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Luckschander-Zeller N, Giani B, Doulidis PG, Plickert HD, Tichy A, Marculescu R, Schwendenwein I, Burgener IA. Implications of hypocobalaminemia as a negative prognostic marker in juvenile dogs with parvovirus enteritis. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1426664. [PMID: 39086759 PMCID: PMC11289667 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1426664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Canine Parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) infection poses a significant global health risk to susceptible dogs. Hypocobalaminemia, defined as reduced serum cobalamin (CBL) concentrations, is a recognized complication in chronic enteropathies in adult dogs but remains poorly understood in the context of acute enteropathies, especially in young dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and severity of hypocobalaminemia in young dogs with parvovirus enteritis and evaluation of CBL as a predictor of outcome. Materials and methods Thirty client-owned dogs diagnosed with parvovirus infection and thirty healthy controls were enrolled. Clinical, hematological, and biochemical tests, including CBL and serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentrations, were assessed. Results Results indicated a significantly higher prevalence of hypocobalaminemia in dogs with parvovirus enteritis compared to healthy controls, as well as a significant correlation with a disease severity score. Moreover, survivors demonstrated higher CBL concentrations than non-survivors, suggesting an eventual prognostic value of CBL status. However, parenteral CBL supplementation showed no significant effect on serum CBL or MMA concentrations, highlighting potential challenges in CBL uptake at the cellular level. Discussion Hypocobalaminemia in this population is caused by multiple factors such as reduced nutritional absorption, gastrointestinal losses, and increased metabolic demands. Further research is needed to develop tailored management strategies, evaluate the effectiveness of CBL supplementation, and understand the mechanisms behind hypocobalaminemia in parvovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Luckschander-Zeller
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Giani
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavlos G. Doulidis
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Alexander Tichy
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rodrig Marculescu
- Clinical Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilse Schwendenwein
- Central Laboratory, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan A. Burgener
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Siani G, Mercaldo B, Alterisio MC, Di Loria A. Vitamin B12 in Cats: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Disease. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091474. [PMID: 37174511 PMCID: PMC10177498 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cobalamin is a water-soluble molecule that has an important role in cellular metabolism, especially in DNA synthesis, methylation, and mitochondrial metabolism. Cobalamin is bound by intrinsic factor (IF) and absorbed in the ileal tract. The IF in cats is synthesized exclusively by pancreatic tissue. About 75% of the total plasma cobalamin in cats is associated with transcobalamin II, while in this species, transcobalamin I is not present. In cats, the half-life of cobalamin is 11-14 days. Diagnostic biomarkers for B12 status in cats include decreased levels of circulating total cobalamin and increased levels of methylmalonic acid. The reference interval for serum cobalamin concentrations in cats is 290-1500 ng/L, and for the serum methylmalonic acid concentration, it is 139-897 nmol/L. Therapy for hypocobalaminemia mainly depends on the underlying disease. In some cases, subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of 250 μg/cat is empirically administered. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that oral cobalamin supplementation can also be used successfully in dogs and cats as a less invasive alternative to parental administration. This review describes the current knowledge regarding B12 requirements and highlights improvements in diagnostic methods as well as the role of hypocobalaminemia in its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatrice Mercaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II of Napoli, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Alterisio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II of Napoli, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Loria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II of Napoli, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
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Jergens AE, Heilmann RM. Canine chronic enteropathy—Current state-of-the-art and emerging concepts. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:923013. [PMID: 36213409 PMCID: PMC9534534 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.923013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) in dogs have received great attention in the basic and clinical research arena. The 2010 ACVIM Consensus Statement, including guidelines for the diagnostic criteria for canine and feline CIE, was an important milestone to a more standardized approach to patients suspected of a CIE diagnosis. Great strides have been made since understanding the pathogenesis and classification of CIE in dogs, and novel diagnostic and treatment options have evolved. New concepts in the microbiome-host-interaction, metabolic pathways, crosstalk within the mucosal immune system, and extension to the gut-brain axis have emerged. Novel diagnostics have been developed, the clinical utility of which remains to be critically evaluated in the next coming years. New directions are also expected to lead to a larger spectrum of treatment options tailored to the individual patient. This review offers insights into emerging concepts and future directions proposed for further CIE research in dogs for the next decade to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Albert E. Jergens
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany
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4
