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Schwarz L, Dürlinger S, Martin V, Weißenböck H, Brunthaler R, Rümenapf T, Auer A, Loncaric I, Zimpernik I, Reisinger N, Behler-Wöchtl B, Scarlet D, Althouse G, Kuster C, Kauffold J, Segales J, Laitat M, Thilmant P, Grahofer A, Ladinig A. A single, episodic event of unilateral/bilateral scrotal swelling in a group of adult boars at an Austrian boar stud. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:17. [PMID: 37443098 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scrotal swelling is a clinical situation which can be caused by different aetiologies. In this case report, we describe a multi-week episode of unilateral and bilateral scrotal swelling in boars at an Austrian boar stud and its diagnostic work-up. CASE PRESENTATION In the summer of 2020, the herd veterinarian of an Austrian boar stud reported that over a period of six weeks, five out of 70 boars presented with unilateral severe swelling of the left scrotum and three out of 70 boars with bilateral severe swelling of the left and moderate swelling of the right scrotum, respectively. A complete history was obtained and an on-site evaluation of the facility was done. Five boars were necropsied, and a variety of samples harvested for further diagnostic investigations. Infectious differential diagnoses associated with unilateral swelling of the scrotum or the testis were excluded through serological and tissue testing. In three of the five boars, histopathology revealed complete acute haemorrhagic necrosis of the left testis concurrent with strongly congested blood vessels. Review of the collected information with a group of experts in the field of boar stud management resulted with consensus that, most likely, trauma was the etiologic event causing the clinical signs and pathology. Coincident with discussion of implementing video recording cameras in the boar housing area, no further clinical cases followed. As this case occurred during the first lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic, we propose that the distress and travelling restrictions may have contributed to frustration among boar stud workers, which was consequently expressed as misbehaviour against boars. CONCLUSIONS Once all known infectious causes of unilateral swelling of the scrotum were excluded, a critical diagnostic work-up focused on non-infectious causes. Non-infectious causes, such as trauma, need to be carefully evaluated, as it may also include human misbehaviour against boars. Summarizing all findings of this case report, the authors hypothesize that a blunt trauma was the reason for the series of mainly unilateral swelling of the scrota of boars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schwarz
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sophie Dürlinger
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vera Martin
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Weißenböck
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rene Brunthaler
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Auer
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Zimpernik
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Mödling, Austria
| | | | | | - Dragos Scarlet
- Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine and Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gary Althouse
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Chris Kuster
- Kuster Research and Consulting, Inc., Atkinson, USA
| | | | - Joaquim Segales
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), and Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martine Laitat
- Clinic for Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Thilmant
- Centre d'Insémination Artificielle Porcin (CIAP), Argenteau, Province de Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexander Grahofer
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Björkman S, Kauffold J, Kaiser MØ. Reproductive health of the sow during puerperium. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:561-579. [PMID: 36054784 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The modern hyperprolific sow is susceptible to metabolic disease and chronic inflammation. The most sensitive phase is parturition, when the sow experiences systemic inflammation and stress, and major changes in metabolism and endocrinology. Resolution of inflammation and stress needs to happen quickly to ensure good reproductive health during puerperium. If the sow fails to adapt to these changes, puerperal disease may occur. The economically most important puerperal disease complex is the postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PPDS). Other puerperal diseases include infections of the urogenital tract. Diagnosis of PPDS and urogenital disease on-farm is challenging but several diagnostic methods, including clinical examination, behavioral observations, ultrasonography and biomarkers are available. Ultrasonography is an excellent tool for monitoring the health of the urogenital tract, the mammary gland, and uterine involution and guide further diagnostic interventions. Biomarkers such as Chromogranin A, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 represent promising tools to monitor general health and the systemic state of inflammation and oxidative stress of the sow. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, dopamine antagonists, and oxytocin are promising to address the symptoms of PPDS. Reducing of stress, improving nutrition and intestinal health, and supporting animal welfare-friendly husbandry help in the prevention of PPDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Björkman
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Kauffold
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Rückner A, Plagge L, Heenemann K, Harzer M, Thaa B, Winkler J, Dänicke S, Kauffold J, Vahlenkamp TW. The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) can deteriorate vaccination efficacy against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) at subtoxic levels. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:13. [PMID: 35307023 PMCID: PMC8935682 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Feedgrain contamination with mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON, “vomitoxin”) is relatively frequently encountered. Pigs are particularly sensitive to the toxicity of DON. To assess the interplay between DON and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), we performed an experimental DON exposure–PRRSV vaccination–challenge infection trial. Three-week-old piglets were divided into four groups. Groups I, II and III (10 animals/group) were vaccinated with a PRRSV modified live vaccine and 2 weeks later challenged with a heterologous field strain. While group I was not supplemented with DON, animals in groups II and III received DON for 4 weeks prior to challenge infection at levels that can be encountered in pig feed, employing a low-dose or high-dose regime (group II: 40 µg DON/kg body weight per day; group III: 80 µg DON/kg body weight per day, corresponding to approx. 1 or 2 mg DON/kg feed, respectively). Eight animals (group IV; unvaccinated, not DON exposed) served as control animals for the challenge infection.
Results
We assessed clinical signs, virus load in serum and various organs as well as antibody titres in the animals. All vaccinated animals mounted an efficient PRRSV-specific antibody response within 2 weeks, except for 20% of the animals receiving the higher DON dose. Upon virus challenge, the vaccinated animals in group I were protected from clinical signs. Vaccinated DON-exposed animals in group II and III were protected from clinical signs to a lesser extent. Clinical signs in group III receiving the higher dose of DON were as severe as in the (unvaccinated, not DON exposed) control group IV. The animals of group III also displayed lower antibody titres compared with the animals in group I and II.
Conclusions
The experimental vaccination/challenge study therefore revealed that exposure of pigs to DON for a period of 4 weeks deteriorates the efficacy of vaccination against clinical signs of PRRS.
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Grahofer A, Häberli L, Nathues H, Kauffold J. [Continuous, subjective sonographic grayscale analysis of uterine involution in sows during the postpartum period]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2022; 50:38-45. [PMID: 35235981 DOI: 10.1055/a-1741-7855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyse the continuous and subjective evaluation of echogenicity, echotexture of the puerperal uterus as well as the presence of intrauterine fluid in sows of differing parity stages. The goal was to determine associations between grayscale values and simultaneously assessed uterine diameter, body condition, and additional performance parameters such as farrowing duration, placenta expulsion duration, placenta weight and litter weight. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study population included 95 sows housed either in free farrowing (n = 46) or crated (n = 49) stables. Transabdominal ultrasound was performed daily between postpartum days 2-14 (p. p.) and the day before weaning. Echogenicity (ranging between anechoic (1)-hyperechoic (6)), echotexture (homogenous/heterogeneous), and the presence of intrauterine fluid (yes/no) was evaluated on three cross-sections of the uterine horn/sow/day. RESULTS In the first week p.p, most sows showed a medium (median = 4.0) echogenicity, whereas from day 7 p. p., echogenicity decreased (median = 3.5 to 3.0). Echotexture between days 2-7 p.p was mainly heterogeneous, whereas between days 8-14 p.p, it proved to be mostly homogeneous. Intrauterine fluid was detected until day 9. Echogenicity exhibited significant association with farrowing duration (FD) on days 8-14 p. p. (p = 0.048). Sows with FD > 300 min showed slightly lower echogenicity (median = 3.0) than sows with FD ≤ 300 min (median = 3.5). There was a positive correlation between uterine diameter and echogenicity on day 2-7 p. p. (r = 0,359, p < 0.001) and days 8-14 p. p. (r = 0,381, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Subjective grayscale analysis by ultrasonography is suitable in characterizing uterine echogenicity and echotexture as well as intrauterine fluid in post-partum sows. The presented findings suggest that this may aide in assessing patterns of the sow's puerperium. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The subjective grayscale analysis is suitable in clinically assessing echogenicity and echotexture during the postpartum phase. The subjective grayscale analysis provides initial indications concerning status of uterine health and involution in sows. Based on the ultrasonographic findings, treatment may be initiated and subsequently evaluated. Furthermore, the results of the subjective grey analysis in combination with further performance characteristics can be implemented to cull breeding sows. Furthermore, the results of the subjective grey analysis in combination with additional performance characteristics may be used in order to cull/reject sows exhibiting pathophysiologic findings from further breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Grahofer
- Schweineklinik, Departement für klinische Veterinärmedizin, Vetsuisse Fakultät, Universität Bern
| | - Laura Häberli
- Schweineklinik, Departement für klinische Veterinärmedizin, Vetsuisse Fakultät, Universität Bern
| | - Heiko Nathues
- Schweineklinik, Departement für klinische Veterinärmedizin, Vetsuisse Fakultät, Universität Bern
| | - Johannes Kauffold
- Klinik für Klauentiere, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
