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Teurtrie A, Perraudin N, Holvoet T, Chen H, Alexander DTL, Obozinski G, Hébert C. espm: A Python library for the simulation of STEM-EDXS datasets. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 249:113719. [PMID: 37003127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
We present two open-source Python packages: "electron spectro-microscopy" (espm) and "electron microscopy tables" (emtables). The espm software enables the simulation of scanning transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy datacubes, based on user-defined chemical compositions and spatial abundance maps of constituent phases. The simulation process uses X-ray emission cross-sections generated via state-of-the-art calculations made with emtables. These tables are designed to be easily modifiable, either manually or using espm. The simulation framework is designed to test the application of decomposition algorithms for the analysis of STEM-EDX spectrum images with access to a known ground truth. We validate our approach using the case of a complex geology-related sample, comparing raw simulated and experimental datasets and the outputs of their non-negative matrix factorization. In addition to testing machine learning algorithms, our packages will also help experimental design, for instance, predicting dataset characteristics or establishing minimum counts needed to measure nanoscale features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Teurtrie
- Electron Spectrometry and Microscopy Laboratory, Institute of Physics (IPHYS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Unité Matériaux et Transformations, UMR-CNRS 8207, Université de Lille, Cité scientifique, Bâtiment C6, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Nathanaël Perraudin
- Swiss Data Science Center, EPFL & ETH Zürich, Turnerstrasse 1, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Holvoet
- Swiss Data Science Center, EPFL & ETH Zürich, Turnerstrasse 1, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hui Chen
- Electron Spectrometry and Microscopy Laboratory, Institute of Physics (IPHYS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Duncan T L Alexander
- Electron Spectrometry and Microscopy Laboratory, Institute of Physics (IPHYS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Obozinski
- Swiss Data Science Center, EPFL & ETH Zürich, Turnerstrasse 1, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Hébert
- Electron Spectrometry and Microscopy Laboratory, Institute of Physics (IPHYS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Materials (IMX), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Huang S, Duan R, Pramanik N, Boothroyd C, Liu Z, Wong LJ. Enhanced Versatility of Table-Top X-Rays from Van der Waals Structures. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105401. [PMID: 35355443 PMCID: PMC9165495 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Van der Waals (vdW) materials have attracted much interest for their myriad unique electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties. In particular, they are promising candidates for monochromatic, table-top X-ray sources. This work reveals that the versatility of the table-top vdW X-ray source goes beyond what has been demonstrated so far. By introducing a tilt angle between the vdW structure and the incident electron beam, it is theoretically and experimentally shown that the accessible photon energy range is more than doubled. This allows for greater versatility in real-time tuning of the vdW X-ray source. Furthermore, this work shows that the accessible photon energy range is maximized by simultaneously controlling both the electron energy and the vdW structure tilt. These results will pave the way for highly tunable, compact X-ray sources, with potential applications including hyperspectral X-ray fluoroscopy and X-ray quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunchao Huang
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Ruihuan Duan
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALESUMI 3288Research Techno PlazaNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore637371Singapore
| | - Nikhil Pramanik
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Chris Boothroyd
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
- Facility for AnalysisCharacterisationTesting, and Simulation (FACTS)Nanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Liang Jie Wong
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
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Kraxner J, Schäfer M, Röschel O, Kothleitner G, Haberfehlner G, Paller M, Grogger W. Quantitative EDXS: Influence of geometry on a four detector system. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 172:30-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Aveyard R, Rieger B. Tilt series STEM simulation of a 25×25×25nm semiconductor with characteristic X-ray emission. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 171:96-103. [PMID: 27657648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The detection and quantification of fabrication defects is vital to the ongoing miniaturization of integrated circuits. The atomic resolution of HAADF-STEM combined with the chemical sensitivity of EDS could provide the means by which this is achieved for the next generation of semiconductor devices. To realize this, however, a streamlined acquisition and analysis procedure must first be developed. Here, we report the simulation of a HAADF-STEM and EDS tilt-series dataset of a PMOS finFET device which will be used as a testbed for such a development. The methods used to calculate the data and the details of the specimen model are fully described here. The dataset consists of 179 projections in 2° increments with HAADF images and characteristic X-ray maps for each projection. This unusually large calculation has been made possible through the use of a national supercomputer and will be made available for the development and assessment of reconstruction and analysis procedures for this highly significant industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aveyard
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - B Rieger
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands.
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Yeoh CSM, Rossouw D, Saghi Z, Burdet P, Leary RK, Midgley PA. The Dark Side of EDX Tomography: Modeling Detector Shadowing to Aid 3D Elemental Signal Analysis. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2015; 21:759-764. [PMID: 25790959 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple model is proposed to account for the loss of collected X-ray signal by the shadowing of X-ray detectors in the scanning transmission electron microscope. The model is intended to aid the analysis of three-dimensional elemental data sets acquired using energy-dispersive X-ray tomography methods where shadow-free specimen holders are unsuitable or unavailable. The model also provides a useful measure of the detection system geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona S M Yeoh
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy,University of Cambridge,27 Charles Babbage Road,Cambridge,CB3 0FS,UK
| | - David Rossouw
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy,University of Cambridge,27 Charles Babbage Road,Cambridge,CB3 0FS,UK
| | - Zineb Saghi
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy,University of Cambridge,27 Charles Babbage Road,Cambridge,CB3 0FS,UK
| | - Pierre Burdet
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy,University of Cambridge,27 Charles Babbage Road,Cambridge,CB3 0FS,UK
| | - Rowan K Leary
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy,University of Cambridge,27 Charles Babbage Road,Cambridge,CB3 0FS,UK
| | - Paul A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy,University of Cambridge,27 Charles Babbage Road,Cambridge,CB3 0FS,UK
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