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Mongkonwattanaporn T, Lertwatcharasarakul P, Rukkwamsuk T. Development of in-house ELISA based on recombinant gag proteins of small ruminant lentiviruses isolated from goats in Thailand. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3636. [PMID: 38351130 PMCID: PMC10864301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), are grouped in Retroviridae family, remain a significant loss in the small ruminant husbandry. As a result of unavailability of vaccine and effective treatment, the diagnosis plays a crucial role for the control of SRLV infection. However, the major challenge of diagnosis of SRLV infection is the genetic and antigenic variability of the viruses that can lead to a failure in serological detection. This study investigated the circulating strains of the viruses in goats in Thailand and an in-house ELISA was developed. The coding sequences for gag protein were optimized, synthesized, and expressed in Escherichia coli for increasing the sensitivity of ELISA test. A total of 365 serum samples were examined against the recombinant protein in an in-house ELISA. The results showed that the recombinant gag achieves 96.67% sensitivity and 93.18% specificity as compared with the commercially available ELISA test kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatchapon Mongkonwattanaporn
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Malaiman Road, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Preeda Lertwatcharasarakul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Malaiman Road, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Theera Rukkwamsuk
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Malaiman Road, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand.
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Olech M. The genetic variability of small-ruminant lentiviruses and its impact on tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control programmes. J Vet Res 2023; 67:479-502. [PMID: 38130459 PMCID: PMC10730557 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus are two closely related lentiviruses which cause multisystemic, progressive and persistent infection in goats and sheep. Because these viruses frequently cross the species barrier, they are considered to be one genetic group called small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV). They have in vivo tropism mainly for monocytes and macrophages and organ tropism with unknown mechanisms. Typical clinical signs are pneumonia in sheep, arthritis in goats, and mastitis in both species. Infection with SRLV cannot currently be treated or prevented, and control programmes are the only approaches to avoiding its spread. These programmes rely mainly on annual serological testing and elimination of positive animals. However, the high genetic and antigenic variability of SRLV complicate their early and definitive diagnosis. The objective of this review is to summarise the current knowledge of SRLV genetic variation and its implications for tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control and eradication programmes. Material and Methods Subject literature was selected from the PubMed and the Google Scholar databases. Results The high genetic diversity of SRLV affects the performance of diagnostic tools and therefore control programmes. For the early and definitive diagnosis of SRLV infection, a combination of serological and molecular tests is suggested. Testing by PCR can also be considered for sub-yearling animals. There are still significant gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology, immunology and biology of SRLV and their impact on animal production and welfare. Conclusion This information may aid selection of the most effective SRLV spread reduction measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Pan J, Zeng M, Zhao M, Huang L. Research Progress on the detection methods of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1097905. [PMID: 36970703 PMCID: PMC10033578 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1097905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes clinical syndromes typified as reproductive disorders in sows and respiratory diseases in piglets. PRRSV remains one of the most prevalent pathogens affecting the pig industry, because of its complex infection profile and highly heterogeneous genetic and recombination characteristics. Therefore, a rapid and effective PRRSV detection method is important for the prevention and control of PRRS. With extensive in-depth research on PRRSV detection methods, many detection methods have been improved and promoted. Laboratory methods include techniques based on virus isolation (VI), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFA), immunoperoxidase monolayer assays (IPMA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), digital PCR (dPCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), and other methods. This study reviews the latest research on improving the main PRRSV detection methods and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Pan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengyi Zeng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Mengmeng Zhao,
| | - Liangzong Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Liangzong Huang,
