1177/08987564221120715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) is a recently described painful and progressive condition of unknown etiology that occurs in middle-aged and geriatric equines. It predominantly affects the permanent incisor and canine teeth and, less commonly, the premolar and molar dentition. EOTRH was first reported in peer-reviewed literature in 2008, with subsequent publications of case reports, histological studies and retrospective case series. There have been few significant research developments related to this disease. The existing studies have primarily involved single case studies or small sample sizes, without control groups. This review aimed to report current information about EOTRH in terms of clinical, histopathological, diagnostic, radiological, and therapeutic aspects, by searching the available peer-reviewed scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia James
- Australian Veterinary Equine Dentistry Pty Ltd, Clayfield, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Bishop IT. Diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in horses. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:971886. [PMID: 36277061 PMCID: PMC9581279 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.971886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this observational study, oral examinations and full-mouth dental radiographs were performed on 248 horses presented for routine oral health care. The findings were assessed to determine how often disease was diagnosed by radiographs without having related findings on oral examination. In 50 horses (20%), there were radiographic signs of disease that would not have been predicted based upon the oral examination. 113 horses (46%) had oral examination findings that would have prompted dental radiography, according to the criteria of the study. Of these 113 horses, 24 (21%) had radiographic signs of disease that would have been missed if only targeted radiographs had been taken, rather than a full-mouth survey.
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11
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Brown JA, Murphy BG, Clapp KS, LaDouceur EEB. Clinical, Diagnostic and Histological Findings Involving Cheek Teeth Hypercementosis in Nine Horses. J Vet Dent 2022; 39:358-368. [PMID: 35996329 DOI: 10.1177/08987564221121735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypercementosis is infrequently reported to affect the cheek teeth of horses and presents as mineral deposits either attached (peripheral) or solitary ovoid (nodular) structures in the tooth bearing region. There is overlap between radiological and histological appearance of hypercementosis, cementoma, and equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH). The clinical presentation, imaging features, surgical management, and histological findings of nine horses that presented for dental lesions and associated hypercementosis of cheek teeth are reported. Horses were 4-15 years old and presented for either nasal discharge or facial swelling. Peripheral and nodular mineral structures were identified using radiographs or computed tomography in six and three horses, respectively. Eight of nine cases involved maxillary cheek teeth. Of six cases with peripheral hypercementosis, three had enlargement of the apical cross-sectional area that was greater than the coronal cross-sectional area thus preventing extraction along the normal eruption pathway and necessitating sectioning (two cases) and repulsion. Nodular hypercementosis lesions were extracted in three of the four cases. Post-extraction complications occurred in five cases; four cases required additional procedures. All horses returned to their intended use, ie riding or pasture. Histology of extracted dental and proliferative mineral material revealed hypercementosis characterized by large sheets of eosinophilic matrix with lacunae (usually empty; presumed artifact) and frequent, irregular, basophilic cement lines. All cases had evidence of chronic inflammation, such as caries, chronic fractures and/or pulpitis. The findings of this case series share many features with previous published descriptions of cementoma and with histological findings of hypercementosis lesions of EOTRH. Further investigation into differentiation of these entities is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Brown
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, 1757Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Leesburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Brian G Murphy
- Anatomic Pathology, 8789University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kemba S Clapp
- Radiology, 1757Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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12
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Albers L, Bienert-Zeit A, Staszyk C. Equine Incisor Lesions: Histologic Confirmation of Radiographic, Macroscopic, and Micro-Computed Tomographic Findings. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070348. [PMID: 35878366 PMCID: PMC9323279 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Incisor diseases are a common problem in equine medicine. However, Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis (EOTRH) and other lesions are often only diagnosed in advanced stages. In this study, the incisors of 20 horses were examined. The findings of X-rays, macroscopical inspection, and micro-computed tomography (µCT) were compared. Five categories from healthy to severely affected teeth were formed and selected teeth from each category were additionally examined by means of histology. Odontoclastic resorption of dental hard substances, infiltration of inflammatory cells, areas of irregular dental cementum, and formation of granulation tissue were observed. Resorptive lesions previously detected by µCT were confirmed by microscopical imaging, however, not all resorptive lesions were regarded as a pathological condition like EOTRH. Detailed microscopical inspection revealed the presence of so-called surface resorptions which represent repaired resorptive lesions without any pathological consequence for the