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Grob AJ, Delarocque J, Feige K, Warnken T. Evaluating insulindysregulation in horses: A two-step insulin-tolerance test using porcine zinc insulin. Vet J 2024; 306:106172. [PMID: 38909714 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
In insulin dysregulation, hyperinsulinemia (HI) can be accompanied by peripheral insulin resistance (IR) in horses, which can be diagnosed with an insulin-tolerance test (ITT). The administration of 0.1 IU/kg body weight of recombinant regular human insulin (RHI) should elicit a 50 % reduction of the initial blood glucose concentration at 30 min after insulin administration in insulin sensitive horses. Compared to RHI, porcine zinc insulin (PZI) is veterinary-approved and therefore easier accessible for many practitioners. The aim of this study was to compare the insulin and glucose dynamics during a standard ITT with RHI to an ITT performed with PZI. Twelve Icelandic horses were subjected to an ITT with RHI (ITT-RHI) and with PZI (ITT-PZI) at same dosages in a randomised crossover design. The insulin and glucose dynamics that resulted from these tests were compared, and the consistency of classification into insulin-sensitive and IR categories was evaluated. No complications were observed with the use of either RHI or PZI in ITT. A good correlation of the test results was observed (r = 0.88; P < 0.001). The blood glucose concentrations and the percentage reduction in glucose concentration did not differ significantly between the two tests (P = 0.053), but four out of twelve horses were classified as IR in the ITT-RHI whereas with the ITT-PZI seven out of twelve horses were classified as IR with the 50 % glucose reduction from baseline. Based on the Youden index, when using the ITT-PZI, an adjusted cut-off value for blood glucose reduction of 40 % at 30 min resulted in better test performance. With consideration for the seemingly weaker effect of PZI and the adjusted cut-off value, PZI can be an appropriate substitute to RHI in an ITT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Grob
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - J Delarocque
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - K Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - T Warnken
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, Hannover 30559, Germany
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Straße 173, Ingelheim am Rhein 55263, Germany
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2
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Carslake HB, Pinchbeck GL, Argo CM, Dugdale AHA, McGowan CM. Investigation of glucagon-like peptide-1 response to six oral carbohydrates in ponies. Vet J 2024; 305:106110. [PMID: 38604332 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), the principal incretin in horses, may play a role in the pathophysiology of insulin dysregulation (ID). This study aimed to describe its concentration in response to three preserved forages and four dynamic tests for ID in ponies. Twelve adult ponies of mixed ID status were given a meal of hay, soaked hay or haylage, an in-feed oral glucose test (OGT), oral sugar test (OST), an oral test using a proprietary breakfast cereal (WEET) or a combined glucose-insulin tolerance test (CGIT) weekly in a randomised cross-over study. Glucose, insulin and GLP-1 concentrations were measured before and following each intervention. Ponies were designated ID or non-ID and insulin resistant (IR) or non-IR according to OGT and CGIT results, respectively. All interventions apart from the CGIT provoked a GLP-1 response within 30 min. The OGT and WEET interventions, (containing the greatest dose of non-structural carbohydrate, 1.06 and 1 g/kg BW, respectively), resulted in a greater area under the curve (AUC) for GLP-1 compared to all other interventions (P < 0.001). No difference in GLP-1 response was detected according to ID or IR status, despite there being strong positive correlations (rs [95 % CI]) between GLP-1 and insulin concentrations measured at individual time points (0.67 [0.62 - 0.71]; P < 0.001) and as AUC (0.66 [0.49-0.79], P < 0.001). These data do not support of the use of GLP-1 as an adjunctive diagnostic test for ID or IR, as defined by conventional intravenous or oral dynamic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Carslake
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - G L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst CH64 7TE, UK
