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Guang Y, Peng Y, Yan Z, Liu Y, Zhang J, Zeng X, Zhang S, Zhang S, Burn DM, Jaouen N, Wei J, Xu H, Feng J, Fang C, van der Laan G, Hesjedal T, Cui B, Zhang X, Yu G, Han X. Electron Beam Lithography of Magnetic Skyrmions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003003. [PMID: 32812294 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of magnetic skyrmions, topological spin textures, has aroused tremendous interest in studying the rich physics related to their topology. While skyrmions promise high-density and energy-efficient magnetic memory devices for information technology, the manifestation of their nontrivial topology through single skyrmions and ordered and disordered skyrmion lattices could also give rise to many fascinating physical phenomena, such as chiral magnon and skyrmion glass states. Therefore, generating skyrmions at designated locations on a large scale, while controlling the skyrmion patterns, is the key to advancing topological magnetism. Here, a new, yet general, approach to the "printing" of skyrmions with zero-field stability in arbitrary patterns on a massive scale in exchange-biased magnetic multilayers is presented. By exploiting the fact that the antiferromagnetic order can be reconfigured by local thermal excitations, a focused electron beam with a graphic pattern generator to "print" skyrmions is used, which is referred to as skyrmion lithography. This work provides a route to design arbitrary skyrmion patterns, thereby establishing the foundation for further exploration of topological magnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Guang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong Peng
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhengren Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yizhou Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xue Zeng
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Senfu Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shilei Zhang
- ShanghaiTech Laboratory for Topological Physics, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - David M Burn
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Nicolas Jaouen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Jinwu Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Hongjun Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Jiafeng Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chi Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Gerrit van der Laan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Thorsten Hesjedal
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Baoshan Cui
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Xixiang Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Xiufeng Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
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Ridier K, Bas AC, Zhang Y, Routaboul L, Salmon L, Molnár G, Bergaud C, Bousseksou A. Unprecedented switching endurance affords for high-resolution surface temperature mapping using a spin-crossover film. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3611. [PMID: 32681047 PMCID: PMC7367879 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature measurement at the nanoscale is of paramount importance in the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology, and calls for the development of versatile, high-resolution thermometry techniques. Here, the working principle and quantitative performance of a cost-effective nanothermometer are experimentally demonstrated, using a molecular spin-crossover thin film as a surface temperature sensor, probed optically. We evidence highly reliable thermometric performance (diffraction-limited sub-µm spatial, µs temporal and 1 °C thermal resolution), which stems to a large extent from the unprecedented quality of the vacuum-deposited thin films of the molecular complex [Fe(HB(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)3)2] used in this work, in terms of fabrication and switching endurance (>107 thermal cycles in ambient air). As such, our results not only afford for a fully-fledged nanothermometry method, but set also a forthcoming stage in spin-crossover research, which has awaited, since the visionary ideas of Olivier Kahn in the 90’s, a real-world, technological application. Developing novel thermometry techniques for nanoscale temperature measurements are vital for realizing efficient thermal management of nanoscale devices. Here, the authors report thermally stable spin-crossover material-based nanothermometers for high-resolution surface temperature mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Ridier
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS UPR 8241, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Alin-Ciprian Bas
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS UPR 8241, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Yuteng Zhang
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS UPR 8241, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Lucie Routaboul
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS UPR 8241, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Salmon
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS UPR 8241, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Gábor Molnár
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS UPR 8241, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077, Toulouse, France.
| | - Christian Bergaud
- Laboratoire d'Analyse et d'Architecture des Systèmes, CNRS UPR 8001, 7 avenue du Colonel Roche, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Azzedine Bousseksou
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS UPR 8241, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077, Toulouse, France.
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Gaulandris F, Simonsen SB, Wagner JB, Mølhave K, Muto S, Kuhn LT. Methods for Calibration of Specimen Temperature During In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Experiments. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:3-17. [PMID: 31957636 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619015344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges for in situ heating transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is the ability to measure the local temperature of the specimen accurately. Despite technological improvements in the construction of TEM/STEM heating holders, the problem of being able to measure the real sample temperature is still the subject of considerable discussion. In this study, we review the present literature on methodologies for temperature calibration. We analyze calibration methods that require the use of a thermometric material in addition to the specimen under study, as well as methods that can be performed directly on the specimen of interest without the need for a previous calibration. Finally, an overview of the most important characteristics of all the treated techniques, including temperature ranges and uncertainties, is provided in order to provide an accessory database to consult before an in situ TEM/STEM temperature calibration experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Gaulandris
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmak
| | - Søren B Simonsen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmak
| | - Jakob B Wagner
- DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristian Mølhave
- DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shun Muto
- Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, 464-8601 Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Luise T Kuhn
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmak
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Li Y, Zang L, Jacobs DL, Zhao J, Yue X, Wang C. In situ study on atomic mechanism of melting and freezing of single bismuth nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14462. [PMID: 28194017 PMCID: PMC5316836 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental study of the atomic mechanism in melting and freezing processes remains a formidable challenge. We report herein on a unique material system that allows for in situ growth of bismuth nanoparticles from the precursor compound SrBi2Ta2O9 under an electron beam within a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). Simultaneously, the melting and freezing processes within the nanoparticles are triggered and imaged in real time by the HRTEM. The images show atomic-scale evidence for point defect induced melting, and a freezing mechanism mediated by crystallization of an intermediate ordered liquid. During the melting and freezing, the formation of nucleation precursors, nucleation and growth, and the relaxation of the system, are directly observed. Based on these observations, an interaction-relaxation model is developed towards understanding the microscopic mechanism of the phase transitions, highlighting the importance of cooperative multiscale processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxuan Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics &Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Ling Zang
- Nano Institute of Utah and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Daniel L Jacobs
- Nano Institute of Utah and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Jie Zhao
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics &Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xiu Yue
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics &Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Chuanyi Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics &Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
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7
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Gazzadi GC, Frabboni S. Structural transitions in electron beam deposited Co-carbonyl suspended nanowires at high electrical current densities. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:1298-1305. [PMID: 26199833 PMCID: PMC4505147 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Suspended nanowires (SNWs) have been deposited from Co-carbonyl precursor (Co2(CO)8) by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID). The SNWs dimensions are about 30-50 nm in diameter and 600-850 nm in length. The as-deposited material has a nanogranular structure of mixed face-centered cubic (FCC) and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Co phases, and a composition of 80 atom % Co, 15 atom % O and 5 atom % C, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis and by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, respectively. Current (I)-voltage (V) measurements with current densities up to 10(7) A/cm(2) determine different structural transitions in the SNWs, depending on the I-V history. A single measurement with a sudden current burst leads to a polycrystalline FCC Co structure extended over the whole wire. Repeated measurements at increasing currents produce wires with a split structure: one half is polycrystalline FCC Co and the other half is graphitized C. The breakdown current density is found at 2.1 × 10(7) A/cm(2). The role played by resistive heating and electromigration in these transitions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Carlo Gazzadi
- S3 Center, Nanoscience Institute - CNR, Via Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Frabboni
- S3 Center, Nanoscience Institute - CNR, Via Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy
- FIM Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy
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