1
|
Ogawa M, Kawamura A, Akabane R, Sakatani A, Miyakawa H, Hsu H, Miyagawa Y, Takemura N. Effects of ivabradine and atenolol on heart rate and heart rate variability in healthy cats over a 24 h period: A pilot study. Vet Rec Open 2022; 9:e28. [PMID: 35154785 PMCID: PMC8827492 DOI: 10.1002/vro2.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivabradine is used to treat tachycardia; unlike atenolol, it does not affect blood pressure or myocardial contractility. This study compared the impact of ivabradine and atenolol on heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV) during a 24 h period, feeding and sleeping times, via a Holter electrocardiogram in healthy cats. We hypothesised that ivabradine and atenolol would lower the HRs equally well, even at times of excitement and rest, such as during feeding and sleep; that ivabradine, unlike atenolol, would have an effect on HRV. METHODS Five clinically healthy cats were used in the prospective blinded crossover study receiving 3 days of ivabradine (0.30 mg/kg per os twice daily) followed by atenolol (6.25 mg/cat per os twice daily, range 1.3-2.0 mg/kg) or receiving atenolol followed by ivabradine. A placebo period was initiated before the start of the crossover test, data obtained during that period were used as a baseline (BL). Evaluation parameters included HR and HRV, for the whole 24 h period and for feeding and sleeping times, comparing the effect of ivabradine and atenolol with BL. RESULTS The HR for the whole 24 h, feeding and sleeping times, were significantly lower with ivabradine and atenolol, compared to BL (p < 0.05). The HRV for the whole 24 h and sleeping time were significantly higher after ivabradine compared with BL and after atenolol. CONCLUSIONS In healthy cats, ivabradine and atenolol significantly reduced the HR regardless of excitement and rest; their effects were comparable. Ivabradine significantly increased HRV in comparison to BL whereas atenolol did not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Ogawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine IISchool of Veterinary MedicineNippon Veterinary and Life Science University1‐7‐1 Kyonan‐cho, Musashino‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Ayano Kawamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine IISchool of Veterinary MedicineNippon Veterinary and Life Science University1‐7‐1 Kyonan‐cho, Musashino‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Ryota Akabane
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine IISchool of Veterinary MedicineNippon Veterinary and Life Science University1‐7‐1 Kyonan‐cho, Musashino‐shiTokyoJapan
| | | | - Hirosumi Miyakawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine IISchool of Veterinary MedicineNippon Veterinary and Life Science University1‐7‐1 Kyonan‐cho, Musashino‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Huai‐Hsun Hsu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine IISchool of Veterinary MedicineNippon Veterinary and Life Science University1‐7‐1 Kyonan‐cho, Musashino‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Yuichi Miyagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine IISchool of Veterinary MedicineNippon Veterinary and Life Science University1‐7‐1 Kyonan‐cho, Musashino‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Naoyuki Takemura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine IISchool of Veterinary MedicineNippon Veterinary and Life Science University1‐7‐1 Kyonan‐cho, Musashino‐shiTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Grigg EK, Ueda Y, Walker AL, Hart LA, Simas S, Stern JA. Comparative Assessment of Heart Rate Variability Obtained via Ambulatory ECG and Polar Heart Rate Monitors in Healthy Cats: A Pilot Study. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:741583. [PMID: 34820436 PMCID: PMC8606523 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.741583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to stressful environments can negatively impact cats' health and welfare, affecting behavioral, autonomic, endocrine, and immune function, as with cats in shelters. Low-stress handling practices likely improve shelter cat welfare, but data supporting improved outcomes remain limited. Cardiac activity, particularly heart rate variability (HRV), is an indicator of stress and emotional state in humans and non-human animals, tracking important body functions associated with stress responsiveness, environmental adaptability, mental, and physical health. HRV studies in cats are limited, involving mainly anesthetized or restrained cats. This pilot study tested the feasibility of obtaining HRV data from unrestrained cats, using a commercially available cardiac monitoring system (Polar H10 with chest strap), compared with data from a traditional ambulatory electrocardiogram. Simultaneous data for the two systems were obtained for five adult cats. Overall, the Polar H10 monitor assessments of HRV were lower than the true HRV assessment by ambulatory ECG, except for SDNN. Correlation between the two systems was weak. Possible reasons for the lack of agreement between the two methods are discussed. At this time, our results do not support the use of Polar H10 heart rate monitors for studies of HRV in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Grigg
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yu Ueda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ashley L Walker
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lynette A Hart
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Samany Simas