| | - C M Argo
- Scotland's Rural College, Aberdeen, Scotland AB21 9YA, UK
| | | | - C M McGowan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst CH64 7TE, UK
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3
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de Laat MA, Sillence MN. Diagnosis of equine endocrinopathies: The value of measuring blood glucose during an oral glucose test. Vet J 2023; 300-302:106034. [PMID: 37778651 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Blood glucose concentration is often measured during an oral glucose test (OGT), but is not thought to aid in diagnosing insulin dysregulation (ID) or pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate whether the change in blood glucose concentration during an OGT aligned with indicators of equine metabolic syndrome or PPID, including serum insulin and plasma ACTH concentrations, clinical observations, age, sex, breed type and the test dose. The cohort included 149 horses, miniature horses, and ponies that had undergone an in-feed OGT and clinical examination between 2015 and 2021. The animals were diagnosed as either metabolically healthy, insulin-dysregulated, having PPID or both endocrinopathies. The mean ± standard error increase in blood glucose during the OGT was 3.41 ± 0.21 mM, and this change showed a weak positive correlation with the increase in serum insulin concentration (r = 0.36; P 0.001), body condition score (BCS; r = 0.26; P = 0.002) and cresty neck score (CNS; r = 0.38; P 0.001). The median [interquartile range] increase in blood glucose for miniature horses (5.25 [2.98-6.5] mM), was more than twice that seen in full-sized horses (2.4 [1.33-3.45] mM; P = 0.03). In metabolically healthy animals the increase in blood glucose during an OGT (+2.2 [1-3.5] mM) was smaller (P 0.001) than in animals with ID (+3.8 [2.73-5.33] mM), or both endocrine diseases (+6.1 [3.6-6.85] mM). There was an effect of the dose of dextrose on the blood glucose response, with higher doses yielding larger responses (P 0.001). The variability in these data support that basal and post-prandial blood glucose responses to an OGT are not appropriate as stand-alone diagnostic markers of ID or PPID. However, the association between blood glucose and CNS supports the use of CNS when evaluating animals for ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A de Laat
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.
| | - M N Sillence
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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4
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Frers F, Delarocque J, Huber K, Feige K, Warnken T. Comparison of a modified 2-step insulin response test performed with porcine zinc insulin and an oral glucose test to detect hyperinsulinemic Icelandic horses. Vet J 2023; 298-299:106012. [PMID: 37348701 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Both, oral and intravenous (IV) testing protocols, are recommended and still used to detect insulin dysregulation (ID) in equids. However, IV tests mainly focus on peripheral insulin resistance (IR), while oral tests assess hyperinsulinemia (HI), which are different aspects of ID. The objective of this study was to describe if horses with HI also demonstrate IR and consequently can be detected by a modified 2-step insulin response test (2-step IRT) performed with a veterinary approved porcine zinc insulin (PZI). Twelve Icelandic horses were subjected to an OGT and 2-step IRT in a crossover study. Serum insulin concentrations during the OGT revealed that six horses were hyperinsulinemic (HI) while six were not (NON-HI). To describe the glucose response to IV injected PZI, the decline of plasma glucose concentration within the first 30 min was analyzed. Glucose reduction was similar in horses with and without HI during the 2-step IRT over time. Additionally, none of the horses reached a glucose reduction of ≥ 50% at 30 min. The results of the present study indicated that a comparable insulin mediated glucose uptake may be observed in horses with and without HI during a modified 2-step IRT. While six out of twelve horses were identified as HI by the OGT, all twelve horses were identified as IR by the modified 2-step IRT performed with PZI underlining the importance, but difficulty in choosing the right diagnostic tool in clinical settings to assess ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Frers
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559 Hanover, Germany.
