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Wright I, Minshall G, Young N, Riggs C. Fractures in Thoroughbred racing and the potential for pre-race identification of horses at risk. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:424-436. [PMID: 38200406 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Risk rates for and predisposing factors to fractures occurring in Thoroughbred racing that have been published in peer reviewed journals are documented. The potential for currently available techniques to identify horses at increased risk for fracture is discussed on the bases of principles, practicalities, advantages, disadvantages and current data. All are reviewed in light of justifiable decision making and importance of fractures to horseracing's social license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Wright
- Newmarket Equine Referrals, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher Riggs
- Equine Welfare Research Foundation, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Coomer RPC, Terschuur JA, Pressanto MC, Walker I. Allogeneic chondrogenic-induced mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of tarsometatarsal lameness in horses. Vet Surg 2024; 53:175-183. [PMID: 37681480 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of commercial intra-articular blood-derived allogeneic-induced mesenchymal stem cells (CIMSCs) to treat tarsometatarsal lameness in horses. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS Records from 167 adult light breed horses with bilateral tarsometatarsal lameness. METHODS Horses with tarsometatarsal lameness were retrospectively selected from medical records. Diagnosis followed subjective graded lameness assessment before and after intra-articular analgesia, with graded radiographic tarsal examination. Horses were excluded if they were diagnosed or treated for any other concurrent lameness conditions during the study. Time to last follow-up and time of recurrence of lameness was recorded at veterinary re-assessment. RESULTS A total of 67 horses were recruited to the CIMSC-treated group and 100 to the corticosteroid (CS)-treated group. Median age was 9 years, with no difference in signalment, use or radiographic grade between groups. First re-examination was 38 days (95% CI: 38-49), with no difference between groups, CIMSC 42 (35-45), control 34 (25-42). Median follow-up was 438 days for CIMSC, 546 for controls. Symptoms of lameness recurred in 86/100 controls compared to 17/67 (25%) CIMSC. Median time to lameness recurring in CIMSC was 336 days (95% CI: 239-400), control 90 days (95% CI: 80-108), p < .0001. Cox proportional hazard ratio for treatment was 8.35, 95% CI: 4.67 to 14.92, p < .0001. CONCLUSIONS Lameness was abolished in all treated horses. It recurred significantly less often, and later, in CIMSC-treated horses. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Intra-articular CIMSC treatment results in prolonged soundness in horses with tarsometatarsal lameness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ian Walker
- School of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Partridge E, Adam E, Wood C, Parker J, Johnson M, Horohov D, Page A. Residual effects of intra-articular betamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide in an equine acute synovitis model. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:905-915. [PMID: 36397207 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intra-articular (IA) corticosteroids are regularly used in equine athletes for the control of joint inflammation. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to use an acute synovitis inflammation model to determine the residual effects of IA betamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide on various inflammatory parameters and lameness. STUDY DESIGN Crossover randomised trial. METHODS Five mixed-breed, 2-year-old horses were randomly allocated to an IA treatment of the radiocarpal joint with 9 mg of either betamethasone or triamcinolone acetonide. Two weeks following treatment, horses were injected with 1 μg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) diluted in 1 ml of saline. Following LPS injection, horses were crossed-over and both sets of injections were repeated after a washout period. Blood samples were collected at multiple time points for mRNA analysis, as well as serum amyloid A (SAA) and cortisol determination. At each time point, lameness was also subjectively scored. Additional injections with saline-only or LPS-only (twice) were conducted as negative and positive controls, respectively. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyse all data. RESULTS Corticosteroid-only treatments result in significant mRNA expression differences, as well as significant and prolonged cortisol suppression. Following LPS injection, there was a residual treatment effect with triamcinolone evidenced by a significant treatment effect on IL-6 and PTGS1 (cyclooxygenase-1), lameness, SAA and cortisol concentrations, while only IL-6 expression was affected by betamethasone. MAIN LIMITATIONS The acute synovitis model used here results in significant inflammation and is not representative of the low-grade inflammation seen with typical joint disease and residual anti-inflammatory effects may be more profound in naturally occurring joint disease. CONCLUSIONS Current regulatory guidelines may be insufficient if the concern is residual anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, intra-articular corticosteroid administration is not without risk, as evidenced by a significant suppression of serum cortisol concentration and, as such, the benefits of their administration should be weighed against those risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Partridge
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Emma Adam
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Courtney Wood
- Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jordan Parker
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Mackenzie Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - David Horohov
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Allen Page
