1
|
Kim T, Lee Y, Hong Y, Lee K, Baik H. Three-dimensional reconstruction of Y-IrNi rhombic dodecahedron nanoframe by STEM/EDS tomography. Appl Microsc 2023; 53:9. [PMID: 37731139 PMCID: PMC10511395 DOI: 10.1186/s42649-023-00092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural analysis of nanocrystals via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a valuable technique for the material science field. Recently, two-dimensional images by scanning TEM (STEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) have successfully extended to three-dimensional (3D) imaging by tomography. However, despite improving TEM instruments and measurement techniques, detector shadowing, the missing-wedge problem, X-ray absorption effects, etc., significant challenges still remain; therefore, the various required corrections should be considered and applied when performing quantitative tomography. Nonetheless, this 3D reconstruction technique can facilitate active site analysis and the development of nanocatalyst systems, such as water electrolysis and fuel cell. Herein, we present a 3D reconstruction technique to obtain tomograms of IrNi rhombic dodecahedral nanoframes (IrNi-RFs) from STEM and EDS images by applying simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique and total variation minimization algorithms. From characterizing the morphology and spatial chemical composition of the Ir and Ni atoms in the nanoframes, we were able to infer the origin of the physical and catalytic durability of IrNi-RFs. Also, by calculating the surface area and volume of the 3D reconstructed model, we were able to quantify the Ir-to-Ni composition ratio and compare it to the EDS measurement result.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taekyung Kim
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsang Lee
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hionsuck Baik
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jenkinson K, Liz-Marzán LM, Bals S. Multimode Electron Tomography Sheds Light on Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Complex Metal-Based Nanoparticles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110394. [PMID: 35438805 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electron tomography has become a cornerstone technique for the visualization of nanoparticle morphology in three dimensions. However, to obtain in-depth information about a nanoparticle beyond surface faceting and morphology, different electron microscopy signals must be combined. The most notable examples of these combined signals include annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM) with different collection angles and the combination of ADF-STEM with energy-dispersive X-ray or electron energy loss spectroscopies. Here, the experimental and computational development of various multimode tomography techniques in connection to the fundamental materials science challenges that multimode tomography has been instrumental to overcoming are summarized. Although the techniques can be applied to a wide variety of compositions, the study is restricted to metal and metal oxide nanoparticles for the sake of simplicity. Current challenges and future directions of multimode tomography are additionally discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kellie Jenkinson
- EMAT and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería Biomateriales, y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Sara Bals
- EMAT and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hata S, Furukawa H, Gondo T, Hirakami D, Horii N, Ikeda KI, Kawamoto K, Kimura K, Matsumura S, Mitsuhara M, Miyazaki H, Miyazaki S, Murayama MM, Nakashima H, Saito H, Sakamoto M, Yamasaki S. Electron tomography imaging methods with diffraction contrast for materials research. Microscopy (Oxf) 2020; 69:141-155. [PMID: 32115659 PMCID: PMC7240780 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) enable the visualization of three-dimensional (3D) microstructures ranging from atomic to micrometer scales using 3D reconstruction techniques based on computed tomography algorithms. This 3D microscopy method is called electron tomography (ET) and has been utilized in the fields of materials science and engineering for more than two decades. Although atomic resolution is one of the current topics in ET research, the development and deployment of intermediate-resolution (non-atomic-resolution) ET imaging methods have garnered considerable attention from researchers. This research trend is probably not irrelevant due to the fact that the spatial resolution and functionality of 3D imaging methods of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microscopy have come to overlap with those of ET. In other words, there may be multiple ways to carry out 3D visualization using different microscopy methods for nanometer-scale objects in materials. From the above standpoint, this review paper aims to (i) describe the current status and issues of intermediate-resolution ET with regard to enhancing the effectiveness of TEM/STEM imaging and (ii) discuss promising applications of state-of-the-art intermediate-resolution ET for materials research with a particular focus on diffraction contrast ET for crystalline microstructures (superlattice domains and dislocations) including a demonstration of in situ dislocation tomography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hata
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- The Ultramicroscopy Research Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Furukawa
- TEMography Division, System in Frontier Inc., Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-0012, Japan
| | - Takashi Gondo
- Research Laboratory, Mel-Build Corporation, Fukuoka 819-0025, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hirakami
- Steel Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel Corporation, Chiba 293-8511, Japan
| | - Noritaka Horii
- TEMography Division, System in Frontier Inc., Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-0012, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Ikeda
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Katsumi Kawamoto
- TEMography Division, System in Frontier Inc., Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-0012, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kimura
- Morphological Research Laboratory, Toray Research Center, Inc., Shiga 520-8567, Japan
| | - Syo Matsumura
- The Ultramicroscopy Research Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Mitsuhara
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroya Miyazaki
- Research Laboratory, Mel-Build Corporation, Fukuoka 819-0025, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Miyazaki
- Research Laboratory, Mel-Build Corporation, Fukuoka 819-0025, Japan
- Analytical Instruments, Materials and Structural Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-0002, Japan
| | - Mitsu Mitsuhiro Murayama
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, WA 99352, USA
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hideharu Nakashima
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hikaru Saito
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Masashi Sakamoto
- Steel Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel Corporation, Chiba 293-8511, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yamasaki