| | - J Delarocque
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - K Huber
- Institute of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 35, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - K Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - T Warnken
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559 Hanover, Germany
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Warnken T, Schaub C, Delarocque J, Frers F, Feige K, Sonntag J, Reiche DB. Palatability, glycemic, and insulinemic responses to various carbohydrate formulations: Alternatives for the diagnosis of insulin dysregulation in horses? Vet Med (Auckl) 2023; 37:282-291. [PMID: 36625459 PMCID: PMC9889704 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral glycemic challenge (GC) tests are recommended for diagnosis of insulin dysregulation (ID). Various protocols are used, but all have limitations in terms of palatability, ease of use, variable composition, geographic availability, or some combination of these. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE To evaluate newly developed formulations with defined carbohydrate composition for use as oral GCs. ANIMALS Thirty-four horses and ponies in various metabolic states. METHODS Our objectives were carried out in 2 separate cross-over experiments. First, the palatability and acceptance of various GCs (2 syrups, 1 granulate) offered for free intake were compared to glucose mixed in a chaff-based diet. Subsequently, syrups were administered by syringe and compared to an oral glucose test using naso-gastric tubing (tube OGT) to investigate the glycemic and insulinemic responses. Second, these variables were compared in the best performing GC-formulations (granulate further optimized to pelleted formulation and 1 syrup) and a tube OGT. All GCs were administered with equivalent amounts of 0.5 g glycemic carbohydrates per kg body weight. RESULTS Only the GC pellets were consumed completely by all horses (consumption time 5 ± 2 min). When administered by syringe, the GC syrup also was well accepted. The insulin concentrations at 120 min correlated significantly between tube OGT and GC pellets (r = .717; P < .001) or GC syrup (r = .913; P < .001). The new GC syrup and GC pellets discriminate between healthy and ID horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The GC pellets (DysChEq)™ and GC syrup can be used as palatable and well-accepted oral GC tests for assessment of ID in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Warnken
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 930559 HannoverGermany
| | - Claudia Schaub
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 930559 HannoverGermany
| | - Julien Delarocque
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 930559 HannoverGermany
| | - Florian Frers
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 930559 HannoverGermany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 930559 HannoverGermany
| | - Johanna Sonntag
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Straße 17355216 Ingelheim am RheinGermany
| | - Dania Birte Reiche
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Straße 17355216 Ingelheim am RheinGermany
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6
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Manfredi JM, Jacob SI, Boger BL, Norton EM. A one-health approach to identifying and mitigating the impact of endocrine disorders on human and equine athletes. Am J Vet Res 2022; 84:ajvr.22.11.0194. [PMID: 36563063 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.11.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endocrinopathies affect multiple species in ever-increasing percentages of their populations, creating an opportunity to apply one-health approaches to determining creative preventative measures and therapies in athletes. Obesity and alterations in insulin and glucose dynamics are medical concerns that play a role in whole-body health and homeostasis in both horses and humans. The role and impact of endocrine disorders on the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems are of particular interest to the athlete. Elucidation of both physiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in disease processes, starting in utero, is important for development of prevention and treatment strategies for the health and well-being of all species. This review focuses on the unrecognized effects of endocrine disorders associated with the origins of metabolic disease; inflammation at the intersection of endocrine disease and related diseases in the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems; novel interventions; and diagnostics that are informed via multiomic and one-health approaches. Readers interested in further details on specific equine performance conditions associated with endocrine disease are invited to read the companion Currents in One Health by Manfredi et al, JAVMA, February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Manfredi