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Baumann C, Schikore N, Sigmarsson HL, Sperling D, Kauffold J. [Pathomorphology und microbiology of the urogenital tract of reproductively failed sows with positive deoxynivalenol result]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2021; 49:384-391. [PMID: 34861731 DOI: 10.1055/a-1580-8889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by fungi of Fusarium spp. It causes vomiting, but also exerts immunosuppressive effects that may be seen at local level e. g. the urogenital tract, in which case these effects are of relevance for fertility. The presented report describes a DON-associated pathomorphological picture of the urogenital tract in conjunction with the associated microbiological colonization. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 19 genital tracts (vagina, cervix, uterus, oviducts and ovaries) including the urinary bladder (n = 15) from reproductively failed gilts and different parity sows submitted from 8 farms in 2019/20 were examined pathomorphologically. DON as well as zearalenone (ZEA) were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography in 11 individual and 2 pooled (2 and 4 animals, respectively) bile samples. Microbiologic examinations of uterine (n = 17) and bladder (n = 12) specimens were additionally performed. RESULTS Nearly all vaginas (n = 16), cervixes (n = 15), uteri (n = 18) and numerous oviducts (n = 11) as well as urinary bladders (n = 11) displayed a mostly medium to severe chronical inflammation. In 17 cases, ≥ 2 organs were affected. Microbiologic evaluation revealed a usually mixed flora of several gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species with E. coli, Streptococcus spp., Aeromonas spp. and Enterococcus spp. being the predominant species. A total of 8 individual and both pooled bile samples were found DON-positive (75.5 to > 200.0 µg/l). In a subset of the DON-positive samples, ZEA was simultaneously detected at low concentrations (6.57-21.20 µg/l). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results of the present study allow for the postulation that DON may cause fertility problems. Subsequent pathomorphological examinations of genital organs and the urinary bladder are recommended. When ≥ 2 organs are chronically inflamed and the uteri are additionally microbiologically positive, a contribution of DON may be assumed and confirmation via bile analysis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Schikore
- Klinik für Klauentiere, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | | | - Daniel Sperling
- Ruminant and Swine Clinic, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Johannes Kauffold
- Klinik für Klauentiere, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
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König NL, Wähner M, Seeger J, Sigmarsson HL, Kauffold J. An investigation into uterine capacity based on litter and placental characteristics in two sow lines with different prolificacy (Danish Landrace x Danish Yorkshire versus German Saddleback). Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 56:34-45. [PMID: 33098192 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Litter size in modern so called hyperprolific pig (Sus scrofa Linnaeus) breeds such as of crossbred Danish Landrace x Danish Yorkshire (LY/YL) sows increased remarkably over recent years, however, commonly associated with reduced piglet birth weight and higher within litter birth weight variability likely due to a limited uterine capacity. Since investigation into this issue is patchy, the aim of this study was to investigate uterine capacity based on litter and placental characteristics in two sow lines with different prolificacy, that is crossbred Danish genetic (Danish Landrace x Danish Yorkshire; DG; n = 14) and purebred German Saddleback (GS) sows (n = 12). Parameters recorded were litter size, piglet birth weight and vitality, placental weight and surface area as well as placental vascularization. Litters of DG were on average larger than of GS (p < .001). Piglets of DG weighed on average less than GS (p < .001) and were less vital (p < .001-.142). Increasing litter size was associated with reduced piglet birth weight and increased within litter birth weight variability in GS, but not in DG. DG had on average a lower placental weight (p < .001) and smaller placentae (p < .001) than GS, but the placenta was on average more efficient than of GS (based on the quotient of piglet and corresponding placental weight; p < .001). Vascularization of placentae was on average not or only slightly different between breeds (p < .05 - .982). Remarkably, however, vascularization of the lateral and apical chorionic epithelium of the chorionic ridges as the immediate foetal/maternal interface was on average slightly higher in DG than GS (p < .05-.111). Results thus demonstrate that uterine capacity based on litter and placental characteristics is higher in DG than GS sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Lea König
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Wähner
- Department of Agriculture, Ecotrophology and Landscape Development, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Seeger
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Kauffold
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Meile A, Nathues H, Kauffold J, Grahofer A. Ultrasonographic examination of postpartum uterine involution in sows. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 219:106540. [PMID: 32828414 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Physiological uterine involution during the puerperium period is essential for sow reproductive health. Uterine involution in sows has mainly been described using macroscopic and histological examination after slaughter. The aim of this study, therefore, was to describe the continuous regression of uterine diameter from day 2-14 after parturition and on the day before weaning using ultrasonography in sows housed in a free farrowing system and in farrowing crates. Diameter of three uterine cross-sections was measured at 24 -hs intervals in 46 sows housed in a free farrowing system in Switzerland and 49 sows housed in farrowing crates in Germany. Overall, there was continuous regression of uterine diameter during the lactation period in both groups. Median diameter of the uterus decreased from 32.4 mm (min: 18.6 mm, max: 52.3 mm) on day 2-9.0 mm (min: 7.6 mm, max: 12.7 mm) on the day before weaning (on average 30 days p.p.) in sows housed in free farrowing systems. Median diameter of the uterus of sows in farrowing crates decreased from 38.5 mm on day 2 (min: 21.6 mm, max: 56.3 mm) to 10.1 mm (min: 8.8 mm, max: 13.6 mm) the day before weaning (on average 29 days p.p.). Interestingly, parity, obstetrical intervention and administration of oxytocin was not associated with the decrease of uterine diameter during the study period. In summary, the ultrasonic examination is a suitable method to evaluate diameter of the uterus during the puerperium period in sows and to describe uterine involution in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meile
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - H Nathues
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Kauffold
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Grahofer
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland; Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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Kauffold J, Peltoniemi O, Wehrend A, Althouse GC. Principles and Clinical Uses of Real-Time Ultrasonography in Female Swine Reproduction. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9110950. [PMID: 31717951 PMCID: PMC6912286 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Simply Summary Real-time ultrasonography (RTU) has become an essential diagnostic value when assessing female swine reproduction in either individual or groups of animals. Diagnostic application of RTU is applied throughout most stages of production, including gilt development, breeding, gestation and farrowing. Along with its most common use in on-farm assessment of pregnancy status, RTU is also used to troubleshoot disruptions in reproductive performance such as delayed puberty, prolonged wean-to-estrus interval, absence of post-weaning estrus, decreased conception and farrowing rates, vulval discharge, peripartum and puerperal disorders. This review aims to provide an overview on principles and clinical uses of RTU in female reproduction on commercial swine farms. Abstract Within the past 30 years, through ongoing technology and portability developments, real-time (b-mode) ultrasonography (RTU) has increasingly become a valuable diagnostic tool in assessing the female reproductive tract in swine. Initially applied in swine production to visually determine pregnancy status, RTU use has expanded to include assessment of the peri-pubertal and mature non-pregnant females as well. Transabdominal and transrectal modalities to visualizing the reproductive tract in swine have been reported with the transabdominal approach more common due to the fact of its ease of accessibility, animal/personnel safety, and reduced time to perform. Adjustable frequency transducers are preferred as they allow optimization of image quality at various depths. If a single transducer frequency must be selected, a 5 MHz probe provides the best versatility for visualizing the reproductive tract in swine. Other basic requirements for ultrasound equipment which will be used on commercial swine farms include being light weight and easy to handle, readily cleanable and disinfectable, long battery-life, and good durability. When using RTU for pregnancy determination, diagnosis is based upon a combination of the animal’s breeding records, the presence of embryonic fluid, and, depending upon gestational stage, fetal structures. If RTU is used as a diagnostic tool in assessing reproductive problems in an individual or a group of animals, sonographic evaluation of both the uterus and ovaries is performed. Tissues are delineated and assessed based upon their echogenicity, echotexture, and size. Uses of RTU in clinical practice may include assessment of delayed puberty, prolonged wean-to-estrus interval, absence of post-weaning estrus, herd disruptions in conception and farrowing rates, vulval discharge, peripartum and puerperal disorders. This review aims to provide an overview on principles and clinical uses of RTU with respect to application to address female reproductive performance issues in commercial swine operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kauffold
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-17632539255
| | - Olli Peltoniemi
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland;
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 106, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Gary C. Althouse
- New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA;
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Stark R, Herlt C, Sigmarsson HL, Kauffold J. Feasibility of transabdominal Doppler ultrasonography for studying ovarian blood flow characteristics in cycling gilts. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2019; 47:77-85. [PMID: 30999348 DOI: 10.1055/a-0858-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess ovarian blood flow characteristics by applying transabdominal color Doppler ultrasonography during the course of the estrous cycle in gilts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Estrus and ovulation were synchronized in 15 pubertal gilts. During their consecutive spontaneous estrous cycle the gilts were sonographically scanned daily and ovarian blood flow was determined by imaging perfused areas of the ovarian hilus and the ovarian tissue. Recorded video clips were then analyzed for the parameters perfused area (Amix), blood flow velocity (vmix) as well as resistance (RIvmix) and pulsatility index (PIvmix) using the software PixelFlux®. RESULTS All blood flow parameters showed an estrous cycle dependent course, with Amix and vmix being highest in diestrus, followed by proestrus, while RIvmix and PIvmix patterns were inversely proportional. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Transabdominal color Doppler ultrasonography proved feasible to study ovarian perfusion characteristics in pubertal gilts. The ovarian blood flow was dependent on the stage of estrous cycle and highest in diestrus. The results of this study encourage the use of color Doppler ultrasonography to also investigate reasons of ovary-caused infertility including corpus luteum insufficiency or seasonal effects on ovary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Stark
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig
| | - Catherine Herlt
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig
| | - Haukur L Sigmarsson
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig
| | - Johannes Kauffold
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig
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Eckert T, Goericke-Pesch S, Heydel C, Bergmann M, Kauffold J, Failing K, Wehrend A. Interaction of different Chlamydiae species with bovine spermatozoa. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:23. [PMID: 30683062 PMCID: PMC6347757 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interaction of spermatozoa and Chlamydiae spp. might contribute to reduced fertility in cattle. To proof this hypothesis, bovine semen was incubated with viable or heat inactivated Chlamydia (C.) abortus or psittaci (Multiplicity of infection = 1) and sperm motility was monitored with a computer-assisted sperm analyzer over 24 h. Additionally, the interaction with the spermatozoa was further investigated by means of light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results Only viable Chlamydiae of both species decreased sperm motility and this only after about 9 h. Taking binding rates into account, the loss of sperm motility after about 9 h could likely be a consequence of Chlamydiae attachment to the spermatozoa. About two thirds of the Chlamydiae elementary bodies were bound to the front third of the sperm, the acrosomal region. No inclusions of Chlamydiae in spermatozoa were observed in TEM after 2 h co-incubation. Conclusions As initial motility was not affected following co-incubation of viable Chlamydiae and bovine sperm, it seems likely that sperm could serve as a carrier/vehicle for Chlamydiae facilitating cervical passage of Chlamydiae spp. in cattle. Additionally, our results suggest that spermatozoa carrying Chlamydiae may have no initial disadvantage in reaching the oviduct, but are immotile at the time of ovulation what might have an impact on fertilization capacities of the individual sperm. Consequently, high concentrations of the investigated Chlamydiae in the seminal plasma or female genital tract might play a role in reduced fertility in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eckert
- Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 106, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Veterinary-Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 106, 35392, Giessen, Germany. .,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Section for Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 68, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. .,Reproductive Unit of the Clinics - Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Carsten Heydel
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 85-89, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Bergmann
- Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 98, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kauffold
- Ambulatorische und Geburtshilfliche Tierklinik, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str., 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 106, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Haen SM, Heinonen M, Kauffold J, Heikinheimo M, Hoving LL, Soede NM, Peltoniemi OAT. GnRH-agonist deslorelin implant alters the progesterone release pattern during early pregnancy in gilts. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:464-472. [PMID: 30431675 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of progesterone (P) and luteinizing hormone (LH) during recognition and establishment of pregnancy in the gilt. Therefore, the effects of eliminating episodic LH pulses on P patterns were determined during early pregnancy. To this end, a slow-release GnRH implant deslorelin was used for GnRH down-regulation. A group of gilts (GnRHa, n = 8) was implanted with the GnRH-agonist on Day 11 of pregnancy, while a control group (C, n = 5) was treated with a non-impregnated placebo implant. Blood was collected via a vena cava caudalis catheter at 10-min intervals for 8 hr on Day 16 and 21 of pregnancy. As expected, the GnRH implant reduced LH secretion (p < 0.01) and abolished LH pulses completely at Day 16 and Day 21 of pregnancy. On Day 16, there was no difference in P levels between the treatments. However, on Day 21, the GnRH-agonist treatment led to significantly increased P concentrations (p < 0.01) compared with the control gilts. Progesterone was secreted in a pulsatile manner in both treatment groups and no relationship between LH pulsatility and P pulsatility was observed. In conclusion, abolishment of LH pulsatility did not affect the pulsatile pattern of P secretion but led to an unexpected overall increase in P on Day 21 of pregnancy; this effect was delayed and occurred 10 days after commencing treatment with the GnRH depot agonist. The elevation of P on Day 21 of pregnancy in the GnRHa group suggests either a reduced negative feedback effect or an increased autocrine response by the corpora lutea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke M Haen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Mari Heinonen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Johannes Kauffold
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markku Heikinheimo
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lia L Hoving
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoline M Soede
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olli A T Peltoniemi
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
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12
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Herlt C, Stark R, Sigmarsson HL, Kauffold J. Feasibility of transabdominal Doppler sonography for studying uterine blood flow characteristics in cycling gilts. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2018; 46:154-163. [PMID: 29902815 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-180369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test for the feasibility of transabdominal Doppler sonography (color, power, pulse wave) to define uterine perfusion characteristics throughout the estrous cycle in gilts. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 15 gilts were synchronized for estrus and scanned in their following spontaneous cycle while being restrained in a purpose-designed mobile crate. To define uterine perfusion characteristics, vessels in between and within uterine cross-sections were imaged and recorded as video sequences to be analyzed by PixelFlux® software for perfused area (Amix), blood flow velocity (vmix) and intensity (Imix) as well as resistance (RIvmix) and pulsatility index (PIvmix). RESULTS Color Doppler sonography proved to be the only feasible technique, as it was less affected by animal movements than power and pulse wave sonography. As determined by color Doppler sonography, all five parameters determined showed specific patterns through the estrous cycle, i. e. Amix, vmix, Imix were high in proestrus, decreased in estrus and remained low in midestrus and most parts of diestrus; RIvmix and PIvmix with inversely paralleled patterns. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study has demonstrated that transabdominal color Doppler but not power and pulse wave Doppler sonography is feasible to be performed in crate-restrained gilts for studying uterine perfusion characteristics during the estrous cycle, and that changes of uterine perfusion over the course of the estrous cycle can be clearly followed by color Doppler sonography. Results encourage the use of color Doppler sonography for studying i. e. uterine capacity or uterus related infertility such as for cases of clinically unapparent endometritis.
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13
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Herlt C, Stark R, Sigmarsson H, Kauffold J. Correction: Feasibility of transabdominal Doppler sonography for
studying uterine blood flow characteristics in cycling gilts. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2018; 46:E1. [DOI: 10.1055/a-0853-6138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Hörügel K, Beynon N, Sobiraj A, Kauffold J. Ultrasonographische Charakterisierung von Uteri und Ovarien fertiler Altsauen nach dem Absetzen und in der darauf folgenden Brunst. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1621045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung:
Gegenstand und Ziel: Ziel dieser Studie war, Uteri und Ovarien fertilerAltsauen einen Tagnach dem Absetzen und in der darauf folgenden Brunst mithilfe der transkutanen Ultrasonographie zu charakterisieren. Material und Methoden: Die Sauen (Wurfnummer 3–12) wurden einen Tag nach dem Absetzen und ca. 100 h nach einer eCG-Applikation (800 IE i. m. 24 h nach dem Absetzen) in der erwarteten Brunst untersucht. Beurteilte Parameterwaren uterine Echotextur (Grade 1–4; 1 = homogen, 4 = stark heterogen) und Uterusgröße [als Mittelwert von zwei oder drei Querschnittsflächen (QF) der Uterushörner; QF = (a/2) x (b/2) xπ; a = maximale, b = minimale Ausdehnung der Querschnitte]. Die ovariellen Strukturen wurden erfasst und bestehende Follikel ausgemessen. Die Sauen wurden im östrus nach dem Absetzen besamt und sonographisch 28 Tage später auf Trächtigkeit untersucht. Von 80 untersuchten Sauen gingen 62 in die statistische Analyse ein, da sie nachfolgende Anforderungen erfüllten: Brunst(Duldungsbereitschaft und periovulato- rische ovarielle Funktionsgebilde) 100 h nach eCG, Trächtigkeit, vollständige Datensätze. Ergebnisse: Die Follikel waren einen Tag nach dem Absetzen signifikant kleiner als in der Brunst (0,41 ± 0,07 vs. 0,70 ± 0,10; p ≤ 0,001). Einen Tagnach dem Absetzen wardie uterine Echotextur homogener und die Uteri kleiner alsin der Brunst (mittlerer Echotextur-Grad: 1,2 ± 0,3 vs. 3,0 ± 0,5; mittlere Uterusgröße: 1,5 ± 0,5 cm2 vs. 2,6 ± 0,7 cm2; beides p ≤ 0,001). Zwischen den Veränderungen in der uterinen Echotextur und der Uterusgröße bestand ein positiver Zusammenhang (r = 0,5; p ≤ 0,001). Schlussfolgerungen: Zwischen Absetzen und nachfolgender Brunst unterliegen uterine Echotextur und Größe beim Schwein sonographisch erkennbaren Veränderungen, die vermutlich durch eine zunehmende endometriale ödematisierung hervorgerufen, durch Estrogene kontrolliert und durch spezifische ovarielle Funktionskörperbegleitetwerden. Praktische Relevanz: Bei der Beurteilung der uterinen Echotextur und Größe ist zu beachten, dass beide Parameter physiologisch in Abhängigkeitvom Reproduktionsstadium bzw.von derZyklusphase variieren. Ist Letzteres unbekannt, sind adäquate Informationen durch die Examination der Ovarien zu erhalten.
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Richter A, Sobiraj A, Kauffold J. Untersuchungen zur Eignung des ultrasonographisch ermittelten Uterusgewichtes und der uterinen Echotextur zur Prognose der Fertilität beim weiblichen Schwein. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1624118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Gegenstand und Ziel: Es wurde untersucht, ob sich ultrasonographisch ermitteltes Uterusgewicht (UG) und uterine Echotextur (ET) zur Prognose der Fertilität beim weiblichen Schwein eignen. Gleichzeitig sollte eruiert werden, ob ein optimales UG, das für Jung- (JS) und Altsauen (AS) 400-600 bzw. 500-700 g betragen soll, existiert. Material und Methoden: Insgesamt 67 abgesetzte AS (Betrieb A = B-A) sowie 44 JS und 64 AS mit unterschiedlichen Reproduktionsstörungen (Betrieb B = B-B) wurden einen Tag nach dem Absetzen (B-A) oder am Ende einer 15-tägigen Altrenogest- Applikation (B-B) transkutan sonographisch untersucht. Das UG wurde mithilfe der sonographisch ermittelten Querschnittsfläche der Uterushörner (QF) errechnet (UG = 357,6 × QF0,801; beide B), die ET in die Grade 1-4 eingeteilt (homogen bis hochgradig heterogen; nur B-B) und Uteri mit ET-Grad 1 als physiologisch betrachtet. Tiere wurden nur dann berücksichtigt, wenn sie zum Zeitpunkt der Erfassung von UG und ET sonographisch Follikel mit einer Größe von 2-4 mm aufwiesen und im darauf folgenden Östrus zeitgerecht ovuliert hatten. Eine Sau galt als fertil, wenn sie tragend wurde. Ergebnisse: Die UG betrugen 306-1789 g. Tragende und nicht tragende AS (B-A) bzw. JS und AS (B-B) wiesen jeweils ein ähnliches mittleres UG und zu ähnlichen Anteilen UG von < 400 / > 600 g (JS) oder < 500 / > 700 g (AS) auf. Sauen mit ET-Grad 4 wurden seltener (p ≤ 0,05) bzw. tendenziell seltener (p ≤ 0,1) tragend als Tiere mit den ET-Graden 1 und 2 (57,1% vs. 87,0% bzw. 82,2%). Uteri mit dem ET-Grad 4 waren schwerer als die mit den ET-Graden 1-3 (p ≤ 0,05). Schlussfolgerungen: JS und AS werden unabhängig davon tragend, ob die Uteri leicht oder schwer sind. Weisen Sauen kleine Follikel, aber hochgradig heterogen texturierte Uteri auf, sind die Uteri häufig funktionsgestört und überwiegend schwer. Derartige Sauen haben verringerte Trächtigkeitschancen. Klinische Relevanz: Die sonographisch beurteilte ET eignet sich zur Prognose der Fertilität beim weiblichen Schwein, das UG nicht. Optimale UG sind zu bezweifeln.
