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Miyashita K, Suzuyama H, Chiba K, Osaki M, Mita H, Tamura N, Matsukawa M. Study on ultrasonic wave propagation in equine leg bone for screening bucked shin. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 152:890. [PMID: 36050184 DOI: 10.1121/10.0012689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For simple, safe, portable, and inexpensive evaluation suitable for leg bone diseases of racehorses in the field, an ultrasonic measurement technique was applied to evaluate wave velocities. A digital model of the third metacarpal bone with the bucked shin was fabricated using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computerized tomography data of a racehorse. This model was anisotropic and heterogeneous, and was constructed using the measured ultrasonic wave velocities in the bone. With this model, ultrasonic wave propagation along the bone axis was simulated using the elastic finite-difference time-domain method. We found two main waves with different propagation velocities. The fast-waves showed a wave velocity close to the longitudinal wave in the axial direction. However, the apparent velocities changed dramatically owing to bone surface irregularities (changes of the shape) in the area of bucked shin. The slow-waves showed a wave velocity close to the shear wave, which was unaffected by the bone surface irregularities. The simple comparison of different wave behaviors may be a suitable parameter for the initial in vivo screening of bucked shin in the legs of racehorses, which can be performed in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Miyashita
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Suzuyama
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Ko Chiba
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagasaki University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Makoto Osaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagasaki University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mita
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Japan Racing Association Equine Research Institute, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tamura
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Japan Racing Association Equine Research Institute, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Mami Matsukawa
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
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Gu M, Li Y, Shi Q, Tran TNHT, Song X, Li D, Ta D. Meta-Learning Analysis of Ultrasonic Guided Waves for Coated Cortical Bone Characterization. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2022; 69:2010-2027. [PMID: 35271439 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2022.3155780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to its sensitivity to geometrical and mechanical properties of waveguides, ultrasonic guided waves (UGWs) propagating in cortical bones play an important role in the early diagnosis of osteoporosis. However, as impacts of overlaid soft tissues are complex, it remains challenging to retrieve bone properties accurately. Meta-learning, i.e., learning to learn, is capable of extracting transferable features from a few data and, thus, suitable to capture potential characteristics, leading to accurate bone assessment. In this study, we investigate the feasibility to apply the multichannel identification neural network (MCINN) to estimate the thickness and bulk velocities of coated cortical bone. It minimizes the effects of soft tissue by extracting specific features of UGW, which shares the same cortical properties, while the overlaid soft tissue varies. Distinguished from most reported methods, this work moves from the hand-design inversion scheme to data-driven assessment by automatically mapping features of UGW to the space of bone properties. The MCINN was trained and validated using simulated datasets produced by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and then applied to experimental data obtained from cortical bovine bone plates overlaid with soft tissue mimics. A good match was found between experimental trajectories and theoretical dispersion curves. The results demonstrated that the proposed method was feasible to assess the thickness of coated cortical bone plates.
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Ultrasonic Assessment of Cancellous Bone Based on the Two-Wave Phenomenon. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1364:119-143. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91979-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Michimoto I, Miyashita K, Suzuyama H, Yano K, Kobayashi Y, Saito K, Matsukawa M. Simulation study on the effects of cancellous bone structure in the skull on ultrasonic wave propagation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17592. [PMID: 34475422 PMCID: PMC8413454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcranial Doppler method (TCD) enables the measurement of cerebral blood flow velocity and detection of emboli by applying an ultrasound probe to the temporal bone window, or the orbital or greater occipital foramina. TCD is widely used for evaluation of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage, early detection of patients with arterial stenosis, and the assessment of brain death. However, measurements often become difficult in older women. Among various factors contributing to this problem, we focused on the effect of the diploe in the skull bone on the penetration of ultrasound into the brain. In particular, the effect of the cancellous bone structure in the diploe was investigated. Using a 2D digital bone model, wave propagation through the skull bone was investigated using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. We fabricated digital bone models with similar structure but different BV/TV (bone volume/total volume) values in the diploe. At a BV/TV of approximately 50–60% (similar to that of older women), the minimum ultrasound amplitude was observed as a result of scattering and multiple reflections in the cancellous diploe. These results suggest that structural changes such as osteoporosis may be one factor hampering TCD measurements.