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nagasawa T, Ohta M, Uchiyama H. The Urinary Hormonal State of Cats Associated With Social Interaction With Humans. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:680843. [PMID: 34381833 PMCID: PMC8350111 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.680843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Research to assess the relationship between cats and humans is in a nascent stage. Some studies have assessed the stress status in cats using physiological indicators, such as the cortisol hormone, but have not focused on the social interaction with humans. Moreover, the role of oxytocin secretion in the relationship between cats and humans remains unclear. In this study, we determined the possibility of quantifying the urinary concentration of oxytocin in cats and assessed the effects of social contact with humans on the levels of urinary oxytocin and cortisol metabolite. Four cats were subjected to two conditions, namely, social (control), and non-social (no social contact with humans) conditions. The levels of cortisol and oxytocin metabolite in urine samples from the cats in both conditions were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The urinary concentrations of cortisol and oxytocin under the non-social condition were significantly higher than those under the social condition. In addition, the concentration of oxytocin significantly correlated with that of cortisol in cats under the non-social condition. In this study, it was possible to quantify the concentration of oxytocin in the urine of cats, and the obtained results suggest that cats recognize the social interaction with humans as important. This information might contribute to the establishment of an assessment method for the welfare of cats and might help in clarifying the relationship between cats and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Nagasawa
- Department of Human and Animal-Plant Relationships, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Ohta
- Department of Human and Animal-Plant Relationships, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Japan.,Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Uchiyama
- Department of Human and Animal-Plant Relationships, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Japan.,Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kitajima K, Oishi K, Miwa M, Anzai H, Setoguchi A, Yasunaka Y, Himeno Y, Kumagai H, Hirooka H. Effects of Heat Stress on Heart Rate Variability in Free-Moving Sheep and Goats Assessed With Correction for Physical Activity. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:658763. [PMID: 34141733 PMCID: PMC8203806 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.658763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is the heart beat-to-beat variation under control of the cardiovascular function of animals. Under stressed conditions, cardiac activity is generally regulated with an upregulated sympathetic tone and withdrawal of vagal tone; thus, HRV monitoring can be a non-invasive technique to assess stress level in animals especially related to animal welfare. Among several stress-induced factors, heat stress is one of the most serious causes of physiological damage to animals. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of heat stress on HRV in small ruminants under free-moving conditions. In three experimental periods (June, August, and October), inter-beat intervals in sheep and goats (three for each) in two consecutive days were measured. HRV parameters were calculated from the inter-beat interval data by three types of analyses: time domain, frequency domain, and non-linear analyses. The temperature–humidity index (THI) was used as an indicator of heat stress, and vectorial dynamic body acceleration (VeDBA) was calculated to quantify the physical activity of the animals tested. First, we investigated correlations of THI and VeDBA with HRV parameters; subsequently, THI was divided into five categories according to the values obtained (≤ 65, 65–70, 70–75, 75–80, and >80), and the effects of the THI categories on HRV parameters were investigated with and without correcting for the effects of physical activity based on the VeDBA. The results indicated that HRV significantly decreased with increasing THI and VeDBA. For non-linear HRV parameters that were corrected for the effects of physical activity, it was suggested that there would be a threshold of THI around 80 that strongly affected HRV; high heat stress can affect the autonomic balance of animals non-linearly by inducing the sympathetic nervous system. In conclusion, to assess psychophysiological conditions of unrestrained animals by HRV analysis, the confounding effect of physical activity on HRV should be minimized for a more precise interpretation of the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Kitajima
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazato Oishi
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Miwa
- Division of Grassland Farming, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Anzai
- Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Akira Setoguchi
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yudai Yasunaka
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukiko Himeno
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hajime Kumagai
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hirooka