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Chang CH, Lidbury JA, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Effect of oral or injectable supplementation with cobalamin in dogs with hypocobalaminemia caused by chronic enteropathy or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1607-1621. [PMID: 36054643 PMCID: PMC9511088 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have shown similar efficacy of oral supplementation of cobalamin compared to injectable supplementation in dogs, but few prospective, randomized studies have been published. Objectives To evaluate efficacy of oral or injectable supplementation with cobalamin in normalizing serum cobalamin and methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentrations in dogs with hypocobalaminemia caused by either chronic enteropathy (CE) or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). Animals Forty‐six client owned dogs with hypocobalaminemia. Methods Prospective randomized clinical trial. Dogs were divided into 2 groups (CE or EPI), and randomized to receive oral or injectable supplementation of cobalamin. Each dog had 3 visits and serum cobalamin and MMA concentrations were measured at each visit. Results In dogs with CE, serum cobalamin concentrations increased with oral (P = .02; median 149 [range 149‐231] to 733 [166‐1467] ng/L, median difference 552 [95% CI: 181‐899] ng/L) or injectable (P < .01; 168 [149‐233] to 563 [234‐965] ng/L, 367 [187‐623] ng/L) supplementation. In dogs with EPI, serum cobalamin concentrations increased with oral (P = .01; 162 [149‐214] to 919 [643‐3863] ng/L, 705 [503‐3356] ng/L) or injectable (P = .01; 177 [149‐217] to 390 [243‐907] ng/L, 192 [89‐361] ng/L) supplementation. Serum MMA concentrations decreased with oral or injectable supplementation in dogs with CE, but only with oral supplementation in dogs with EPI. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Oral supplementation is an alternative for cobalamin supplementation in dogs with hypocobalaminemia caused by CE or EPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Hoon Chang
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Banton S, Pezzali JG, Verbrugghe A, Bakovic M, Wood KM, Shoveller AK. Addition of dietary methionine but not dietary taurine or methyl donors/receivers to a grain-free diet increases postprandial homocysteine concentrations in adult dogs. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6333283. [PMID: 34333630 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain based ingredients are replaced in part by pulse ingredients in grain-free pet foods. Pulse ingredients are lower in methionine and cysteine, amino acid (AA) precursors to taurine synthesis in dogs. While recent work has investigated plasma and whole blood taurine concentrations when feeding grain-free diets, supplementation of a grain-free diet with various nutrients involved in the biosynthesis of taurine has not been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementing a complete grain-free dry dog food with either methionine (MET), taurine (TAU), or methyl donors (choline) and methyl receivers (creatine and carnitine; CCC) on postprandial AA concentrations. Eight healthy Beagle dogs were fed 1 of 3 treatments or the control grain-free diet (CON) for 7 d in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. On d7, cephalic catheters were placed and one fasted sample (0 min) and a series of 9 post-meal blood samples were collected at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the PROC GLIMMIX function in SAS (Version 9.4). Dogs fed MET had greater plasma and whole blood methionine concentrations from 30 - 360 min after a meal (P < 0.0001) and greater plasma homocysteine concentrations from 60 - 360 min after a meal (P < 0.0001) compared to dogs fed CON, TAU and CCC. Dogs fed TAU had greater plasma taurine concentrations over time compared to dogs fed CON (P = 0.02), but were not different than dogs fed MET and CCC (P > 0.05). In addition, most AA remained significantly elevated at 6 h post-meal compared to fasted samples across all treatments. Supplementation of creatine, carnitine and choline in grain-free diets may play a role in sparing the methionine requirement without increasing homocysteine concentrations. Supplementing these nutrients could also aid in the treatment of disease that causes metabolic or oxidative stress, including cardiac disease in dogs, but future research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Banton
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Júlia G Pezzali
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katie M Wood
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Benvenuti E, Pierini A, Gori E, Bottero E, Pietra M, Lippi I, Meucci V, Marchetti V. Serum homocysteine concentration in dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e47. [PMID: 32735090 PMCID: PMC7402937 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Homocysteine (HCY) was evaluated in healthy and chronic enteropathic dogs, however no studies on dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy are available. Objectives The aim was to evaluate serum HCY concentrations and its prognostic role in dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy compared to healthy dogs. Methods Serum HCY concentration was statistically compared between 24 healthy dogs and 29 dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy. Correlation analyses between serum total protein, albumin (ALB), C-reactive protein (CRP), folate and cobalamin, and serum HCY concentration were performed in immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathic dogs. Results The associations between serum HCY concentration and clinical, histological, endoscopic scores and follow-up were evaluated. Mean serum HCY concentration was higher in immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathic dogs compared to control dogs (30.22 ± 8.67 µmol/L vs. 5.26 ± 2.78 µmol/L; p < 0.0001). No association between serum HCY concentration and total protein, ALB, CRP, folate concentration as well as, clinical score, histological and endoscopic scores was found. A negative correlation between serum HCY concentration and cobalamin was noted (p = 0.0025, r = −0.54). No significant difference in HCY was found between responsive and non-responsive dogs or between survivors and non-survivors. Conclusions Although, serum HCY concentration was higher in immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy, its prognostic value remains unclear. However, further prospective, large-scale studies are warranted to better investigate the possible prognostic role of HCY in immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathic dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Benvenuti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessio Pierini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Gori