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Abstract
ZusammenfassungReproduktionsstörungen, die als Einzeltiererkrankung oder Bestandsproblem vorkommen, sind die häufigste Abgangsursache von Sauen. Jeder Abschnitt des weiblichen Genitales kann erkranken, wobei der Uterus das am häufigsten betroffene Organ darstellt. Zahlreiche Mikroorganismen und Toxine können genitale Erkrankungen beim Schwein verursachen. Auch wenn den meisten dieser Erkrankungen eine multifaktorielle Genese zugrunde liegt, ist das Erkennen pathologischer Veränderungen am Genitale der erste Schritt bei der Abklärung von Fruchtbarkeitsproblemen. In diesem Artikel werden die häufigsten genitalen Erkrankungen beim weiblichen Schwein kurz hinsichtlich Häufigkeit, Pathogenese und klinischer Symptomatik resümiert und anschließend die gynäkologische Untersuchung und das Vorgehen im Bestand bei Vorliegen von Reproduktionsstörungen erläutert.
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Björkman S, Oliviero C, Kauffold J, Soede NM, Peltoniemi OAT. Prolonged parturition and impaired placenta expulsion increase the risk of postpartum metritis and delay uterine involution in sows. Theriogenology 2017; 106:87-92. [PMID: 29040880 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It was hypothesized that prolonged parturition and impaired placenta expulsion increase the risk of postpartum metritis and delay uterine involution. At parturition, for 99 Yorkshire x Large White sows (parity 2-5), we determined the number of liveborn (NLP; 14.8 ± 3.4) and stillborn piglets (NSP; 1.1 ± 1.1), farrowing duration (FAR, time between first and last piglet; 333 ± 249 min), placenta expulsion duration (PLA, time between first and last placental part; 292 ± 241 min) and number of expelled placental parts (PART; 3.0 ± 1.0). FAR was categorized as 'normal' (<300 min; n = 44/99) or 'prolonged' (>300 min; n = 55/99). The relative PLA (rPLA; (PLA * 100)/FAR; 76 ± 101%) and the relative PART (rPART; (PART * 100)/(NLP + NSP); 22 ± 8%) were calculated and placenta expulsion was categorized as 'normal' (rPLA and rPART > 10%; n = 93/99) or 'impaired' (relPLA and relPART < 10%; n = 6/99). We also recorded whether manual palpation occurred (Yes/No) and/or oxytocin was used (Yes/No). After parturition, an ultrasound examination of the uterus was performed once for each sow between the 2nd and 7th day postpartum and the uterine size (mean sectional area of three to five uterine cross-sections) and intrauterine fluid accumulation (Yes/No) were recorded. Uterine size was categorized as 'normal' (n = 55/99) or 'enlarged' (n = 44/99) and used as an indicator of delayed uterine involution. Intrauterine fluid was used as an indicator of metritis. Prolonged FAR (35/54, 2.0 ± 0.5, 13.1, 7.6; n/N, β ± SE, Wald χ2, Odds; P = 0.001), manual palpation (12/17, 1.5 ± 0.7, 4.4, 4.3; P = 0.036), oxytocin administration (18/31, - 1.5 ± 0.7, 4.7, 0.2, P = 0.040) and NSP ≥ 2 (15/21, 1.4 ± 0.7, 3.8, 3.9; P = 0.052) were associated with increased uterine size (n = 44/99) and NSP ≥ 2 (7/21, 2.6 ± 0.9, 8.7, 13.7; P = 0.003), manual palpation (10/17, 1.8 ± 0.8, 5.0, 6.0; P = 0.025), prolonged FAR (13/15, 1.7 ± 0.8, 4.3, 5.7; P = 0.039) and impaired PLA (4/6, 3.3 ± 1.7, 4.0, 26.9; P = 0.044) with intrauterine fluid accumulation (n = 15/99). The results confirm the hypothesis, indicating that prolonged parturition and impaired placenta expulsion increased the risk for postpartum metritis. Stillborn piglets and manual palpation were also identified as risk factors. Postpartum metritis delays uterine involution whereas the use of exogenous oxytocin supports it.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Björkman
- Production Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - C Oliviero
- Production Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Kauffold
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - N M Soede
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
| | - O A T Peltoniemi
- Production Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Glatzle M, Hoops M, Kauffold J, Seeger J, Fietz SA. Development of Deep and Upper Neuronal Layers in the Domestic Cat, Sheep and Pig Neocortex. Anat Histol Embryol 2017; 46:397-404. [PMID: 28677231 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The neocortex plays a key role in cognition, volitional motor control and sensory perception and has undergone tremendous expansion during evolution. The mature neocortex consists of radially aligned neurons that are arranged in six layers. Layers II-VI are often split into two groups: deep and upper layers, both building up the so-called cortical plate during embryonic and foetal development. So far cortical neurogenesis, including the generation of deep and upper layers, has mostly been studied in laboratory rodents and primates. However, precise data for most companion animals are lacking. This study determined the main period of neurogenesis, specifically the timing of deep and upper layer generation, in the developing domestic cat, pig and sheep neocortex using immunohistochemistry for specific neuronal markers, that is Tbr1 and Brn2. We found that the general sequence of neural events is preserved among cat, pig, sheep and other mammalian species. However, we observed differences in the timing of the overall cortical neurogenic period and occurrence of distinct neural events when these three species were compared. Moreover, our data provide further evidence that the cortical neurogenic period and gestation length might be tightly related. Together, these data expand our current understanding of neocortex development and are important for future studies investigating neocortex development and expansion especially in companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Glatzle
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Hoops
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Kauffold
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Seeger
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S A Fietz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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de Jong E, Jourquin J, Kauffold J, Sarrazin S, Dewulf J, Maes D. Effect of a GnRH analogue (peforelin) on the litter performance of gilts and sows. Porcine Health Manag 2017; 3:6. [PMID: 28405462 PMCID: PMC5382462 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-017-0054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maintaining optimal reproductive and litter performance is essential for meeting economic targets in commercial pig production. Treatment with exogenous gonadotropins in sows after weaning or in gilts after altrenogest treatment has been used to stimulate follicular development leading to more piglets born and eventually higher birth weights. The effect of peforelin on litter performance was investigated in 212 gilts, primi- and pluriparous sows in three herds. Animals were randomly allocated to three treatments 24 h after weaning: peforelin (P group), eCG (E group), and physiological saline solution (C group). Numbers of total, liveborn and stillborn piglets and mortality rate during lactation were recorded. Birth weights and coefficient of variation in weights within litter were assessed. All parameters were compared among treatments. Results Over all parities, no difference was found among treatments in litter size nor mortality rate, but birth weights were significantly lower in the E group. Stillbirth numbers in pluriparous sows were 2.2, 0.9 and 1.4 for P, E and C groups, respectively (p = 0.04). Piglets in the P group had significantly higher live born birth weights in gilts, compared to the E group (1.36, 1.26, 1.32 kg (p < 0.02) for P, E and C group, respectively). No significant differences were found for the other investigated parameters. Conclusions Peforelin treatment showed no improvement of litter performance compared to no treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen de Jong
- Department of Reproduction Obstetrics and Herd Health, Unit Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.,Present address: Flemish Animal Health Service (Dierengezondheidszorg Vlaanderen), Industrielaan 29, B-8820 Torhout, Belgium
| | - Jan Jourquin
- Elanco, S.A. Eli Lilly Benelux N.V., Stoofstraat 52, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johannes Kauffold
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steven Sarrazin
- Department of Reproduction Obstetrics and Herd Health, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Department of Reproduction Obstetrics and Herd Health, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction Obstetrics and Herd Health, Unit Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Grützner N, Knabe D, Lawhorn BD, Dominguez B, Kauffold J, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Analytic validation of commercially available immunoassays for the measurement of serum cobalamin and folate concentrations in pigs. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:311-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Grützner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Darrel Knabe
- Department of Animal Science; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Bruce D. Lawhorn
- Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Brandon Dominguez
- Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Johannes Kauffold
- New Bolton Center; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square PA USA
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
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Kirkwood RN, Kauffold J. Advances in Breeding Management and Use of Ovulation Induction for Fixed-time AI. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 50 Suppl 2:85-9. [PMID: 26174924 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the breeding herd is the predictable and consistent production of high quality pigs. To achieve this objective, an appropriate number of females need to be mated in each breeding week and they should maintain their pregnancy and deliver large litters. Many factors can impact achievement of optimal sow productivity, particularly breeding management. Most matings will involve artificial insemination (AI), and successful AI requires deposition into the cervix (or beyond) of sufficient viable high quality sperm at an appropriate time relative to ovulation. This is facilitated by improved knowledge of the sow's ovarian function prior to and during her oestrous period. Realization of the importance of establishing an adequate sperm reservoir in the oviduct at an appropriate time relative to ovulation has led to advances in the management of AI. The future of AI will likely involve insemination of single doses of high genetic merit semen, potentially having a reduced sperm concentration which is made possible by knowledge of the effect of site of sperm deposition on sow fertility. In particular, knowledge of when a sow is likely to ovulate during a natural or induced oestrous period will prove invaluable in the maintenance of herd productivity. This review will examine options for breeding management, including the control of oestrus and ovulation, on sow herd reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Kirkwood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - J Kauffold