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Longitudinal Study on Seroreactivity of Goats Exposed to Colostrum and Milk of Small Ruminant Lentivirus-infected Dams. J Vet Res 2022; 66:511-521. [PMID: 36846043 PMCID: PMC9945002 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) causes caprine arthritis-encephalitis in goats and maedi-visna disease in sheep. Transmission is via ingestion of colostrum and milk from infected dams or long-term direct contact between animals. Lifelong seroconversion can occur several weeks after infection via ingestion. However, sub-yearling lambs that ingest contaminated colostrum may be able to clear the infection and become seronegative. Whether a similar phenomenon occurs in goats remains unknown. Therefore, the serological status of goats was studied longitudinally from the moment of natural exposure to colostrum and milk of SRLV-positive dams through the age of 24 months. Material and Methods Between February 2014 and March 2017 a dairy goat herd was studied which had been infected with SRLV for more than 20 years and carried maedi-visna virus-like genotype A subtype A17. Thirty-one kids born to dams seropositive for SRLV for at least a year beforehand were followed. They ingested colostrum immediately after birth and then remained with their dams for three weeks. The goats were tested serologically every month using two commercial ELISAs. The clinical condition of the goats was also regularly assessed. Results Out of 31 goats, 13 (42%) seroconverted at the age ranging from 3 to 22 months with a median of 5 months. Two goats seroconverted in the second year of life. The other eleven did so before the age of one year; two of these reverted to seronegative status. Only 9 out of 31 goats (29%) seroconverted in the first year of life and remained seropositive. They were early and stable seroreactors to which SRLV was transmitted lactogenically. The age at which they seroconverted ranged from 3 to 10 months with a median of 5 months. In 8 of the 18 persistently seronegative goats, a single isolated positive result occurred. No goats showed any clinical signs of arthritis. The level of maternal antibodies at the age of one week did not differ significantly between the stable seroreactors and the remainder. Conclusion Seroconversion appears to occur in less than 50% of goats exposed to heterologous SRLV genotype A via ingestion of colostrum and milk from infected dams and is delayed by 3-10 months. The natural lactogenic route of transmission of SRLV genotype A in goats appears to be less effective than this route of genotype B transmission reported in earlier studies.
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Kalogianni AI, Stavropoulos I, Chaintoutis SC, Bossis I, Gelasakis AI. Serological, Molecular and Culture-Based Diagnosis of Lentiviral Infections in Small Ruminants. Viruses 2021; 13:1711. [PMID: 34578292 PMCID: PMC8473411 DOI: 10.3390/v13091711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) infections lead to chronic diseases and remarkable economic losses undermining health and welfare of animals and the sustainability of farms. Early and definite diagnosis of SRLVs infections is the cornerstone for any control and eradication efforts; however, a "gold standard" test and/or diagnostic protocols with extensive applicability have yet to be developed. The main challenges preventing the development of a universally accepted diagnostic tool with sufficient sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy to be integrated in SRLVs control programs are the genetic variability of SRLVs associated with mutations, recombination, and cross-species transmission and the peculiarities of small ruminants' humoral immune response regarding late seroconversion, as well as intermittent and epitope-specific antibody production. The objectives of this review paper were to summarize the available serological and molecular assays for the diagnosis of SRLVs, to highlight their diagnostic performance emphasizing on advantages and drawbacks of their application, and to discuss current and future perspectives, challenges, limitations and impacts regarding the development of reliable and efficient tools for the diagnosis of SRLVs infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphrodite I. Kalogianni
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Stavropoulos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (Ι.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Serafeim C. Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Bossis
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (Ι.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
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Ramírez H, Echeverría I, Benito AA, Glaria I, Benavides J, Pérez V, de Andrés D, Reina R. Accurate Diagnosis of Small Ruminant Lentivirus Infection Is Needed for Selection of Resistant Sheep through TMEM154 E35K Genotyping. Pathogens 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause an incurable multiorganic disease widely spread in sheep and goats that disturbs animal welfare and production. In the absence of a vaccine, control measures have been traditionally based on early diagnosis and breeding with virus-inactivated colostrum with segregation of seropositive animals. However, antigenic heterogeneity, poor antibody production due to low viral load, and single strain design of most available ELISA, pose a threat to SRLV diagnosis. Genome-wide association studies have described TMEM154 E35K polymorphism as a good genetic marker for selection of resistant animals in some American and European breeds. In this study, a multitargeted serological and virological screening of more than 500 animals from four different breeds (latxa, raza Navarra, assaf, and churra) attending to SRLV infection status was performed. Then, animals were genotyped to characterize TMEM154 E35K polymorphism. ELISA procedures, individually considered, only identified a proportion of the seropositive animals, and PCR detected a fraction of seronegative animals, globally offering different animal classifications according to SRLV infection status. TMEM154 allele frequency differed substantially among breeds and a positive association between seroprevalence and TMEM154 genotype was found only in one breed. Selection based on TMEM154 may be suitable for specific ovine breeds or SRLV strains, however generalization to the whole SRLV genetic spectrum, ovine breeds, or epidemiological situation may need further validation.
