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Shi C, Cheng Z, Leonardi A, Yang Y, Engel M, Jones MR, Han Y. Preserving surface strain in nanocatalysts via morphology control. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp3788. [PMID: 39321292 PMCID: PMC11423881 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp3788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Engineering strain critically affects the properties of materials and has extensive applications in semiconductors and quantum systems. However, the deployment of strain-engineered nanocatalysts faces challenges, in particular in maintaining highly strained nanocrystals under reaction conditions. Here, we introduce a morphology-dependent effect that stabilizes surface strain even under harsh reaction conditions. Using four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM), we found that cube-shaped core-shell Au@Pd nanoparticles with sharp-edged morphologies sustain coherent heteroepitaxial interfaces with larger critical thicknesses than morphologies with rounded edges. This configuration inhibits dislocation nucleation due to reduced shear stress at corners, as indicated by molecular dynamics simulations. A Suzuki-type cross-coupling reaction shows that our approach achieves a fourfold increase in activity over conventional nanocatalysts, owing to the enhanced stability of surface strain. These findings contribute to advancing the development of advanced nanocatalysts and indicate broader applications for strain engineering in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqiao Shi
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77006, USA
| | - Zhihua Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77006, USA
| | - Alberto Leonardi
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
- Institute for Multiscale Simulation, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, 1001 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Yao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Michael Engel
- Institute for Multiscale Simulation, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthew R Jones
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77006, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77006, USA
| | - Yimo Han
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77006, USA
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2
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Aso K, Oshima Y. Precise positional alignment of atom-resolved HAADF images of heteroepitaxial interface with low signal-to-noise ratio. Microscopy (Oxf) 2024:dfae038. [PMID: 39230986 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfae038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Heteroepitaxial interfaces are important because they determine the performance of devices such that career mobility is sensitive to the distribution of roughness, strain and composition at the interface. High-angle annular dark field imaging in scanning transmission electron microscopy has been utilized to capture them at an atomic scale. For precise identification of atomic column positions, a technique has been proposed to average multiple image frames taken at a high scanning rate by their positional alignment for increasing signal-to-noise ratio. However, the positional alignment between frames is sometimes incorrectly estimated because of the almost perfect periodic structure at the interfaces. Here, we developed an approach for precise positional alignment, where the images are first aligned by two consecutive images and then are aligned more precisely against the integrated image of the first alignment. We demonstrated our method by applying it to the heterointerface of Si0.8Ge0.2 (Si: silicon, Ge: germanium) epitaxial thin films on a Si substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Aso
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai 1-1, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Oshima
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai 1-1, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
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3
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Pan H, Zhu M, Banyas E, Alaerts L, Acharya M, Zhang H, Kim J, Chen X, Huang X, Xu M, Harris I, Tian Z, Ricci F, Hanrahan B, Spanier JE, Hautier G, LeBeau JM, Neaton JB, Martin LW. Clamping enables enhanced electromechanical responses in antiferroelectric thin films. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:944-950. [PMID: 38783106 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01907-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Thin-film materials with large electromechanical responses are fundamental enablers of next-generation micro-/nano-electromechanical applications. Conventional electromechanical materials (for example, ferroelectrics and relaxors), however, exhibit severely degraded responses when scaled down to submicrometre-thick films due to substrate constraints (clamping). This limitation is overcome, and substantial electromechanical responses in antiferroelectric thin films are achieved through an unconventional coupling of the field-induced antiferroelectric-to-ferroelectric phase transition and the substrate constraints. A detilting of the oxygen octahedra and lattice-volume expansion in all dimensions are observed commensurate with the phase transition using operando electron microscopy, such that the in-plane clamping further enhances the out-of-plane expansion, as rationalized using first-principles calculations. In turn, a non-traditional thickness scaling is realized wherein an electromechanical strain (1.7%) is produced from a model antiferroelectric PbZrO3 film that is just 100 nm thick. The high performance and understanding of the mechanism provide a promising pathway to develop high-performance micro-/nano-electromechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Menglin Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ella Banyas
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Louis Alaerts
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Megha Acharya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hongrui Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jiyeob Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xianzhe Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Isaac Harris
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zishen Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Francesco Ricci
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Jonathan E Spanier
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Materials Science and Engineering, and Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Geoffroy Hautier
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - James M LeBeau
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Neaton
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Departments of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Chemistry, and Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Rice Advanced Materials Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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4
