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Sarotti D, Franci P, Oricco S, Rabozzi R, Lardone E. Comparison of hemodynamic effects of propofol or alfaxalone during induction in dogs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1442670. [PMID: 39323870 PMCID: PMC11422344 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1442670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This randomized prospective clinical study aimed to compare the hemodynamic effects of propofol and alfaxalone for the induction of anesthesia in dogs. Thirty-one healthy dogs undergoing various procedures in a private referral center were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine (0.015 mg/kg) and methadone (0.15 mg/kg). They then received 5 mg/kg of propofol over 30 s for induction, followed by a maintenance dose of 25 mg/kg/h (Group P), or 2 mg/kg of alfaxalone over 30 s for induction, followed by a continuous rate infusion of 10 mg/kg/h (Group A). Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and the velocity time integral (VTI) of the aortic blood flow using transthoracic echocardiography were measured before anesthetic induction and every 15 s for 180 s. Dogs not adequately anaesthetized for intubation were excluded from the hemodynamic evaluation. Events of hypotension (any MAP value lower than 60 mmHg) were also recorded. Statistical analyses utilized ANOVA for repeated measures, two-way repeated measures ANOVA, paired t-tests, or Wilcoxon signed rank-test as appropriate. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Two dogs in Group P (2/14) and 3 in Group A (3/17) were excluded from the study because the anesthesia plane was too light to allow intubation. Treatment P resulted in a significant decrease in MAP between 45 and 75 s during the induction period, with no significant variation in HR, VTI, and VTI*HR. In treatment A, HR increases between 60 and 105 s, VTI decreases at 150-180 s. Analysis between groups did not show any difference in MAP (p = 0.12), HR (p = 0.10), VTI (p = 0.22) and VTI*HR (p = 0.74). During induction, hypotension was detected in 3/12 (25%) dogs in Group P and 1/14 (8%) in Group A. In healthy premedicated dogs, propofol and alfaxalone induction produce similar hemodynamic variations. Propofol induction results in a short-term reduction in MAP, whereas alfaxalone induction preserves MAP and cardiac output by significantly increasing heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Franci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | | | - Elena Lardone
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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Balıkçı C, Gülersoy E, Şahan A, Günal I. Efficacy of ultrasonographic caudal vena cava to aorta ratios for quantifying canine parvoviral enteritis rehydration. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:930-935. [PMID: 37363869 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying changes in intravascular fluid volume is important for treatment planning and follow-up assessment in dogs with dehydration. Recently, it has been reported that current standard methods used to estimate intravascular fluid volume in dogs are inadequate, invasive, or have complications such as thrombosis. The ultrasonographic ratio of dimensions for the caudal vena cava relative to the aorta (CVC/Ao) has been previously described as a promising, noninvasive method for quantifying changes in blood volume in dogs. This prospective observational study aimed to describe ultrasonographic CVC/Ao values before and after fluid replacement in a sample of dogs with varying degrees of dehydration due to naturally-occurring canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE), test correlations between this measure and clinical dehydration scores and determine the clinical efficacy of this measure for fluid therapy follow-up. The clinical dehydration score of 30 dogs naturally infected with canine parvovirus was determined at the first admission using standard clinical scoring methods, and then CVC/Ao was measured ultrasonographically. Following initial fluid therapy, the clinical dehydration scores and ultrasonographic CVC/Ao values were remeasured. On the basis of receiver operating characteristic analyses, ultrasonographic CVC/Ao was found to be a more sensitive and specific indicator than physical examination-based methods for estimating intravascular fluid alterations in dogs with dehydration due to parvovirus and rehydration following fluid therapy. Findings supported the use of this measure for treatment planning and follow-up in future dogs presenting with dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canberk Balıkçı
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
| | - Erdem Gülersoy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
| | - Adem Şahan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
| | - Ismail Günal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
