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De Falco F, Perillo A, Del Piero F, Del Prete C, Zizzo N, Marcus I, Roperto S. ERAS Is Constitutively Expressed in the Tissues of Adult Horses and May Be a Key Player in Basal Autophagy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:818294. [PMID: 35685342 PMCID: PMC9171053 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.818294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ERas is a new gene of the Ras family found in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells. Its human ortholog is not expressed in human ES cells. So far ERas gene has only been found to be expressed in the tissues of adult cynomolgus monkeys and cattle; however, information about ERAS expression or its potential functions in equine tissues is lacking. This study was performed to investigate whether Eras is an equine functional gene and whether ERAS is expressed in the tissues of adult horses and determine its potential physiological role. Expression of the ERas gene was detected in all examined adult tissues, and the RT-PCR assay revealed ERAS transcripts. Protein expression was also detected by Western blot analysis. Quantitative real time RT-qPCR analysis revealed that different expression levels of ERAS transcripts were most highly expressed in the testis. Immunohistochemically, ERAS was found to be localized prevalently in the plasmatic membrane as well as cytoplasm of the cells. ERAS was a physical partner of activated PDGFβR leading to the AKT signaling. ERAS was found to interact with a network of proteins (BAG3, CHIP, Hsc70/Hsp70, HspB8, Synpo2, and p62) known to play a role in the chaperone-assisted selective autophagy (CASA), which is also known as BAG3-mediated selective macroautophagy, an adaptive mechanism to maintain cellular homeostasis. Furthermore, ERAS was found to interact with parkin. PINK1, BNIP3, laforin. All these proteins are known to play a role in parkin-dependent and -independent mitophagy. This is the first study demonstrating that Eras is a functional gene, and that ERAS is constitutively expressed in the tissues of adult horses. ERAS appears to play a physiological role in cellular proteostasis maintenance, thus mitigating the proteotoxicity of accumulated misfolded proteins and contributing to protection against disease. Finally, it is conceivable that activation of AKT pathway by PDGFRs promotes actin reorganization, directed cell movements, stimulation of cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonella Perillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory-LADDL, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Chiara Del Prete
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Ioan Marcus
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
- *Correspondence: Sante Roperto ; orcid.org/0000-0001-6210-5519
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2
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Roperto S. Role of BAG3 in bovine Deltapapillomavirus-mediated autophagy. J Cell Biochem 2021; 123:59-64. [PMID: 34889472 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine Deltapapillomavirus genus (δPV), comprises four members that are highly pathogenic and are frequently associated with bladder tumors of adult cattle and water buffaloes. In particular, bovine δPV-2 and δPV-13 are commonly found in urinary bladder tumors in adult large ruminants reared fully or partially on hilly/mountain pasturelands rich in bracken fern (Pteridium spp.) as the urinary bladder of the herbivores is the specific target for bracken genotoxins such as ptaquiloside (PT). PT is a sesquiterpenoid responsible for alkylation of adenine of codon 61 of gene H-Ras, which results in Glutamine 61 substitution that is essential for guanosine triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis. Glutamine substitution at position 61 impairs the intrinsic GTPase activity. Therefore, active GTP-bound conformations (Ras-GTP) accumulate in cells, thereby causing abnormal cell proliferation and differentiation. The aim of the present study is to stress how bovine δPVs upregulate different forms of selective autophagy, of which BAG3 is a key player. BAG3 plays a central role in autophagy and acts as a multifunctional hub for an interaction network at the cytosolic and mitochondrial level. BAG3 is a functional partner of bovine δPV E5 oncoprotein and forms a complex with molecular chaperones Hsc70/Hsp70/Hsp8B and with cochaperone CHIP. BAG3 interacts with Synpo2. It is believed that this interaction has a crucial role for autophagosome (mitophagosome) formation. Furthermore, in urothelial cells infected by bovine δPVs, BAG3 interacts with parkin and some receptors such as BNIP3/FUNDC1, which suggests that BAG3 is involved in both parkin-dependent and -independent mitophagy that appear upregulate in bladder carcinogenesis of cattle induced by bovine δPVs. Surprisingly, BAG3 interacts also with ERAS, a protein encoded by the ERas gene, a novel member of the RAS family. Unlike in humans, the ERas gene is a functional gene in the cells of adult cattle, and it appears to play a role in bovine BAG3-mediated selective autophagy, including mitophagy observed in urothelial cells spontaneously infected with bovine papillomavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