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ueda Y, Slabaugh TL, Walker AL, Ontiveros ES, Sosa PM, Reader R, Roberts JA, Stern JA. Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability of Rhesus Macaques ( Macaca mulatta) Affected by Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:1. [PMID: 30723724 PMCID: PMC6349711 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is frequently associated with sudden cardiac death, presumably due to the development of malignant arrhythmias. The risk of sudden cardiac death due to HCM has been reported to be predicted by assessing electrocardiographic (ECG) changes including frequencies and complexities of arrhythmias as well as heart rate variability (HRV) as an assessment of autonomic balance. Sudden cardiac death in association with naturally-occurring left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) has been reported in a colony of rhesus macaques and is under investigation as a potential non-human primate model of human HCM. In the present study, 10 rhesus macaques with LVH and 10 without the signs of LVH confirmed by an echocardiographic examination were recruited for assessing ECG and HRV parameters. ECG morphology on 10-s, 6-lead ECG analysis, and the frequency and complexity of arrhythmias as well as HRV on 20-h ambulatory ECG Holter analyses were assessed. On the standard 10-s 6-lead ECG analysis, P wave and QRS complex duration as well as the QRS complex amplitude were significantly increased in the LVH-affected rhesus macaques compared to control rhesus macaques. Analysis of 20-h Holter monitoring revealed no statistically significant differences in the frequency or the complexity of arrhythmias between the LVH and the control groups. Several HRV parameters were smaller in the LVH group than the control group throughout the majority of Holter recordings showing periods of reduced variability, however, no statistically significant differences were achieved across groups and/or time points. These findings indicate that ECG analysis and Holter monitoring of rhesus macaques are feasible and that ECG morphological changes in association with LVH could be used as a possible component of an antemortem screening tool. The rhesus macaques of this study did not reveal clear indications of risk for sudden cardiac death. Further studies are necessary to determine the etiology of sudden cardiac death due in LVH affected rhesus macaques and identify if any parameters of arrhythmia assessment or HRV can be used to predict the development of sudden cardiac death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ueda
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Taylor L Slabaugh
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ashley L Walker
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Eric S Ontiveros
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Paul-Michael Sosa
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Rachel Reader
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Roberts
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khor KH, Moore TA, Shiels IA, Greer RM, Arumugam TV, Mills PC. A Potential Link between the C5a Receptor 1 and the β1-Adrenoreceptor in the Mouse Heart. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146022. [PMID: 26727203 PMCID: PMC4699762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Inflammation may contribute to the pathogenesis of specific cardiovascular diseases, but it is uncertain if mediators released during the inflammatory process will affect the continued efficacy of drugs used to treat clinical signs of the cardiac disease. We investigated the role of the complement 5a receptor 1 (C5aR1/CD88) in the cardiac response to inflammation or atenolol, and the effect of C5aR1 deletion in control of baseline heart rate in an anesthetized mouse model. Methods An initial study showed that PMX53, an antagonist of C5aR1 in normal C57BL6/J (wild type, WT) mice reduced heart rate (HR) and appeared to have a protective effect on the heart following induced sepsis. C5aR1 knockout (CD88-/-) mice had a lower HR than wild type mice, even during sham surgery. A model to assess heart rate variability (HRV) in anesthetized mice was developed to assess the effects of inhibiting the β1-adrenoreceptor (β1-AR) in a randomized crossover study design. Results HR and LF Norm were constitutively lower and SDNN and HF Norm constitutively higher in the CD88-/- compared with WT mice (P< 0.001 for all outcomes). Administration of atenolol (2.5 mg/kg) reduced the HR and increased HRV (P< 0.05, respectively) in the wild type but not in the CD88-/- mice. There was no shift of the sympathovagal balance post-atenolol in either strains of mice (P> 0.05), except for the reduced LF/HF (Lower frequency/High frequency) ratio (P< 0.05) at 60 min post-atenolol, suggesting increased parasympathetic tone of the heart due to the effect of atenolol administration. The HR of the WT mice were lower post atenolol compared to the CD88-/- mice (P = 0.001) but the HRV of CD88-/- mice were significantly increased (P< 0.05), compared with WT mice. Conclusion Knockout of the C5aR1 attenuated the effect of β1-AR in the heart, suggesting an association between the β1-AR and C5aR1, although further investigation is required to determine if this is a direct or causal association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Hua Khor
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tyson A. Moore
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian A. Shiels
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ristan M. Greer
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thiruma V. Arumugam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul C. Mills
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|