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Barthélemy A, Combet-Curt J, Dupanloup A, Gillet B, Cambournac M, Bonnet-Garin JM, Goy-Thollot I, Pouzot-Nevoret C. Establishment of Reference Intervals for Caudal Vena Cava-to-Aorta Ratio Measured Ultrasonographically in Healthy Nonsedated Dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 2023; 56-57:100822. [PMID: 37802246 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2023.100822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The ultrasonographic assessment of the caudal vena cava-to-aorta ratio (CVC:Ao) appears to be a promising method for early recognition of alterations of intravascular volume status in veterinary medicine. The primary objective of this study was to establish the reference intervals of the CVC:Ao ratio with ultrasound in nonsedated healthy dogs. Secondary objectives were to determine the influence of the respiratory cycle and to evaluate correlations between ultrasonographic measurements, signalment and physical exam findings. Ultrasonographic measurements of Ao and CVC diameters were successfully obtained for all sixty dogs included. No evidence of a difference was observed between the measurements of Ao and CVC diameters, and CVC:Ao ratio between inspiration and expiration (P = .373, P = .318, and P = .537, respectively). The reference interval for CVC:Ao ratio (95% CI), generated from US measurements performed at any moment of the respiratory cycle was defined as 0.93 (0.91-0.95) -1.32 (1.30-1.34). The CVC:Ao ratio was significantly negatively correlated with age (r = -0.341, P = .008) and positively correlated with respiratory rate (r = 0.423, P < .001), but not with heart rate (P = .573) or arterial systolic blood pressure (P = .166). A low inter- and intraoperator variability in repeated measurements was observed for each operator and between operators. The ultrasonographic measurement of the CVC:Ao ratio appears as a simple method with low inter- and intraoperator variability using the ultrasonographic protocol described in the current study. With the reference interval established in the present study in healthy nonsedated dogs, further studies should evaluate the utility of this simple method in assessing and monitoring volume status in hypo- and hypervolemic dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Barthélemy
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Julie Combet-Curt
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Adrien Dupanloup
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Bérengère Gillet
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Maxime Cambournac
- Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Frégis, Arcueil, France
| | | | - Isabelle Goy-Thollot
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Céline Pouzot-Nevoret
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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Henze IS, Hilpert L, Kutter APN. Development and comparison of an esophageal Doppler monitoring-based treatment algorithm with a heart rate and blood pressure-based treatment algorithm for goal-directed fluid therapy in anesthetized dogs: A pilot study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1008240. [PMID: 36262533 PMCID: PMC9574010 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1008240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility of a study comparing the efficacy of an esophageal Doppler monitor (EDM)-based fluid therapy algorithm with a heart rate (HR)- and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)-based algorithm in reducing hypotension and fluid load in anesthetized dogs. Client-owned dogs undergoing general anesthesia for surgical procedures were randomized to two groups. An EDM probe for monitoring blood flow in the descending aorta was placed in each dog before receiving a crystalloid bolus (5 mL/kg) over 5 min. Fluids were repeated in case of fluid responsiveness defined by increasing Velocity Time Integral (VTI) ≥ 10% in group EDM and by decreasing HR ≥ 5 beats/min and/or increasing MAP ≥ 3 mmHg in group standard. The feasibility outcomes included the proportion of dogs completing the study and the clinical applicability of the algorithms. The clinical outcomes were the total administered fluid volume and the duration of hypotension defined as MAP < 60 mmHg. Data was compared between groups with Mann-Whitney U-test. p < 0.05 were deemed significant. Of 25 dogs screened, 14 completed the study (56%). There were no differences in the proportion of recorded time spent in hypotension in group standard [2 (0–39)% (median (range))] and EDM [0 (0–63) %, p = 1], or the total volume of fluids [standard 8 (5–14) mL/kg/h, EDM 11 (4–20) mL/kg/h, p = 0.3]. This study declined the feasibility of a study comparing the impact of two newly developed fluid therapy algorithms on hypotension and fluid load in their current form. Clinical outcome analyses were underpowered and no differences in treatment efficacy between the groups could be determined. The conclusions drawn from this pilot study provide important information for future study designs.