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Höltig D, Nickoll I, Kauffold J, Puff C, Waldmann KH, von Altrock A. [Uterine neoplasia in two geriatric miniature pet pigs - diagnostics and therapy. Two case reports]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2015; 43:427-433. [PMID: 26530159 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-141018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Miniature pet pigs are becoming ever more common among the patients of small animal practices. Due to an advanced age attained in these animals in comparison with conventional pigs in pork production, miniature pet pigs develop age-related diseases that are infrequently observed in farm pigs, including neoplastic alterations of the uterus. We describe two cases of a uterine adenocarcinoma and a leiomyoma, respectively, in two miniature pet pig sows. Options and limits of diagnostic measures (unspecific clinical symptoms, x-ray, sonography and computed tomography) and therapy within the legal limits as well as the risk of an incorrect diagnosis based upon the more common differential diagnoses in swine medicine, including obstipation, cystitis and endometritis, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Höltig
- Dr. med. vet. Doris Höltig, Klinik für kleine Klauentiere und forensische Medizin und Ambulatorische Klinik, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, E-Mail:
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Kauffold J, Wehrend A. [Reproductive disorders in the female pig: causes, manifestation, diagnostics and approach in herd health care]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2014; 42:179-187. [PMID: 24920092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive failure is the most common cause for culling sows from production herds. These failures can affect individual pigs, but can also be a farm problem. Any region of the pig's genital tract can be diseased, with the uterus being the most frequently affected organ. Numerous microorganisms and toxins are known to cause genital pathology in the sow. Although reproduction problems are considered to be multifactorial, recognizing genital pathology is crucial as the first step in the diagnostic workup of reproductive disorders. This contribution briefly reviews the most common genital disorders in the female pig with respect to incidence, pathogenesis and clinical picture. In a second part, the gynaecological examination and the steps in the diagnostic workup are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kauffold
- Prof. Dr. Johannes Kauffold, Funktionseinheit Klauentiermedizin, Ambulatorische und Geburtshilfliche Tierklinik, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, E-Mail:
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de Jong E, Kauffold J, Engl S, Jourquin J, Maes D. Effect of a GnRH analogue (Maprelin) on the reproductive performance of gilts and sows. Theriogenology 2013; 80:870-7. [PMID: 23987986 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability of peforelin (l-GnRH-III) to stimulate follicular growth, FSH release, and estrus in gilts after altrenogest treatment and in sows after weaning was investigated. In three farrow-to-wean herds, with at least 600 sows and average production performance, 216 gilts, 335 primiparous, and 1299 pluriparous sows were randomly allocated to three treatments: peforelin (M group: Maprelin), eCG (F group: Folligon), and physiological saline solution (C group). Animals were treated 48 hours after their last altrenogest treatment (gilts) or 24 hours after weaning (sows). The weaning-to-estrus interval, estrus duration, estrus rate (ER), pregnancy rate, and total born (TB), live born, and stillborn (SB) numbers were recorded and compared between treatments for the different parity groups (gilts and primiparous and pluriparous sows). Follicle sizes were measured in representative animals from each group on the occasion of their last altrenogest treatment or at weaning, and also on the occasions of their first (FS1) and second (FS2) attempted inseminations. Blood samples were taken to determine FSH concentrations at weaning and 2 hours after injection, and progesterone concentrations 10 days after the first insemination attempt. The relative change in FSH concentrations was calculated. Significant differences were found for ER within 7 days of weaning in pluriparous sows (95%, 91%, and 90% for the M, F, and C groups, respectively, P = 0.005). Gilts in the F-group had high TB numbers, and pluriparous sows in the M group had high SB numbers (TB gilts = 13.6, 15.4, and 14.9 [P = 0.02] and SB pluriparous sows = 1.8, 1.4, and 1.7 [P = 0.05] for the M, F, and C groups, respectively). The M group had the highest FS1 (for gilts) and FS2 (for pluriparous sows) values: FS1 = 5.4, 4.9, and 4.9 mm [P = 0.02] and FS2 = 6.8, 5.3, and 6.3 mm [P = 0.03] for the M, F, and C groups, respectively. There were no significant differences between the different treatments within each parity group with respect to any of the other variables. Overall, peforelin treatment had small but positive effects on the ER and follicle growth in certain parity groups but did not seem to affect litter sizes or FSH and progesterone levels in sows on the occasions of the corresponding examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen de Jong
- Department of Reproduction Obstetrics and Herd Health, Unit Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Eckert T, Kauffold J, Wehrend A. Investigations into interactions between Chlamydia and bull sperm. Reprod Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2013.01.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Becher AC, Failing K, Kauffold J, Wehrend A. Establishment of a practical sperm penetration test for bovine semen. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2013; 41:297-303. [PMID: 24126998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several methods for evaluating semen quality have been developed in addition to traditional semen analysis. Most of these methods are very complex and require expensive technical equipment as well as special knowledge to be performed. The aim of this study was to establish an easy and cost-effective sperm penetration test for bovine semen using artificial media. Additionally a standard procedure for test performance should be figured out. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the first part of the study four different capillary tubes or pipettes were evaluated in order to determine the most appropriate one to use in the penetration test. In the second part of the study the tubes were filled with different compositions of polyacrylamide gel and subsequently incubated at 37.5 °C for 30 minutes. Sperm penetration was then evaluated using a phase contrast microscope, measuring the penetration distance of the first, the first motile and the five vanguard motile spermatozoa as well as determining the number of sperm cells cumulated per low power field (LPF) at three distinct distances in the tube. RESULTS Non-heparinised haematocrit capillary tubes were the most appropriate tubes for performance of sperm penetration test as 100% of used capillaries were evaluable after incubation and size of the capillaries allowed a simple handling and good visualisation of migrated spermatozoa. Best results were achieved with 1.9% polyacrylamide gel containing phosphate-buffered saline. Measuring the penetration distance of the vanguard motile sperm cell can be recommended for test evaluation. CONCLUSION A sperm penetration test with 1.9% polyacrylamide using non-heparinised capillary tubes was established. Results showed high reproducibility, the procedure is simple to carry out and only requires a phase contrast microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Becher
- Prof. Dr. Axel Wehrend, Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, of Large and Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 106, 35392 Gießen, Germany, E-Mail:
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Hoops M, Kauffold J. [Physiology and pathology of reproduction in domesticated New World camelids with special emphasis on ultrasonography]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2013; 41:166-176. [PMID: 23765319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The number of New World camelids in Germany is increasing. Owners and breeders are usually well educated regarding their animals. For practitioners, this means being up-to-date with respect to their veterinary knowledge. This includes the physiology and pathology of reproduction. Specifics of reproduction in domesticated New World camelids are an induced ovulation, the absence of cyclic sexual activity, a relatively long gestation of 336-349 days and a predominantly left-horn gestation. Ultrasonography plays an important role as part of the gynecological examination. Generally, the ultrasonographic examination can be performed transrectally and transcutaneously in the left or right flanks. Transrectal ultrasonography has to be carried out with particular caution to avoid rectal injuries. An accurate pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal scanning is possible starting from day 20 of pregnancy; using transcutaneous scanning, diagnosis is accurate starting on days 50-60 (left flank) or from day 90 (right flank) of pregnancy, respectively. Ultrasonography is also appropriate to examine the non-gravid uterus and the ovaries. Based on 5 years of experience working with farmed New World camelids, the article describes the physiology and pathology of reproduction in domesticated New World camelids. Particular consideration is given to the ultrasonographical examination of the genital organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hoops
- Ambulatorische und Geburtshilfliche Tierklinik, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig.
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Becher AC, Failing K, Kauffold J, Wehrend A. Establishment of a practical sperm penetration test for bovine semen. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1623187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Objective: Several methods for evaluating semen quality have been developed in addition to traditional semen analysis. Most of these methods are very complex and require expensive technical equipment as well as special knowledge to be performed. The aim of this study was to establish an easy and cost-effective sperm penetration test for bovine semen using artificial media. Additionally a standard procedure for test performance should be figured out. Material and methods: In the first part of the study four different capillary tubes or pipettes were evaluated in order to determine the most appropriate one to use in the penetration test. In the second part of the study the tubes were filled with different compositions of polyacrylamide gel and subsequently incubated at 37.5 °C for 30 minutes. Sperm penetration was then evaluated using a phase contrast microscope, measuring the penetration distance of the first, the first motile and the five vanguard motile spermatozoa as well as determining the number of sperm cells cumulated per low power field (LPF) at three distinct distances in the tube. Results: Non-heparinised haematocrit capillary tubes were the most appropriate tubes for performance of sperm penetration test as 100% of used capillaries were evaluable after incubation and size of the capillaries allowed a simple handling and good visualisation of migrated spermatozoa. Best results were achieved with 1.9% polyacrylamide gel containing phosphate-buffered saline. Measuring the penetration distance of the vanguard motile sperm cell can be recommended for test evaluation. Conclusion: A sperm penetration test with 1.9% polyacrylamide using non-heparinised capillary tubes was established. Results showed high reproducibility, the procedure is simple to carry out and only requires a phase contrast microscope.
