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Alonso JDM, Martins ES, Peccinini RG, Rosa GS, Guerra ST, Ribeiro MG, Santos B, García HDM, Watanabe MJ, Takahira RK, Rodrigues CA, Alves ALG, Hussni CA. Plasma and Peritoneal Ceftriaxone Concentrations After Intraperitoneal Administration in Horses With Septic Peritonitis. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 96:103310. [PMID: 33349404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intraperitoneal ceftriaxone administration in healthy horses results in high and prolonged peritoneal concentrations. Recent findings suggest that intraperitoneal ceftriaxone might increase survival rates in horses affected by peritonitis. The present study aimed to evaluate plasma and peritoneal concentrations of ceftriaxone after intraperitoneal administration in horses with septic peritonitis. Twenty-six horses presenting clinical, laboratorial, and sonographic findings compatible with the disease were included. All horses received daily intraperitoneal ceftriaxone (25 mg/kg bwt) in addition or not with other antibiotics and support therapies. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine plasma and peritoneal ceftriaxone concentrations before and after 12 and 24 hours of ceftriaxone administration. Mean plasma concentrations 12 and 24 hours after administration were, respectively, 1.84 ± 0.43 and 0.37 ± 0.07 μg/mL, and mean peritoneal concentrations were 5.7 ± 2.84 and 0.42 ± 0.13 μg/mL. Ceftriaxone concentration was lower in comparison with previous studies in healthy horses and presented under the minimal inhibitory concentration for enterobacteria (≤1 μg/mL) and for gram-positive isolates (≤0.5 μg/mL) at 24 hours. The variation of the results obtained between healthy horses and with septic peritonitis demonstrated that pharmacokinetics/dynamics are different between these patients and suggests the use of an interval of dose of 12 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de M Alonso
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Evelin S Martins
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Rosangela G Peccinini
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Gustavo S Rosa
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Simony T Guerra
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Márcio G Ribeiro
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Bruna Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Henry D M García
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Marcos J Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Regina K Takahira
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Celso A Rodrigues
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ana Liz G Alves
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Hussni
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil.
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Karagianni AE, Lisowski ZM, Hume DA, Scott Pirie R. The equine mononuclear phagocyte system: The relevance of the horse as a model for understanding human innate immunity. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:231-249. [PMID: 32881079 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) is a family of cells of related function that includes bone marrow progenitors, blood monocytes and resident tissue macrophages. Macrophages are effector cells in both innate and acquired immunity. They are a major resident cell population in every organ and their numbers increase in response to proinflammatory stimuli. Their function is highly regulated by a wide range of agonists, including lymphokines, cytokines and products of microorganisms. Macrophage biology has been studied most extensively in mice, yet direct comparisons of rodent and human macrophages have revealed many functional differences. In this review, we provide an overview of the equine MPS, describing the variation in the function and phenotype of macrophages depending on their location and the similarities and differences between the rodent, human and equine immune response. We discuss the use of the horse as a large animal model in which to study macrophage biology and pathological processes shared with humans. Finally, following the recent update to the horse genome, facilitating further comparative analysis of regulated gene expression between the species, we highlight the importance of future transcriptomic macrophage studies in the horse, the findings of which may also be applicable to human as well as veterinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Karagianni
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Zofia M Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - R Scott Pirie
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Dunkel
- RVC EquineClinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary College North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire UK
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Alonso JDM, Rosa GDS, Santos B, Guerra S, Ribeiro M, Watanabe MJ, Alves A, Rodrigues C, Takahira RK, Hussni CA. Adjuvant intraperitoneal ceftriaxone in the treatment of septic peritonitis in horses. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e29. [PMID: 32234866 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraperitoneal administration of ceftriaxone maintains therapeutic abdominal concentrations for 24 hours in healthy horses. Therefore, it is a possible treatment for septic peritonitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ceftriaxone as an adjuvant treatment in horses with septic peritonitis. METHODS Twenty-six horses with clinical signs, sonography and/or laboratory findings of septic peritonitis were included. Peritoneal fluid was collected for microbiological culture and in vitro microbial sensitivity profile assessment. Daily intraperitoneal administration of ceftriaxone (25 mg/kg) was initiated with supportive and systemic antimicrobial treatment. The animals were divided into three groups: group 1-gastrointestinal tract injuries and abdominal surgery (excluding perforations/ruptures); group 2-not related to changes in the gastrointestinal tract; group 3-secondary to intestinal rupture and/or faeces contamination. RESULTS The mean success rate of the treatment was 77 per cent (20/26 animals), with success rates of 84.6 per cent in group 1; 87.5 per cent, group 2; and 40 per cent, group 3. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to report adjuvant intraperitoneal treatment ceftriaxone for septic peritonitis in horses and indicates that this treatment can successfully treat septic peritonitis in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Moura Alonso
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Dos Santos Rosa
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Bruna Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Simony Guerra
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Márcio Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Marcos Jun Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - A Alves
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Celso Rodrigues
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Regina Kiomi Takahira
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Hussni
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP)-School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Botucatu, Brazil
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