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Reed BW, Moghadam AA, Bloom RS, Park ST, Monterrosa AM, Price PM, Barr CM, Briggs SA, Hattar K, McKeown JT, Masiel DJ. Electrostatic subframing and compressive-sensing video in transmission electron microscopy. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:054303. [PMID: 31559318 PMCID: PMC6756919 DOI: 10.1063/1.5115162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present kilohertz-scale video capture rates in a transmission electron microscope, using a camera normally limited to hertz-scale acquisition. An electrostatic deflector rasters a discrete array of images over a large camera, decoupling the acquisition time per subframe from the camera readout time. Total-variation regularization allows features in overlapping subframes to be correctly placed in each frame. Moreover, the system can be operated in a compressive-sensing video mode, whereby the deflections are performed in a known pseudorandom sequence. Compressive sensing in effect performs data compression before the readout, such that the video resulting from the reconstruction can have substantially more total pixels than that were read from the camera. This allows, for example, 100 frames of video to be encoded and reconstructed using only 15 captured subframes in a single camera exposure. We demonstrate experimental tests including laser-driven melting/dewetting, sintering, and grain coarsening of nanostructured gold, with reconstructed video rates up to 10 kHz. The results exemplify the power of the technique by showing that it can be used to study the fundamentally different temporal behavior for the three different physical processes. Both sintering and coarsening exhibited self-limiting behavior, whereby the process essentially stopped even while the heating laser continued to strike the material. We attribute this to changes in laser absorption and to processes inherent to thin-film coarsening. In contrast, the dewetting proceeded at a relatively uniform rate after an initial incubation time consistent with the establishment of a steady-state temperature profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B W Reed
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc., Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - A A Moghadam
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc., Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - R S Bloom
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc., Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - S T Park
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc., Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - A M Monterrosa
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P M Price
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C M Barr
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | | | - K Hattar
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J T McKeown
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D J Masiel
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc., Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ophus C. Four-Dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (4D-STEM): From Scanning Nanodiffraction to Ptychography and Beyond. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:563-582. [PMID: 31084643 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is widely used for imaging, diffraction, and spectroscopy of materials down to atomic resolution. Recent advances in detector technology and computational methods have enabled many experiments that record a full image of the STEM probe for many probe positions, either in diffraction space or real space. In this paper, we review the use of these four-dimensional STEM experiments for virtual diffraction imaging, phase, orientation and strain mapping, measurements of medium-range order, thickness and tilt of samples, and phase contrast imaging methods, including differential phase contrast, ptychography, and others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA,USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huber R, Haberfehlner G, Holler M, Kothleitner G, Bredies K. Total generalized variation regularization for multi-modal electron tomography. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:5617-5632. [PMID: 30864603 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09058k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In multi-modal electron tomography, tilt series of several signals such as X-ray spectra, electron energy-loss spectra, annular dark-field, or bright-field data are acquired at the same time in a transmission electron microscope and subsequently reconstructed in three dimensions. However, the acquired data are often incomplete and suffer from noise, and generally each signal is reconstructed independently of all other signals, not taking advantage of correlation between different datasets. This severely limits both the resolution and validity of the reconstructed images. In this paper, we show how image quality in multi-modal electron tomography can be greatly improved by employing variational modeling and multi-channel regularization techniques. To achieve this aim, we employ a coupled Total Generalized Variation (TGV) regularization that exploits correlation between different channels. In contrast to other regularization methods, coupled TGV regularization allows to reconstruct both hard transitions and gradual changes inside each sample, and links different channels at the level of first and higher order derivatives. This favors similar interface positions for all reconstructions, thereby improving the image quality for all data, in particular, for 3D elemental maps. We demonstrate the joint multi-channel TGV reconstruction on tomographic energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) data, but the reconstruction method is generally applicable to all types of signals used in electron tomography, as well as all other types of projection-based tomographies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Huber
- Institute for Mathematics and Scientific Computing, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 36, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang YC, Slater TJA, Leteba GM, Roseman AM, Race CP, Young NP, Kirkland AI, Lang CI, Haigh SJ. Imaging Three-Dimensional Elemental Inhomogeneity in Pt-Ni Nanoparticles Using Spectroscopic Single Particle Reconstruction. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:732-738. [PMID: 30681878 PMCID: PMC6378652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The properties of nanoparticles are known to critically depend on their local chemistry but characterizing three-dimensional (3D) elemental segregation at the nanometer scale is highly challenging. Scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) tomographic imaging is one of the few techniques able to measure local chemistry for inorganic nanoparticles but conventional methodologies often fail due to the high electron dose imparted. Here, we demonstrate realization of a new spectroscopic single particle reconstruction approach built on a method developed by structural biologists. We apply this technique to the imaging of PtNi nanocatalysts and find new evidence of a complex inhomogeneous alloying with a Pt-rich core, a Ni-rich hollow octahedral intermediate shell and a Pt-rich rhombic dodecahedral skeleton framework with less Pt at ⟨100⟩ vertices. The ability to gain evidence of local surface enrichment that varies with the crystallographic orientation of facets and vertices is expected to provide significant insight toward the development of nanoparticles for sensing, medical imaging, and catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chi Wang
- School
of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Thomas J. A. Slater
- School
of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
- Electron
Physical Sciences Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
| | - Gerard M. Leteba
- Catalysis
Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Alan M. Roseman
- Division
of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences,
Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health
Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P. Race
- School
of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Neil P. Young
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United
Kingdom
| | - Angus I. Kirkland
- Electron
Physical Sciences Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United
Kingdom
| | - Candace I. Lang
- School of
Engineering, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Sarah J. Haigh
- School
of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