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Kauffold J, Hoops M. Physiologie und Pathologie der Fortpflanzung bei weiblichen, domestizierten Neuweltkameliden. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1623166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungIn Deutschland werden immer mehr Neuweltkameliden gehalten. Besitzer und Züchter sind in der Regel gut über ihre Tiere informiert. Für betreuende Tierärzte gilt daher, über den neuesten veterinärmedizinischen Kenntnisstand zu verfügen, auch in Bezug auf die Physiologie und Pathologie der Fortpflanzung. Besonderheiten der Fortpflanzung bei Neuweltkameliden sind eine induzierte Ovulation, keine zyklische Sexualaktivität, eine relativ lange Trächtigkeitsdauer von 336–349 Tagen und überwiegend Linkshornträchtigkeiten. Im Rahmen der gynäkologischen Untersuchung spielt die Ultrasonographie eine wichtige Rolle. Generell kann ultrasonographisch transrektal sowie transkutan in der linken oder rechten Flanke untersucht werden. Bei der transrektalen Ultrasonographie muss sehr vorsichtig vorgegangen werden, um Rektumverletzungen vorzubeugen. Eine akkurate Trächtigkeitsdiagnose ist transrektal ab dem 20. und transkutan ab dem 50.–60. (von links) bzw. ab dem 90. Trächtigkeitstag (von rechts) möglich. Die Ultrasonographie eignet sich zudem zur Untersuchung des nichttragenden Uterus und der Ovarien. Basierend auf einer 5-jährigen Praxis in Beständen mit domestizierten Neuweltkameliden werden die Physiologie und Pathologie der Fortpflanzung dieser Tiere beschrieben, wobei ein Schwerpunkt auf der ultrasonographischen Untersuchung der Genitalorgane liegt.
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Kauffold J, Kessler M, Richter A, Beynon N, Wehrend A. B-mode ultrasound and grey-scale analysis of the epididymis in boars, and the relationship to semen parameters. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 46:108-13. [PMID: 20345588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the epididymis of mature boars (n=10) by means of B-mode ultrasound and grey-scale analysis (GSA) for echogenicity (EG) determination using an ultrasound unit HS 1500V, a linear transducer (frequencies 7.5-9.0 MHz), and standardized unit settings. All boars had their epididymal caput, corpus and cauda scanned six times before and after semen collection, respectively, at weekly intervals. Semen was subjected to spermatological examination including volume, total and forward motility, sperm abnormalities, as well as total sperm count and concentration. The caput and corpus both had a homogeneous fine echotexture. The cauda was homogeneous too but had a marbled echotexture. Echogenicity before and after semen collection was caput > corpus > cauda, respectively (p<0.001). Echogenicity was higher before than after semen collection for all parts of the epididymis, respectively (p<0.001). Echogenicity of the caput correlated slightly positively with the total sperm count pre-collection (r=0.301; p=0.020) and with ejaculate volume pre- and post-collection (r=0.302 vs 0.306; p=0.017 vs 0.019), and slightly negatively with sperm concentration post-collection (r= -0.275; p=0.034). No relationship was found for EG of the corpus and cauda for any of the ejaculate parameters. In conclusion, B-mode ultrasound and GSA proved feasible for imaging the epididymis in boars. Single relationships between EG and ejaculate parameters were found and deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kauffold
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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Kauffold J, von dem Bussche B, Failing K, Wehrend A, Wendt M. Use of B-mode ultrasound and grey-scale analysis to study uterine echogenicity in the pig. J Reprod Dev 2010; 56:444-8. [PMID: 20484871 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.09-220t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine uterine echogenicity by grey-scale analysis (GSA) and transcutaneous ultrasonography in pregnant sows (P-sows; n=16) and gilts (P-gilts; n=13) vs. cyclic gilts (C-gilts; n=9) between days 8 and 16 post ovulation (po) with the aims of testing for feasibility of uterine GSA and of gathering reference data. Estruses and ovulations were hormonally synchronized and the animals artificially inseminated. Ovulation was monitored by ultrasound. The equipment used was a HS 2000 ultrasound unit and a 5 MHz linear probe. Unit settings were standardized for all GSA scanning sessions and the animals crated during scanning. For GSA, cross-sections of the uterine horns were imaged, entirely defined as regions of interest, and pixel analyses done. A total of 342 scanning sessions were performed, 341 GSA accomplished, and 1-13 cross-sections analyzed per session. Comparison of coefficients of variation suggests that analysis of two cross-sections per session is sufficient for a reliable GSA per animal. P-sows and P-gilts were similar in their echogenicity course, but differed from C-gilts. Most noticeable, echogenicity declined in pregnant animals on day 12 po, while it increased in cyclic gilts. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that GSA using transcutaneous ultrasound is a feasible procedure for the determination of uterine echogenicity in the pig, and that pregnant and cyclic pigs differ in the uterine echogenicity, particularly during the time when maternal recognition of pregnancy occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kauffold
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19348, USA.
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Wehrend A, Schwarz BA, Knauf D, Willig R, Schagemann G, Schmoll F, Kauffold J. Exhaust expulsion of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) through ultrasound machines. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1621614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Summary:
Objective: Three experiments (EXP) were conducted to investigate if air contaminated with PRRS virus (Ingelvac PRRS MLV vaccine containing the North American strain) can be sucked into ultrasound machines and then expelled back into an infected (EXP-1) or a clean environment (EXP-3) through the action of ventilation fans, and if covering the machines prevents exhaust expulsion of the virus (EXP-2). Materials and methods: The experimental apparatus basically comprised of a plastic chamber, an ultrasound unit HS 1201, a device that allowed for virus aerosolization and a pipe system that allowed the air to return into the chamber (EXP-1) or to be expelled into the atmosphere (EXP-3), or was blocked by using a rubber membrane (EXP-2). In EXP-1, different virus concentrations were tested (i. e. 104, 105 and 106 TCID50, each concentration in three replicates and two runs). In EXP-2, the highest concentration, i. e. 106 TCID50 was used (three replicates and two runs). EXP-3 immediately followed EXP-2 without introduction of new virus (two runs). Virus exhaust expulsion was monitored by swabbing the pipe system with the swabs being subjected to RT-nPCR and culture. Results: In EXP-1, 106 TCID50 PRRSV, but none of the other concentrations, gave constantly virus-positive results by RT-nPCR. In EXP-2, covering completely prevented virus exhaust expulsion. In EXP-3, two out of eight swabs were positive by RT-nPCR. Cell culture of positive swabs was negative. Conclusion: The study suggests exhaust expulsion of PRRSV through ultrasound machines equipped with a ventilator fan into an infected and a clean environment, but failed to demonstrate infectivity of the expelled virus. Preventing exhaust air expulsion by complete covering prevents the expulsion of the virus.
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Smith BI, Kauffold J, Sherman L. Serum haptoglobin concentrations in dairy cattle with lameness due to claw disorders. Vet J 2009; 186:162-5. [PMID: 19751983 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In cattle, elevated blood serum concentrations of haptoglobin, an acute phase protein, have been demonstrated in association with several diseases, but not with lameness. Serum haptoglobin was measured in 60 Holstein dairy cattle diagnosed with lameness due to four claw disorders, pododermatitis septica (PS; n=41), pododermatitis circumscripta (PC; n=8), interdigital necrobacillosis (IN; n=7), papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD; n=4). Haptoglobin was measured on day 1 (0-3 days after lameness was observed but before treatment) and on days 3 and 5. A total of 10 healthy cows served as controls (haptoglobin values <1.0 mg/dL). Each of the claw disorders was associated with elevated haptoglobin on day 1 (PS, PC, IN and PDD: 65.9%, 37.5%, 71.4% and 25.0%, respectively). Trimming and antibiotic treatment led to a reduction in the number of PS and IN cows with increased haptoglobin concentrations, respectively (P<0.05), but trimming did not lead to any reduction in cows with PC. The study showed that lameness due to claw disorders can be associated with a systemic acute phase response and elevated serum haptoglobin in dairy cattle. Based on the course of haptoglobin, treatments seemed effective for all claw disorders except for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy I Smith
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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Chen JC, Wiley AA, Kauffold J, Wähner M, Bartol FF, Bagnell CA. Perinatal zearalenone exposure affects RXFP1, RXFP2, and morphoregulatory gene expression in the neonatal porcine uterus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1160:188-9. [PMID: 19416184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that can contaminate cereal feeds and lead to reproductive disorders. To determine effects of perinatal ZEA exposure on uterine expression of genes associated with endometrial development in the neonatal gilt, pregnant sows were fed ZEA (1500 microg ZEA/kg of feed/day) or vehicle from 14 days before farrowing through postnatal day (PND) 20-21, when neonatal uterine tissues were collected. At birth, gilts were cross-fostered to generate four ZEA exposure groups (n= 5-6/group): unexposed controls or exposures limited to prenatal, postnatal, or pre- and postnatal (continuous) periods. Results showed that at PND 20-21, uterine Wnt7a, Hoxa10, estrogen receptor alpha, and RXFP2 mRNA levels were decreased in neonates exposed continuously to ZEA (P < 0.05). Uterine RXFP1 transcripts were decreased in postnatally and continuously exposed groups (P < 0.05). Neonatal uterine Wnt4 mRNA levels were unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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Wiley AA, Kauffold J, Wähner M, Crean-Harris B, Miller DJ, Bagnell CA, Bartol FF. Laser microdissection of neonatal porcine endometrium for tissue-specific evaluation of relaxin receptor (RXFP1) expression in response to perinatal zearalenone exposure. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1160:190-1. [PMID: 19416185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Porcine neonatal uterine relaxin receptor (RXFP1) expression is tissue compartment specific and estrogen sensitive. Here, procedures were established for laser microdissection, tissue capture, and quantification of the effects of perinatal exposure (14 days pre- to 21 days postnatal) to a selective estrogen receptor modulator of environmental origin, zearalenone (ZEA), on endometrial RXFP1 expression. Total RNA from captured endometrium was used to generate cDNA for quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Cycle threshold values indicated that ZEA reduced (P < 0.06) endometrial RXFP1 expression on postnatal days 20-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne A Wiley