horse. Nevertheless, some incisors which appeared healthy on the X-rays featured histological findings related to EOTRH. Therefore, the detection of early incisor lesions in equine medicine remains challenging. Abstract Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis (EOTRH) and other incisor lesions are often diagnosed only in advanced stages. The incisors of 20 horses were examined radiographically, macroscopically, and via micro-computed tomography (µCT) to discriminate EORTH-affected teeth. Five categories from healthy to severely affected teeth were formed and teeth from each category were examined histologically to evaluate the opportunity of earlier radiographic diagnosis. Histologically, odontoclastic resorptive lesions, leukocytic infiltrations, and areas of irregular cementum and granulation tissue were observed. The extent and severity of histological findings were correlated to the µCT data. Micro-CT imaging was suitable to detect subtle irregularities in the dental substances which were referred to as resorptive lesions. Although histological examinations confirmed the presence of resorptive lesions, not all of them were classified as pathological conditions. Instead, repaired surface lesions were documented which were regarded as a physiological condition. Nevertheless, incisors which were radiographically regarded as healthy can also feature histological signs of EOTRH. Therefore, due to the possibility of misinterpreting radiographic findings combined with superimpositions on intraoral radiographs, the detection of early resorptive lesions remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Albers
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Astrid Bienert-Zeit
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Carsten Staszyk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35392 Gießen, Germany;
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13
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Rehrl S, Schulte W, Staszyk C, Lischer C. Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis: investigating individual incisor disease patterns using radiological classification. Equine Vet J 2022; 55:419-425. [PMID: 35575133 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) is a destructive, painful, and underdiagnosed dental disorder. Radiography is necessary to fully assess the disease as early stages occur on clinically normal teeth. OBJECTIVES To investigate the distribution pattern of appearance of EOTRH within the incisor arcade. In particular, we aimed to determine the influence of tooth position and age on the severity and its frequency of the individual tooth. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional radiographic case study. METHODS Digital radiographs of 142 horses (10 years and older) presented for routine dental examination at our Equine Hospital were obtained and evaluated for changes related to EORTH. Radiological findings were classified in terms of EOTRH severity and each tooth was evaluated individually (tooth stage). RESULTS The tooth stages of EOTRH showed a bilateral symmetrical distribution pattern over the entire incisor arcade. There was a significant positive correlation between age and tooth stages (P<0.001, rho=0.48, 95% CI 0.43-0.51), and the frequency of higher tooth stages increased from central incisors to middle and corner incisors. MAIN LIMITATIONS Individual head anatomy in some male horses lead to superimposition of the lower jaw corner incisors and canine teeth. The radiographic technique proved difficult in smaller and uncooperative horses. Differentiating between mild pathological signs of EOTRH and age-related radiological changes was not possible in all cases. CONCLUSION These results reconfirm an age correlated progression of EOTRH. EOTRH affects the incisor arcade in a bilaterally symmetrical pattern with the corner incisors being the most severely affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Rehrl
- Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wiebke Schulte
- Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, Berlin, Germany.,Tierärztliche Klinik für Pferde am Sorpesee, Frankfurter Straße 34, Sundern, Germany
| | - Carsten Staszyk
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 98, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Lischer
- Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, Berlin, Germany
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Selection of Filtering and Image Texture Analysis in the Radiographic Images Processing of Horses' Incisor Teeth Affected by the EOTRH Syndrome. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22082920. [PMID: 35458905 PMCID: PMC9030967 DOI: 10.3390/s22082920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) is one of the horses’ dental diseases, mainly affecting the incisor teeth. An increase in the incidence of aged horses and a painful progressive course of the disease create the need for improved early diagnosis. Besides clinical findings, EOTRH recognition is based on the typical radiographic findings, including levels of dental resorption and hypercementosis. This study aimed to introduce digital processing methods to equine dental radiographic images and identify texture features changing with disease progression. The radiographs of maxillary incisor teeth from 80 horses were obtained. Each incisor was annotated by separate masks and clinically classified as 0, 1, 2, or 3 EOTRH degrees. Images were filtered by Mean, Median, Normalize, Bilateral, Binomial, CurvatureFlow, LaplacianSharpening, DiscreteGaussian, and SmoothingRecursiveGaussian filters independently, and 93 features of image texture were extracted using First Order Statistics (FOS), Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), Neighbouring Gray Tone Difference Matrix (NGTDM), Gray Level Dependence Matrix (GLDM), Gray Level Run Length Matrix (GLRLM), and Gray Level Size Zone Matrix (GLSZM) approaches. The most informative processing was selected. GLCM and GLRLM return the most favorable features for the quantitative evaluation of radiographic signs of the EOTRH syndrome, which may be supported by filtering by filters improving the edge delimitation.