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3
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Medeiros-Fonseca B, Abreu-Silva AL, Medeiros R, Oliveira PA, Gil da Costa RM. Pteridium spp. and Bovine Papillomavirus: Partners in Cancer. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:758720. [PMID: 34796228 PMCID: PMC8593235 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.758720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) are a cause for global concern due to their wide distribution and the wide range of benign and malignant diseases they are able to induce. Those lesions include cutaneous and upper digestive papillomas, multiple histological types of urinary bladder cancers—most often associated with BPV1 and BPV2—and squamous cell carcinomas of the upper digestive system, associated with BPV4. Clinical, epidemiological and experimental evidence shows that exposure to bracken fern (Pteridium spp.) and other related ferns plays an important role in allowing viral persistence and promoting the malignant transformation of early viral lesions. This carcinogenic potential has been attributed to bracken illudane glycoside compounds with immune suppressive and mutagenic properties, such as ptaquiloside. This review addresses the role of BPV in tumorigenesis and its interactions with bracken illudane glycosides. Current data indicates that inactivation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells by bracken fern illudanes plays a significant role in allowing viral persistence and lesion progression, while BPV drives unchecked cell proliferation and allows the accumulation of genetic damage caused by chemical mutagens. Despite limited progress in controlling bracken infestation in pasturelands, bracken toxins remain a threat to animal health. The number of recognized BPV types has steadily increased over the years and now reaches 24 genotypes with different pathogenic properties. It remains essential to widen the available knowledge concerning BPV and its synergistic interactions with bracken chemical carcinogens, in order to achieve satisfactory control of the livestock losses they induce worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Medeiros-Fonseca
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Lúcia Abreu-Silva
- Veterinary Sciences Department, State University of Maranhão (UEMA), São Luís, Brazil
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/Rede de Investigação em Saúde (RISE)@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal.,Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Biomedicine Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal.,Virology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui M Gil da Costa
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/Rede de Investigação em Saúde (RISE)@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal.,LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Post-graduate Programme in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Department of Morphology, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), UFMA University Hospital (HUUFMA), São Luís, Brazil
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Saied AA, Metwally AA, Mohamed HMA, Haridy MAM. The contribution of bovines to human health against viral infections. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:46999-47023. [PMID: 34272669 PMCID: PMC8284698 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last 40 years, novel viruses have evolved at a much faster pace than other pathogens. Viral diseases pose a significant threat to public health around the world. Bovines have a longstanding history of significant contributions to human nutrition, agricultural, industrial purposes, medical research, drug and vaccine development, and livelihood. The life cycle, genomic structures, viral proteins, and pathophysiology of bovine viruses studied in vitro paved the way for understanding the human counterparts. Calf model has been used for testing vaccines against RSV, papillomavirus vaccines and anti-HCV agents were principally developed after using the BPV and BVDV model, respectively. Some bovine viruses-based vaccines (BPIV-3 and bovine rotaviruses) were successfully developed, clinically tried, and commercially produced. Cows, immunized with HIV envelope glycoprotein, produced effective broadly neutralizing antibodies in their serum and colostrum against HIV. Here, we have summarized a few examples of human viral infections for which the use of bovines has contributed to the acquisition of new knowledge to improve human health against viral infections covering the convergence between some human and bovine viruses and using bovines as disease models. Additionally, the production of vaccines and drugs, bovine-based products were covered, and the precautions in dealing with bovines and bovine-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulRahman A Saied
- Department of Food Establishments Licensing (Aswan Branch), National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan, 81511, Egypt.