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lippi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
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7
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Drut A, Soetart N, Bertin C, Le Corff E, Berder C, Thorin C, Nguyen P, Simard G, Mallem MY. Plasma homocysteine concentration in privately owned healthy adult cats: assessment of biological determinants and establishment of a reference interval. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:623-630. [PMID: 31422757 PMCID: PMC10814430 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19868549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The assessment of homocysteine status in diseased cats has indicated high plasma concentrations in chronic kidney disease and yielded conflicting results with respect to cardiovascular disorders. Previous investigations in small populations of normal cats revealed greater-than-expected variability in plasma homocysteine concentration. The purpose of this study was to determine biological determinants and the reference interval (RI) of plasma homocysteine concentration in the feline species, under strict pre-analytical conditions. METHODS In this prospective observational study, privately owned healthy adult cats underwent a complete physical examination, urinalysis and blood testing, in order to rule out any signs of disease. Plasma homocysteine concentration was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Of 151 cats recruited, 30 cats were not included owing to abnormal physical examination or fractious behaviour, and 30 cats were excluded based on abnormalities on blood work or urinalysis. Plasma homocysteine concentrations >28 µmol/l were associated with a dietary protein content >9.3 g/100 kcal metabolisable energy. The RI for plasma homocysteine concentration was determined to be 6.2-52.3 µmol/l. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Normal values for plasma homocysteine concentration in cats have a wide RI, suggesting high inter-individual variability. Whether some healthy cats exhibit impaired homocysteine metabolism remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Drut
- Department of Clinical Science, Oniris – Nantes Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
- Nutrition, Physiopathology and Pharmacology Unit, Oniris – Nantes Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Soetart
- Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Science, Oniris – Nantes Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Carole Bertin
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Emmanuelle Le Corff
- Department of Clinical Science, Oniris – Nantes Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Caroline Berder
- Nutrition, Physiopathology and Pharmacology Unit, Oniris – Nantes Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
- Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Science, Oniris – Nantes Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Chantal Thorin
- Nutrition, Physiopathology and Pharmacology Unit, Oniris – Nantes Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Patrick Nguyen
- Nutrition, Physiopathology and Pharmacology Unit, Oniris – Nantes Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Gilles Simard
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - M Yassine Mallem
- Nutrition, Physiopathology and Pharmacology Unit, Oniris – Nantes Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
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8
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Grützner N, Opriessnig T, Lopes R, Suchodolski JS, Nathues H, Steiner JM. Assessment of folate and cobalamin concentrations in relation to their dependent intracellular metabolites in serum of pigs between 6 and 26 weeks of age. Res Vet Sci 2020; 130:59-67. [PMID: 32145458 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Folate (vitamin B9) and cobalamin (vitamin B12) play an important role in amino acid metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis, and methyl group transfer. Two intracellular enzymes, methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, are folate and/or cobalamin-dependent, respectively. At the cellular level, a lack of folate and cobalamin leads to accumulation of serum homocysteine (HCY) and a lack of cobalamin leads to increased methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentrations. Altered serum HCY and MMA concentrations can influence amino acid metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis in pigs. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate serum folate, cobalamin, HCY, and MMA concentrations in postweaning pigs between 6 and 26 weeks of age. Serum samples from 12 pigs collected at week 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 as part of an unrelated study were analyzed. Serum folate (p < .0001), cobalamin (p = .0001), HCY (p < .0001), and MMA (p < .0001) concentrations differed significantly during the postweaning period between 6 and 26 weeks of age; with significantly higher serum HCY (at weeks 6 and 7 compared to weeks 9, 14, 18, 22, and 26) and MMA concentrations (at weeks 6, 7, and 8 compared to weeks 14, 18, 22, and 26) and an overall decrease of serum MMA concentrations from week 6 to week 14 in the pigs studied. This study suggests age-dependent changes in intracellular folate- and cobalamin-dependent metabolites (i.e., HCY and MMA) in pigs between 6 and 26 weeks of age, possibly reflecting decreased availability of intracellular folate and/or cobalamin for amino acid metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis, and methyl group transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Grützner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Clinic for Swine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, BE, CH, Switzerland; Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), SA, GER, Germany.