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Ramírez H, Echeverría I, Benito AA, Glaria I, Benavides J, Pérez V, de Andrés D, Reina R. Accurate Diagnosis of Small Ruminant Lentivirus Infection Is Needed for Selection of Resistant Sheep through TMEM154 E35K Genotyping. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010083. [PMID: 33478070 PMCID: PMC7835874 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause an incurable multiorganic disease widely spread in sheep and goats that disturbs animal welfare and production. In the absence of a vaccine, control measures have been traditionally based on early diagnosis and breeding with virus-inactivated colostrum with segregation of seropositive animals. However, antigenic heterogeneity, poor antibody production due to low viral load, and single strain design of most available ELISA, pose a threat to SRLV diagnosis. Genome-wide association studies have described TMEM154 E35K polymorphism as a good genetic marker for selection of resistant animals in some American and European breeds. In this study, a multitargeted serological and virological screening of more than 500 animals from four different breeds (latxa, raza Navarra, assaf, and churra) attending to SRLV infection status was performed. Then, animals were genotyped to characterize TMEM154 E35K polymorphism. ELISA procedures, individually considered, only identified a proportion of the seropositive animals, and PCR detected a fraction of seronegative animals, globally offering different animal classifications according to SRLV infection status. TMEM154 allele frequency differed substantially among breeds and a positive association between seroprevalence and TMEM154 genotype was found only in one breed. Selection based on TMEM154 may be suitable for specific ovine breeds or SRLV strains, however generalization to the whole SRLV genetic spectrum, ovine breeds, or epidemiological situation may need further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Ramírez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlan, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México C.P. 54714, Mexico;
| | - Irache Echeverría
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IdAB), CSIC-Government of Navarra, 31192 Navarra, Spain; (I.E.); (I.G.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Alfredo A. Benito
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, EXOPOL SL, 50840 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Idoia Glaria
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IdAB), CSIC-Government of Navarra, 31192 Navarra, Spain; (I.E.); (I.G.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Julio Benavides
- Mountain Livestock Institute (IGM), CSIC-University of León, 24346 León, Spain;
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, University of León, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IdAB), CSIC-Government of Navarra, 31192 Navarra, Spain; (I.E.); (I.G.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IdAB), CSIC-Government of Navarra, 31192 Navarra, Spain; (I.E.); (I.G.); (D.d.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948-168022
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Acevedo Jiménez GE, Tórtora Pérez JL, Rodríguez Murillo C, Arellano Reynoso B, Ramírez Álvarez H. Serotyping versus genotyping in infected sheep and goats with small ruminant lentiviruses. Vet Microbiol 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Acevedo Jiménez GE, Tórtora Pérez JL, Rodríguez Murillo C, Arellano Reynoso B, Ramírez Álvarez H. Serotyping versus genotyping in infected sheep and goats with small ruminant lentiviruses. Vet Microbiol 2020; 252:108931. [PMID: 33271419 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite SRLV infection being endemic in Mexico, there is little information regarding which genotypes are present. We compared serotyping and PCR-sequencing results from sheep and goats infected with SRLV. We separated plasma and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from 1940 blood samples from sheep and goats from 12 states across Mexico. To detect SRLV infection, we tested plasma samples using two commercial ELISA kits (VMRD and Eradikit SRLV Screening). Then, we serotyped the infecting virus (A/ B) using Eradikit SRLV Genotyping. PBL DNA was used