- E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Feld A, Weimer A, Kornowski A, Winckelmans N, Merkl JP, Kloust H, Zierold R, Schmidtke C, Schotten T, Riedner M, Bals S, Weller H. Chemistry of Shape-Controlled Iron Oxide Nanocrystal Formation. ACS NANO 2019; 13:152-162. [PMID: 30540436 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate that meticulous and in-depth analysis of the reaction mechanisms of nanoparticle formation is rewarded by full control of the size, shape, and crystal structure of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocrystals during synthesis. Starting from two iron sources, iron(II) and iron(III) carbonate, a strict separation of oleate formation from the generation of reactive pyrolysis products and concomitant nucleation of iron oxide nanoparticles was achieved. This protocol enabled us to analyze each step of nanoparticle formation independently in depth. The progress of the entire reaction was monitored via matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography, thus providing insight into the formation of various iron oleate species prior to nucleation. Interestingly, due to the intrinsic strongly reductive pyrolysis conditions of the oleate intermediates and redox process in early stages of the synthesis, pristine iron oxide nuclei were composed exclusively from wüstite irrespective of the oxidation state of the iron source. Controlling the reaction conditions provided a very broad range of size- and shape-defined monodispersed iron oxide nanoparticles. Curiously, after nucleation, star-shaped nanocrystals were obtained that underwent metamorphism toward cubic-shaped particles. Electron energy loss spectroscopy tomography revealed ex post oxidation of the primary wustite nanocrystal, providing a full 3D image of Fe2+ and Fe3+ distribution within. Overall, we developed a highly flexible synthesis, yielding multi-gram amounts of well-defined iron oxide nanocrystals of different sizes and morphologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Feld
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Hamburg University , Grindelallee 117 , D-20146 Hamburg , Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging , Hamburg University , Luruper Chaussee 149 , D-22761 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Agnes Weimer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Hamburg University , Grindelallee 117 , D-20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Andreas Kornowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Hamburg University , Grindelallee 117 , D-20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Naomi Winckelmans
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), Department Physics , University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , B-2020 Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Jan-Philip Merkl
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Hamburg University , Grindelallee 117 , D-20146 Hamburg , Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging , Hamburg University , Luruper Chaussee 149 , D-22761 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Hauke Kloust
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Hamburg University , Grindelallee 117 , D-20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Robert Zierold
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures , Hamburg University , Luruper Chaussee 149 , 22761 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Christian Schmidtke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Hamburg University , Grindelallee 117 , D-20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Theo Schotten
- Fraunhofer-CAN , Grindelallee 117 , D-20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Maria Riedner
- Department of Chemistry , Hamburg University , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 , D-20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Sara Bals
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), Department Physics , University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , B-2020 Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Horst Weller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Hamburg University , Grindelallee 117 , D-20146 Hamburg , Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging , Hamburg University , Luruper Chaussee 149 , D-22761 Hamburg , Germany
- Fraunhofer-CAN , Grindelallee 117 , D-20146 Hamburg , Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , P.O BOX 80203 Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pang J, Mendes RG, Bachmatiuk A, Zhao L, Ta HQ, Gemming T, Liu H, Liu Z, Rummeli MH. Applications of 2D MXenes in energy conversion and storage systems. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:72-133. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00324f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 978] [Impact Index Per Article: 195.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive review of MXene materials and their energy-related applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Pang
- The Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden)
- Dresden
- Germany
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR)
- University of Jinan
| | - Rafael G. Mendes
- The Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden)
- Dresden
- Germany
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)
- Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province
| | - Alicja Bachmatiuk
- The Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden)
- Dresden
- Germany
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)
- Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province
| | - Liang Zhao
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)
- Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province
- School of Energy
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Huy Q. Ta
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)
- Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province
- School of Energy
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Thomas Gemming
- The Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden)
- Dresden
- Germany
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR)
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)
- Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province
- School of Energy
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Mark H. Rummeli
- The Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden)
- Dresden
- Germany
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS)
- Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Persson AR, Metaferia W, Sivakumar S, Samuelson L, Magnusson MH, Wallenberg R. Electron Tomography Reveals the Droplet Covered Surface Structure of Nanowires Grown by Aerotaxy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801285. [PMID: 30003665 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For the purpose of functionalizing III-V semiconductor nanowires using n-doping, Sn-doped GaAs zincblende nanowires are produced, using the growth method of Aerotaxy. The growth conditions used are such that Ga droplets, formed on the nanowire surface, increase in number and concentrations when the Sn-precursor concentration is increased. Droplet-covered wires grown with varying Sn concentrations are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography, which together establish the positioning of the droplets to be preferentially on {-111}B facets. These facets have the same polarity as the main wire growth direction, [-1-1-1]B. This means that the generated Ga particles can form nucleation sites for possible nanowire branch growth. The concept of azimuthal mapping is introduced as a useful tool for nanowire surface visualization and evaluation. It is demonstrated here that electron tomography is useful in revealing both the surface and internal morphologies of the nanowires, opening up for applications in the analysis of more structurally complicated systems like radially asymmetrical nanowires. The analysis also gives a further understanding of the limits of the dopants which can be used for Aerotaxy nanowires.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel R Persson
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wondwosen Metaferia
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sudhakar Sivakumar
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Samuelson
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin H Magnusson