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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Brüssow KP, Schneider F, Kanitz W, Rátky J, Kauffold J, Wähner M. Studies on fixed-time ovulation induction in the pig. Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl 2009; 66:187-195. [PMID: 19848281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A technology that allows for manipulating of oestrus and ovulation, and would then also allow for fixed-time insemination, can be of great benefit for swine farms that operate using sow batch management due, at least in part, to savings in labour and the production of large batches of evenly developed pigs. Thanks to the current knowledge on endocrine regulation of follicle development and ovulation, and the availability of numerous reproductively active substances such a technology is now available. It covers procedures for synchronising oestrus based on the use of altrenogest in gilts and of batch-wise weaning in sows, for stimulating follicle development using eCG and for inducing of ovulation using hCG or LH as well as GnRH analogues. While the procedures for oestrus synchronisation stand alone, other procedures require additional treatments. If fixed-time insemination is the goal, oestrus needs to be synchronised and follicular development and ovulation induced by the use of GnRH analogues and hCG with ovulation occurring within 36-42 hrs. It is a general recommendation to inseminate those animals twice, i.e. 24 and 40 hrs after ovulation induction. However, the aforementioned technology requires healthy animals and a solid management and cannot be used to compensate for poor management.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Brüssow
- FBN Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Kauffold J, Gmeiner K, Sobiraj A, Richter A, Failing K, Wendt M. Ultrasonographic characterization of the urinary bladder in sows with and without urinary tract infection. Vet J 2008; 183:103-108. [PMID: 18976940 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 06/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The urinary bladders of sows (n=10) without urinary tract infection (UTI) were longitudinally transrectally scanned after emptying and refilling with 200, 400, 600 and 800mL saline, and a volume dependence was found for bladder depth (BD), dorsal (dWT) and ventral wall thicknesses (vWT), wall regularity (WR) and mucosal wall surface (mWS). When another 31 sows without and 15 with UTI (as defined on the basis of high bacterial count and macroscopic/biochemical urine abnormalities) were compared for these parameters using BD as volume equivalent, no differences were found. Sows with UTI more often had moderate to high amounts of sediment than animals without UTI. Ultrasonographic assessment of dWT, vWT, WR and mWS of the urinary bladder of sows requires knowledge of bladder volume, and BD may be used as a volume equivalent. However, the parameters are inappropriate for the diagnosis of UTI as defined in this study, while moderate/high amounts of sediment seem to be indicative. Sediment can be visualized by transrectal scanning, but this is also possible using the transcutaneous route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kauffold
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Gmeiner
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Sobiraj
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit of Biomathematics, University of Giessen, Frankfurterstrasse 95, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Wendt
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, School of Veterinary Medicine, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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Georgiev P, Wehrend A, Penchev G, Vodenicharov A, Kauffold J, Leiser R. Histological Changes of the Feline Cervix, Endometrium and Placenta after Mid-gestational Termination of Pregnancy with Aglepristone. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 43:409-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kauffold J, Gottschalk J, Schneider F, Beynon N, Wähner M. Effects of Feeding Level During Lactation on FSH and LH Secretion Patterns, and Follicular Development in Primiparous Sows. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 43:234-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kauffold J. Update zum Vorkommen von Chlamydien beim Schwein. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1621532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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41
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Kauffold J. Nichtpuerperale Uterusentzündungen beim Schwein. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1624034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung:Nichtpuerperale Uterusentzündungen sind beim Schwein weit verbreitet und ein bedeutender Grund für Infertilität. Da es bis heute weder eine klinische noch eine histopathologische Nomenklatur gibt, wird der Versuch einer Systematisierung unternommen. Verfügbare Daten zu Ätiologie und Pathogenese werden präsentiert und Klinik, Diagnostik, Therapie, Prävention als auch prädisponierende Faktoren beschrieben. Die nichtpuerparele Uterusentzündung sollte stärker als autonome Krankheit wahrgenommen werden. Dabei wird folgende Differenzierung vorgeschlagen: zum einen die klinische nichtpuerperale Endometritis mit adspektorisch und/oder vaginoskopisch feststellbarem uterinem Ausfluss und/oder sonographischen Abnormalitäten, zum anderen die subklinische Form, bei der diese Befunde fehlen. Es ist anzunehmen, dass vor allem chronische Endometritiden subklinisch verlaufen, während akute und subakute Endometritiden mehr oder weniger deutlich klinisch auffallen.
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Kauffold J, Althouse GC. An update on the use of B-mode ultrasonography in female pig reproduction. Theriogenology 2007; 67:901-11. [PMID: 17275900 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 12/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
After technological advances allowed for the adaptation of B-mode ultrasonography equipment for use in pig facilities, ultrasonography quickly established itself as an ideal diagnostic aid for determining pregnancy status in pigs. In recent years, B-mode ultrasonography has found increased application in its use for monitoring ovarian activity and in estimating time of ovulation in pigs. B-mode ultrasonography is also valuable in providing a detailed assessment of the sow's ovaries and uterus to determine if pathological conditions exist, which could be contributing to poor individual or herd reproductive performance. In its most recent application in pigs, the gilt genital tract has been characterized peripubertally by ultrasonography in order to detect onset of puberty. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current status of B-mode ultrasonography in pig reproduction, and how this technology can be of value when used in pig production medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kauffold
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Kauffold J, Beckjunker J, Kanora A, Zaremba W. Synchronization of estrus and ovulation in sows not conceiving in a scheduled fixed-time insemination program. Anim Reprod Sci 2007; 97:84-93. [PMID: 16481132 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 01/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A field study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a treatment with altrenogest, eCG and hCG or the GnRH-analogue D-Phe(6)-LHRH to synchronize estrus and ovulation of sows diagnosed as non-pregnant in order to reintegrate them back into a scheduled fixed-time insemination program. Sows (n=531) diagnosed as non-pregnant by ultrasonography on days 21-35 after insemination were subjected to one of three treatments: (1) 16 mg altrenogest/day/animal orally for 15 days to block follicular growth, followed by injection of 1000 IU eCG intramuscularly (i.m.) 24h after withdrawal of altrenogest to stimulate follicular growth and 500 IU hCG i.m. 78-80 h after eCG to induce ovulation; (2) similar to (1) except that 20mg altrenogest and 800 IU eCG were used and (3) similar to (2) except that 50 microg D-Phe(6)-LHRH was used to induce ovulation. Females were artificially inseminated (AI) twice at 24 and 40 h, respectively, after hCG/D-Phe(6)-LHRH. Success of treatments was checked by ultrasonography of the ovaries. Rates of conception and farrowing (CR, FR), and number of total and live born piglets (TB, LB) were recorded and compared to those of synchronized first served sows. Females had differing ovarian structures prior to treatment. Altrenogest effectively blocked follicular growth in >80% of the females irrespective of dosage, but 16 mg increased the development of polycystic ovarian degeneration. Four to 18% of the females still had corpora lutea after altrenogest. Most females ovulated either between both inseminations or thereafter (P<0.05). Females treated with D-Phe(6)-LHRH tended to ovulate earlier than those injected with hCG. The CR and FR were up to 25% lower for sows diagnosed as non-pregnant than for sows after first service (P<0.05). Among sows diagnosed as non-pregnant the CR was higher in females treated with D-Phe(6)-LHRH (P<0.05). No differences were found in regard to numbers of TB and LB. In conclusion, a treatment with 20mg altrenogest per day per animal, followed by 800 IU eCG and 50 microg the GnRH-analogue D-Phe(6)-LHRH is appropriate to synchronize estrus and ovulation of sows diagnosed as non-pregnant. Whether there might be a need to feed altrenogest for a longer interval of 18 days has to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kauffold
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Kauffold J, Henning K, Bachmann R, Hotzel H, Melzer F. The prevalence of chlamydiae of bulls from six bull studs in Germany. Anim Reprod Sci 2006; 102:111-21. [PMID: 17088031 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although there are indications for venereal transmission of chlamydiae in cattle, epidemiological data on the presence of these bacteria in bulls and bull semen in particular is still incomplete. We investigated semen (n=120), preputial washing samples (n=121) and faeces (n=122) of bulls from six bull studs located within five Federal States of Germany for the presence of chlamydiae using omp1-PCR and partial omp1 sequencing. Blood serum was examined for chlamydial antibodies using an indirect ELISA (n=122). Chlamydiae were found in 11 (9.2%), 13 (10.7%) and 22 (18.0%) of the semen, preputial washing and faecal samples, respectively. Among individual chlamydial species identified, Chlamydophila (Cp.) psittaci predominated in semen and preputial washing samples, and Cp. pecorum in faeces. Cp. abortus was the third frequently observed species. Chlamydial antibodies were detected in a total of 62 (50.8%) bulls. Bull studs differed in regard to the number of bulls found chlamydia-positive in faeces and serologically positive. No correlation was observed between serological data and PCR of semen, preputial washing samples or faeces. Standard ejaculate parameters did not differ between bulls that were chlamydia-positive and -negative in semen. In conclusion, detection of chlamydiae in semen of bulls suggests a potential for venereal transmission. Chlamydiae appear to be widespread within the bull population in Germany. Serological testing failed to identify bulls shedding chlamydiae in their semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kauffold
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Kauffold J, Melzer F, Berndt A, Hoffmann G, Hotzel H, Sachse K. Chlamydiae in oviducts and uteri of repeat breeder pigs. Theriogenology 2006; 66:1816-23. [PMID: 16837032 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydial infections of the genital organs cause reproductive failure in female pigs, and the uterus is recognized a target tissue for an infection. In contrast, information on the effect of chlamydiae on the porcine oviduct is patchily and inconclusive, although the bacteria are known to cause severe tubal defects in humans and laboratory animals. The aim of this study was to examine the segments ampulla (A), isthmus (I) and utero-tubal junction of the left (n=20) or both (n=22) oviducts, and uteri (U) from 42 culled repeat breeder pigs for chlamydiae using ompA-PCR, partial ompA gene sequencing, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and microscopy of tissue specimens for histopathology. As revealed by PCR, among a total of 26 chlamydia-positive females, 19 were tested positive in one or more segments of one or both oviducts, 14 were found positive in the uterus, and concomitant infections of both organs were observed in 7 of them. Sequencing of 33 PCR products revealed the following chlamydial species: Chlamydophila (Cp.) psittaci (n=18), Cp. abortus (n=2), Chlamydia (C.) suis (n=10), and C. trachomatis (n=3). Immunopositive staining was observed within the surface epithelium (in A, I, U), stromal tissue (in I, U) and muscular layer (in A, I, U). A total of 24 females had inflamed oviductal segments (in A and/or I) and 36 inflamed uteri. However, there was no relationship between histopathology and results of PCR or IHC. In conclusion, chlamydiae were found to infect oviducts and uteri of pigs. Further studies are required to clarify whether chlamydial infection causes specific histopathology and alters tubal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kauffold