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Sarah I Jacob
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Brooke L Boger
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Elaine M Norton
- Department of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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7
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Mendoza FJ, Buzon-Cuevas A, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Characterisation of the oral glucose and sugar tolerance tests and the enteroinsular axis response in healthy adult donkeys. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:1123-1132. [PMID: 34897779 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin dysregulation (ID) is diagnosed in horses and ponies using oral glucose (OGTT) and oral sugar (OSTT) tolerance tests. The enteroinsular axis plays a major role in postprandial glucose disposal and insulin response in horses, ponies and foals. The insulin and incretin response to oral carbohydrate challenges has not been characterised in donkeys. OBJECTIVES (a) To characterise OGTT and OSTT, and (b) to assess the plasma incretin response to OGTT and OSTT in healthy donkeys. STUDY DESIGN In vivo experiments. METHODS Six healthy adult female Andalusian donkeys were challenged with OGTT (1 g/kg glucose, 20% solution by nasogastric tube) and OSTT (0.45 mL/kg corn syrup orally by syringe) with a 1-week washout. Blood samples were collected for glucose (spectrophotometry), insulin (radioimmunoassay), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP, ELISA) and active glucagon-like peptide-1 (aGLP-1, ELISA) determination over 6 hours. Curves were analysed and proxies calculated. RESULTS Glucose and insulin concentrations peaked at 180 minutes in OGTT, but at 300 and 150 minutes in OSTT, respectively. Plasma GIP concentrations increased in the OGTT and OSTT (peaked at 180 and 360 minutes, respectively), but aGLP-1 increased only in OGTT (240 minutes). MAIN LIMITATIONS Single breed, narrow age and sample, diet, season and not having donkeys with evidence of ID to provide clinical validation. CONCLUSIONS Donkeys have a functional enteroinsular axis that is activated by enteral carbohydrates. Donkeys have evident endocrine differences with horses, supporting the validation of the OSTT and OGTT to assess insulin sensitivity in this species to avoid extrapolation from horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Mendoza
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Buzon-Cuevas
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ramiro E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Meier AD, de Laat MA, Reiche DB, Sillence MN. Glucagon-like peptide-1, insulin-like growth factor-1, and adiponectin in insulin-dysregulated ponies: effects of feeding a high nonstructural carbohydrate diet and association with prospective laminitis. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 71:106397. [PMID: 31812879 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.106397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endocrinopathic laminitis, related to equine metabolic syndrome and insulin dysregulation, causes marked pain and suffering in horses and represents a substantial cost to the horse industry. This study investigated the effect of feeding a diet high in nonstructural carbohydrates on concentrations of active glucagon-like peptide-1 (aGLP-1), total insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin, in insulin-dysregulated ponies. Thirty-seven ponies were challenged with this diet for up to 18 d to induce hyperinsulinemia. Hormone concentrations were measured in selected samples on day 2 of the diet challenge period, over 4 h after feeding. Fourteen of the ponies developed mild laminitis induced by the diet challenge. Insulin and glucose responses to the diet have been reported previously. Feeding increased the concentrations of aGLP-1 (P < 0.05) and HMW adiponectin (P < 0.001), but there was no difference between the laminitic and nonlaminitic groups for either hormone. Concentrations of IGF-1 and insulin were inversely related, with IGF-1 being 32% lower in hyperinsulinemic/laminitic ponies compared with nonlaminitic ponies (P = < 0.05). These results indicate that unlike insulin and possibly IGF-1, concentrations of aGLP-1 and HMW adiponectin do not have a strong association with, or play a major role in, the pathogenesis of equine laminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Meier
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences School, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - M A de Laat
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences School, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - D B Reiche
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - M N Sillence
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences School, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia.