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Bayles A, Fabiano CJ, Shi C, Yuan L, Yuan Y, Craft N, Jacobson CR, Dhindsa P, Ogundare A, Mendez Camacho Y, Chen B, Robatjazi H, Han Y, Strouse GF, Nordlander P, Everitt HO, Halas NJ. Tailoring the aluminum nanocrystal surface oxide for all-aluminum-based antenna-reactor plasmonic photocatalysts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321852121. [PMID: 38442156 PMCID: PMC10945844 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321852121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Aluminum nanocrystals (AlNCs) are of increasing interest as sustainable, earth-abundant nanoparticles for visible wavelength plasmonics and as versatile nanoantennas for energy-efficient plasmonic photocatalysis. Here, we show that annealing AlNCs under various gases and thermal conditions induces substantial, systematic changes in their surface oxide, modifying crystalline phase, surface morphology, density, and defect type and concentration. Tailoring the surface oxide properties enables AlNCs to function as all-aluminum-based antenna-reactor plasmonic photocatalysts, with the modified surface oxides providing varying reactivities and selectivities for several chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Bayles
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
| | | | - Chuqiao Shi
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
| | - Yigao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
| | - Nolan Craft
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
| | - Christian R. Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
| | - Parmeet Dhindsa
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
| | - Adebola Ogundare
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
| | - Yelsin Mendez Camacho
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
| | - Banghao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL32306
| | | | - Yimo Han
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
| | | | - Peter Nordlander
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
| | - Henry O. Everitt
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
- Army Development Command Army Research Laboratory-South, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
| | - Naomi J. Halas
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
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5
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Bijelić L, Ruiz-Zepeda F, Hodnik N. The role of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy in unraveling the structure-property relationships of Pt-based fuel cells electrocatalysts. Inorg Chem Front 2024; 11:323-341. [PMID: 38235274 PMCID: PMC10790562 DOI: 10.1039/d3qi01998e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Platinum-based fuel cell electrocatalysts are structured on a nano level in order to extend their active surface area and maximize the utilization of precious and scarce platinum. Their performance is dictated by the atomic arrangement of their surface layers atoms via structure-property relationships. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) are the preferred methods for characterizing these catalysts, due to their capacity to achieve local atomic-level resolutions. Size, morphology, strain and local composition are just some of the properties of Pt-based nanostructures that can be obtained by (S)TEM. Furthermore, advanced methods of (S)TEM are able to provide insights into the quasi-in situ, in situ or even operando stability of these nanostructures. In this review, we present state-of-the-art applications of (S)TEM in the investigation and interpretation of structure-activity and structure-stability relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazar Bijelić
- Laboratory for Electrocatalysis, Department of Materials Chemistry, National Insititute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica Vipavska 13 Nova Gorica SI-5000 Slovenia
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda
- Laboratory for Electrocatalysis, Department of Materials Chemistry, National Insititute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Department of Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Institute for Metals and Technology IMT Lepi pot 11 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Laboratory for Electrocatalysis, Department of Materials Chemistry, National Insititute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica Vipavska 13 Nova Gorica SI-5000 Slovenia
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6
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Holtz ME, Padgett E, Johnston-Peck AC, Levin I, Muller DA, Herzing AA. Mapping Polar Distortions using Nanobeam Electron Diffraction and a Cepstral Approach. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1422-1435. [PMID: 37488825 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Measuring local polar ordering is key to understanding ferroelectricity in thin films, especially for systems with small domains or significant disorder. Scanning nanobeam electron diffraction (NBED) provides an effective local probe of lattice parameters, local fields, polarization directions, and charge densities, which can be analyzed using a relatively low beam dose over large fields of view. However, quantitatively extracting the magnitudes and directions of polarization vectors from NBED remains challenging. Here, we use a cepstral approach, similar to a pair distribution function, to determine local polar displacements that drive ferroelectricity from NBED patterns. Because polar distortions generate asymmetry in the diffraction pattern intensity, we can efficiently recover the underlying displacements from the imaginary part of the cepstrum transform. We investigate the limits of this technique using analytical and simulated data and give experimental examples, achieving the order of 1.1 pm precision and mapping of polar displacements with nanometer resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Holtz
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 142 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1301 19th Street, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Elliot Padgett
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 142 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Aaron C Johnston-Peck
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Igor Levin
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 142 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Andrew A Herzing
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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7
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Holtz ME, Herzing A, Gorman B. Scanning Nanobeam Electron Diffraction for Atomic Scale Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:600-601. [PMID: 37613400 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Holtz