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15
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Górski K, Stefanik E, Bereznowski A, Polkowska I, Turek B. Application of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) as a Healing Aid after Extraction of Incisors in the Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis Syndrome. Vet Sci 2022; 9:30. [PMID: 35051114 PMCID: PMC8780137 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) is a stress-free, relatively safe method supporting the treatment of many different diseases. Although it is widely used in human medicine (including dentistry), in veterinary medicine, especially in the treatment of horses, there are not many scientifically described and documented cases of its use. Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis syndrome is a disease that affects older horses and significantly reduces their quality of life. The only effective treatment for this condition is extraction of the incisors. The described case compares the recovery process of the alveolar area after extraction of incisors during the course of EOTRH syndrome without and with the use of a chamber, in horses with the same clinical picture of the disease, of the same age, and living in the same conditions. According to the authors' knowledge, the presented case describes the use of a chamber in equine dentistry for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Górski
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797 Warsaw, Poland;
| | | | - Andrzej Bereznowski
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Izabela Polkowska
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Bernard Turek
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797 Warsaw, Poland;
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16
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Jarvis N, McKenzie HC. Nutritional Considerations when Dealing with an Underweight Adult or Senior Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:89-110. [PMID: 33820611 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight loss occurs when the supply of energy is insufficient to meet the energy needs of an individual. The energy supply may be reduced by inadequate provision of feed, inadequate consumption, reduced digestion and absorption, or disruption in metabolic processing. Increased energy expenditure occurs with exercise and during cold temperatures, pregnancy, and lactation. Underlying clinical disease, particularly chronic inflammation, neoplasia, and protein-losing conditions, can cause weight loss or exacerbate existing weight loss. A methodical approach to weight-loss investigation and treatment is necessary, because of the often multifactorial nature of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Jarvis
- Redwings Horse Sanctuary, Hapton, Norwich, Norfolk NR15 1SP, UK
| | - Harold C McKenzie
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 215 Duckpond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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17
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Górski K, Tremaine H, Obrochta B, Buczkowska R, Turek B, Bereznowski A, Rakowska A, Polkowska I. EOTRH Syndrome in Polish Half-Bred Horses - Two Clinical Cases. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 101:103428. [PMID: 33993931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to thoroughly describe the etiology, diagnostic processes and recommended treatment of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH). It is a relatively recently described disease. Most recent reports show that it is a common problem involving older equine patients. The most common and significant symptom of EOTRH is oral pain. The main clinical signs include periodontitis and gingivitis with a gingival recession, alveolar bone protrusion, periodontic fistulas and soreness of the incisors. When establishing the final diagnosis, it is necessary to compare the results of the clinical and radiological examination, because in the early stage, the disease may not show any symptoms. Authors used two clinical cases of Polish Half-Bred horses to present some aspects of diagnostic and surgical techniques. The knowledge presented in the paper may be valuable for equine practitioners working in the field to achieve more beneficial outcomes and provide a higher level of welfare for their equine patients. Nevertheless, further research and observations are necessary, since the etiology of the disease remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Górski
- Department of Large Animals Diseases with Clinic, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland.
| | | | - Bartłomiej Obrochta
- Department of Large Animals Diseases with Clinic, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Roma Buczkowska
- Department of Large Animals Diseases with Clinic, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Bernard Turek
- Department of Large Animals Diseases with Clinic, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bereznowski
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Alicja Rakowska
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Izabela Polkowska
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
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Transcriptomic profiling of feline teeth highlights the role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in tooth resorption. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18958. [PMID: 33144645 PMCID: PMC7641192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75998-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth resorption (TR) in domestic cats is a common and painful disease characterised by the loss of mineralised tissues from the tooth. Due to its progressive nature and unclear aetiology the only treatment currently available is to extract affected teeth. To gain insight into TR pathogenesis, we characterised the transcriptomic changes involved in feline TR by sequencing RNA extracted from 14 teeth (7 with and 7 without signs of resorption) collected from 11 cats. A paired comparison of teeth from the same cat with and without signs of resorption identified 1,732 differentially expressed genes, many of which were characteristic of osteoclast activity and differentiation, in particular matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). MMP9 expression was confirmed by qPCR and immunocytochemistry of odontoclasts located in TR lesions. A hydroxamate-based MMP9 inhibitor reduced both osteoclast formation and resorption activity while siRNA targeting MMP9 also inhibited osteoclast differentiation although had little effect on resorption activity. Overall, these results suggest that increased MMP9 expression is involved in the progress of TR pathogenesis and that MMP9 may be a potential therapeutic target in feline TR.