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9
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Spears JW, Lloyd KE, Siciliano P, Pratt-Phillips S, Goertzen EW, McLeod SJ, Moore J, Krafka K, Hyda J, Rounds W. Chromium propionate increases insulin sensitivity in horses following oral and intravenous carbohydrate administration. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa095. [PMID: 32211767 PMCID: PMC7323256 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-eight Quarter Horse geldings (3 to 8 yr of age) were used to determine the effects of dietary chromium (Cr), in the form of Cr propionate (Cr Prop) on insulin sensitivity. Horses were blocked by age, body condition score, and glucose response to concentrate feeding on day 0 and randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments consisted of 0, 2, 4, or 8 mg Cr/d from Cr Prop. Horses were fed daily a concentrate mix at a rate of 0.2 kg/100 kg body weight (BW) and grass hay at 1.75 to 2.0 kg/100 kg BW. All horses were fed the control diet for 7 d prior to the initiation of the study. After an overnight fast, blood samples from the jugular vein were obtained at 0, 2, and 4 h after concentrate feeding on days 0 and 28 for the determination of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, and insulin. A glucose tolerance test (GTT) was conducted on day 42. Glucose was infused via jugular vein catheters, and blood samples were collected at various times relative to dosing for glucose and insulin determination. Plasma glucose on day 28 was affected (P < 0.05) by treatment, time, and treatment × time. Horses fed 4 mg Cr/d had lesser (P < 0.05) plasma glucose concentrations than those in the other treatments at 0 h. At 2 h post-feeding glucose concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in horses fed 0 or 8 mg Cr/d than in those given 4 mg Cr. Horses fed 2 mg Cr/d had lesser (P < 0.05) plasma glucose at 4 h post feeding compared with those fed 0 or 8 mg Cr. Plasma glucose did not differ among horses receiving 2 or 4 mg Cr/d at 2 or 4 h. Serum insulin was affected (P < 0.05) by treatment, time, and treatment × time. Insulin concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in horses fed 0 or 2 mg Cr/d than in those given 4 or 8 mg Cr at 0 h. At 4 h post-feeding insulin concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in horses given 0 or 8 mg Cr than in those fed 2 or 4 mg Cr/d. Plasma glucose was affected (P < 0.05) by treatment and time, but not by treatment × time following the GTT. Mean plasma glucose (across sampling times) concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in controls than in horses fed 2 or 4 mg Cr/d. Glucose concentrations following the GTT did not differ among controls and horses given 8 mg Cr/d. Following glucose infusion, serum insulin concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in horses fed 2 or 4 mg Cr and tended to be greater in those fed 8 mg Cr/d compared with controls. The results of this study indicate that 2 or 4 mg Cr/d from Cr Prop increased insulin sensitivity in adult horses following oral carbohydrate consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry W Spears
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Karen E Lloyd
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Paul Siciliano
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - Ellen W Goertzen
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Sarah J McLeod
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Jennifer Moore
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - Jill Hyda
- Kemin AgriFoods North America, Inc., Des Moines, IA
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10
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Loos CMM, Dorsch SC, Elzinga SE, Brewster-Barnes T, Vanzant ES, Adams AA, Urschel KL. A high protein meal affects plasma insulin concentrations and amino acid metabolism in horses with equine metabolic syndrome. Vet J 2019; 251:105341. [PMID: 31492392 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is characterized by an abnormal insulin response to a glycemic challenge but despite the known insulinotropic effects of certain amino acids, there is a paucity of data evaluating the impact of dietary protein on insulin dynamics in these horses. The objective was therefore to assess insulin and amino acid responses following intake of a high protein meal in healthy horses and those with EMS. Six mature horses diagnosed with EMS and six age-matched control horses without EMS were used. Horses were fed 2g/kg body mass (BM) of a high protein pellet (31% crude protein) at time 0 and 30min, for a total of 4g/kg BM, following an overnight fast. Blood samples collected during a 4h period were analysed for plasma glucose, insulin, amino acids and urea concentrations. Glucose concentrations were not different between groups (P=0.2). Horses with EMS had a 9-fold greater insulinemic response to the consumption of a high protein meal compared with controls (P=0.046). Post-prandial levels of histidine, citrulline, tyrosine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine and ornithine were higher in horses with EMS (P<0.05). Baseline urea nitrogen concentrations were not significantly different between groups (P=0.1). Knowing that certain amino acids are insulin secretagogues, these results illustrate that consumption of a high protein meal caused a hyperinsulinemic response and affected amino acid dynamics in horses with EMS. These findings suggest that dietary protein content should be taken into consideration in the management of horses with insulin dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M M Loos
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - S C Dorsch
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - S E Elzinga