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Reine Wallenberg
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pennycook SJ, Li C, Li M, Tang C, Okunishi E, Varela M, Kim YM, Jang JH. Material structure, properties, and dynamics through scanning transmission electron microscopy. J Anal Sci Technol 2018; 9:11. [PMID: 31258949 PMCID: PMC6560782 DOI: 10.1186/s40543-018-0142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has advanced rapidly in the last decade thanks to the ability to correct the major aberrations of the probe-forming lens. Now, atomic-sized beams are routine, even at accelerating voltages as low as 40 kV, allowing knock-on damage to be minimized in beam sensitive materials. The aberration-corrected probes can contain sufficient current for high-quality, simultaneous, imaging and analysis in multiple modes. Atomic positions can be mapped with picometer precision, revealing ferroelectric domain structures, composition can be mapped by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and charge transfer can be tracked unit cell by unit cell using the EELS fine structure. Furthermore, dynamics of point defects can be investigated through rapid acquisition of multiple image scans. Today STEM has become an indispensable tool for analytical science at the atomic level, providing a whole new level of insights into the complex interplays that control material properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Pennycook
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block EA 07-14, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575 Singapore
| | - Changjian Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block EA 07-14, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575 Singapore
| | - Mengsha Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block EA 07-14, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575 Singapore
| | - Chunhua Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block EA 07-14, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575 Singapore
| | | | - Maria Varela
- Dpt. Física de Materiales, Instituto de Magnetismo Aplicado & Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyuck Jang
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 34133 South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Torruella P, Estrader M, López-Ortega A, Baró MD, Varela M, Peiró F, Estradé S. Clustering analysis strategies for electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Ultramicroscopy 2017; 185:42-48. [PMID: 29182918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the use of cluster analysis algorithms, widely applied in the field of big data, is proposed to explore and analyze electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) data sets. Three different data clustering approaches have been tested both with simulated and experimental data from Fe3O4/Mn3O4 core/shell nanoparticles. The first method consists on applying data clustering directly to the acquired spectra. A second approach is to analyze spectral variance with principal component analysis (PCA) within a given data cluster. Lastly, data clustering on PCA score maps is discussed. The advantages and requirements of each approach are studied. Results demonstrate how clustering is able to recover compositional and oxidation state information from EELS data with minimal user input, giving great prospects for its usage in EEL spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pau Torruella
- LENS-MIND, Departament d'Enginyeries: Electrònica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marta Estrader
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Maria Dolors Baró
- Departament de Física, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Varela
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Instituto Pluridisciplinar and Instituto de Magnetismo Aplicado, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Peiró
- LENS-MIND, Departament d'Enginyeries: Electrònica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sònia Estradé
- LENS-MIND, Departament d'Enginyeries: Electrònica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhong Z, Goris B, Schoenmakers R, Bals S, Batenburg KJ. A bimodal tomographic reconstruction technique combining EDS-STEM and HAADF-STEM. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 174:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
14
|
Goris B, Meledina M, Turner S, Zhong Z, Batenburg KJ, Bals S. Three dimensional mapping of Fe dopants in ceria nanocrystals using direct spectroscopic electron tomography. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 171:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
15
|
Wang X, Shah FA, Palmquist A, Grandfield K. 3D Characterization of Human Nano-osseointegration by On-Axis Electron Tomography without the Missing Wedge. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:49-55. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Wang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Furqan A. Shah
- Department
of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- BIOMATCELL
VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anders Palmquist
- Department
of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- BIOMATCELL
VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Kathryn Grandfield
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
AlAfeef A, Bobynko J, Cockshott WP, Craven AJ, Zuazo I, Barges P, MacLaren I. Linear chemically sensitive electron tomography using DualEELS and dictionary-based compressed sensing. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 170:96-106. [PMID: 27566049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the use of DualEELS in elementally sensitive tilt series tomography in the scanning transmission electron microscope. A procedure is implemented using deconvolution to remove the effects of multiple scattering, followed by normalisation by the zero loss peak intensity. This is performed to produce a signal that is linearly dependent on the projected density of the element in each pixel. This method is compared with one that does not include deconvolution (although normalisation by the zero loss peak intensity is still performed). Additionally, we compare the 3D reconstruction using a new compressed sensing algorithm, DLET, with the well-established SIRT algorithm. VC precipitates, which are extracted from a steel on a carbon replica, are used in this study. It is found that the use of this linear signal results in a very even density throughout the precipitates. However, when deconvolution is omitted, a slight density reduction is observed in the cores of the precipitates (a so-called cupping artefact). Additionally, it is clearly demonstrated that the 3D morphology is much better reproduced using the DLET algorithm, with very little elongation in the missing wedge direction. It is therefore concluded that reliable elementally sensitive tilt tomography using EELS requires the appropriate use of DualEELS together with a suitable reconstruction algorithm, such as the compressed sensing based reconstruction algorithm used here, to make the best use of the limited data volume and signal to noise inherent in core-loss EELS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ala AlAfeef
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Joanna Bobynko
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - W Paul Cockshott
- School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Alan J Craven
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ian Zuazo
- ArcelorMittal Maizières Research, Maizières-lès-Metz 57283, France
| | - Patrick Barges
- ArcelorMittal Maizières Research, Maizières-lès-Metz 57283, France
| | - Ian MacLaren