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Teixeira-Neto FJ, Valverde A. Clinical Application of the Fluid Challenge Approach in Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy: What Can We Learn From Human Studies? Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:701377. [PMID: 34414228 PMCID: PMC8368984 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.701377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resuscitative fluid therapy aims to increase stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) and restore/improve tissue oxygen delivery in patients with circulatory failure. In individualized goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT), fluids are titrated based on the assessment of responsiveness status (i.e., the ability of an individual to increase SV and CO in response to volume expansion). Fluid administration may increase venous return, SV and CO, but these effects may not be predictable in the clinical setting. The fluid challenge (FC) approach, which consists on the intravenous administration of small aliquots of fluids, over a relatively short period of time, to test if a patient has a preload reserve (i.e., the relative position on the Frank-Starling curve), has been used to guide fluid administration in critically ill humans. In responders to volume expansion (defined as individuals where SV or CO increases ≥10–15% from pre FC values), FC administration is repeated until the individual no longer presents a preload reserve (i.e., until increases in SV or CO are <10–15% from values preceding each FC) or until other signs of shock are resolved (e.g., hypotension). Even with the most recent technological developments, reliable and practical measurement of the response variable (SV or CO changes induced by a FC) has posed a challenge in GDFT. Among the methods used to evaluate fluid responsiveness in the human medical field, measurement of aortic flow velocity time integral by point-of-care echocardiography has been implemented as a surrogate of SV changes induced by a FC and seems a promising non-invasive tool to guide FC administration in animals with signs of circulatory failure. This narrative review discusses the development of GDFT based on the FC approach and the response variables used to assess fluid responsiveness status in humans and animals, aiming to open new perspectives on the application of this concept to the veterinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco José Teixeira-Neto
- Departmento de Cirurgia Veterinária e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Alexander Valverde
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Boysen SR, Gommeren K. Assessment of Volume Status and Fluid Responsiveness in Small Animals. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:630643. [PMID: 34124213 PMCID: PMC8193042 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.630643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous fluids are an essential component of shock management in human and veterinary emergency and critical care to increase cardiac output and improve tissue perfusion. Unfortunately, there are very few evidence-based guidelines to help direct fluid therapy in the clinical setting. Giving insufficient fluids and/or administering fluids too slowly to hypotensive patients with hypovolemia can contribute to continued hypoperfusion and increased morbidity and mortality. Similarly, giving excessive fluids to a volume unresponsive patient can contribute to volume overload and can equally increase morbidity and mortality. Therefore, assessing a patient's volume status and fluid responsiveness, and monitoring patient's response to fluid administration is critical in maintaining the balance between meeting a patient's fluid needs vs. contributing to complications of volume overload. This article will focus on the physiology behind fluid responsiveness and the methodologies used to estimate volume status and fluid responsiveness in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren R. Boysen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kris Gommeren
- Department of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Intraoperative Assessment of Fluid Responsiveness in Normotensive Dogs under Isoflurane Anaesthesia. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8020026. [PMID: 33670144 PMCID: PMC7916826 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of fluid responsiveness (FR) to a fluid challenge (FC) in normotensive dogs under anaesthesia. The accuracy of pulse pressure variation (PPV), systolic pressure variation (SPV), stroke volume variation (SVV), and plethysmographic variability index (PVI) for predicting FR was also evaluated. Dogs were anaesthetised with methadone, propofol, and inhaled isoflurane in oxygen, under volume-controlled mechanical ventilation. FC was performed by the administration of 5 mL/kg of Ringer's lactate within 5 min. Cardiac index (CI; L/min/m2), PPV, (%), SVV (%), SPV (%), and PVI (%) were registered before and after FC. Data were analysed with ANOVA and ROC tests (p < 0.05). Fluid responsiveness was defined as 15% increase in CI. Eighty dogs completed the study. Fifty (62.5%) were responders and 30 (37.5%) were nonresponders. The PPV, PVI, SPV, and SVV cut-off values (AUC, p) for discriminating responders from nonresponders were PPV >13.8% (0.979, <0.001), PVI >14% (0.956, <0.001), SPV >4.1% (0.793, <0.001), and SVV >14.7% (0.729, <0.001), respectively. Up to 62.5% of normotensive dogs under inhalant anaesthesia may be fluid responders. PPV and PVI have better diagnostic accuracy to predict FR, compared to SPV and SVV.