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Li Y, Shi Q, Liu Y, Gu M, Liu C, Song X, Ta D, Wang W. Fourier-Domain Ultrasonic Imaging of Cortical Bone Based on Velocity Distribution Inversion. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2021; 68:2619-2634. [PMID: 33844628 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3072657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a significant acoustic impedance contrast between the cortical bone and the surrounding soft tissue, resulting in difficulty for ultrasound penetration into bone tissue with high frequency. It is challenging for the conventional pulse-echo modalities to give accurate cortical bone images using uniform sound velocity model. To overcome these limitations, an ultrasound imaging method called full-matrix Fourier-domain synthetic aperture based on velocity inversion (FM-FDSA-VI) was developed to provide accurate cortical bone images. The dual linear arrays were located on the upper and lower sides of the imaging region. After full-matrix acquisition with two identical linear array probes facing each other, travel-time inversion was used to estimate the velocity distribution in advance. Then, full-matrix Fourier-domain synthetic aperture (FM-FDSA) imaging based on the estimated velocity model was applied twice to image the cortical bone, utilizing the data acquired from top and bottom linear array, respectively. Finally, to further improve the image quality, the two images were merged to give the ultimate result. The performance of the method was verified by two simulated models and two bone phantoms (i.e., regular and irregular hollow bone phantom). The mean relative errors of estimated sound velocity in the region-of-interest (ROI) are all below 12%, and the mean errors of cortical section thickness are all less than 0.3 mm. Compared to the conventional synthetic aperture (SA) imaging, the FM-FDSA-VI method is able to accurately image cortical bone with respect to the structure. Moreover, the result of irregular bone phantom was close to the image scanned by microcomputed tomography ( μ CT) in terms of macro geometry and thickness. It is demonstrated that the proposed FM-FDSA-VI method is an efficient way for cortical bone ultrasonic imaging.
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Mazzotti M, Kohtanen E, Erturk A, Ruzzene M. Radiation Characteristics of Cranial Leaky Lamb Waves. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2021; 68:2129-2140. [PMID: 33544671 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3057309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We numerically and experimentally investigate the dispersion properties of leaky Lamb waves in the cranial bone. Cranial Lamb waves leak energy from the skull into the brain when propagating at speeds higher than the speed of sound in the surrounding fluid. The understanding of their radiation mechanism is significantly complicated by the geometric and mechanical characteristics of the cortical tables and the trabecular bone (diploë). Toward such understanding, we here analyze the sub-1.0 MHz radiation angle dispersion spectrum of porous bone phantoms and parietal bone geometries obtained from μ CT scans. Our numerical results show that, when diploic pores are physically modeled, leakage angles computed from time transient finite-element analyses correspond to those predicted by an equivalent three-layered fluid-loaded waveguide model. For the bone geometries analyzed, two main leaky branches are observed in the near-field dispersion spectrum: a fast wave radiated at small angles, which is related to the fastest fundamental Lamb mode supported by the cranial bone, and a slower wave radiated at larger angles. This observation is also confirmed by experimental tests carried out on an immersed parietal bone.
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Wu ZF, Lu LJ, Zheng HY, Tu Y, Shi Y, Zhou ZH, Fang LX, Fu BP. Separated root tip formation associated with a fractured tubercle of dens evaginatus: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:2944-2950. [PMID: 33969081 PMCID: PMC8058674 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i12.2944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several previous studies have reported an unusual root formation in which a fractured apical fragment of an immature root continued to develop independent of the main root after trauma to an immature tooth. To date, there have been only rare reports of the continuing apical formation of the fractured root associated with dens evaginatus (DE). This paper presents a case of a separated root tip formation associated with a fractured tubercle of DE.