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Torruella P, Arenal R, de la Peña F, Saghi Z, Yedra L, Eljarrat A, López-Conesa L, Estrader M, López-Ortega A, Salazar-Alvarez G, Nogués J, Ducati C, Midgley PA, Peiró F, Estradé S. 3D Visualization of the Iron Oxidation State in FeO/Fe3O4 Core-Shell Nanocubes from Electron Energy Loss Tomography. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:5068-73. [PMID: 27383904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties used in numerous advanced nanostructured devices are directly controlled by the oxidation states of their constituents. In this work we combine electron energy-loss spectroscopy, blind source separation, and computed tomography to reconstruct in three dimensions the distribution of Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) ions in a FeO/Fe3O4 core/shell cube-shaped nanoparticle with nanometric resolution. The results highlight the sharpness of the interface between both oxides and provide an average shell thickness, core volume, and average cube edge length measurements in agreement with the magnetic characterization of the sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pau Torruella
- LENS-MIND-IN2UB, Departament d'Electrònica, Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Arenal
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza , 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundación ARAID, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco de la Peña
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge , 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Zineb Saghi
- CEA-LETI, MINATEC, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Lluís Yedra
- LENS-MIND-IN2UB, Departament d'Electrònica, Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Eljarrat
- LENS-MIND-IN2UB, Departament d'Electrònica, Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís López-Conesa
- LENS-MIND-IN2UB, Departament d'Electrònica, Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Estrader
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objects , 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Alberto López-Ortega
- INSTM and Dipartimento di Chimica "U. Schiff", Università degli Studi di Firenze , Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Germán Salazar-Alvarez
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University , 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josep Nogués
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats , Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caterina Ducati
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge , 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge , 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Peiró
- LENS-MIND-IN2UB, Departament d'Electrònica, Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Estradé
- LENS-MIND-IN2UB, Departament d'Electrònica, Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Slater TJA, Lewis EA, Haigh SJ. Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27403838 PMCID: PMC4993322 DOI: 10.3791/52815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy within the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) provides accurate elemental analysis with high spatial resolution, and is even capable of providing atomically resolved elemental maps. In this technique, a highly focused electron beam is incident upon a thin sample and the energy of emitted X-rays is measured in order to determine the atomic species of material within the beam path. This elementally sensitive spectroscopy technique can be extended to three dimensional tomographic imaging by acquiring multiple spectrum images with the sample tilted along an axis perpendicular to the electron beam direction. Elemental distributions within single nanoparticles are often important for determining their optical, catalytic and magnetic properties. Techniques such as X-ray tomography and slice and view energy dispersive X-ray mapping in the scanning electron microscope provide elementally sensitive three dimensional imaging but are typically limited to spatial resolutions of > 20 nm. Atom probe tomography provides near atomic resolution but preparing nanoparticle samples for atom probe analysis is often challenging. Thus, elementally sensitive techniques applied within the scanning transmission electron microscope are uniquely placed to study elemental distributions within nanoparticles of dimensions 10-100 nm. Here, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy within the STEM is applied to investigate the distribution of elements in single AgAu nanoparticles. The surface segregation of both Ag and Au, at different nanoparticle compositions, has been observed.
Collapse
|
19
|
Carenco S, Moldovan S, Roiban L, Florea I, Portehault D, Vallé K, Belleville P, Boissière C, Rozes L, Mézailles N, Drillon M, Sanchez C, Ersen O. The core contribution of transmission electron microscopy to functional nanomaterials engineering. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:1260-1279. [PMID: 26674446 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05460e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Research on nanomaterials and nanostructured materials is burgeoning because their numerous and versatile applications contribute to solve societal needs in the domain of medicine, energy, environment and STICs. Optimizing their properties requires in-depth analysis of their structural, morphological and chemical features at the nanoscale. In a transmission electron microscope (TEM), combining tomography with electron energy loss spectroscopy and high-magnification imaging in high-angle annular dark-field mode provides access to all features of the same object. Today, TEM experiments in three dimensions are paramount to solve tough structural problems associated with nanoscale matter. This approach allowed a thorough morphological description of silica fibers. Moreover, quantitative analysis of the mesoporous network of binary metal oxide prepared by template-assisted spray-drying was performed, and the homogeneity of amino functionalized metal-organic frameworks was assessed. Besides, the morphology and internal structure of metal phosphide nanoparticles was deciphered, providing a milestone for understanding phase segregation at the nanoscale. By extrapolating to larger classes of materials, from soft matter to hard metals and/or ceramics, this approach allows probing small volumes and uncovering materials characteristics and properties at two or three dimensions. Altogether, this feature article aims at providing (nano)materials scientists with a representative set of examples that illustrates the capabilities of modern TEM and tomography, which can be transposed to their own research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Carenco
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Simona Moldovan
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23 rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg Cedex 08, France.
| | - Lucian Roiban
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23 rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg Cedex 08, France.
| | - Ileana Florea
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23 rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg Cedex 08, France.
| | - David Portehault
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
| | | | | | - Cédric Boissière
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Laurence Rozes
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Nicolas Mézailles
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR CNRS 5069, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Marc Drillon
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23 rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg Cedex 08, France.
| | - Clément Sanchez
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23 rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg Cedex 08, France.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yedra L, Eljarrat A, Arenal R, López-Conesa L, Pellicer E, López-Ortega A, Estrader M, Sort J, Baró MD, Estradé S, Peiró F. Electron energy-loss spectroscopic tomography of FexCo(3−x)O4 impregnated Co3O4 mesoporous particles: unraveling the chemical information in three dimensions. Analyst 2016; 141:4968-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00562d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electron energy-loss spectroscopy-spectrum image (EELS-SI) tomography is a powerful tool to investigate the three dimensional chemical configuration in nanostructures.