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Andrew Herzing
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Brian Gorman
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States
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8
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Supple E, Gaspe C, Richardson CJK, Gorman BP. Towards Atomic Scale Tomography Using Correlative 4-D STEM, Strain Mapping, and Atom Probe Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:603-604. [PMID: 37613392 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Supple
- Colorado School of Mines, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Chomani Gaspe
- Laboratory for Physical Sciences, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Brian P Gorman
- Colorado School of Mines, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Golden, CO, USA
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9
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Baraissov Z, Sun Z, Shao YT, Liepe M, Muller D. Measuring Three-Dimensional Strain in Nb3Sn Grains by Combining ZOLZ and HOLZ diffraction. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:734-736. [PMID: 37613362 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Baraissov
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Z Sun
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Y T Shao
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - M Liepe
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - D Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, United States
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10
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Shi C, Cheng Z, Jones MR, Han Y. In-situ and Multi-modal 4D-STEM of Core@Shell Nanoparticles Interdiffusion. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:254-255. [PMID: 37613543 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuqiao Shi
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zhihua Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Matthew R Jones
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yimo Han
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
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11
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Zhao D, Patel A, Barbosa A, Hansen MH, Wang AL, Dong J, Zhang Y, Umale T, Karaman I, Shamberger P, Banerjee S, Pharr M, Xie KY. A reference-area-free strain mapping method using precession electron diffraction data. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 247:113700. [PMID: 36780805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a method using precession electron diffraction data to map the residual elastic strain at the nano-scale. The diffraction pattern of each pixel was first collected and denoised. Template matching was then applied using the center spot as the mask to identify the positions of the diffraction disks. Statistics of distances between the selected diffracted disks enable the user to make an informed decision on the reference and to generate strain maps. Strain mapping on an unstrained single crystal sapphire shows the standard deviation of strain measurement is 0.5%. With this method, we were able to successfully measure and map the residual elastic strain in VO2 on sapphire and martensite in a Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 shape memory alloy. This approach does not require the user to select a "strain-free area" as a reference and can work on datasets even with the crystals oriented away from zone axes. This method is expected to provide a robust and more accessible alternative means of studying the residual strain of various material systems that complements the existing algorithms for strain mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Aniket Patel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Aaron Barbosa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Marcus H Hansen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ainiu L Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jiaqi Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Tejas Umale
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ibrahim Karaman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Patrick Shamberger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sarbajit Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Matt Pharr
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kelvin Y Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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12
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Pidaparthy S, Ni H, Hou H, Abraham DP, Zuo JM. Fluctuation cepstral scanning transmission electron microscopy of mixed-phase amorphous materials. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 248:113718. [PMID: 36934483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) is a versatile analytical tool for characterizing materials structural properties. However, extending such analysis to disordered materials is challenging, especially in technologically important samples with mixed ordered and disordered phases. Here, we present a new 4D-STEM method, called fluctuation cepstral STEM (FC-STEM), based on the fluctuation analysis of cepstral transform of diffraction patterns. The peaks in the associated transformation relate to inter-atomic distances in a thin sample. By varying the real-space range over which fluctuations are calculated, distinct ordered and disordered phases can be mapped in a diffractive image reconstruction. We demonstrate the principles of FC-STEM by characterizing a silicon anode, harvested from a cycled lithium-ion battery. A mixture of amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon, graphitic carbon, and electrolyte by-products is identified and mapped. Comparisons with conventional electron imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy show that FC-STEM is highly effective for the structure determination of mixed-phase amorphous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saran Pidaparthy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, United States
| | - Haoyang Ni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Hanyu Hou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Daniel P Abraham
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, United States
| | - Jian-Min Zuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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13