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Kunz JR, Granella MCS, Mendes RP, Müller TR, Kau S, Fonteque JH. High Prevalence of Orodental Disorders in South Brazilian Cart Horses: Walking a Tightrope Between Animal Welfare and Socioeconomic Inevitability. J Vet Dent 2020; 37:149-158. [PMID: 33118460 DOI: 10.1177/0898756420968306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In developing and emerging countries, many people make a living from picking municipal solid waste to sell for reuse or recycling. These people depend on cost-effective transport vehicles like horse-drawn carts. It is indisputable that the general health of these horses not only plays a major economic role but is a welfare issue as well. Orodental disorders are likely to be of particular importance as they directly impair health, performance, and therefore influence animal welfare and income. However, studies investigating prevalence and distribution of orodental disorders in working horses are scarce. This cross-sectional study is a survey of orodental alterations in 70 South Brazilian urban mixed-breed cart horses. All animals were subjected to a standardized clinical and subsequent specific orodental examination, and no horse had previously received dental treatment. Age and gender-related distribution and correlation of type and prevalence of orodental disorders were assessed. Excessively sharp enamel points (98.6%), cheek tooth diastema (65.7%), and mucosal ulcers (65.7%) occurred most frequently. Diastemata were more likely to be present between maxillary and mandibular Triadan 06/07 and mandibular 10/11. Male horses showed a higher individual number of orodental alterations than females (P = .048). Incisors were often worn down and endodontically affected, occurring most frequently in horses >18 years (P = .004) and males (P = .048). Results indicate a high prevalence of orodental changes among South Brazilian cart horses. Poor orodental health in working horses is an animal welfare issue and may be influenced by the socioeconomic status of waste pickers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao R Kunz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agroveterinary Sciences Center (CAV), 74382Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Lages, Brazil.,Department of Equine Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Veterinary Clinic Gessertshausen, Germany
| | - Milena C S Granella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agroveterinary Sciences Center (CAV), 74382Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Lages, Brazil
| | - Rubens P Mendes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agroveterinary Sciences Center (CAV), 74382Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Lages, Brazil
| | - Thiago R Müller
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agroveterinary Sciences Center (CAV), 74382Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Lages, Brazil
| | - Silvio Kau
- Department of Pathobiology, 27260University of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Topographic Anatomy, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joandes H Fonteque
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agroveterinary Sciences Center (CAV), 74382Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Lages, Brazil
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20
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Limone LE. Update on Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:671-689. [PMID: 33067098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) is a progressive, painful disease, affecting incisors, canines, and cheek teeth. Examination findings include gingival inflammation, gingival recession and/or hyperplasia, subgingival swelling, bulbous enlargement of teeth, associated periodontal disease, pathologic tooth fracture, and/or tooth mobility and loss. Current hypotheses include biomechanical stresses and secondary bacterial involvement. Early recognition allows case management, but it is a progressive disease. Owner education is crucial; horses with complete or multiple extractions have a favorable prognosis. Human oral and dental health may be affected by bisphosophonate use; long-term effects of these drugs are currently unknown in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah E Limone
- Northeast Equine Veterinary Dental Services, LLC, PO Box 264, Topsfield, MA 01983, USA.
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21
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Baratt RM. Dental Radiography and Radiographic Signs of Equine Dental Disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:445-476. [PMID: 33067094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiography is an important imaging modality and is available to most equine veterinarians providing primary care. Diagnostic radiographic imaging of the equine skull and dentition requires careful positioning and technique. This article is aimed at providing the veterinarian with instructions and guidelines for obtaining diagnostic skull and dental radiographs and a discussion of the radiographic signs of dental disease with case-based examples. The limitations of radiography are discussed with regard to determining the need for adjunct diagnostic techniques and more advanced imaging techniques, such as computed tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Baratt
- Salem Valley Veterinary Clinic, 12 Centre Street, Salem, CT 06420, USA.