Collapse
|
21
|
Pfannmöller M, Heidari H, Nanson L, Lozman OR, Chrapa M, Offermans T, Nisato G, Bals S. Quantitative Tomography of Organic Photovoltaic Blends at the Nanoscale. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:6634-42. [PMID: 26390367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The success of semiconducting organic materials has enabled green technologies for electronics, lighting, and photovoltaics. However, when blended together, these materials have also raised novel fundamental questions with respect to electronic, optical, and thermodynamic properties. This is particularly important for organic photovoltaic cells based on the bulk heterojunction. Here, the distribution of nanoscale domains plays a crucial role depending on the specific device structure. Hence, correlation of the aforementioned properties requires 3D nanoscale imaging of materials domains, which are embedded in a multilayer device. Such visualization has so far been elusive due to lack of contrast, insufficient signal, or resolution limits. In this Letter, we introduce spectral scanning transmission electron tomography for reconstruction of entire volume plasmon spectra from rod-shaped specimens. We provide 3D structural correlations and compositional mapping at a resolution of approximately 7 nm within advanced organic photovoltaic tandem cells. Novel insights that are obtained from quantitative 3D analyses reveal that efficiency loss upon thermal annealing can be attributed to subtle, fundamental blend properties. These results are invaluable in guiding the design and optimization of future devices in plastic electronics applications and provide an empirical basis for modeling and simulation of organic solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Pfannmöller
- EMAT-University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - H Heidari
- EMAT-University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L Nanson
- Chilworth Technical Centre, Merck Chemicals Ltd. , University Parkway, Southampton SO16 7QD, U.K
| | - O R Lozman
- Chilworth Technical Centre, Merck Chemicals Ltd. , University Parkway, Southampton SO16 7QD, U.K
| | - M Chrapa
- Thin Film Optics Division, CSEM , Tramstrasse 99, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - T Offermans
- Thin Film Optics Division, CSEM , Tramstrasse 99, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - G Nisato
- Thin Film Optics Division, CSEM , Tramstrasse 99, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - S Bals
- EMAT-University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ercius P, Alaidi O, Rames MJ, Ren G. Electron Tomography: A Three-Dimensional Analytic Tool for Hard and Soft Materials Research. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:5638-63. [PMID: 26087941 PMCID: PMC4710474 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) structural analysis is essential to understand the relationship between the structure and function of an object. Many analytical techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, neutron spectroscopy, and electron microscopy imaging, are used to provide structural information. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), one of the most popular analytic tools, has been widely used for structural analysis in both physical and biological sciences for many decades, in which 3D objects are projected into two-dimensional (2D) images. In many cases, 2D-projection images are insufficient to understand the relationship between the 3D structure and the function of nanoscale objects. Electron tomography (ET) is a technique that retrieves 3D structural information from a tilt series of 2D projections, and is gradually becoming a mature technology with sub-nanometer resolution. Distinct methods to overcome sample-based limitations have been separately developed in both physical and biological science, although they share some basic concepts of ET. This review discusses the common basis for 3D characterization, and specifies difficulties and solutions regarding both hard and soft materials research. It is hoped that novel solutions based on current state-of-the-art techniques for advanced applications in hybrid matter systems can be motivated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ercius
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Osama Alaidi
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew J. Rames
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gang Ren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Thomas JM, Leary RK, Eggeman AS, Midgley PA. The rapidly changing face of electron microscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
24
|
Atre AC, Brenny BJM, Coenen T, García-Etxarri A, Polman A, Dionne JA. Nanoscale optical tomography with cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:429-36. [PMID: 25849788 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tomography has enabled the characterization of the Earth's interior, visualization of the inner workings of the human brain, and three-dimensional reconstruction of matter at the atomic scale. However, tomographic techniques that rely on optical excitation or detection are generally limited in their resolution by diffraction. Here, we introduce a tomographic technique--cathodoluminescence spectroscopic tomography--to probe optical properties in three dimensions with nanometre-scale spatial and spectral resolution. We first obtain two-dimensional cathodoluminescence maps of a three-dimensional nanostructure at various orientations. We then use the method of filtered back-projection to reconstruct the cathodoluminescence intensity at each wavelength. The resulting tomograms allow us to locate regions of efficient cathodoluminescence in three dimensions across visible and near-infrared wavelengths, with contributions from material luminescence and radiative decay of electromagnetic eigenmodes. The experimental signal can be further correlated with the radiative local density of optical states in particular regions of the reconstruction. We demonstrate how cathodoluminescence tomography can be used to achieve nanoscale three-dimensional visualization of light-matter interactions by reconstructing a three-dimensional metal-dielectric nanoresonator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin C Atre
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Benjamin J M Brenny
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Toon Coenen
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Aitzol García-Etxarri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Albert Polman
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Haberfehlner G, Orthacker A, Albu M, Li J, Kothleitner G. Nanoscale voxel spectroscopy by simultaneous EELS and EDS tomography. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:14563-9. [PMID: 25349984 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04553j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Extending the capabilities of electron tomography with advanced imaging techniques and novel data processing methods, can augment the information content in three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions from projections taken in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). In this work we present the application of simultaneous electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to scanning TEM tomography. Various tools, including refined tilt alignment procedures, multivariate statistical analysis and total-variation minimization enable the 3D reconstruction of analytical tomograms, providing 3D analytical metrics of materials science samples at the nanometer scale. This includes volumetric elemental maps, and reconstructions of EDS, low-loss and core-loss EELS spectra as four-dimensional spectrum volumes containing 3D local voxel spectra. From these spectra, compositional, 3D localized elemental analysis becomes possible opening the pathway to 3D nanoscale elemental quantification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Haberfehlner