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de Oliveira GCV, Teixeira-Neto FJ, Dalmagro TL, Alfonso A, Celeita-Rodríguez N, Lobo CPC, Lourenço MLG. Use of aortic flow indexes derived from transthoracic echocardiography to evaluate response to a fluid challenge in anesthetized dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 48:187-197. [PMID: 33551352 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ability of transthoracic echocardiographic aortic flow measurements to discriminate response to a fluid challenge (FC) in healthy anesthetized dogs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS A total of 48 isoflurane-anesthetized dogs (14.2-35.0 kg) undergoing elective surgery. METHODS Fluid responsiveness was evaluated before surgery by FC (lactated Ringer's 10 mL kg-1 intravenously over 5 minutes). Percentage increases in transpulmonary thermodilution stroke volume (ΔSVTPTD) >15% from values recorded before FC defined responders to volume expansion. A group of 24 animals were assigned as nonresponders (ΔSVTPTD ≤15%). When ΔSVTPTD was >15% after the first FC, additional FC were administered until ΔSVTPTD was ≤15%. Final fluid responsiveness status was based on the response to the last FC. Percentage increases after FC in aortic flow indexes [velocity time integral (ΔVTIFC) and maximum acceleration (ΔVmaxFC)] and in mean arterial pressure (ΔMAPFC) were compared with ΔSVTPTD. RESULTS After one FC, 24 animals were responders. For nonresponders, ΔSVTPTD was ≤15% after one, two and three FCs in eight/24, 15/24 and one/24 animals, respectively. The FC that defined responsiveness increased ΔSVTPTD by 29 (18-53)% in responders and by 8 (-3 to 15)% in nonresponders [mean (range)]. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) of ΔVTIFC (0.901) was larger than the AUROCs of ΔVmaxFC (0.774, p = 0.041) and ΔMAPFC (0.519, p < 0.0001). ΔMAPFC did not predict responsiveness (p = 0.826). Best cut-off thresholds for discriminating responders, with respective zones of diagnostic uncertainty (gray zones) were >14.7 (10.8-17.6)% for ΔVTIFC and >8.6 (-0.3 to 14.7)% for ΔVmaxFC. Animals within the gray zone were 17% (ΔVTIFC) and 50% (ΔVmaxFC). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Changes in VTI induced by FC can determine responsiveness with reasonable accuracy in dogs and could play an important role in goal-directed fluid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo C V de Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco J Teixeira-Neto
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Department of Anesthesiology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Tábata L Dalmagro
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Angélica Alfonso
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Celeita-Rodríguez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - César P C Lobo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria L G Lourenço
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Donati PA, Guevara JM, Ardiles V, Guillemi EC, Londoño L, Dubin A. Caudal vena cava collapsibility index as a tool to predict fluid responsiveness in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2020; 30:677-686. [PMID: 33063922 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of the caudal vena cava collapsibility index (CVCCI) as a predictor of fluid responsiveness in hospitalized, critically ill dogs with hemodynamic or tissue perfusion abnormalities. DESIGN Retrospective observational study. SETTING Private referral center. ANIMALS Twenty-seven critically ill, spontaneously breathing dogs with compromised hemodynamics or tissue hypoperfusion. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The electronic medical records were searched for dogs admitted for any cause, from August 2016 to December 2017. We included dogs with ultrasound measurements of: CVCCI, performed at baseline; and velocity time integral (VTI) of the subaortic blood flow, carried out before and after a fluid load. CVCCI was estimated as: (maximum diameter-minimum diameter/maximum diameter) × 100. Dogs in which VTI increased ≥15% were considered fluid responders. The CVCCI accurately predicted fluid responsiveness with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.96 (95% CI, 0.88 to 1.00). The optimal cut-off of CVCCI that better discriminated between fluid responders and nonresponders was 27%, with 100.0% sensitivity and 83.3% specificity. At baseline, fluid responders had lower VTI (5.48 [4.26 to 7.40] vs 10.61 [7.38 to 13.23] cm, P = 0.004) than nonresponders. The basal maximum diameter of the caudal vena cava adjusted to body weight was not different between responders and nonresponders (0.050 [0.030 to 0.100] vs 0.079 [0.067 to 0.140] cm/kg, P = 0.339). The increase in VTI was related to basal CVCCI (R = 0.60, P = 0.001). Bland-Altman analysis showed narrow 95% limits of agreement between measurements of CVCCI and VTI performed by different observers or by the same observer. CONCLUSIONS The results of this small cohort study suggest that CVCCI can accurately predict fluid responsiveness in critically ill dogs with perfusion abnormalities. Further research is necessary to extrapolate these results to larger populations of hospitalized dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Donati
- Cooperative Veterinary Intensive Care Unit, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M Guevara
- Cooperative Veterinary Intensive Care Unit, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria Ardiles
- General Surgery Service, Surgery Department, Non-sponsored Research Area, Research Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Leonel Londoño