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22
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Kau S, Failing K, Staszyk C. Computed Tomography (CT)-Assisted 3D Cephalometry in Horses: Interincisal Angulation of Clinical Crowns. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:434. [PMID: 32851019 PMCID: PMC7403475 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The angle encompassed between opposing incisors in horses is assumed to decline with age. Previous studies merely consider the overall profile view of clinical crowns presuming a generalized angle, neglecting potential tooth position-dependent differences. Cephalometric measurements from 3D computed tomographic thick-slab reconstructions of single incisors within a global reference frame were used to determine clinical crown interincisal angulation (IIA) of 48 horses. Based on predefined dentoalveolar landmarks, IIA was defined as the angle enclosed by the respective labial axis of the clinical crown (LACC). A measurement repeatability analysis was conducted including a comparison of third incisor teeth IIA with data obtained by cephalometric implementation of previously described landmarks for third incisor teeth (lingual/palatal border). The age-related angle course and differences between tooth positions were investigated considering LACCs of permanent incisors. Determining IIA by LACCs exhibited a high level of reproducibility applying for all tooth positions (mean coefficient of variation = 0.65 %; mean SD ± 0.89°). The comparison method for third incisor teeth revealed two times higher mean dispersion of repeated measurements, P = 0.017. A non-linear model slightly increased predictability of angular changes over time as against linearity assumption. The angle decline was more distinctive in younger horses and appears to approach a final value in older ones. Third incisor teeth exhibited significantly higher angle decline compared to first and second incisor teeth, P < 0.0001. According to the results, age determination of horses using clinical crown IIA is not recommended. Rather, 3D cephalometry may provide a promising tool to determine interdental and dentofacial angles of distinct tooth positions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Kau
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Topographic Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathemathics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Carsten Staszyk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
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23
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Rahmani V, Häyrinen L, Kareinen I, Ruohoniemi M. History, clinical findings and outcome of horses with radiographical signs of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis. Vet Rec 2019; 185:730. [PMID: 31601733 PMCID: PMC7008772 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The progression of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) has not been completely evaluated, and currently, the only effective treatment is extraction of severely affected teeth. We aim to describe how the disease relates to the history and clinical findings and to report on the outcome in individual horses. This case series comprises data collected from 20 horses (age 14–29 years old) with radiographic findings of EOTRH in their incisor and/or canine teeth. Most horses affected with EOTRH in this study were admitted for dental problems, but some for other complaints such as colic. Of the 288 teeth evaluated radiographically, 224 teeth were abnormal. Radiographic findings were most frequently located in the apical aspect and reserve crown of the teeth, and lesions were also commonly found in clinically normal teeth. Histopathology of extracted teeth showed inflammation in the periodontal ligament and revealed that resorption often extended to the dentine. Some owners were unwilling to allow extraction of their horses’ severely affected teeth, even though this treatment has been shown to increase the wellbeing of the horse. As EORTH is a life-long condition, the progression of the disease has to be continuously monitored and the treatments adjusted accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Rahmani
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lotta Häyrinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilona Kareinen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirja Ruohoniemi
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- T. P. Barnett
- Rossdales Equine Hospital Exning, Newmarket Suffolk UK
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25
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Easley J. The danger of isolating dentistry from veterinary medicine. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Easley
- Equine Veterinary Practice, LLC; Shelbyville Kentucky USA
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Abstract
Abstract
Cementoblastoma is a rare, benign, expansive and slow-growing, mesenchymal odontogenic tumor. An eight year-old, Purebred Spanish Horse stallion with clinical history of chronic, refractory to treatment unilateral rhinitis and radiologic evidence of a radiopaque mass at the second premolar tooth root underwent intraoral surgery for tooth and mass extraction. The owner did not want to bear the cost of the histopathologic study and the samples were left unattended in a sterile recipient without a fixative solution for six years. Grossly the mass showed a hard consistence, greyish-whitish color and an irregular surface. Histologically, the mass consisted of an abundant deposit of eosinophilic cementum-like organic matrix with frequent basophilic reversal lines and heterogeneous distribution of empty lacunae. Surrounded by this organic matrix there were numerous fungal hyphae positive for Aspergillus fumigatus immunostaining. The final diagnosis was maxillary cementoblastoma with secondary aspergillosis. High-quality information has been obtained from long-time non-fixed tissues.