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Chen W, Zhan X, Yuan R, Pidaparthy S, Yong AXB, An H, Tang Z, Yin K, Patra A, Jeong H, Zhang C, Ta K, Riedel ZW, Stephens RM, Shoemaker DP, Yang H, Gewirth AA, Braun PV, Ertekin E, Zuo JM, Chen Q. Formation and impact of nanoscopic oriented phase domains in electrochemical crystalline electrodes. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:92-99. [PMID: 36280702 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical phase transformation in ion-insertion crystalline electrodes is accompanied by compositional and structural changes, including the microstructural development of oriented phase domains. Previous studies have identified prevailingly transformation heterogeneities associated with diffusion- or reaction-limited mechanisms. In comparison, transformation-induced domains and their microstructure resulting from the loss of symmetry elements remain unexplored, despite their general importance in alloys and ceramics. Here, we map the formation of oriented phase domains and the development of strain gradient quantitatively during the electrochemical ion-insertion process. A collocated four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy approach, coupled with data mining, enables the study. Results show that in our model system of cubic spinel MnO2 nanoparticles their phase transformation upon Mg2+ insertion leads to the formation of domains of similar chemical identity but different orientations at nanometre length scale, following the nucleation, growth and coalescence process. Electrolytes have a substantial impact on the transformation microstructure ('island' versus 'archipelago'). Further, large strain gradients build up from the development of phase domains across their boundaries with high impact on the chemical diffusion coefficient by a factor of ten or more. Our findings thus provide critical insights into the microstructure formation mechanism and its impact on the ion-insertion process, suggesting new rules of transformation structure control for energy storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Xun Zhan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Renliang Yuan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Saran Pidaparthy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Adrian Xiao Bin Yong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hyosung An
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zhichu Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kaijun Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Arghya Patra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Heonjae Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kim Ta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Zachary W Riedel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ryan M Stephens
- Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel P Shoemaker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hong Yang
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andrew A Gewirth
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Paul V Braun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Elif Ertekin
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jian-Min Zuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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14
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Wang S, Eldred TB, Smith JG, Gao W. AutoDisk: Automated diffraction processing and strain mapping in 4D-STEM. Ultramicroscopy 2022; 236:113513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Philipp HT, Tate MW, Shanks KS, Mele L, Peemen M, Dona P, Hartong R, van Veen G, Shao YT, Chen Z, Thom-Levy J, Muller DA, Gruner SM. Very-High Dynamic Range, 10,000 Frames/Second Pixel Array Detector for Electron Microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-16. [PMID: 35249574 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Precision and accuracy of quantitative scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) methods such as ptychography, and the mapping of electric, magnetic, and strain fields depend on the dose. Reasonable acquisition time requires high beam current and the ability to quantitatively detect both large and minute changes in signal. A new hybrid pixel array detector (PAD), the second-generation Electron Microscope Pixel Array Detector (EMPAD-G2), addresses this challenge by advancing the technology of a previous generation PAD, the EMPAD. The EMPAD-G2 images continuously at a frame-rates up to 10 kHz with a dynamic range that spans from low-noise detection of single electrons to electron beam currents exceeding 180 pA per pixel, even at electron energies of 300 keV. The EMPAD-G2 enables rapid collection of high-quality STEM data that simultaneously contain full diffraction information from unsaturated bright-field disks to usable Kikuchi bands and higher-order Laue zones. Test results from 80 to 300 keV are presented, as are first experimental results demonstrating ptychographic reconstructions, strain and polarization maps. We introduce a new information metric, the maximum usable imaging speed (MUIS), to identify when a detector becomes electron-starved, saturated or its pixel count is mismatched with the beam current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh T Philipp
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics (LASSP), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mark W Tate
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics (LASSP), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Katherine S Shanks
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics (LASSP), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Luigi Mele
- R&D Laboratory, Thermo-Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651GGEindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice Peemen
- R&D Laboratory, Thermo-Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651GGEindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pleun Dona
- R&D Laboratory, Thermo-Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651GGEindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Reinout Hartong
- R&D Laboratory, Thermo-Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651GGEindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard van Veen
- R&D Laboratory, Thermo-Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651GGEindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yu-Tsun Shao
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Julia Thom-Levy
- Laboratory for Elementary-Particle Physics (LEPP), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sol M Gruner
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics (LASSP), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, USA
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16