to detect the proviral genome via PCR. Positive amplicons were sequenced to identify viral genotypes using a phylogenetic analysis. Also, we analysed for residues differences in the sequences of a capsid epitope between genotypes. The serological results indicated a higher detection of seropositive animals using the VMRD ELISA compared to Eradikit, with 21 % and 15.3 % more in sheep and goats respectively. Only 25.7 % of the ELISA serotyping results matched those from PCR-sequencing. PCR-sequencing was able to identify genotype A, B and coinfections in animals classified as indeterminate by the ELISA test. This lack of sensitivity may be related to the lack of epitopes from the matrix and transmembrane peptides used by ELISA screening. Sequences analysis revealed that SRLVs found in sheep cluster with genetic subtypes A2 and B1, while those in goats cluster with subtypes A1 and B1. Serotyping did not prove to be an adequate method for predicting the viral genotype (A and / or B) in infections caused by SRLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Eduardo Acevedo Jiménez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 2.5 ctra. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, C.P. 54714, Mexico
| | - Jorge Luis Tórtora Pérez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 2.5 ctra. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, C.P. 54714, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Rodríguez Murillo
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 2.5 ctra. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, C.P. 54714, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Arellano Reynoso
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Hugo Ramírez Álvarez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 2.5 ctra. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, C.P. 54714, Mexico.
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Echeverría I, De Miguel R, De Pablo-Maiso L, Glaria I, Benito AA, De Blas I, De Andrés D, Luján L, Reina R. Multi-Platform Detection of Small Ruminant Lentivirus Antibodies and Provirus as Biomarkers of Production Losses. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:182. [PMID: 32426375 PMCID: PMC7204384 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are endemic in most areas of Europe, causing a chronic infection and a multisystemic disease affecting the udder, carpal joints, lungs, and central nervous system. Due to the lack of treatments and protective vaccination strategies, infection control is focused on the identification of infected animals through serological or molecular techniques. However, antigenic and genetic heterogeneity of SRLVs represent a clear drawback for diagnosis. Infected animals may present lower animal production parameters such as birth weight or milk production and quality, depending on productive systems considered and, likely, to the diagnostic method applied. In this study, four sheep flocks dedicated to dairy or meat production were evaluated using three different ELISA and two PCR strategies to classify animal population according to SRLV infection status. Productive parameters were recorded along one whole lactation or reproductive period and compared between positive and negative animals. SRLV was present in 19% of the total population, being unequally distributed in the different flocks. Less than half of the infected animals were detected by a single diagnostic method, highlighting the importance of combining different diagnostic techniques. Statistical analysis employing animal classification using all the diagnostic methods associated lambing size, lamb weight at birth, and daily weight gain with SRLV infection status in meat flocks. Milk production, somatic cell count, fat, and protein content in the milk were associated with SRLV infection in dairy flocks, to a greater extent in the flock showing higher seroprevalence. A multi-platform SRLV diagnostic strategy was useful for ensuring correct animal classification, thus validating downstream studies investigating production traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irache Echeverría
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Government of Navarra, Mutilva, Spain
| | - Ricardo De Miguel
- Department of Animal Pathology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lorena De Pablo-Maiso