CASE SUMMARY An 11-year-old boy was referred for gingival sinus on the buccal side of the right mandibular second premolar (tooth # 45). Clinically, tooth # 45 was free of caries, but there was a sign of a fractured tubercle of DE on the occlusal surface. Radiography showed that the root canal of tooth # 45 was widely radiolucent. A separated root apex was found apically under the main root and was nearly completely formed with an apical orifice at the apical tip. Tooth # 45 was diagnosed as tubular fracture of DE with chronic apical periodontitis. A revascularization technique was recommended to treat the tooth. At 3-mo and 1-yr follow-up, the patient remained asymptomatic. Periapical radiography revealed that the separated root tip distally drifted with closure of the apex. However, the root length and thickness of the main root did not increased.
CONCLUSION Clinicians should be aware that even if tubercle of DE is fractured in an immature tooth, the root tip may be separated from the main root and completely formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fang Wu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ling-Jiao Lu
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hai-Yan Zheng
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yan Tu
- Department of Endodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zi-Huai Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lin-Xian Fang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bai-Ping Fu
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
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Li Y, Xu K, Li Y, Xu F, Ta D, Wang W. Deep Learning Analysis of Ultrasonic Guided Waves for Cortical Bone Characterization. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2021; 68:935-951. [PMID: 32956055 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2020.3025546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic guided waves (UGWs) propagating in the long cortical bone can be measured via the axial transmission method. The characterization of long cortical bone using UGW is a multiparameter inverse problem. The optimal solution of the inverse problem often includes a complex solving process. Deep neural networks (DNNs) are essentially powerful multiparameter predictors based on universal approximation theorem, which are suitable for solving parameter predictions in the inverse problem by constructing the mapping relationship between UGW and cortical bone material parameters. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of applying the multichannel crossed convolutional neural network (MCC-CNN) to simultaneously estimate cortical thickness and bulk velocities (longitudinal and transverse). Unlike the multiparameter estimation in most previous studies, the technique mentioned in this work avoids solving a multiparameter optimization problem directly. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is performed to obtain the simulated UGW array signals for training the MCC-CNN. The network that is exclusively trained on simulated data sets can predict cortical parameters from the experimental UGW data. The proposed method is confirmed by using FDTD simulation signals and experimental data obtained from four bone-mimicking plates and from ten ex vivo bovine cortical bones. The estimated root-mean-squared error (RMSE) in the simulated test data for the longitudinal bulk velocity ( VL ), transverse bulk velocity ( VT ), and cortical thickness (Th) is 97 m/s, 53 m/s, and 0.089 mm, respectively. The predicted RMSE in the bone-mimicking phantom experiments for VL|| , VT|| , and Th is 120 m/s, 80 m/s, and 0.14 mm, respectively. The experimental dispersion trajectories are matched with the theoretical dispersion curves calculated by the predicted parameters in ex vivo bovine cortical bone experiments. Our proposed method demonstrates a feasible approach for the accurate evaluation of long cortical bones based on UGW.