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Yang Y, Peltier CR, Zeng R, Schimmenti R, Li Q, Huang X, Yan Z, Potsi G, Selhorst R, Lu X, Xu W, Tader M, Soudackov AV, Zhang H, Krumov M, Murray E, Xu P, Hitt J, Xu L, Ko HY, Ernst BG, Bundschu C, Luo A, Markovich D, Hu M, He C, Wang H, Fang J, DiStasio RA, Kourkoutis LF, Singer A, Noonan KJT, Xiao L, Zhuang L, Pivovar BS, Zelenay P, Herrero E, Feliu JM, Suntivich J, Giannelis EP, Hammes-Schiffer S, Arias T, Mavrikakis M, Mallouk TE, Brock JD, Muller DA, DiSalvo FJ, Coates GW, Abruña HD. Electrocatalysis in Alkaline Media and Alkaline Membrane-Based Energy Technologies. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6117-6321. [PMID: 35133808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen energy-based electrochemical energy conversion technologies offer the promise of enabling a transition of the global energy landscape from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the fundamentals of electrocatalysis in alkaline media and applications in alkaline-based energy technologies, particularly alkaline fuel cells and water electrolyzers. Anion exchange (alkaline) membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) enable the use of nonprecious electrocatalysts for the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), relative to proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), which require Pt-based electrocatalysts. However, the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) kinetics is significantly slower in alkaline media than in acidic media. Understanding these phenomena requires applying theoretical and experimental methods to unravel molecular-level thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrogen and oxygen electrocatalysis and, particularly, the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process that takes place in a proton-deficient alkaline media. Extensive electrochemical and spectroscopic studies, on single-crystal Pt and metal oxides, have contributed to the development of activity descriptors, as well as the identification of the nature of active sites, and the rate-determining steps of the HOR and ORR. Among these, the structure and reactivity of interfacial water serve as key potential and pH-dependent kinetic factors that are helping elucidate the origins of the HOR and ORR activity differences in acids and bases. Additionally, deliberately modulating and controlling catalyst-support interactions have provided valuable insights for enhancing catalyst accessibility and durability during operation. The design and synthesis of highly conductive and durable alkaline membranes/ionomers have enabled AEMFCs to reach initial performance metrics equal to or higher than those of PEMFCs. We emphasize the importance of using membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) to integrate the often separately pursued/optimized electrocatalyst/support and membranes/ionomer components. Operando/in situ methods, at multiscales, and ab initio simulations provide a mechanistic understanding of electron, ion, and mass transport at catalyst/ionomer/membrane interfaces and the necessary guidance to achieve fuel cell operation in air over thousands of hours. We hope that this Review will serve as a roadmap for advancing the scientific understanding of the fundamental factors governing electrochemical energy conversion in alkaline media with the ultimate goal of achieving ultralow Pt or precious-metal-free high-performance and durable alkaline fuel cells and related technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Cheyenne R Peltier
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Rui Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Roberto Schimmenti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Qihao Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhifei Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Georgia Potsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ryan Selhorst
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xinyao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Weixuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mariel Tader
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alexander V Soudackov
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hanguang Zhang
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Mihail Krumov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ellen Murray
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Pengtao Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jeremy Hitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Linxi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hsin-Yu Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brian G Ernst
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Colin Bundschu
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Aileen Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Danielle Markovich
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Meixue Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cheng He
- Chemical and Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Hongsen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jiye Fang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Robert A DiStasio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lena F Kourkoutis
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Andrej Singer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kevin J T Noonan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Li Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lin Zhuang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bryan S Pivovar
- Chemical and Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Piotr Zelenay
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Enrique Herrero
- Instituto de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain
| | - Juan M Feliu
- Instituto de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain
| | - Jin Suntivich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Emmanuel P Giannelis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Tomás Arias
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Thomas E Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Joel D Brock
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Francis J DiSalvo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Héctor D Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Center for Alkaline Based Energy Solutions (CABES), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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17
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Wardini JL, Vahidi H, Guo H, Bowman WJ. Probing Multiscale Disorder in Pyrochlore and Related Complex Oxides in the Transmission Electron Microscope: A Review. Front Chem 2021; 9:743025. [PMID: 34917587 PMCID: PMC8668443 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.743025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and its counterpart, scanning TEM (STEM), are powerful materials characterization tools capable of probing crystal structure, composition, charge distribution, electronic structure, and bonding down to the atomic scale. Recent (S)TEM instrumentation developments such as electron beam aberration-correction as well as faster and more efficient signal detection systems have given rise to new and more powerful experimental methods, some of which (e.g., 4D-STEM, spectrum-imaging, in situ/operando (S)TEM)) facilitate the capture of high-dimensional datasets that contain spatially-resolved structural, spectroscopic, time- and/or stimulus-dependent information across the sub-angstrom to several micrometer length scale. Thus, through the variety of analysis methods available in the modern (S)TEM and its continual development towards high-dimensional data capture, it is well-suited to the challenge of characterizing isometric mixed-metal oxides such as pyrochlores, fluorites, and other complex oxides that reside on a continuum of chemical and spatial ordering. In this review, we present a suite of imaging and diffraction (S)TEM techniques that are uniquely suited to probe the many types, length-scales, and degrees of disorder in complex oxides, with a focus on disorder common to pyrochlores, fluorites and the expansive library of intermediate structures they may adopt. The application of these techniques to various complex oxides will be reviewed to demonstrate their capabilities and limitations in resolving the continuum of structural and chemical ordering in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Wardini