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Arnaldo Dubin
- Chair of Applied Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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Alves F, Miranda F, Rezende R, Souza I, Torres R, Rezende C, Nepomuceno A. Caudal vena cava collapsibility index in healthy cats by ultrasonography. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to calculate the collapsibility index (CI) in a group of 15 healthy adult mixed breed cats via right hepatic intercostal ultrasound view. The minimal and the maximal diameters of the caudal vena cava (CVC) were obtained during inspiration and expiration, respectively, then CI was calculated. The mean diameter of the CVC was 0.5cm. The mean CI was 28±3% and CI was not significantly associated with gender. As in human medicine, there is a growing need for less invasive monitoring in small animal practice. The CI enables the assessment of estimated volemia without the need for a central venous catheter. This is the first reported study investigating CI in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.S. Alves
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - R.Z. Rezende
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - I.P. Souza
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Rabozzi R, Oricco S, Meneghini C, Bucci M, Franci P. Evaluation of the caudal vena cava diameter to abdominal aortic diameter ratio and the caudal vena cava respiratory collapsibility for predicting fluid responsiveness in a heterogeneous population of hospitalized conscious dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:337-344. [PMID: 31932519 PMCID: PMC7118484 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid responsiveness, defined as the response of stroke volume to fluid loading, is a tool to individualize fluid administration in order to avoid the deleterious effects of hypovolemia or hypervolemia in hospitalized patients. To evaluate the accuracy of two ultrasound indices, the caudal vena cava to abdominal aorta ratio (CVC/Ao) and the respiratory collapsibility of the caudal vena cava (cCVC), as independent predictors of fluid responsiveness in a heterogeneous population of spontaneously breathing, conscious, hospitalized dogs. A prospective, multicenter, observational, cross-sectional study was designed in twenty-five dogs. The accuracy of CVC/Ao and cCVC in predicting fluid responsiveness was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) in a group of hospitalized dogs after receiving a mini-fluid bolus of 4 ml/kg of Hartmann's solution. Dogs with an increased aortic velocity time integral >15% were classified as fluid responders. Twenty-two dogs were finally included. Ten were classified as responders and 12 as non-responders. The AUROC curves were 0.88 for the CVC/Ao ratio (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.67-0.98; P=0.0001) and 0.54 for cCVC (95% CI 0.32-0.75; P=0.75). The CVC/Ao threshold optimized for best sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) values was 0.83 (SE 100%; SP 75%). In spontaneously breathing hospitalized dogs, the CVC/Ao measurement predicted stroke volume increase after a fluid bolus, while the respiratory variations in the cCVC did not discriminate between fluid responders and non-responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rabozzi
- CVRS-Policlinico Veterinario Roma Sud, 00173 Rome (RM), Italy
| | | | | | - Massimo Bucci
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Padua University, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Paolo Franci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Oricco S, Rabozzi R, Meneghini C, Franci P. Usefulness of focused cardiac ultrasonography for predicting fluid responsiveness in conscious, spontaneously breathing dogs. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:369-377. [PMID: 30919671 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.4.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of focused cardiac ultrasonography and selected echocardiographic variables for predicting fluid responsiveness in conscious, spontaneously breathing dogs with various clinical conditions. ANIMALS 26 dogs (15 males and 11 females) with a median age of 84 months (range, 12 to 360 months) and median body weight of 8 kg (range, 2 to 35 kg) referred for various clinical conditions. PROCEDURES Left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter normalized to body weight (LVIDDn), left ventricular volume score (LVVS), left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (EDVI), aortic velocity time integral (VTIAo), and aortic peak flow velocity (VmaxAo) were echocardiographically measured before and after IV administration of a bolus of lactated Ringer solution (4 mL/kg) over a 1-minute period. Dogs were classified on the basis of the observed change in aortic stroke volume following fluid administration as responders (≥ 15%) or nonresponders (< 15%) to fluid administration. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated for the ability of LVVS, LVIDDn, EDVI, VTIAo, and VmaxAo to predict responder status. RESULTS 13 dogs were classified as responders and 13 as nonresponders. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (95% confidence intervals) for predicting fluid responsiveness were as follows: VTIAo, 0.91 (0.74 to 0.99); LVIDDn, 0.85 (0.66 to 0.96); EDVI, 0.85 (0.65 to 0.96); LVVS, 0.85 (0.65 to 0.96); and VmaxAo, 0.75 (0.54 to 0.90). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The evaluated echocardiographic variables were useful for noninvasive prediction of fluid responsiveness in conscious dogs and could be valuable for informing clinical decisions regarding fluid therapy.