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Goris B, Turner S, Bals S, Van Tendeloo G. Three-dimensional valency mapping in ceria nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2014; 8:10878-10884. [PMID: 25286190 DOI: 10.1021/nn5047053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Using electron tomography combined with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), we are able to map the valency of the Ce ions in CeO2-x nanocrystals in three dimensions. Our results show a clear facet-dependent reduction shell at the surface of ceria nanoparticles; {111} surface facets show a low surface reduction, whereas at {001} surface facets, the cerium ions are more likely to be reduced over a larger surface shell. Our generic tomographic technique allows a full 3D data cube to be reconstructed, containing an EELS spectrum in each voxel. This possibility enables a three-dimensional investigation of a plethora of material-specific physical properties such as valency, chemical composition, oxygen coordination, or bond lengths, triggering the synthesis of nanomaterials with improved properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Goris
- EMAT, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bals S, Goris B, Liz-Marzán L, Van Tendeloo G. Dreidimensionale Charakterisierung von Edelmetall-Nanopartikeln und deren Anordnungen mithilfe von Elektronentomographie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201401059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
28
|
Bals S, Goris B, Liz-Marzán LM, Van Tendeloo G. Three-Dimensional Characterization of Noble-Metal Nanoparticles and their Assemblies by Electron Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10600-10. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201401059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
29
|
Yedra L, Eljarrat A, Rebled JM, López-Conesa L, Dix N, Sánchez F, Estradé S, Peiró F. EELS tomography in multiferroic nanocomposites: from spectrum images to the spectrum volume. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:6646-6650. [PMID: 24816972 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01100g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) in a transmission electron microscope offers the possibility of extracting high accuracy maps of composition and electronic properties through EELS spectrum images (EELS-SI). Acquiring EELS-SI for different tilt angles, a 3D tomographic reconstruction of EELS information can be achieved. In the present work we show that an EELS spectrum volume (EELS-SV), a 4D dataset where every voxel contains a full EELS spectrum, can be reconstructed from the EELS-SI tilt series by the application of multivariate analysis. We apply this novel approach to characterize a nanocomposite material consisting of CoFe2O4 nanocolumns embedded in a BiFeO3 matrix grown on a LaNiO3 buffered LaAlO3 (001) substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Yedra
- Laboratory of Electron Nanoscopies (LENS)-MIND/IN2UB, Dept. d'Electrònica, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Slater TJA, Camargo PHC, Burke MG, Zaluzec NJ, Haigh SJ. Understanding the limitations of the Super-X energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer as a function of specimen tilt angle for tomographic data acquisition in the S/TEM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/522/1/012025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
31
|
XEDS STEM tomography for 3D chemical characterization of nanoscale particles. Ultramicroscopy 2013; 131:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
32
|
Ringe E, Sharma B, Henry AI, Marks LD, Van Duyne RP. Single nanoparticle plasmonics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:4110-29. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44574g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
33
|
Yedra L, Eljarrat A, Arenal R, Pellicer E, Cabo M, López-Ortega A, Estrader M, Sort J, Baró MD, Estradé S, Peiró F. EEL spectroscopic tomography: Towards a new dimension in nanomaterials analysis. Ultramicroscopy 2012; 122:12-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
34
|
Roiban L, Sorbier L, Pichon C, Bayle-Guillemaud P, Werckmann J, Drillon M, Ersen O. Three-dimensional chemistry of multiphase nanomaterials by energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:1118-1128. [PMID: 23026404 DOI: 10.1017/s143192761200116x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) study of multiphase nanostructures by chemically selective electron tomography combining tomographic approach and energy-filtered imaging is reported. The implementation of this technique at the nanometer scale requires careful procedures for data acquisition, computing, and analysis. Based on the performances of modern transmission electron microscopy equipment and on developments in data processing, electron tomography in the energy-filtered imaging mode is shown to be a very appropriate analysis tool to provide 3D chemical maps at the nanoscale. Two examples highlight the usefulness of analytical electron tomography to investigate inhomogeneous 3D nanostructures, such as multiphase specimens or core-shell nanoparticles. The capability of discerning in a silica-alumina porous particle the two different components is illustrated. A quantitative analysis in the whole specimen and toward the pore surface is reported. This tool is shown to open new perspectives in catalysis by providing a way to characterize precisely 3D nanostructures from a chemical point of view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucian Roiban
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Florea I, Ersen O, Arenal R, Ihiawakrim D, Messaoudi C, Chizari K, Janowska I, Pham-Huu C. 3D Analysis of the Morphology and Spatial Distribution of Nitrogen in Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes by Energy-Filtered Transmission Electron Microscopy Tomography. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9672-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ja304079d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Florea
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS),
UMR 7504 CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS),
UMR 7504 CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Raul Arenal
- Laboratorio de Microscopias
Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundacion ARAID, 50004 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratoire
d’Etude des Microstructures, CNRS - ONERA, 92322 Chatillon, France
| | - Dris Ihiawakrim
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS),
UMR 7504 CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Kambiz Chizari
- Laboratoire des Matériaux,
Surfaces et Procédés pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), UMR 7515 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel
67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Izabela Janowska
- Laboratoire des Matériaux,