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Government of Navarra, Mutilva, Spain
| | - Idoia Glaria
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Government of Navarra, Mutilva, Spain
| | - Alfredo A Benito
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, EXOPOL SL, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio De Blas
- Department of Animal Pathology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Damián De Andrés
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Government of Navarra, Mutilva, Spain
| | - Lluís Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Government of Navarra, Mutilva, Spain
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Michiels R, Adjadj NR, De Regge N. Phylogenetic Analysis of Belgian Small Ruminant Lentiviruses Supports Cross Species Virus Transmission and Identifies New Subtype B5 Strains. Pathogens 2020; 9:E183. [PMID: 32138297 PMCID: PMC7157725 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are a group of highly divergent viruses responsible for global and fatal infections in sheep and goats. Since the current phylogenetic classification of these viruses was proposed in 2004, it nowadays consists out of 5 genotypes and 28 subtypes. In support of our national SRLV control program, we performed the genetic characterization of SRLV strains circulating in the Belgian sheep and goat population. Fourteen sheep and 9 goat strains were sequenced in the gag-pol and pol regions using the method described by Shah. Most SRLV strains from sheep and goats belonged to prototype A1 and B1 subtypes, respectively. We, however, also found indications for cross-species transmission of SRLV strains between sheep and goats and vice versa, and identified a new subtype designated as B5. An in-depth analysis of the current SRLV phylogeny revealed that many subtypes have been defined over the years based on limited sequence information. To keep phylogeny as a useful tool, we advocate to apply more rigorous sequencing standards to ensure the correct classification of current and new emerging strains. The genetic characterization of Belgian SRLV strains will help in the development of appropriate diagnostic tools to assist the national control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Michiels
- Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (N.R.A.); (N.D.R.)
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Genotyping Based on the LTR Region of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses from Naturally Infected Sheep and Goats from Mexico. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4279573. [PMID: 31214614 PMCID: PMC6535881 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4279573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) belong to the genus Lentivirus in the Retroviridae family. There are five genotypes (A, B, C, D, and E), where genotypes A and B have a global distribution and genotypes C, D, and E are limited to Europe. The presence of SRLV has been confirmed in Mexico, with genotype B detected in the central region of the country. We examined the presence of SRLVs and genotype prevalence in 1014 sheep and 1383 goats from 12 Mexican states. Using a commercial competitive ELISA (cELISA) test, we detected SRLV antibodies in 107 sheep (10.55%) and 466 goats (33.69%). We used an endpoint PCR to amplify the LTR region on seropositive animals. A total of 50 sheep and 75 goats tested positive via PCR. Positive amplicons from 11 sheep and 17 goats from ten Mexican States were cloned and sequenced. With the LTR sequence data obtained in this study, a phylogenetic analysis was performed; we also constructed a phylogenetic tree using the obtained sequences and GenBank's available sequences. All studied sequences were associated with genotype B, specifically with the FESC-752 isolate previously identified in Mexico. Highly conserved transcription factor binding sites were observed in analyzed alignments, such as AML (vis), AP-4, and TATA box. However, we identified nucleotide differences at site AP-1 that suggest function loss. Our study found that ovine and caprine genotype B SRLVs are widely distributed in Mexico; a highly conserved LTR region among the sequences evaluated in this study was also found.