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Celeita-Rodríguez N, Teixeira-Neto FJ, Garofalo NA, Dalmagro TL, Girotto CH, Oliveira GCV, Santos IF. Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of dynamic and static preload indexes to predict fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated, isoflurane anesthetized dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46:276-288. [PMID: 30979542 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the diagnostic accuracy of pulse pressure variation (PPV), stroke volume variation from pulse contour analysis (SVVPCA), plethysmographic variability index (PVI), central venous pressure (CVP) and global end-diastolic volume index measured by transpulmonary thermodilution (GEDVITPTD) to predict fluid responsiveness (FR) in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS A group of 40 bitches (13.8-26.8 kg) undergoing ovariohysterectomy. METHODS Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane under volume-controlled ventilation (tidal volume 12 mL kg-1; inspiratory pause during 40% of inspiratory time; inspiration:expiration ratio 1:1.5). Transpulmonary thermodilution cardiac output was recorded through a femoral artery catheter. FR was evaluated by a fluid challenge (lactated Ringer's, 20 mL kg-1 over 15 minutes) administered once (n = 21) or twice (n = 18) before surgery. Individuals were responders if stroke volume index measured by transpulmonary thermodilution increased >15% after the last fluid challenge. RESULTS Of the 39 animals studied, 21 were responders and 18 were nonresponders. Area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) was 0.976, 0.906, 0.868 and 0.821 for PPV, PVI, CVP and SVVPCA, respectively (p < 0.0001 from AUROC = 0.5). GEDVITPTD failed to predict FR (AUROC: 0.660, p = 0.078). Best cut-off thresholds discriminating responders and nonresponders, with respective zones of diagnostic uncertainty (gray zones) were: PPV >16% (15-16%), PVI >11% (10-13%), SVVPCA >10% (9-18%) and CVP ≤1 mmHg (0-3 mmHg). Percentage of animals within gray zone limits was 13% (PPV), 28% (PVI), 51% (SVVPCA) and 67% (CVP). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE PPV has better diagnostic accuracy to predict FR (conclusive results in nearly 90% of population) than other preload indexes in healthy dogs. When invasive blood pressure is unavailable, PVI will predict FR with reasonable accuracy (conclusive results in approximately 70% of the population). PPV and PVI values above gray zone limits (>16% and >13%, respectively) can reliably predict responders to volume expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco J Teixeira-Neto
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Natache A Garofalo
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Tábata L Dalmagro
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina H Girotto
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ivan Fc Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Sasaki K, Mutoh T, Yamamoto S, Taki Y, Kawashima R. Comparison of Noninvasive Dynamic Indices of Fluid Responsiveness Among Different Ventilation Modes in Dogs Recovering from Experimental Cardiac Surgery. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:7736-7741. [PMID: 30372425 PMCID: PMC6216474 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fluid resuscitation is a cornerstone of minimizing morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients, but the techniques for predicting fluid responsiveness is still a matter of debate. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the utility of noninvasive stroke volume variation (SVV), pulse pressure variation (PPV), and systolic pressure variation (SPV) as a dynamic predictor for assessing fluid responsiveness during different ventilation modes in anaesthetized, intubated dogs recovering from cardiac surgery. Material/Methods Thirty-six adult Beagle dogs undergoing experimental surgery for isolated right ventricular failure were monitored for SVV, PPV, and SPV simultaneously using electrical velocimetry device. The relationships between each indicator and SVI before and after volume loading were compared in 3 ventilatory modes: assist control (A/C), synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV), and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Responders were defined as those whose stroke volume index increased by ≥10%. Results In all of the indices, the baseline values were greater in responders than in nonresponders (P<0.01) under A/C and SIMV. Receiver operating curve analysis confirmed the best predictive value during A/C [area under the curve (AUC): SVV, 0.90; PPV, 0.88; SPV, 0.85; P<0.05] followed by SIMV (AUC: SVV, 0.86; PPV, 0.83; CPAP, 0.80; P<0.05), with their sensitivities and specificities of ≥7 5%. By contrast, no statistically significance detected in any parameter during CPAP (AUC: SVV, 0.71; PPV, 0.66; CPAP, 0.65; P>0.05). Conclusions SVV, PPV, and SVV are all useful to predict cardiac response to fluid loading in dogs during A/C and SIMV, while their reliabilities during CPAP are poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasu Sasaki
- Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care Service, Sendai Animal Care and Research Center (SACRC), Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Mutoh