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Rosana Lopes
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Heiko Nathues
- Clinic for Swine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, BE, CH, Switzerland
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Kather S, Grützner N, Kook PH, Dengler F, Heilmann RM. Review of cobalamin status and disorders of cobalamin metabolism in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 34:13-28. [PMID: 31758868 PMCID: PMC6979111 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of cobalamin (vitamin B12) metabolism are increasingly recognized in small animal medicine and have a variety of causes ranging from chronic gastrointestinal disease to hereditary defects in cobalamin metabolism. Measurement of serum cobalamin concentration, often in combination with serum folate concentration, is routinely performed as a diagnostic test in clinical practice. While the detection of hypocobalaminemia has therapeutic implications, interpretation of cobalamin status in dogs can be challenging. The aim of this review is to define hypocobalaminemia and cobalamin deficiency, normocobalaminemia, and hypercobalaminemia in dogs, describe known cobalamin deficiency states, breed predispositions in dogs, discuss the different biomarkers of importance for evaluating cobalamin status in dogs, and discuss the management of dogs with hypocobalaminemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kather
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Niels Grützner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Peter H Kook
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Dengler
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Romy M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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10
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Kook PH, Hersberger M. Daily oral cyanocobalamin supplementation in Beagles with hereditary cobalamin malabsorption (Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome) maintains normal clinical and cellular cobalamin status. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:751-757. [PMID: 30554416 PMCID: PMC6430909 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efficacy of PO cobalamin (Cbl) supplementation in dogs with hereditary Cbl malabsorption (Imerslund‐Gräsbeck syndrome, IGS) is unknown. Objectives To evaluate PO Cbl supplementation in Beagles with IGS previously treated parenterally. We hypothesized that 1 mg cyano‐Cbl daily PO would maintain clinical and metabolic remission. Animals Three client‐owned Beagles with IGS and 48 healthy control dogs. Methods Prospective study. Daily PO cyanocobalamin (cyano‐Cbl; 1 mg) supplementation was monitored for 13 (2 dogs) and 8 months (1 dog). Health status was assessed by owner observations. Methylmalonic acid (MMA)‐to‐creatinine concentrations were measured using an ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐TMS) method on urine samples collected monthly. Concurrent measurements of serum MMA concentration (n = 7; UPLC‐TMS) were available for 1 dog. Results All dogs remained in excellent health during PO supplementation. Urine MMA remained consistently low in 2 dogs (median, 2.5 mmol/mol creatinine; range, 1.2‐9; healthy dogs [n = 30], median, 2.9 mmol/mol creatinine; range, 1.3‐76.5). Urine MMA ranged from 38.9‐84.9 mmol/mol creatinine during the first 6 months in 1 dog already known to excrete comparable amounts when supplemented parenterally. Brief antibiotic treatment for an unrelated condition after 6 months resulted in low urine MMA (median, 2.8 mmol/mol creatinine; range, 1.9‐4.8) for the next 7 months. All concurrent serum MMA concentrations (median, 651 nmol/L; range, 399‐919) before and after month 6 were within the established reference interval (393‐1476 nmol/L; n = 48). Conclusions and Clinical Importance One milligram of cyano‐Cbl daily PO appears efficacious for maintaining normal clinical status and normal cellular markers of Cbl metabolism in Beagles with IGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Kook
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hersberger
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Rizzo A, Sciorsci RL. Role of homocysteine metabolism in animal reproduction: A review. Res Vet Sci 2018; 122:29-35. [PMID: 30448392 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a thiol-containing essential amino acid, important for the growth of cells and tissues. Several hypotheses exist regarding Hcy toxicity in humans; Hcy is involved in protein structural modifications, oxidative stress, and neurotoxicity induction and is therefore associated with several pathological conditions in humans. In veterinary science, knowledge regarding Hcy has increased recently due to several studies; however, many aspects remain undiscovered. Many details remain unknown regarding the effect of Hcy levels on pregnancy and the optimal management of pathological conditions associated with Hcy levels during pregnancy in various species. In this review, we aimed to compile various studies on Hcy metabolism to elucidate its current status in the veterinary field, particularly for ovine, bovine, equine, porcine, canine, and feline species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rizzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Section of Obstetric Clinic, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - R L Sciorsci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Section of Obstetric Clinic, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy.