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27
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Hines MT. Clinical Approach to Commonly Encountered Problems. EQUINE INTERNAL MEDICINE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7158300 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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28
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Rehrl S, Schröder W, Müller C, Staszyk C, Lischer C. Radiological prevalence of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:481-487. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Rehrl
- Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology; Department of Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - W. Schröder
- Tierärztliche Klinik für Pferde und Kleintiere Isernhagen; Isernhagen Germany
| | - C. Müller
- Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology; Department of Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - C. Staszyk
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - C. Lischer
- Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology; Department of Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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29
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Böhmer C, Rössner GE. Dental paleopathology in fossil rhinoceroses: etiology and implications. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Böhmer
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; UMR7179 CNRS/MNHN; Paris France
| | - G. E. Rössner
- SNSB-Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie; Munich Germany
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Munich Germany
- GeoBio-Center der; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Munich Germany
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30
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Earley ET, Rawlinson JR, Baratt RM, Galloway SS, Smedley RC, Scarlett JM, Refsal KR, Dotzel AR, Cox VS, Perkins GA. Hematologic, Biochemical, and Endocrine Parameters in Horses With Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis. J Vet Dent 2017; 34:155-160. [DOI: 10.1177/0898756417717039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) is a frequently diagnosed condition in adult horses. The underlying etiology is still unknown. Hematologic, biochemical, and endocrine values have not been reported in EOTRH-affected horses. Objectives: The main objective of the study was to describe the hematologic, biochemical, and endocrine parameters in horses with EOTRH. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study of client-owned animals with EOTRH. Methods: A complete blood count, biochemistry panel, and endocrine profile were performed in horses diagnosed with EOTRH. Diagnosis was based on oral and radiographic examination findings and confirmed with histopathology. Results: Eighteen horses with EOTRH aged 10 to 32 years from various regions of the United States were sampled. The only consistent abnormality on the complete blood cell count and chemistry panel was hypoalbuminemia (88%). Endocrine parameters demonstrated no major abnormalities in the functioning of the thyroid and pituitary pars intermedia. The parathyroid hormone concentration was increased in 7 (47%) of 15 horses with an elevated 25-hydroxy vitamin D in 3 (17%) of 17 horses. Main Limitations: The main limitations of this study are the small sample size and lack of age-matched and management-matched control horses. Conclusions: The relevance of elevated parathyroid hormone in this study cannot be determined due to the lack of age-based controls and large population studies. With the small population evaluated in this study, there are no obvious hematological, biochemical, and endocrine changes evident. Further evaluation with signalment-matched controls will be necessary to evaluate some trends noted in the laboratory values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T. Earley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Laurel Highland Veterinary Clinic, LLC, Williamsport, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Janet M. Scarlett
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kent R. Refsal
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Allison. R. Dotzel
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Victor. S. Cox
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Jarvis
- Redwings Horse Sanctuary; Hapton; Norwich Norfolk UK
| | - M. R. Paradis
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; Tufts University; North Grafton Massachusetts USA
| | - P. Harris
- Equine Studies Group; WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition; Waltham on the Wolds Leicestershire UK
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32
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Henry TJ, Puchalski SM, Arzi B, Kass PH, Verstraete FJM. Radiographic evaluation in clinical practice of the types and stage of incisor tooth resorption and hypercementosis in horses. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:486-492. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. J. Henry
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital; University of California; Davis California USA
| | - S. M. Puchalski
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; University of California; Davis California USA
| | - B. Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; University of California; Davis California USA
| | - P. H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis California USA
| | - F. J. M. Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; University of California; Davis California USA
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33
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Nicholls VM, Townsend N. Dental Disease in Aged Horses and Its Management. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2016; 32:215-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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34
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Staszyk
- Institute for Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology; Faculty Veterinary Medicine; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Germany
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35
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Luedke L, Rawlinson JE, Sánchez MD, Bass L, Engiles J. True cementomas (cementoblastomas) associated with a nonvital left maxillary second premolar in an 11-year-old miniature horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Luedke
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins USA
| | - J. E. Rawlinson
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins USA
| | - M. D. Sánchez
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia USA
| | - L. Bass
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins USA
| | - J. Engiles
- New Bolton Center; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square USA
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36