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Kauffold J, Melzer F, Henning K, Schulze K, Leiding C, Sachse K. Prevalence of chlamydiae in boars and semen used for artificial insemination. Theriogenology 2006; 65:1750-8. [PMID: 16280160 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although there are indications for venereal transmission of chlamydiae in pigs, direct diagnostic evidence on the presence of these bacteria in boars and boar semen in particular is still incomplete. We investigated boars from two studs (A, B) in semen (A: n = 174; B: n = 100) and faeces (A: n = 174; B: n = 24) for chlamydiae using ompA-PCR and partial ompA gene sequencing. Additionally, blood serum was examined for chlamydial antibodies using an indirect ELISA (A: n = 171; B: n = 62). Chlamydiae were found in 9 (5.2%) and 24 (24.0%) semen specimens, and in 71 (40.1%) and 2 (8.3%) faecal samples from boars of stud A and B, respectively. Regarding individual chlamydial species, Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydia suis were identified most frequently, with the former predominating in semen (in 23 out of 33 positive samples) and the latter in faeces (68/73). In contrast, Chlamydophila pecorum was found only sporadically. Chlamydial antibodies were detected in 80 (46.8%) and 6 (9.7%) boars of stud A and B, respectively. No correlation was observed between the data from serology and PCR of semen or faeces in either of the studs. In conclusion, detection of chlamydiae in semen of boars suggests a potential for venereal transmission. Whether the high overall prevalence of chlamydial infections reflects a general situation in boars needs to be investigated. Serological testing failed to identify boars shedding chlamydiae in their semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kauffold
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Hombach-Klonisch S, Pocar P, Kauffold J, Klonisch T. Dioxin exerts anti-estrogenic actions in a novel dioxin-responsive telomerase-immortalized epithelial cell line of the porcine oviduct (TERT-OPEC). Toxicol Sci 2006; 90:519-28. [PMID: 16431846 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oviduct epithelial cells are important for the nourishment and survival of ovulated oocytes and early embryos, and they respond to the steroid hormones estrogen and progesterone. Endocrine-disrupting polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAH) are environmental toxins that act in part through the ligand-activated transcription factor arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR; dioxin receptor), and exposure to PHAH has been shown to decrease fertility. To investigate effects of PHAHs on the oviduct epithelium as a potential target tissue of dioxin-type endocrine disruptors, we have established a novel telomerase-immortalized oviduct porcine epithelial cell line (TERT-OPEC). TERT-OPEC exhibited active telomerase and the immunoreactive epithelial marker cytokeratin but lacked the stromal marker vimentin. TERT-OPEC contained functional estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and AhR, as determined by the detection of ER-alpha- and AhR-specific target molecules. Treatment of TERT-OPEC with the AhR ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) resulted in a significant increase in the production of the cytochrome P-450 microsomal enzyme CYP1A1. Activated AhR caused a downregulation of ER nuclear protein fraction and significantly decreased ER-signaling in TERT-OPEC as determined by ERE-luciferase transient transfection assays. In summary, the TCDD-induced and AhR-mediated anti-estrogenic responses by TERT-OPEC suggest that PHAH affect the predominantly estrogen-dependent differentiation of the oviduct epithelium within the fallopian tube. This action then alters the local endocrine milieu, potentially resulting in a largely unexplored cause of impaired embryonic development and female infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Faculty of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Kauffold J, Rautenberg T, Hoffmann G, Beynon N, Schellenberg I, Sobiraj A. A field study into the appropriateness of transcutaneous ultrasonography in the diagnoses of uterine disorders in reproductively failed pigs. Theriogenology 2005; 64:1546-58. [PMID: 15923028 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Revised: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to define the characteristics of the uterus of reproductively failed pigs by transcutaneous ultrasonography (SONO) in order to investigate the appropriateness of SONO to diagnose presumptive uterine disorders. Zearalenone (ZEA) is known to affect uterine function and causes endometrial liquid accumulation and was also determined. In 33 sows and 14 gilts, of unknown reproductive stages and culled for failing to conceive, the uterus was scanned transcutaneously and the females slaughtered on the same day or the day after scanning. Parameters determined by SONO were uterine echotexture (UET; graded 1 for homogeneous to 4 for highly heterogeneous), uterine size (US; expressed as the mean sectional area of two to three cross-sections of the uterine horns given in cm2) and intrauterine content. Post mortem, the ovarian structures were assessed and females grouped accordingly into those in estrus (n=2), early diestrus (n=14), diestrus (n=15), late diestrus (n=1), anestrus (n=10) and having polycystic ovarian degeneration (n=5). The uterine weight (UW) was recorded and uterine specimens microscopically evaluated for an endometrial oedema (EO; grades 1 for none, to 4, if an oedema was clearly evident) and for immune cells to assess endometritis. Total ZEA was analysed in bile and females with >or=50 ng/ml judged as positive. The uterus could be examined in all animals. UET, US, UW and EO was found to be different between groups, and a positive correlation (P<0.001) established for US and UET (r=0.71), US and EO (r=0.51), UET and EO (r=0.57), US and UW (UW=357.6 x US(0.801); r=0.88). One female had intrauterine fluid and an acute-chronic endometritis diagnosed. Almost all females had a chronic endometritis and a majority found ZEA positive. No differences were observed between groups and a relationship between ZEA or chronic endometritis and UET, US, UW and EO were not established. In conclusion, transcutaneous SONO is appropriate to examine the uterus in reproductively failed pigs on farms, and the estimation of UET and US gives information on EO and UW. Intrauterine fluid is indicative for a severe uterine inflammation. Since groups differed in UET and US, but were equally ZEA positive and the uteri chronically inflamed, an UET and US specifically associated with ZEA or chronic endometritis is questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kauffold
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Kauffold J, Amer HAH, Bergfeld U, Weber W, Sobiraj A. The in vitro developmental competence of oocytes from juvenile calves is related to follicular diameter. J Reprod Dev 2005; 51:325-32. [PMID: 16000866 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.17002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between follicle size (FS) and developmental competence of calf oocytes. Cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) from follicles>8 (L-COCs; n=19), 4-8 (M-COCs; n=54), and 2-3 mm (S-COCs; n=155) were recovered from non-stimulated 1-4 months old dairy calves post mortem and ex vivo (laparoscopy), and in parallel from slaughtered adult cows from follicles of identical size categories [>8 (n=91); 4-8 (n=138); 2-3 mm (n=193)]. Morphologically intact COCs were subjected to in vitro maturation, fertilization, and embryo culture. Cleavage rate (CR; 46 h post-insemination=p.i.), rate of morulae/blastocysts (M/Bl; day 7 p.i.), and blastocysts (Bl; day 9 p.i.) were recorded. FS had no effect on the CR in calves. However, calf L-COCs yielded the highest rates of M/Bl and Bl compared with the two other size categories (P<0.05). In contrast, calf S- and M-COCs gave similar rates of M/Bl, whereas the proportion of Bl was lowest for S-COCs (P<0.05). This was almost identical to findings in cows, except that the CR was highest for L-COCs and M/Bl yields were lowest for S-COCs (P<0.05). There were no differences between calf and cows with regard to CR for the respective FS categories. L-COCs from calves and cows yielded similar rates of M/Bl and Bl, whereas calf S- and M-COCs yielded lower rates of Bl than S- and M-COCs from cows and a lower rate of M/Bl when S-and M-COCs were analyzed as one group (P<0.05). Whereas the CR was similar in calves and cows, calf COCs yielded lower rates of M/Bl and Bl (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results show that the developmental competence of calf oocytes is higher in those derived from follicles larger than 8 mm, and thus are almost equally as competent as cow oocytes derived from follicles of identical size. This suggests that calf oocytes acquire developmental competence within the large follicle, potentially due to a process similar to prematuration of the oocyte in the adult cow. It is proposed that procedures that facilitate prematuration, such as "coasting" following a preceding superstimulation, might increase the developmental competence of calf oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kauffold
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany.
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Abstract
Although studies have indicated that follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) release can be dissociated in the pig, the underlying mechanisms are still to be answered. Since it was demonstrated that lamprey gonadotropin-releasing hormone (l-GnRH-III) has preferential FSH-releasing potency in several mammalian species, we have investigated the gonadotropin-releasing activity of l-GnRH-III in barrows. Each of nine barrows (body weight: 85-90 kg; age: 207 days) received 2 ml saline (S-barrow), followed by 150 microg l-GnRH-III (1.6-1.7 microg/kg body weight) dissolved in 2 ml saline intramuscularly 7 days later. Three pre-treatment and 13 post-treatment blood samples were taken at intervals of 30 min to 8 h to assess basal and treatment-associated concentrations of FSH and LH, respectively, by radioimmunoassay. Animals were defined as having responded to treatment if, 2 h post-treatment, plasma FSH and/or LH levels were >3 SD of the respective basal concentrations. There was no treatment-associated FSH response after saline treatment, but a clear FSH response in all l-GnRH-III-injected barrows. On average, the maximum FSH level (205% of the basal concentration) was observed at 1 h post-treatment. Mean FSH values were elevated until 10 h post-treatment. There was no LH response either to saline or to l-GnRH-III. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a selective FSH-releasing activity of 150 microg l-GnRH-III in barrows. Further studies are needed to investigate whether this effect is ubiquitous in the pig and what the physiological relevance is.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kauffold
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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