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12
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Toresson L, Steiner JM, Spodsberg E, Olmedal G, Suchodolski JS, Lidbury JA, Spillmann T. Effects of oral versus parenteral cobalamin supplementation on methylmalonic acid and homocysteine concentrations in dogs with chronic enteropathies and low cobalamin concentrations. Vet J 2018; 243:8-14. [PMID: 30606444 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of parenteral (PE) versus oral (PO) cobalamin supplementation on serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) and homocysteine (HCY) concentrations in dogs with hypocobalaminaemia. Thirty-six dogs with serum cobalamin concentrations below 285ng/L (reference interval (RI): 244-959ng/L) were treated with PO (0.25-1.0mg daily) or PE cobalamin (0.25-1.2mg/injection) using a block-randomized schedule. Serum MMA and HCY concentrations were analysed at day 0, 28 and 90 after start of supplementation. There was no significant difference between the PO and PE group regarding serum MMA or HCY concentrations at any time point. Median (range, P comparing baseline and 28 days, P comparing 28days and 90 days) serum MMA concentrations (nmol/L; RI 415-1193) were 932 (566-2468) in the PO and 943 (508-1900) in the PE group at baseline, respectively, 705 (386-1465, P<0.0001) and 696 (377-932, P<0.0001) after 28 days, and 739 (450-1221, P=0.58) and 690 (349-1145, P=0.76) after 90 days. Serum HCY concentrations (median (range), P comparing baseline and 28 days, P comparing 28days and 90 days, μmol/L; RI 5.9-31.9) in the PO and PE groups were 12.2 (3.3-62.2) and 8.4 (3.7-34.8) at baseline, 12.5 (5.0-45.0, P=0.61) and 8.0 (3.8-18.3, P=0.28) after 28 days, and 17.7 (7.3-60.0 P=0.07) and 12.4 (6.3-33.1, P=0.0007) after 90 days, respectively. Oral and parenteral cobalamin supplementation had the same effect on serum MMA concentrations in this group of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Toresson
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki University, Agnes Sjobergin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Evidensia Specialist Animal Hospital, Bergavagen 3, 25466 Helsingborg, Sweden.
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - E Spodsberg
- Evidensia Specialist Animal Hospital, Bergavagen 3, 25466 Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - G Olmedal
- Evidensia Specialist Animal Hospital, Bergavagen 3, 25466 Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - J A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - T Spillmann
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki University, Agnes Sjobergin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Heilmann RM, Steiner JM. Clinical utility of currently available biomarkers in inflammatory enteropathies of dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1495-1508. [PMID: 30222209 PMCID: PMC6189362 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) in dogs are a group of disorders that are characterized by chronic persistent or recurrent signs of gastrointestinal disease and histologic evidence of mucosal inflammation. These CIEs are classified as either food-responsive, antibiotic-responsive, or immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy. Patients not clinically responding to immunomodulatory treatment are grouped as nonresponsive enteropathy and dogs with intestinal protein loss as protein-losing enteropathy. Disease-independent clinical scoring systems were established in dogs for assessment of clinical disease severity and patient monitoring during treatment. Histopathologic and routine clinicopathologic findings are usually not able to distinguish the subgroups of CIE. Treatment trials are often lengthy and further diagnostic tests are usually at least minimally invasive. Biomarkers that can aid in defining the presence of disease, site of origin, severity of the disease process, response to treatment, or a combination of these would be clinically useful in dogs with CIE. This article summarizes the following biomarkers that have been evaluated in dogs with CIE during the last decade, and critically evaluates their potential clinical utility in dogs with CIE: functional biomarkers (cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, folate, α1 -proteinase inhibitor, immunoglobulin A), biochemical biomarkers (C-reactive protein, perinuclear anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies, 3-bromotyrosine, N-methylhistamine, calprotectin, S100A12, soluble receptor of advanced glycation end products, cytokines and chemokines, alkaline phosphatase), microbiomic biomarkers (microbiome changes, dysbiosis index), metabolomic biomarkers (serum metabolome), genetic biomarkers (genomic markers, gene expression changes), and cellular biomarkers (regulatory T cells). In addition, important performance criteria of diagnostic tests are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M. Heilmann
- Small Animal ClinicCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of LeipzigLeipzigSaxonyGermany
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX
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14
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McCallum KE, Watson PJ. Hereditary selective cobalamin malabsorption and concurrent pancreatitis in a young Border collie. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Penny J Watson