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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The Reporting of Racehorse Fatalities in New Zealand Thoroughbred Flat Racing in the 2011/12-2021/22 Seasons. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040612. [PMID: 36830402 PMCID: PMC9951738 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Race day fatalities as a consequence of catastrophic musculoskeletal injury and cardiac failure are both a welfare concern and provide a challenge for the social perceptions of equine welfare within the racing industry. To reduce race day fatalities, the risk factors under New Zealand racing conditions need to be identified. The aim of this study was to examine race and horse-level risk factors for fatalities in New Zealand Thoroughbred flat racing using retrospective race day data from the 2011/12-2021/22 racing seasons. Horse and race-level factors associated with a suspected cardiac failure and fatal fracture were identified by merging fatality data with the master race dataset for the corresponding seasons. Most fatalities were associated with fatal fracture (0.4 per 1000 starts, 95% CI 0.4-0.5). Horses which raced over distances > 1600 m were 1.7 times (95% CI 1.2-2.5) more likely to sustain a fatal fracture than horses racing ≤ 1600 m. Male horses and firmer track conditions were also associated with an increase in the risk of fatal fracture. Horses aged 5 years and older were 2.1 (95% CI 1.1-4.6) times more likely to suffer a suspected cardiac failure than younger horses. Changes in the industry reporting system improved the level of detail provided for fatalities, enabling the identification of specific risk factors.
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Boorman S, McMaster MA, Groover E, Caldwell F. Review of glucocorticoid therapy in horses: Intra‐articular corticosteroids. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Boorman
- College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - Mattie A. McMaster
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Erin Groover
- College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - Fred Caldwell
- College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
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Hale J, Hughes K, Hall S, Labens R. Effects of Production Method and Repeated Freeze Thaw Cycles on Cytokine Concentrations and Microbial Contamination in Equine Autologous Conditioned Serum. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:759828. [PMID: 34901249 PMCID: PMC8656450 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.759828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous conditioned serum (ACS) is a common intra-articular treatment for osteoarthritis in horses. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of ACS preparation method on product contamination and concentrations of relevant cytokines and the influence of multiple freeze/thaw cycles. Blood was obtained from 10 healthy Thoroughbred horses and processed in parallel using a commercial and a non-commercial method to obtain ACS. Fluorescent microsphere immunoassay (FMIA) analysis was performed to quantify Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations in ACS obtained by both production methods. Effect of 3, 4 and 5 freeze/thaw cycles on concentrations of IL-1Ra, IL-10, IL-1β and TNF-α were assessed against baseline samples (2 cycles) in commercial ACS products. Standard aerobic and anaerobic culture methods were applied to both ACS products. Mixed effect one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the two ACS production method for each cytokine. Repeated measures, mixed effect ANOVA were used to assess the effect of freeze/thaw on cytokine concentrations. Significance was set at P < 0.05. There was no difference in cytokine concentration between production methods (IL-1Ra P = 0.067, IL-1β P = 0.752, IL-10 P = 0.211 and TNF-α P = 0.25). Microbial growth was only observed in two samples obtained using the commercial production method. When compared to baseline, IL-1Ra concentration was decreased following the 5th freeze/thaw cycle (P < 0.001). These results suggest that the concentration of important cytokines are not influenced by ACS production method. When storing ACS samples for future use, freeze/thaw cycles associated with standard clinical practice are unlikely to influence cytokine concentrations. However, the lack of outcome measures associated with 1 or 2 freeze/thaw cycles represents a limitation of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Hale
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristopher Hughes
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah Hall
- Animal & Veterinary Sciences Department, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Raphael Labens
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Schambourg M, Taylor PM. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds in endurance horses. Vet Rec 2019; 186:124. [PMID: 31563891 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alteration of limb sensitivity is forbidden in equine sports but difficult to enforce. We aimed to develop an objective field method to assess mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) in endurance horses. METHODS A remotely controlled pneumatic actuator (1 mm tip) was used to measure forelimb pastern MNT in 108 endurance horses. RESULTS Median (IQR) MNT at rest was 1.9 N (0.9-3.5). Icing had no significant effect on limb sensitivity. MNT measured at weekly intervals increased from week 1 (1.2 N (0.6-1.8)) to week 3 (1.9 N (1.2-2.8)) (P<0.05). In 17 horses without impaired sensitivity, MNT increased from 1.2 N (0.6-2.3) before to 2.4 N (1.2-5.2) after racing (P=0.0017). In desensitised horses, MNT after racing was higher (8 limbs-23.1 N (21.4 to >25)) than in horses without impaired sensitivity (42 limbs-2.2 N (1.2-4.3)) (P<0.0001). Desensitisation with mepivacaine increased MNT to above the safety cut-off (25 N) at 10 minutes; sensitivity return to baseline varied between individuals but was restored by 330 minutes. None of the horses became averse to the technique. CONCLUSION MNT was practical, non-traumatic, repeatable and well tolerated under field conditions in endurance horses. The technique differentiated postracing MNT in horses with normal sensitivity from those with impaired sensitivity.