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - T Brewster-Barnes
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - E S Vanzant
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - A A Adams
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - K L Urschel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
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11
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Secombe CJ, Bailey SR, de Laat MA, Hughes KJ, Stewart AJ, Sonis JM, Tan RHH. Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: current understanding and recommendations from the Australian and New Zealand Equine Endocrine Group. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:233-242. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CJ Secombe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| | - SR Bailey
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee VIC Australia
| | - MA de Laat
- Science and Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - KJ Hughes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga NSW Australia
| | - AJ Stewart
- Equine Specialist Hospital, School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton QLD Australia
| | - JM Sonis
- Veterinary Associates Equine and Farm, Karaka; Auckland New Zealand
| | - RHH Tan
- Samford Valley Veterinary Hospital; Samford, QLD Australia
- Discipline of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville QLD Australia
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12
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de Laat MA, Fitzgerald DM, Sillence MN, Spence RJ. Glucagon‐like peptide‐2: A potential role in equine insulin dysregulation. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:842-847. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. de Laat
- Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - D. M. Fitzgerald
- Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - M. N. Sillence
- Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - R. J. Spence
- Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane Queensland Australia
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Rapson JL, Schott HC, Nielsen BD, McCutcheon LJ, Harris PA, Geor RJ. Effects of age and diet on glucose and insulin dynamics in the horse. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:690-696. [PMID: 29356053 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age and diet may affect insulin sensitivity (SI) but these factors have received limited investigation in horses. OBJECTIVES To measure minimal model parameters during an insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGTT) after adaptation to a forage only diet (HAY) or forage supplemented with either starch/sugar-rich (SS) or oil/fibre-rich (FF) concentrate feeds; and to assess glucose and insulin responses to a standardised meal challenge (SMC, 4 g/kg BW of SS) after diet adaptation in adult and aged mares. STUDY DESIGN Latin square design with eight adult (5-12 years) and nine aged (>19 years) healthy mares. METHODS Diets were fed for 6 weeks, and the FSIGTT and SMC were performed after 31-32 and 41 days on each diet respectively. Data were analysed by a mixed ANOVA for repeated measures. RESULTS Acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg) was greater and SI was lower in aged horses, compared with adults, regardless of diet. Both AIRg and SI were greater in aged mares after adaptation to SS, as compared with HAY. Similar trends, although not statistically significant, were observed after adaptation to SS in adult mares. Peak insulin concentration and area under the insulin vs. time curve during the SMC were greater in aged than adult mares with all diets. Furthermore, area under the glucose vs. time curve was lower after adaptation to SS, when compared with other diets, in both groups. MAIN LIMITATIONS Transient weight loss occurred at the beginning of the study and only one sex was included. Incomplete ingestion of the SMC by four mares was another limitation. CONCLUSIONS Insulin responses to i.v. and enteral nonstructural carbohydrate challenge increase with age in healthy horses, regardless of diet fed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Rapson
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - H C Schott
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - B D Nielsen
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - P A Harris
- Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
| | - R J Geor
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Hines MT. Clinical Approach to Commonly Encountered Problems. EQUINE INTERNAL MEDICINE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7158300 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Frank N, Walsh DM. Repeatability of Oral Sugar Test Results, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Measurements, and Serum High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin Concentrations in Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1178-1187. [PMID: 28543933 PMCID: PMC5508339 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeatability of the oral sugar test (OST) has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that OST glucose, insulin, active (aGLP-1) and total (tGLP-1) glucagon-like peptide 1, and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin results would be repeatable. ANIMALS Fifty-three horses from a Tennessee research facility (n = 23) and private practice in Missouri (n = 30), including animals with medical histories of equine metabolic syndrome. METHODS Two OSTs were performed 7-14 days apart and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured at 0, 60, and 75 minutes; a positive result was defined as detection of an insulin concentration >45 μU/mL at 60 or 