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shuzo Yamamoto
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Taki
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Darnis E, Boysen S, Merveille A, Desquilbet L, Chalhoub S, Gommeren K. Establishment of reference values of the caudal vena cava by fast-ultrasonography through different views in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1308-1318. [PMID: 29749656 PMCID: PMC6060313 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical assessment of intravascular volume status is challenging. In humans, ultrasonographic assessment of the inferior vena cava diameter, directly or as a ratio to the aortic diameter is used to estimate intravascular volume status. OBJECTIVES To ultrasonographically obtain reference values (RV) for caudal vena cava diameter (CVCD ), area (CVCa ) and aortic ratios using 3 views in awake healthy dogs. ANIMALS One hundred and twenty-six healthy adult dogs from clients, students, faculty, or staff. METHODS Prospective, multicenter, observational study. Two observer pairs evaluated CVCD by a longitudinal subxiphoid view (SV), a transverse 11th-13th right hepatic intercostal view (HV), and a longitudinal right paralumbar view (PV). Inter-rater agreements were estimated using concordance correlation coefficients (CCC). For body weight (BW)-dependent variables, RVs were calculated using allometric scaling for variables with a CCC ≥ 0.7. RESULTS The CCC was ≤0.43 for the CVC/aorta ratio at the PV and ≤0.43 in both inspiration and expiration for CVC at the SV. The RVs using allometric scaling for CVCa at the HV for inspiration, expiration, and for CVCD at the PV were 6.16 × BW0.762 , 7.24 × BW0.787 , 2.79 × BW0.390 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The CVCD , measured at the HV and PV in healthy awake dogs of various breeds has good inter-rater agreement suggesting these sites are reliable in measuring CVCD . Established RVs for CVCD for these sites need further comparison to results obtained in hypovolemic and hypervolemic dogs to determine their usefulness to evaluate volume status in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Darnis
- Department of Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of LiègeBelgium
| | - Soren Boysen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnotic SciencesFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of CalgaryCanada
| | | | - Loïc Desquilbet
- U955‐IMRB, INSERM, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPECMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Serge Chalhoub
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnotic SciencesFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of CalgaryCanada
| | - Kris Gommeren
- Department of Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of LiègeBelgium
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Noel-Morgan J, Muir WW. Anesthesia-Associated Relative Hypovolemia: Mechanisms, Monitoring, and Treatment Considerations. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:53. [PMID: 29616230 PMCID: PMC5864866 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the utility and benefits of anesthesia and analgesia are irrefutable, their practice is not void of risks. Almost all drugs that produce anesthesia endanger cardiovascular stability by producing dose-dependent impairment of cardiac function, vascular reactivity, and compensatory autoregulatory responses. Whereas anesthesia-related depression of cardiac performance and arterial vasodilation are well recognized adverse effects contributing to anesthetic risk, far less emphasis has been placed on effects impacting venous physiology and venous return. The venous circulation, containing about 65–70% of the total blood volume, is a pivotal contributor to stroke volume and cardiac output. Vasodilation, particularly venodilation, is the primary cause of relative hypovolemia produced by anesthetic drugs and is often associated with increased venous compliance, decreased venous return, and reduced response to vasoactive substances. Depending on factors such as patient status and monitoring, a state of relative hypovolemia may remain clinically undetected, with impending consequences owing to impaired oxygen delivery and tissue perfusion. Concurrent processes related to comorbidities, hypothermia, inflammation, trauma, sepsis, or other causes of hemodynamic or metabolic compromise, may further exacerbate the condition. Despite scientific and technological advances, clinical monitoring and treatment of relative hypovolemia still pose relevant challenges to the anesthesiologist. This short perspective seeks to define relative hypovolemia, describe the venous system’s role in supporting normal cardiovascular function, characterize effects of anesthetic drugs on venous physiology, and address current considerations and challenges for monitoring and treatment of relative hypovolemia, with focus on insights for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Noel-Morgan
- Center for Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - William W Muir
- QTest Labs, Columbus, OH, United States.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, United States
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