Surfaces et Procédés pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), UMR 7515 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel
67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Cuong Pham-Huu
- Laboratoire des Matériaux,
Surfaces et Procédés pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), UMR 7515 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel
67087 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hernández-Saz J, Herrera M, Molina SI. A methodology for the fabrication by FIB of needle-shape specimens around sub-surface features at the nanometre scale. Micron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
37
|
Cooper D, de la Peña F, Béché A, Rouvière JL, Servanton G, Pantel R, Morin P. Field mapping with nanometer-scale resolution for the next generation of electronic devices. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:4585-4590. [PMID: 21972919 DOI: 10.1021/nl201813w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve the performance of today's nanoscaled semiconductor devices, characterization techniques that can provide information about the position and activity of dopant atoms and the strain fields are essential. Here we demonstrate that by using a modern transmission electron microscope it is possible to apply multiple techniques to advanced materials systems in order to provide information about the structure, fields, and composition with nanometer-scale resolution. Off-axis electron holography has been used to map the active dopant potentials in state-of-the-art semiconductor devices with 1 nm resolution. These dopant maps have been compared to electron energy loss spectroscopy maps that show the positions of the dopant atoms. The strain fields in the devices have been measured by both dark field electron holography and nanobeam electron diffraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Cooper
- CEA-LETI, MINATEC Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
The idea of the method is to analyse a crystal lattice by creating a grid of quadrilaterals corresponding to repeated cells that are visible in the image. This approach combines image processing elements with a continuum field theory, to create a distortion-independent similarity measure that is used to select the most appropriate among possible lattice configurations. Subsequently, displacement and distortion fields are computed from individual cell positions. The method allows one to obtain these fields even for images where a periodic cell does not necessarily appear as a single dot of intensity in a high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image, which results in a lower accuracy of commonly used approaches, namely geometric phase and peak finding. The results obtained from this method are verified quantitatively by comparison with known distortion tensor distributions and Burgers vector values on both simulated and real images.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Przybyła
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, PAS, ul. Pawińskiego 5B, Warszawa, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jin-Phillipp N, Koch C, van Aken P. Toward quantitative core-loss EFTEM tomography. Ultramicroscopy 2011; 111:1255-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
40
|
|
41
|
Thomas JM. From 2-D to 3-D to 4-D electron microscopy: an outline of the essence and promise of unconventional crystallography and spectroscopy. CRYSTALLOGR REV 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/0889311x.2010.535207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
42
|
Florea I, Ersen O, Hirlimann C, Roiban L, Deneuve A, Houllé M, Janowska I, Nguyen P, Pham C, Pham-Huu C. Analytical electron tomography mapping of the SiC pore oxidation at the nanoscale. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:2668-2678. [PMID: 20938516 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00449a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Silicon carbide is a ceramic material that has been widely studied because of its potential applications, ranging from electronics to heterogeneous catalysis. Recently, a new type of SiC materials with a medium specific surface area and thermal conductivity, called β-SiC, has attracted overgrowing interest as a new class of catalyst support in several catalytic reactions. A primary electron tomography study, performed in usual mode, has revealed a dual surface structure defined by two types of porosities made of networks of connected channels with sizes larger than 50 nm and ink-bottled pores with sizes spanning from 4 to 50 nm. Depending on the solvent nature, metal nanoparticles could be selectively deposited inside one of the two porosities, a fact that illustrates a selective wetting titration of the two types of surfaces by different liquids. The explaining hypothesis that has been put forward was that this selectivity against solvents is related to the pore surface oxidation degree of the two types of pores. A new technique of analytical electron tomography, where the series of projections used to reconstruct the volume of an object is recorded in energy filtered mode (EFTEM), has been implemented to map the pore oxidation state and to correlate it with the morphology and the accessibility of the porous network. Applied, for the first time, at a nanoscale resolution, this technique allowed us to obtain 3D elemental maps of different elements present in the analysed porous grains, in particular oxygen; we found thus that the interconnected channel pores are more rapidly oxidized than the ink-bottled ones. Alternatively, our study highlights the great interest of this method that opens the way for obtaining precise information on the chemical composition of a 3D surface at a nanometer scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Florea
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UDS) UMR 7504, 23, rue du Loess, BP 43, 67037, Strasbourg cedex 02, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Ke X, Bals S, Cott D, Hantschel T, Bender H, Van Tendeloo G. Three-dimensional analysis of carbon nanotube networks in interconnects by electron tomography without missing wedge artifacts. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2010; 16:210-217. [PMID: 20187989 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927609991371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) distribution of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown inside semiconductor contact holes is studied by electron tomography. The use of a specialized tomography holder results in an angular tilt range of +/-90 degrees , which means that the so-called "missing wedge" is absent. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample for this purpose consists of a micropillar that is prepared by a dedicated procedure using the focused ion beam (FIB) but keeping the CNTs intact. The 3D results are combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to study the relation between the CNTs and the catalyst particles used during their growth. The reconstruction, based on the full range of tilt angles, is compared with a reconstruction where a missing wedge is present. This clearly illustates that the missing wedge will lead to an unreliable interpretation and will limit quantitative studies.
Collapse
|
45
|
Fujita T, Chen M. Quantitative electron holographic tomography for a spherical object. Microscopy (Oxf) 2009; 58:301-4. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfp025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|