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Hasti Vahidi
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Huiming Guo
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - William J. Bowman
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Irvine Materials Research Institute, Irvine, CA, United States
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18
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Huang W, Johnston-Peck AC, Wolter T, Yang WCD, Xu L, Oh J, Reeves BA, Zhou C, Holtz ME, Herzing AA, Lindenberg AM, Mavrikakis M, Cargnello M. Steam-created grain boundaries for methane C-H activation in palladium catalysts. Science 2021; 373:1518-1523. [PMID: 34554810 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj5291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron C Johnston-Peck
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Trenton Wolter
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Wei-Chang D Yang
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Lang Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jinwon Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Benjamin A Reeves
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chengshuang Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Megan E Holtz
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Andrew A Herzing
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Matteo Cargnello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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19
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Savitzky BH, Zeltmann SE, Hughes LA, Brown HG, Zhao S, Pelz PM, Pekin TC, Barnard ES, Donohue J, Rangel DaCosta L, Kennedy E, Xie Y, Janish MT, Schneider MM, Herring P, Gopal C, Anapolsky A, Dhall R, Bustillo KC, Ercius P, Scott MC, Ciston J, Minor AM, Ophus C. py4DSTEM: A Software Package for Four-Dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Data Analysis. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:712-743. [PMID: 34018475 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) allows for imaging, diffraction, and spectroscopy of materials on length scales ranging from microns to atoms. By using a high-speed, direct electron detector, it is now possible to record a full two-dimensional (2D) image of the diffracted electron beam at each probe position, typically a 2D grid of probe positions. These 4D-STEM datasets are rich in information, including signatures of the local structure, orientation, deformation, electromagnetic fields, and other sample-dependent properties. However, extracting this information requires complex analysis pipelines that include data wrangling, calibration, analysis, and visualization, all while maintaining robustness against imaging distortions and artifacts. In this paper, we present py4DSTEM, an analysis toolkit for measuring material properties from 4D-STEM datasets, written in the Python language and released with an open-source license. We describe the algorithmic steps for dataset calibration and various 4D-STEM property measurements in detail and present results from several experimental datasets. We also implement a simple and universal file format appropriate for electron microscopy data in py4DSTEM, which uses the open-source HDF5 standard. We hope this tool will benefit the research community and help improve the standards for data and computational methods in electron microscopy, and we invite the community to contribute to this ongoing project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Savitzky
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Steven E Zeltmann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Lauren A Hughes
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Hamish G Brown
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Shiteng Zhao
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Philipp M Pelz
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Thomas C Pekin
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489Berlin, Germany
| | - Edward S Barnard
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Jennifer Donohue
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Luis Rangel DaCosta
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109, USA
| | - Ellis Kennedy
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Yujun Xie
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rohan Dhall
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Mary C Scott
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Andrew M Minor
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
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Cepstral scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging of severe lattice distortions. Ultramicroscopy 2021; 231:113252. [PMID: 33773841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of four-dimensional (4D) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) using fast detectors has opened-up new avenues for addressing some of longstanding challenges in electron imaging. One of these challenges is how to image severely distorted crystal lattices, such as at a dislocation core. Here we develop a new 4D-STEM technique, called Cepstral STEM, for imaging disordered crystals using electron diffuse scattering. In contrast to analysis based on Bragg diffraction, which measures the average and periodic scattering potential, electron diffuse scattering can detect fluctuations caused by crystal disorder. Local fluctuations of diffuse scattering are captured by scanning electron nanodiffraction (SEND) using a coherent probe. The harmonic signals in electron diffuse scattering are detected through Cepstral analysis and used for imaging. By integrating Cepstral analysis with 4D-STEM, we demonstrate that information about the distortive part of electron scattering potential can be separated and imaged at nm spatial resolution. We apply the technique to the analysis of a dislocation core in SiGe and lattice distortions in a high entropy alloy.
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21
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OUP accepted manuscript. Microscopy (Oxf) 2021; 71:i116-i131. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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