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Bonilla-Gutiérrez AF, López C, Carmona JU. Regenerative Therapies for the Treatment of Tenodesmic Injuries in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Smith LCR, Wylie CE, Palmer L, Ramzan PHL. Synovial sepsis is rare following intrasynovial medication in equine ambulatory practice. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:595-599. [PMID: 30589107 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few observational studies regarding the potentially serious complication of synovial sepsis following intrasynovial medication in general equine practice. Quantification of risk is fundamental to fully inform decision-making and owner consent prior to undertaking procedures. OBJECTIVES To describe the occurrence of synovial sepsis following intrasynovial injections in a large ambulatory equine practice between 2006-2011. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS Medication records were cross-referenced against synovial cytology submissions and hospital admissions for synovial sepsis. The occurrence of synovial sepsis within strata of interest, including horse age, sex and product used were described as proportions with corresponding 95% confidence intervals, and measures of attributable risks. RESULTS In the study period, 9456 intrasynovial medications were performed in 4331 sessions. The most frequently used medications were: corticosteroids (3869/4331, 89.3% [95% CI 88.4, 90.3%]), hyaluronate (3617/4331, 83.5% [95% CI 82.4, 84.6%]) and amikacin sulphate (4044/4331, 93.4% [95% CI 92.6, 94.1%]). Overall four horses developed post medication synovial sepsis (0.04% [95% CI 0.0, 0.08%] of all medications), two of these cases were given polysulphated glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronate (2/14, 14.3% [95% CI 0.0, 32.6%]), two were given triamcinolone acetonide (2/3592, 0.1% [95% CI 0.0, 0.1%]), and hyaluronate (2/3617, 0.06% [95% CI 0.0, 0.1%]). One of these cases had received concurrent medication with amikacin sulphate (1/4044, 0.02% [95% CI 0.0, 0.1%]). All four cases returned to racing following joint lavage. MAIN LIMITATIONS Due to the low frequency of cases multivariable statistical analysis was not performed. Although the study was conducted in an ambulatory setting, the population included a high number of racehorses, limiting application to the general horse population. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of synovial sepsis in this population of horses was 0.04%. These data may be helpful in informing clients regarding the potential risks of adverse complications resulting from intrasynovial medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C R Smith
- Rossdales LLP, Rossdales Equine Hospital, Exning, Newmarket, UK
| | - C E Wylie
- Rossdales LLP, Rossdales Equine Hospital, Exning, Newmarket, UK
| | - L Palmer
- Rossdales LLP, Rossdales Equine Hospital, Exning, Newmarket, UK
| | - P H L Ramzan
- Rossdales LLP, Rossdales Equine Hospital, Exning, Newmarket, UK
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Hitchens PL, Morrice-West AV, Stevenson MA, Whitton RC. Meta-analysis of risk factors for racehorse catastrophic musculoskeletal injury in flat racing. Vet J 2018; 245:29-40. [PMID: 30819423 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies of racehorse injury or fatality in various countries have identified common, and in some cases conflicting, risk factors. We conducted a systematic search of the relevant literature published from 1990 to 2017. Peer-reviewed articles were included if they reported the incidence of fatal or catastrophic musculoskeletal injury (CMI) in Thoroughbred flat races (n=21) or risk factors for CMI (n=65). Pooled effect sizes were estimated using the random-effects DerSimonian-Laird model. The pooled incidence of CMI was 1.17 (95% confidence interval 0.90, 1.44) per 1000 race starts. Almost 300 factors have been investigated in epidemiological studies for potential associations with CMI. Factors found to have consistent evidence of increasing risk of CMI are: (1) Horse-level factors such as older horse age and age at first start, male sex, and higher race class or lower claiming price; (2) Race-level factors such as firmer track conditions on turf and wetter conditions on dirt, longer race distance, and a greater number of starters; and (3) Management-related factors including more time since previous start, greater number of starts, longer career length, issues identified at pre-race examination, previous injury, and recent administration of medication or injections. Studies investigating recent cumulative distance of high-speed exercise were conflicting and suggestive of at least two mechanisms of injury related to the accumulation of bone damage: (1) In well adapted bone following a period of intense training; and (2) In poorly adapted bone at relatively low levels of training intensity. Future studies should evaluate success of interventions and mechanisms for injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Hitchens
- Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia.