75 minutes. Plasma aGLP-1 and serum tGLP-1 concentrations at 75 minutes and serum HMW adiponectin concentrations at 0 minute were measured in the Missouri group. Bland-Altman analyses were performed. RESULTS No adverse events were reported. Bland-Altman analysis indicated mean ± SD bias of 1.5 ± 14.8 μU/mL (95% confidence interval [CI], -27.6 to 30.5 μU/mL) and 1.2 ± 16.1 μU/mL (95% CI, -30.4 to 32.8 μU/mL) for insulin concentrations at 60 and 75 minutes, respectively. There was 91 and 83% agreement in test interpretation between test days for OST insulin results for all horses in the Tennessee and Missouri groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Repeatability of the OST was acceptable when values obtained from Bland-Altman analyses were evaluated, and there was good agreement in binary (negative/positive) test interpretation for insulin concentrations. However, wide 95% CIs were detected for insulin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Frank
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
| | - D M Walsh
- Homestead Veterinary Hospital, Pacific, MO
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Bamford NJ, Baskerville CL, Harris PA, Bailey SR. Postprandial glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 responses of different equine breeds adapted to meals containing micronized maize. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:3377-83. [PMID: 26440006 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteroinsular axis is a complex system that includes the release of incretin hormones from the gut to promote the absorption and utilization of glucose after a meal. The insulinogenic effect of incretin hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) remains poorly characterized in the horse. The aim of this study was to compare postprandial glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 responses of different equine breeds adapted to twice-daily meals containing micronized maize. Four Standardbred horses, 4 mixed-breed ponies, and 4 Andalusian cross horses in moderate BCS (5.5 ± 0.2 out of 9) were fed meals at 0800 and 1600 h each day. The meals contained micronized maize (mixed with soaked soybean hulls and lucerne chaff), with the amount of maize gradually increased over 12 wk to reach a final quantity of 1.7 g/kg BW (1.1 g/kg BW starch) in each meal. Animals had ad libitum access to the same hay throughout. After 12 wk of acclimation, serial blood samples were collected from all animals over a 14-h period to measure concentrations of glucose, insulin, and GLP-1, with meals fed immediately after the 0 and 8 h samples. Glucose area under the curve (AUC) values were similar between breed groups (P = 0.41); however, ponies and Andalusian horses exhibited significantly higher insulin AUC values after both meals compared with Standardbred horses (both P < 0.005). Postprandial GLP-1 AUC values were also significantly higher in ponies and Andalusian horses compared with Standardbred horses (breed × time interaction; P < 0.001). Correlation analysis demonstrated a strong positive association between concentrations of insulin and GLP-1 over time (rs = 0.752; P < 0.001). The increased insulin concentrations in ponies and Andalusian horses may partly reflect lower insulin sensitivity but could also be attributed to increased GLP-1 release. Given that hyperinsulinemia is a recognized risk factor for the development of laminitis in domestic equids, this study provides evidence that the enteroinsular axis warrants further investigation.
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Restifo MM, Frank N, Hermida P, Sanchez-Londoño A. Effects of withholding feed on thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test results and effects of combined testing on oral sugar test and thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test results in horses. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:738-48. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.7.738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Laminitis is one of the most common and frustrating clinical presentations in equine practice. While the principles of treatment for laminitis have not changed for several decades, there have been some important paradigm shifts in our understanding of laminitis. Most importantly, it is essential to consider laminitis as a clinical sign of disease and not as a disease in its own right. Once this shift in thinking has occurred, it is logical to then question what disease caused the laminitis. More than 90 per cent of horses presented with laminitis as their primary clinical sign will have developed it as a consequence of endocrine disease; most commonly equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). Given the fact that many horses will have painful protracted and/or chronic recurrent disease, a good understanding of the predisposing factors and how to diagnose and manage them is crucial. Current evidence suggests that early diagnosis and effective management of EMS should be a key aim for practising veterinary surgeons to prevent the devastating consequences of laminitis. This review will focus on EMS, its diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Morgan
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - J Keen
- European Specialist in Equine Internal Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - C McGowan
- European Specialist in Equine Internal Medicine, Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
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Kaczmarek K, Janicki B, Głowska M. Insulin resistance in the horse: a review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1091340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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