- Touristic Activities and Interior Offices Sector (Aswan Office), Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan, 81511, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa A Metwally
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, 81511, Egypt
| | - Hams M A Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Mohie A M Haridy
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
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Prohibitin 2 is Involved in Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy in Urothelial Cells of Cattle Infected with Bovine Papillomavirus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080621. [PMID: 32751272 PMCID: PMC7460215 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prohibitin 2 (PHB2), an inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) protein, has recently been identified as a novel receptor involved in parkin-mediated mitophagy. In the field of veterinary medicine, the role of PHB2 in parkin-mediated mitophagy was described, for the first time, in urothelial cells of cattle, naturally infected with bovine papillomavirus (BPV). The BPV2 and BPV13 E5 oncoprotein, responsible for abortive infections in urothelial cells, was detected by RT-PCR. Severe ultrastructural abnormalities of the inner mitochondrial membrane were detected using transmission electron microscopy. PHB2 formed a functional complex with PHB1. PHB2 was significantly overexpressed in mitochondrial fractions from urothelial mucosa samples taken from cattle harbouring BPV infection. PHB2 overexpression could be attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction, as its expression levels in the cytosolic, microsomal, and nuclear fractions were seen to be unmodified. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed the interaction between PHB2 and phosphorylated forms of both PINK1 and parkin. Furthermore, PHB2 interacted with LC3-II, a marker of autophagosomal membranes and autophagy receptors, such as p62 and optineurin. PHB2 was shown to interact with transcription factor EB (TFEB), which is activated following parkin-mediated mitophagy, and embryonic stem cell-expressed Ras (ERAS), a constitutive protein coded by ERas. Western blot analysis revealed a significant overexpression of unphosphorylated TFEB in mitochondrial and nuclear fractions from urothelial mucosa samples from cattle suffering from BPV infection. Finally, PHB2 interacted with ERAS, believed to be involved in mitophagosome maturation. Taken together, the molecular and ultrastructural findings of this study suggested that BPV infection is responsible for parkin-dependent mitophagy, in the pathway of which PHB2 plays a crucial role.
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Russo V, Roperto F, De Biase D, Cerino P, Urraro C, Munday JS, Roperto S. Bovine Papillomavirus Type 2 Infection Associated with Papillomatosis of the Amniotic Membrane in Water Buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis). Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040262. [PMID: 32260380 PMCID: PMC7238040 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple papillomatous nodules were observed scattered over the amniotic membrane in six water buffaloes that had recently aborted. Grossly, some of the nodules had multiple villous projections while others appeared as single prominent conical or cylindrical horns. Histology revealed folded hyperplastic and hyperkeratotic epithelium supported by a narrow fibro-vascular stalk. Using PCR, sequences of the bovine Deltapapillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) E5 gene were amplified from the amniotic papillomas. Furthermore, expression of the E5 gene was detected using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Western blotting revealed BPV-2 E5 oncoprotein as well as L1 protein, suggesting both abortive and productive infection. Additionally, a functional complex composed of BPV-2 E5 oncoprotein and the phosphorylated PDGFβR was detected, which is consistent with the activation of PDGFβR by the interaction with BPV-2 E5 oncoprotein. These results demonstrate that BPV-2 can infect the amnion of water buffaloes and suggest that this infection may cause proliferation of the epithelial cells of the amnion. While the precise pathogenesis in uncertain, it is possible that BPV-2 infection of stratified squamous epithelial cells within squamous metaplasia foci and/or amniotic plaques could lead to papilloma formation. Papillomavirus-associated amniotic papillomas have not previously been reported in any species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Russo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (V.R.); (D.D.B.); (C.U.)
| | - Franco Roperto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80136 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Davide De Biase
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (V.R.); (D.D.B.); (C.U.)
| | - Pellegrino Cerino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy;
| | - Chiara Urraro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (V.R.); (D.D.B.); (C.U.)