| | - A V Morrice-West
- Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - M A Stevenson
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - R C Whitton
- Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
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Smith LC. What is Known About the Safety of Intraarticular Corticosteroid Injections and How Might This Impact Safety in Thoroughbred Racehorses? J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.05.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hitchens PL, Hill AE, Stover SM. Relationship Between Historical Lameness, Medication Usage, Surgery, and Exercise With Catastrophic Musculoskeletal Injury in Racehorses. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:217. [PMID: 30246014 PMCID: PMC6137211 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The rate of catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries (CMI) in racehorses is high in the United States compared to other countries. Few modifiable risk factors related to lameness, medication, and surgery history have been identified. Objective: To detect management factors that increase risk of CMI by comparing medical histories between horses that sustained, and horses that did not sustain, a CMI. Study design: Case-control. Methods: Racehorse necropsy data (May 2012-June 2013) were obtained through the California Horse Racing Board Postmortem Program. Attending veterinarians of Thoroughbreds (TB) and Quarter Horses (QH) that experienced CMI, and of three matched control horses, were invited to complete an online veterinary medical history survey. We investigated associations between CMI and lameness, medication, surgery, and exercise history using multivariable logistic regression. Results: There were 146 TB (45 cases, 101 controls) and 17 QH (11 cases, 6 controls) surveys completed. TB cases were more likely to show signs of lameness within the 3 months prior to death compared to controls. A high proportion of both cases (64.3%) and controls (76.8%) were administered medications, but unraced TB case horses were more likely to have been administered systemic medications compared to those that previously raced. TB cases were more likely to have raced with greater intensity during their career, but had eased off in the month preceding CMI. For QHs, there was insufficient power to detect significant differences between cases and controls that showed signs of lameness, or that were administered medications. Surgery history was not associated with CMI. Main limitation: Insufficient power to detect small effect sizes. Conclusions: The study provides information that can be used to aid in identification of horses at high risk for catastrophic injury, and management factors that can be modified to reduce the risk for all horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta L Hitchens
- J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley E Hill
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Susan M Stover
- J.D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Smith LCR, Wylie CE, Palmer L, Ramzan PHL. A longitudinal study of fractures in 1488 Thoroughbred racehorses receiving intrasynovial medication: 2006-2011. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:774-780. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. E. Wylie
- Rossdales Equine Hospital; Newmarket Suffolk UK
| | - L. Palmer
- Rossdales Equine Hospital; Newmarket Suffolk UK
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Cuming RS, Groover ES, Wooldridge AA, Caldwell FJ. Review of glucocorticoid therapy in horses. Part 1: Pharmacology. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Cuming
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Alabama USA
| | - E. S. Groover
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Alabama USA
| | - A. A. Wooldridge
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Alabama USA
| | - F. J. Caldwell
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Alabama USA
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Wright S. Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers. EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Riggs CM. Intra-articular corticosteroids under threat in Thoroughbred racehorse practice. Vet J 2014; 200:1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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