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Baratt R. Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH): What do we know? EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Baratt
- Salem Valley Equine Clinic; Salem Connecticut USA
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37
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Moore NT, Schroeder W, Staszyk C. Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis affecting all cheek teeth in two horses: Clinical and histopathological findings. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. T. Moore
- Moore Equine Medical and Dental Services; Georgetown Texas USA
| | - W. Schroeder
- Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology; Freie Universität Berlin; Germany
| | - C. Staszyk
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen; Germany
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38
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Smedley RC, Earley ET, Galloway SS, Baratt RM, Rawlinson JE. Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:903-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985815588608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) is a painful progressive condition of older horses that involves multiple teeth, including canines and incisors. EOTRH is uncommonly recognized by veterinary pathologists and in some cases may be misdiagnosed as cementoblastoma. The cause is unknown. The goals of this study were to describe the histopathologic features of EOTRH in 17 affected horses from the United States and to increase awareness of this condition. Samples ranged from affected tooth to the entire rostral mandible and maxilla. Affected teeth exhibited cemental hyperplasia and lysis. The marked proliferation of cementum in severe cases caused bulbous enlargement of the intra-alveolar portions of affected teeth. Several teeth contained necrotic debris, bacteria, and plant material in the regions of cemental lysis. All horses exhibited dentinal lysis in at least affected tooth, and several contained necrotic debris in these regions. Endodontic disease was often present with inflammation, lysis, necrotic debris, fibrosis, and/or a thin rim of atubular mineralized tissue in the pulp cavity. Periodontal disease was a common feature that was primarily characterized by moderate lymphoplasmacytic inflammation. Resorption with secondary hypercementosis appears to begin on the external surface of the teeth rather than within the pulp cavity. Distinguishing EOTRH from other diseases requires a complete history that includes the number and location of affected teeth, a gross description of regional hard/soft tissue health, and radiographic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. C. Smedley
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - E. T. Earley
- Large Animal Dentistry, Equine Farm Animal Hospital, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA, and Laurel Highland Farm and Equine Service, LLC, Williamsport, PA, USA
| | | | | | - J. E. Rawlinson
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Chinkangsadarn T, Wilson GJ, Greer RM, Pollitt CC, Bird PS. An abattoir survey of equine dental abnormalities in Queensland, Australia. Aust Vet J 2015; 93:189-94. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Chinkangsadarn
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - GJ Wilson
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - RM Greer
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - CC Pollitt
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - PS Bird
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland Australia
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40
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Lorello O, Foster DL, Levine DG, Boyle A, Engiles J, Orsini JA. Clinical treatment and prognosis of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:188-94. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Lorello
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine; University of Bern; Switzerland
| | - D. L. Foster
- New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square USA
| | - D. G. Levine
- New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square USA
| | - A. Boyle
- New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square USA
| | - J. Engiles
- New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square USA
| | - J. A. Orsini
- New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square USA
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41
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Casey MB, Pearson GR, Perkins JD, Tremaine WH. Gross, computed tomographic and histological findings in mandibular cheek teeth extracted from horses with clinical signs of pulpitis due to apical infection. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:557-67. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Casey
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; UK
| | - G. R. Pearson
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; UK
| | - J. D. Perkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
| | - W. H. Tremaine
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; UK
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42
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Rawlinson J, Carmalt JL. Extraction techniques for equine incisor and canine teeth. EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Rawlinson
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins USA
| | - J. L. Carmalt
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
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43
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Wilson GJ, Blyde D, Forsayeth AM, Pearce E. Tooth resorption in an Australian sea lion. J Vet Dent 2014; 31:106-7. [PMID: 25185335 DOI: 10.1177/089875641403100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Hypercementosis has been described in the horse associated with painful tooth root resorption and infection in and around the roots of incisor teeth, or as painful swellings in the oral cavity in elderly horses. A screening radiological examination of 16 clinically normal horses older than 15-years showed varying amounts of hypercementosis, especially around the reserve crown and apices of the incisor teeth in 9 cases. The amount of cementum formation varied from several mm to 2-cm especially associated with the roots of the maxillary and mandibular third incisor teeth. The periodontal ligament of the incisor teeth was always seen radiographically as a homogeneous and distinct radiolucent line surrounding the roots. Computed tomographic evaluation indicated that the hypercementosis was more pronounced on the labial aspect. The distinction between the enamel and cementum was more clearly delineated on computed tomographic imaging. Teeth in horses with acute angles between the maxillary and mandibular incisor teeth had greater hypercementosis than incisor teeth with more vertical angulation supporting the theory that stress on incisor teeth may be an etiological factor. Hypercementosis was also noted in the interradicular area of worn cheek teeth but not exceeding the original outer shape of the roots. Histological examination of hypercementosis affected teeth showed no evidence of tumor or infection regardless of the location of the tooth. As in humans, hypercementosis does not require specific treatment unless secondary complications occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Arnbjerg