| | - John S. Munday
- Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (V.R.); (D.D.B.); (C.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-2536363
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De Falco F, Urraro C, Cutarelli A, Roperto S. Bovine papillomavirus E5 oncoprotein upregulates parkin-dependent mitophagy in urothelial cells of cattle with spontaneous papillomavirus infection: A mechanistic study. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 70:101463. [PMID: 32146261 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to provide mechanistic insights into mitophagy pathway associated with papillomavirus infection in urothelial cells of cattle. The elimination of mitochondria via autophagy, termed mitophagy, is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for mitochondrial quality control and homeostasis. PINK1/parkin-mediated mitophagy, a ubiquitin-dependent selective autophagy of dysfunctional mitochondria, has been described here, for the first time, in urothelial cells from 25 bladder cancers in cattle infected by bovine papillomavirus (BPV). The expression of BPV-2 and BPV-13 E5 oncoprotein was detected by RT-PCR. Abnormal mitochondria delimited by expanding phagophores, were peculiar ultrastructural features of neoplastic urothelial cells. High levels of mitochondrial phosphorylated PINK1/parkin were observed in neoplastic urothelial cells infected by BPVs. Phosphoparkin interacted with mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) and ubiquitin (Ub), which confirmed that Mfn2 is a parkin receptor at the mitochondrial level, where parkin interacted also with Ub. Furthermore, parkin established a complex that was comprised of optineurin, p62, LC3, laforin, and embryonic stem cell-expressed Ras (ERAS), that interacted with BPV E5 oncoprotein, and Bag3, which, in turn, regulated the formation of a complex composed of Hpc70/Hsp70, CHIP, an HSC70-interacting E3 ubiquitin ligase. It is conceivable that ERAS is involved in mitophagosome maturation via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Bag3, in association with Hsc70/Hsp70, may contribute to the transport and degradation of CHIP-ubiquitinated cargo as this complex recognises ubiquitinated cargos and transports them to aggresomes to be degraded. Furthermore, Bag3 may be involved in mitophagosome formation as it interacted with synaptopodin 2, which is known to play a role in mitophagosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Urraro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Cutarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
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Mitophagy mediated by BNIP3 and BNIP3L/NIX in urothelial cells of the urinary bladder of cattle harbouring bovine papillomavirus infection. Vet Microbiol 2019; 236:108396. [PMID: 31500722 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a powerful tool that host cells use to defend against viral infection. Mitophagy, the selective autophagic removal of dysfunctional mitochondria was upregulated in urothelial cancer cells harbouring bovine papillomavirus (BPV) infection, as detected by the expression of BPV E5 protein, the major oncoprotein of bovine Deltapapillomavirus genus. HIF-1α-induced mitophagy receptors, BNIP3 and BNIP3L/Nix, were found to be overexpressed in these cells. The BNIP3 and BNIP3L/Nix receptors were amplified, and amplicon sequencing showed homology between bovine BNPI3 and BNIP3L/Nix sequences deposited in GenBank (accession number: NM_001076366.1 and NM_001034614.2, respectively). The transcripts and protein levels of BNIP3 and BNIP3L/Nix were significantly overexpressed in hypoxic neoplastic cells relative to healthy, non-neoplastic cells. BNIP3 and BNIP3L/Nix interacted with the LC3 protein, a marker of autophagosome (mitophagosome) membrane, ERAS, a small GTPase, and p62, known to be a specific autophagy receptor protein, that plays a role in mitochondrial priming for mitophagy and subsequent elimination. ERAS also interacted with the BPV E5 oncoprotein at mitochondrial level. Furthermore, in anti-Bag3 mitochondrial immunoprecipitates, a complex composed of the Hsc70/Hsp70 chaperone, CHIP co-chaperone, Synpo2, ERAS, LC3, p62, BNPI3, and BNIP3L/Nix was also detected. Bag3 may play a role in mitophagosome formation together with the Synpo2 protein and may be involved in the degradation of Hsc70/Hsp70-bound CHIP-ubiquitinated cargo, in association with its chaperone. ERAS may be involved in mitophagosome maturation via the PI3K signalling pathway. Ultrastructural findings revealed the presence of mitochondria exhibiting severe fragmentation and loss of cristae, as well as numerous mitochondria-containing autophagosomes.