- Department of Veterinary MedicineCambridge Veterinary SchoolCambridgeUK
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15
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Heilmann RM, Grützner N, Iazbik MC, Lopes R, Bridges CS, Suchodolski JS, Couto CG, Steiner JM. Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds and its Association with Hypofolatemia and Other Clinicopathologic Variables. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 31:109-116. [PMID: 27864850 PMCID: PMC5259649 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Folate and cobalamin are essential cofactors for homocysteine (HCY) metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia, a multifactorial condition, may reflect B vitamin deficiency and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, thrombosis, and neurodegenerative and chronic gastrointestinal diseases in humans. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been reported in Greyhounds with suspected chronic enteropathy. Objectives To evaluate the frequencies of and the association between hypofolatemia and hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds. Animals Data and serum samples from 559 Greyhounds. Methods Nested case‐control study. The frequency of hypofolatemia in Greyhounds was determined by a laboratory database search. The relationship between hyperhomocysteinemia (measured by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry) and hypocobalaminemia and hypofolatemia was evaluated, and its frequency compared between healthy Greyhounds and Greyhounds with thrombosis or chronic diarrhea. Results Hypofolatemia was identified in 172 of 423 (41%) Greyhounds and was more common in hypo‐ than in normocobalaminemic dogs (49% vs. 35%; P = .0064). Hyperhomocysteinemia was detected in 53 of 78 (68%) of Greyhounds, being more common in hypo‐ than in normofolatemic dogs (88% vs. 59%; P = .0175). All healthy Greyhounds, 21 of 30 (70%) of dogs with chronic diarrhea and 6 of 8 (75%) of those with thrombosis, were hyperhomocysteinemic. Serum HCY concentrations were inversely correlated with serum folate concentration (ρ = −0.28; P = .0386) and were positively associated with serum albumin concentration (ρ = 0.66; P = .0022). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Hyperhomocysteinemia occurs frequently in the Greyhound population. Its association with hypofolatemia suggests decreased intracellular availability of B vitamins, but the functional implications warrant further investigation. Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds potentially may serve as a spontaneous canine model to further investigate hyperhomocysteinemia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Heilmann
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474.,Small Animal Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, 04103, Germany
| | - N Grützner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474.,Farm Animal Clinic, Clinic for Swine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - M C Iazbik
- Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - R Lopes
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474.,Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, 77845
| | - C S Bridges
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474
| | - C G Couto
- Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210.,Couto Veterinary Consultants, Hilliard, OH, 43026
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474
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16
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Grützner N, Knabe D, Lawhorn BD, Dominguez B, Kauffold J, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Analytic validation of commercially available immunoassays for the measurement of serum cobalamin and folate concentrations in pigs. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:311-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Grützner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Darrel Knabe
- Department of Animal Science; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Bruce D. Lawhorn
- Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Brandon Dominguez
- Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Johannes Kauffold
- New Bolton Center; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square PA USA
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
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17