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Mendiola WPS, Tórtora JL, Martínez HA, García MM, Cuevas-Romero S, Cerriteño JL, Ramírez H. Genotyping Based on the LTR Region of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses from Naturally Infected Sheep and Goats from Mexico. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4279573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) belong to the genusLentivirusin the Retroviridae family. There are five genotypes (A, B, C, D, and E), where genotypes A and B have a global distribution and genotypes C, D, and E are limited to Europe. The presence of SRLV has been confirmed in Mexico, with genotype B detected in the central region of the country. We examined the presence of SRLVs and genotype prevalence in 1014 sheep and 1383 goats from 12 Mexican states. Using a commercial competitive ELISA (cELISA) test, we detected SRLV antibodies in 107 sheep (10.55%) and 466 goats (33.69%). We used an endpoint PCR to amplify the LTR region on seropositive animals. A total of 50 sheep and 75 goats tested positive via PCR. Positive amplicons from 11 sheep and 17 goats from ten Mexican States were cloned and sequenced. With the LTR sequence data obtained in this study, a phylogenetic analysis was performed; we also constructed a phylogenetic tree using the obtained sequences and GenBank’s available sequences. All studied sequences were associated with genotype B, specifically with the FESC-752 isolate previously identified in Mexico. Highly conserved transcription factor binding sites were observed in analyzed alignments, such as AML (vis), AP-4, and TATA box. However, we identified nucleotide differences at site AP-1 that suggest function loss. Our study found that ovine and caprine genotype B SRLVs are widely distributed in Mexico; a highly conserved LTR region among the sequences evaluated in this study was also found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfang P. S. Mendiola
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlan, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli, MEX, C.P. 54714, Mexico
| | - Jorge L. Tórtora
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlan, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli, MEX, C.P. 54714, Mexico
| | - Humberto A. Martínez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlan, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli, MEX, C.P. 54714, Mexico
| | - María M. García
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Medical Research in Immunology Unit, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center XXI Century, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico
| | - Sandra Cuevas-Romero
- National Research Center of Animal Microbiology Disciplines, National Research Institute of Forestry and Agriculture, INIFAP, C.P. 05110, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José L. Cerriteño
- National Research Center of Animal Microbiology Disciplines, National Research Institute of Forestry and Agriculture, INIFAP, C.P. 05110, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hugo Ramírez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlan, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli, MEX, C.P. 54714, Mexico
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Czopowicz M, Szaluś-Jordanow O, Mickiewicz M, Moroz A, Witkowski L, Markowska-Daniel I, Bagnicka E, Kaba J. Influence of true within-herd prevalence of small ruminant lentivirus infection in goats on agreement between serological immunoenzymatic tests. Prev Vet Med 2017; 144:75-80. [PMID: 28716207 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate influence of the true within-herd prevalence of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection on agreement beyond chance between three different types of commercial serological ELISAs. Blood samples were collected from 865 goats from 12 dairy goat herds. Serum samples were tested using three commercial ELISA kits: whole-virus indirect ELISA (wELISA), indirect ELISA based on recombined TM and CA antigens (TM/CA-ELISA), and competitive-inhibition ELISA based on SU antigen (SU-ELISA). Herds were classed into three prevalence strata of high (>50%), moderate (10-50%) and low (<10%) true within-herd prevalence of SRLV infection. The latter was estimated on the basis of results of wELISA adjusted by its sensitivity and specificity. Agreement beyond chance between the three ELISAs was assessed at two levels. First, the general agreement was determined using two coefficients corrected for chance-agreement: Cohen's kappa and Gwet's AC1. Then, agreement between tests was evaluated using Gwet's AC1 separately in the three prevalence strata and compared between them by computing 95% confidence intervals for differences with a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. The general agreement between the three tests was very good: wELISA and TM/CA-ELISA - Cohen's kappa of 81.8% (CI 95%: 77.9% to 85.7%), Gwet's AC1 of 82.7% (CI 95%: 79.0% to 86.4%); wELISA and SU-ELISA - Cohen's kappa of 83.2% (CI 95%: 79.4% to 86.9%), Gwet's AC1 of 83.9% (CI 95%: 80.4% to 87.5%); TM/CA-ELISA and SU-ELISA - Cohen's kappa of 86.0% (CI 95%: 82.6% to 89.5%), Gwet's AC1 of 86.9% (CI 95%: 83.6% to 90.1%). However, agreement between ELISAs was significantly related to the within-herd true prevalence - it was significantly lower (although still high) when within-herd true prevalence was moderate (Gwet's AC1 between 67.2% and 78.7%), whereas remained very high, when true within-herd prevalence was either >50% (Gwet's AC1 between 91.9% and 98.8%) or <10% (Gwet's AC1 between 94.7% and 98.4%). Concluding, the three different commercial ELISAs for SRLV infection in goats available on the market yield highly consistent results. However, their agreement is affected by the true within-herd prevalence in a tested population, and the worse (although still high) agreement should be expected, when the percentage of infected goats is moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Czopowicz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Olga Szaluś-Jordanow