- Copenhagen University, SUND, University Hospital for Small Animal, Department of Veterinary Imaging, Dyrlaegevej 32, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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45
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Schrock P, Lüpke M, Seifert H, Staszyk C. Three-dimensional anatomy of equine incisors: tooth length, enamel cover and age related changes. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:249. [PMID: 24321365 PMCID: PMC3878928 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine incisors are subjected to continuous occlusal wear causing multiple, age related changes of the extragingival crown. It is assumed that the occlusal wear is compensated by continued tooth elongation at the apical ends of the teeth. In this study, μCT-datasets offered the opportunity to analyze the three-dimensional appearance of the extra- and intraalveolar parts of the enamel containing dental crown as well as of the enamel-free dental root. Multiple morphometric measurements elucidated age related, morphological changes within the intraalveolar part of the incisors. RESULTS Equine incisors possess a unique enamel cover displaying large indentations on the mesial and distal sides. After eruption tooth elongation at the apical end outbalances occlusal wear for two to four years resulting in increasing incisor length in this period of time. Remarkably, this maximum length is maintained for about ten years, up to a tooth age of 13 to 15 years post eruption. Variances in the total length of individual teeth are related to different Triadan positions (central-, middle- and corner incisors) as well as to the upper and lower arcades. CONCLUSION Equine incisors are able to fully compensate occlusal wear for a limited period of time. However, after this ability ceases, it is expected that a diminished intraalveolar tooth length will cause massive changes in periodontal biomechanics. The time point of these morphodynamic and biomechanical changes (13 to 15 years post eruption) occurs in coincidence with the onset of a recently described destructive disease of equine incisor (equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis) in aged horses. However, further biomechanical, cell biological and microbiological investigations are needed to elucidate a correlation between age related changes of incisor morphology and this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carsten Staszyk
- Institute for Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty for Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str, 98, D-35392 Giessen, Germany (formerly Institute of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
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46
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Schrock P, Lüpke M, Seifert H, Staszyk C. Finite element analysis of equine incisor teeth. Part 2: Investigation of stresses and strain energy densities in the periodontal ligament and surrounding bone during tooth movement. Vet J 2013; 198:590-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Barrett MF, Easley JT. Acquisition and interpretation of radiographs of the equine skull. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Barrett
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences; Colorado State University; USA
| | - J. T. Easley
- Surgical Research Laboratory; Department of Clinical Sciences; Colorado State University; USA
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48
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Sykora S, Pieber K, Simhofer H, Hackl V, Brodesser D, Brandt S. Isolation of Treponema and Tannerella spp. from equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis related periodontal disease. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:358-63. [PMID: 23742079 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Red complex bacteria, i.e. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia, are involved in the onset and progression of periodontal disease in man, yet seldom inhabit the oral cavity of healthy individuals. Periodontal disease is also encountered in horses, with equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) constituting a particular form of disease. However, only little is known about the oral microbiome of healthy and periodontitis-affected equids. OBJECTIVE We aimed to test the hypothesis that red complex bacteria are also associated with EOTRH-related periodontal disease. STUDY DESIGN Controlled cross-sectional study. METHODS We screened DNA purified from crevicular fluid derived from 23 EOTRH-affected and 21 disease-free horses for the presence of Treponema spp., Tannerella spp. and Porphyromonas gingivalis DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, amplified DNA was bidirectionally sequenced and identified via BLAST analysis. RESULTS Treponema and/or Tannerella DNA was detected in 100% of periodontitis-related samples and in 52.2% of DNA derived from healthy horses. Twenty-six amplicon sequences were 98-100% homologous to published bacterial sequences, which mostly corresponded to Treponema pectinovorum, oral Treponema clones JU025 and OMZ 840, and Tannerella forsythia. P. gingivalis DNA was only found in 3 EOTRH-related samples. Forty-three amplicon sequences revealed weaker homologies ranging between 80% and 97% to known Treponema or Tannerella strains, partly because of their heterogeneity, partly because they obviously represented so far unknown types. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report in which known and novel Treponema and Tannerella spp. were isolated in association with EOTRH-related periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sykora
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Austria; Clinic of Large Animal Surgery, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Austria
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Foster DL. The Gold Standard of Dental Care for the Adult Performance Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2013; 29:505-19, viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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50
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Earley E, Rawlinson JT. A New Understanding of Oral and Dental Disorders of the Equine Incisor and Canine Teeth. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2013; 29:273-300, v. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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