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Grützner N, Heilmann RM, Cranford SM, Holzenburg A, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Inflammatory, immunological, and intestinal disease biomarkers in Chinese Shar-Pei dogs with marked hypocobalaminemia. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:31-40. [PMID: 25525135 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714560881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese Shar-Pei dogs have a high prevalence of hypocobalaminemia and are commonly presented with clinical signs suggestive of severe and long-standing gastrointestinal disease such as diarrhea, vomiting, and/or weight loss. The aim of the current study was to evaluate serum concentrations of inflammatory markers, markers for intestinal disease, and immunological markers in Shar-Peis with hypocobalaminemia or normocobalaminemia (serum cobalamin concentrations within the reference interval). Serum samples from Shar-Peis were collected from various parts of the United States. Serum concentrations of inflammatory markers (i.e., C-reactive protein [CRP], calprotectin [CP], and S100A12), hyaluronic acid (HA, a marker for cutaneous mucinosis), and analytes commonly altered in chronic intestinal diseases (i.e., albumin, zinc, alpha1-proteinease inhibitor [α1PI], immunoglobulin [Ig]A, and IgM) were compared between Shar-Peis with hypocobalaminemia and Shar-Peis with normocobalaminemia. Serum concentrations of CRP, CP, S100A12, HA, zinc, and cα1-PI concentrations did not differ between hypocobalaminemic and normocobalaminemic Shar-Peis (P > 0.05). Serum concentrations of albumin were significantly lower in hypocobalaminemic Shar-Peis (median: 2.5 g/dl) than in normocobalaminemic Shar-Peis (median: 2.9 g/dl; P < 0.0001). Higher serum IgA concentrations and lower serum IgM concentrations were observed in hypocobalaminemic Shar-Peis (median: 1.7 g/l and 0.8 g/l, respectively) than in normocobalaminemic Shar-Peis (median: 0.7 g/l and 1.9 g/l, respectively; both P < 0.0001). In conclusion, no difference was found in serum concentrations of CRP, CP, S100A12, and HA between hypocobalaminemic and normocobalaminemic Shar-Peis whereas some differences were observed in analytes (e.g., albumin, IgA, and IgM) that may be altered in patients with chronic enteropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Grützner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Grützner, Heilmann, Cranford, Suchodolski, Steiner), Texas A&M University, College Station, TXMicroscopy and Imaging Center, Department of Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (Holzenburg), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Romy M Heilmann
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Grützner, Heilmann, Cranford, Suchodolski, Steiner), Texas A&M University, College Station, TXMicroscopy and Imaging Center, Department of Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (Holzenburg), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Shannon M Cranford
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Grützner, Heilmann, Cranford, Suchodolski, Steiner), Texas A&M University, College Station, TXMicroscopy and Imaging Center, Department of Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (Holzenburg), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Andreas Holzenburg
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Grützner, Heilmann, Cranford, Suchodolski, Steiner), Texas A&M University, College Station, TXMicroscopy and Imaging Center, Department of Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (Holzenburg), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Grützner, Heilmann, Cranford, Suchodolski, Steiner), Texas A&M University, College Station, TXMicroscopy and Imaging Center, Department of Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (Holzenburg), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Grützner, Heilmann, Cranford, Suchodolski, Steiner), Texas A&M University, College Station, TXMicroscopy and Imaging Center, Department of Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (Holzenburg), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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18
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Grützner N, Gebhart CJ, Lawhorn BD, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Serum folate, cobalamin, homocysteine and methylmalonic acid concentrations in pigs with acute, chronic or subclinical Lawsonia intracellularis infection. Vet J 2014; 203:320-5. [PMID: 25618855 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of porcine proliferative enteropathy. The clinical presentation can be acute (i.e. proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy, PHE), chronic (i.e. porcine intestinal adenomatosis, PIA) or subclinical. In humans with chronic enteropathies, low serum folate (vitamin B(9)) and cobalamin (vitamin B(12)) concentrations have been associated with increased serum concentrations of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid (MMA), which reflect the availability of both vitamins at the cellular level. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum folate, cobalamin, homocysteine and MMA concentrations in serum samples from pigs with PHE, PIA or subclinical L. intracellularis infection, and in negative controls. Serum folate, cobalamin, homocysteine and MMA concentrations differed significantly among pigs in the PHE, PIA, subclinical and negative control groups. Serum folate concentrations in the PHE and PIA groups were lower than in the subclinical and negative control groups, while serum cobalamin concentrations were lower in the PIA group than in other groups. Serum concentrations of homocysteine were higher in the PHE, PIA and subclinical groups than in the negative control group. Serum concentrations of MMA were higher in the subclinical and PIA groups than in the control group. These data suggest that pigs infected with L. intracellularis have altered serum cobalamin, folate, homocysteine and MMA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Grützner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Connie J Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Bruce D Lawhorn
- Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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19
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Grützner N, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Relationship between cobalamin-dependent metabolites and both serum albumin and alpha1 -proteinase inhibitor concentrations in hypocobalaminemic dogs of 7 different breeds. Vet Clin Pathol 2014; 43:561-6. [PMID: 25331651 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased serum concentrations of homocysteine (HCY) and methylmalonic acid (MMA), the 2 main cobalamin-dependent metabolites, as well as decreased serum albumin and canine alpha1 -proteinase inhibitor (cα1 -PI) concentrations have previously been described in hypocobalaminemic dogs with gastrointestinal disease. However, no studies have been conducted to evaluate potential relationships between these serum biomarkers. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between HCY and MMA, 2 cobalamin-dependent metabolites, and both serum albumin and cα1 -PI concentrations in hypocobalaminemic dogs. METHODS Serum samples from 285 dogs including 7 different breeds (Beagle, Boxer, Cocker Spaniel, German Shepherd, Labrador Retriever, Chinese Shar-Pei, and Yorkshire Terrier) with hypocobalaminemia were used. Serum HCY, MMA, albumin, and cα1 -PI concentrations were determined. RESULTS There was a significant correlation between serum HCY and albumin concentrations, as well as serum HCY and cα1 -PI concentrations (ρ = 0.62 and ρ = 0.37, respectively; P < .0001). No correlations were observed between serum MMA and albumin concentrations, or cα1 -PI concentrations (ρ = 0.01 and ρ = 0.08, respectively; P > .05). In addition, significant breed-specific correlations were observed between serum MMA and albumin concentrations in German Shepherds, and serum HCY and MMA concentrations in Chinese Shar-Peis with hypocobalaminemia. CONCLUSIONS This study shows a correlation between serum albumin and cα1 -PI and HCY concentrations, but not with serum MMA concentration in dogs with hypocobalaminemia. In addition, significant breed-specific correlations were observed between serum MMA and albumin concentrations in German Shepherds, as well as serum HCY and MMA concentrations in Chinese Shar-Peis, emphasizing the unique metabolic interactions in those dog breeds affected by hypocobalaminemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Grützner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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20
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Grützner N, Heilmann RM, Bridges CS, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Serum concentrations of canine alpha1-proteinase inhibitor in cobalamin-deficient Yorkshire Terrier dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:376-85. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713485960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal canine alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (cα1-PI) concentration has been reported to be increased in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy due to the loss of cα1-PI into the gastrointestinal tract. A chronic loss of cα1-PI may theoretically deplete serum cα1-PI, potentially altering the proteinase-to-proteinase inhibitor balance. Protein-losing enteropathy has been reported to occur frequently in certain dog breeds such as Yorkshire Terriers and to be associated with hypocobalaminemia. The objective was to compare serum cα1-PI concentrations in Yorkshire Terriers with and without cobalamin (COB) deficiency. Serum samples from 52 COB-deficient and 69 normocobalaminemic Yorkshire Terriers, which had been submitted to the Gastrointestinal Laboratory (2008–2011; College Station, TX), were included retrospectively. Serum cα1-PI concentrations were measured using an in-house radioimmunoassay and compared between Yorkshire Terriers with and without COB deficiency using a Mann–Whitney U test. A Fisher exact test was used to evaluate whether a decreased serum cα1-PI concentration is associated with COB deficiency in Yorkshire Terriers. Serum cα1-PI concentrations were significantly lower in COB-deficient Yorkshire Terriers (median: 1,016 mg/l, range: 315–3,945 mg/l) than in normocobalaminemic Yorkshire Terriers (median: 1,665 mg/l, range: 900–2,970 mg/l; P < 0.0001). One-fourth ( n = 13) of the COB-deficient Yorkshire Terriers had a serum cα1-PI concentration below the lower limit of the reference interval (<732 mg/l), and COB deficiency was associated with decreased serum cα1-PI concentrations ( P < 0.0001). In the current study, serum cα1-PI concentrations are significantly lower in COB-deficient Yorkshire Terriers when compared to normocobalaminemic Yorkshire Terriers. Further studies are needed to determine the functional and potential prognostic implications of serum cα1-PI concentrations in dogs with gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Grützner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Cory S. Bridges
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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