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Mickiewicz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Moroz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lucjan Witkowski
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Markowska-Daniel
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Bagnicka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Pinczowski P, Sanjosé L, Gimeno M, Crespo H, Glaria I, Amorena B, de Andrés D, Pérez M, Reina R, Luján L. Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Sheep: Pathology and Tropism of 2 Strains Using the Bone Marrow Route. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:413-424. [PMID: 28113037 DOI: 10.1177/0300985816688742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to comparatively study the tissue tropism and the associated pathology of 2 autochthonous small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) field strains using an experimental infection in sheep through the bone marrow. Fifteen male, SRLV-free lambs of the Rasa Aragonesa breed were inoculated with strain 697 (nervous tissue origin, animals A1-A6), with strain 496 (articular origin, animals B1-B6), or with uninfected culture medium (C1-C3). Clinical, serologic, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) evaluations were performed periodically. Two lambs from each infected group and a control animal were euthanized at 134, 273, and 319 days postinfection. Tissues were analyzed by gross and histopathologic evaluation; immunohistochemistry for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD68, and FoxP3 cell markers; lung morphometric evaluation; and tissue proviral quantification by PCR. All infected animals became positive either by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and/or PCR, with group B lambs showing the highest serologic values and more consistently positive PCR reactions. Group A lambs showed representative lung lesions but only mild histopathologic changes in the central nervous system (CNS) or in carpal joints. Contrarily, group B lambs demonstrated intense carpal arthritis and interstitial pneumonia but an absence of lesions in the CNS. Proviral copies in tissues were detected only in group B lambs. Experimental infection with these SRLV strains indicates that strain 496 is more virulent than strain 697 and more prone to induce arthritis, whereas strain 697 is more likely to reproduce encephalitis in Rasa Aragonesa lambs. Host factors as well as viral factors are responsible for the final clinicopathologic picture during SRLV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pinczowski
- 1 Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - L Sanjosé
- 2 Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - M Gimeno
- 1 Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - H Crespo
- 2 Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - I Glaria
- 2 Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - B Amorena
- 2 Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - D de Andrés
- 2 Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - M Pérez
- 3 Department of Animal Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - R Reina
- 2 Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - L Luján
- 1 Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain
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17
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Sanjosé L, Crespo H, Blatti-Cardinaux L, Glaria I, Martínez-Carrasco C, Berriatua E, Amorena B, De Andrés D, Bertoni G, Reina R. Post-entry blockade of small ruminant lentiviruses by wild ruminants. Vet Res 2016; 47:1. [PMID: 26738942 PMCID: PMC4702310 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection causes losses in the small ruminant industry due to reduced animal production and increased replacement rates. Infection of wild ruminants in close contact with infected domestic animals has been proposed to play a role in SRLV epidemiology, but studies are limited and mostly involve hybrids between wild and domestic animals. In this study, SRLV seropositive red deer, roe deer and mouflon were detected through modified ELISA tests, but virus was not successfully amplified using a set of different PCRs. Apparent restriction of SRLV infection in cervids was not related to the presence of neutralizing antibodies. In vitro cultured skin fibroblastic cells from red deer and fallow deer were permissive to the SRLV entry and integration, but produced low quantities of virus. SRLV got rapidly adapted in vitro to blood-derived macrophages and skin fibroblastic cells from red deer but not from fallow deer. Thus, although direct detection of virus was not successfully achieved in vivo, these findings show the potential susceptibility of wild ruminants to SRLV infection in the case of red deer and, on the other hand, an in vivo SRLV restriction in fallow deer. Altogether these results may highlight the importance of surveilling and controlling SRLV infection in domestic as well as in wild ruminants sharing pasture areas, and may provide new natural tools to control SRLV spread in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Sanjosé
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | - Helena Crespo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | | | - Idoia Glaria
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | - Carlos Martínez-Carrasco
- Animal Health Department, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Berriatua
- Animal Health Department, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Amorena
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | - Damián De Andrés
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | | | - Ramses Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
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