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Roperto S, Russo V, De Falco F, Taulescu M, Roperto F. Congenital papillomavirus infection in cattle: Evidence for transplacental transmission. Vet Microbiol 2019; 230:95-100. [PMID: 30827412 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Vertical transmission of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) infection was investigated on livers and kidneys of four foetuses from cows suffering from BPV-2-associated urothelial cancers of the urinary bladder. PCR analysis revealed the presence of BPV-2 E5 DNA in the livers and kidneys of two foetuses. Amplified DNA fragments, composed of 502 bp, showed a 100% homology with BPV-2 sequences (GenBank accession number: M20219.1). BPV-2 was found to be transcriptionally active. Indeed, reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR showed BPV-2 E5 transcripts. Sequencing of amplified cDNA, composed of 154 bp, showed a 100% identity with BPV-2 E5 sequences (GenBank accession number: M20219.1). Western blot analysis revealed the presence of dimers of E5 oncoprotein. Furthermore, a statistically significant increase of the phosphorylated (activated) form of the platelet-derived growth factor ß receptor (PDGFßR) was also detected in the fetal tissues. PDGFßR is believed to form the most important interaction with the E5 oncoprotein, thus regulating biological activity of virus protein. The strong concordance between virus found in fetal organs with virus detected in infected mothers provides evidence that BPV-2 can spread through blood and vertical infection occurs via transplacental transmission. Finally, molecular findings of this study raise unsolved questions about the potential role of BPVs in reproductive disorders. The presence of E5 oncoprotein, as in adult organs, may also activate the constitutive receptor PDGFßR in foetal organs, which plays a pivotal role in angiogenesis and embryonic development. Therefore, abnormal phosphorylation of PDGFßR may be involved in vascular and organogenesis abnormalities other than cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Valeria Russo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca De Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marian Taulescu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Franco Roperto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Roperto S, Russo V, Urraro C, Restucci B, Corrado F, De Falco F, Roperto F. ERas is constitutively expressed in full term placenta of pregnant cows. Theriogenology 2017; 103:162-168. [PMID: 28787666 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
ERas is a new gene recently found in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and localized on the X chromosome. It plays a role in mouse ES cell survival and is constitutively active without any mutations. It was also found to be responsible for the maintenance of quiescence of the hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), liver-resident mesenchymal stem cells, the activation of which results in liver fibrosis. This gene was not present in human ES cells. ERas was found to be activated in a significant population of human gastric cancer, where ERAS may play a crucial role in gastric cancer cell survival and metastases to liver via down-regulation of E-cadherin. ERas gene has been found to be expressed both in ES cells and adult tissues of cynomolgus monkey. Cynomolgus ERAS did not promote cell proliferation or induce tumor formation. ERAS was also detected in normal and neoplastic urothelium of the urinary bladder in cattle, where bovine ERAS formed a constitutive complex with platelet derived growth factor β receptor (PDGFβR) resulting in the activation of AKT signaling. Here, molecular and morphological findings of ERAS in the full term placenta of pregnant cows have been investigated for the first time. ERAS was studied by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Alignment of the sequence detects a 100% identity with all transcript variant bovine ERas mRNAs, present in the GenBank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Furthermore, ERAS was detected by Western blot and investigated by real time PCR that revealed an amount of ERAS more than ERAS found in normal bovine urothelium but less than ERAS present in the liver. Immunohistochemical examination revealed the presence of ERAS protein both at the level of plasma membrane and in cytoplasm of epithelial cells lining caruncular crypts and in trophoblasts of villi. An evident ERAS immunoreactivity was also seen throughout the chorionic and uterine gland epithelium. Although this is not a functional study and further investigations will be warranted, it is conceivable that ERAS may have pleiotropic effects in the placenta, some of which, like normal urothelial cells, might lead to activation of AKT pathway. We speculate that ERAS may play a key role in cellular processes such as cell differentiation and movement. Accordingly, we believe it may be an important factor involved in trophoblast invasiveness via AKT signaling pathway. Therefore, ERas gene is a functional gene which contributes to homeostasis of bovine placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Valeria Russo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Urraro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Brunella Restucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Federica Corrado
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Francesca De Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Franco Roperto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Araldi RP, Assaf SMR, Carvalho RFD, Carvalho MACRD, Souza JMD, Magnelli RF, Módolo DG, Roperto FP, Stocco RDC, Beçak W. Papillomaviruses: a systematic review. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:1-21. [PMID: 28212457 PMCID: PMC5409773 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, a group of viruses has received great attention due to its
relationship with cancer development and its wide distribution throughout the
vertebrates: the papillomaviruses. In this article, we aim to review some of the most
relevant reports concerning the use of bovines as an experimental model for studies
related to papillomaviruses. Moreover, the obtained data contributes to the
development of strategies against the clinical consequences of bovine
papillomaviruses (BPV) that have led to drastic hazards to the herds. To overcome the
problem, the vaccines that we have been developing involve recombinant DNA
technology, aiming at prophylactic and therapeutic procedures. It is important to
point out that these strategies can be used as models for innovative procedures
against HPV, as this virus is the main causal agent of cervical cancer, the second
most fatal cancer in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jacqueline Mazzuchelli de Souza
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Fiusa Magnelli
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Franco Peppino Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Campania, Italy
| | | | - Willy Beçak
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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