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Fujitsuka Y, Sumiya M, Ashihara K, Yoshino K, Nagatani Y, Kobayasi KI, Hiryu S. Two-dimensional shape discrimination by sighted people using simulated virtual echoes. JASA EXPRESS LETTERS 2021; 1:011202. [PMID: 36154088 DOI: 10.1121/10.0003194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new research method using psychoacoustic experiments and acoustic simulations is proposed for human echolocation research. A shape discrimination experiment was conducted for sighted people using pitch-converted virtual echoes from targets of dissimilar two-dimensional (2D) shapes. These echoes were simulated using a three-dimensional acoustic simulation based on a finite-difference time-domain method from Bossy, Talmat, and Laugier [(2004). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 115, 2314-2324]. The experimental and simulation results suggest that the echo timbre and pitch determined based on the sound interference may be effective acoustic cues for 2D shape discrimination. The newly developed research method may lead to more efficient future studies of human echolocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Fujitsuka
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Miwa Sumiya
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Seika-cho, 619-0289, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ashihara
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshino
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nagatani
- Pixie Dust Technologies, Inc., Chiyoda-ku, 101-0061, Japan , , , , , ,
| | - Kohta I Kobayasi
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
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Wear KA. Mechanisms of Interaction of Ultrasound With Cancellous Bone: A Review. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2020; 67:454-482. [PMID: 31634127 PMCID: PMC7050438 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2019.2947755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound is now a clinically accepted modality in the management of osteoporosis. The most common commercial clinical devices assess fracture risk from measurements of attenuation and sound speed in cancellous bone. This review discusses fundamental mechanisms underlying the interaction between ultrasound and cancellous bone. Because of its two-phase structure (mineralized trabecular network embedded in soft tissue-marrow), its anisotropy, and its inhomogeneity, cancellous bone is more difficult to characterize than most soft tissues. Experimental data for the dependencies of attenuation, sound speed, dispersion, and scattering on ultrasound frequency, bone mineral density, composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties are presented. The relative roles of absorption, scattering, and phase cancellation in determining attenuation measurements in vitro and in vivo are delineated. Common speed of sound metrics, which entail measurements of transit times of pulse leading edges (to avoid multipath interference), are greatly influenced by attenuation, dispersion, and system properties, including center frequency and bandwidth. However, a theoretical model has been shown to be effective for correction for these confounding factors in vitro and in vivo. Theoretical and phantom models are presented to elucidate why cancellous bone exhibits negative dispersion, unlike soft tissue, which exhibits positive dispersion. Signal processing methods are presented for separating "fast" and "slow" waves (predicted by poroelasticity theory and supported in cancellous bone) even when the two waves overlap in time and frequency domains. Models to explain dependencies of scattering on frequency and mean trabecular thickness are presented and compared with measurements. Anisotropy, the effect of the fluid filler medium (marrow in vivo or water in vitro), phantoms, computational modeling of ultrasound propagation, acoustic microscopy, and nonlinear properties in cancellous bone are also discussed.
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Shim J, Hur D, Kim H. Spectral analysis framework for compressed sensing ultrasound signals. J Med Ultrason (2001) 2019; 46:367-375. [PMID: 30955147 DOI: 10.1007/s10396-019-00940-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Compressed sensing (CS) is the theory of the recovery of signals that are sampled below the Nyquist sampling rate. We propose a spectral analysis framework for CS data that does not require full reconstruction for extracting frequency characteristics of signals by an appropriate basis matrix. METHODS The coefficients of a basis matrix already contain the spectral information for CS data, and the proposed framework directly utilizes them without completely restoring original data. We apply three basis matrices, i.e., DCT, DFT, and DWT, for sampling and reconstructing processes, subsequently estimating the attenuation coefficients to validate the proposed method. The estimation accuracy and precision, as well as the execution time, are compared using the reference phantom method (RPM). RESULTS The experiment results show the effective extraction of spectral information from CS signals by the proposed framework, and the DCT basis matrix provides the most accurate results while minimizing estimation variances. The execution time is also reduced compared with that of the traditional approach, which completely reconstructs the original data. CONCLUSION The proposed method provides accurate spectral analysis without full reconstruction. Since it effectively utilizes the data storage and reduces the processing time, it could be applied to small and portable ultrasound systems using the CS technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoon Shim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Wolgye-dong Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-701, Korea
| | - Don Hur
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Wolgye-dong Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-701, Korea
| | - Hyungsuk Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Wolgye-dong Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-701, Korea.
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Abd Wahab MA, Sudirman R, Abdul Razak MA, Khalid PI. Study of Correlation Between Two Modes Backscattered Waves with Bone Porosity Using 2D Simulation. 2018 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOSIGNAL ANALYSIS, PROCESSING AND SYSTEMS (ICBAPS) 2018. [DOI: 10.1109/icbaps.2018.8527402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Abd-Wahab MA, Sudirman R, Razak MAA. Reflection of backscattered fast and slow waves on bone porosity using 2D simulation. 2018 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (ICICS) 2018. [DOI: 10.1109/iacs.2018.8355439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Taki H, Nagatani Y, Matsukawa M, Kanai H, Izumi SI. Fast decomposition of two ultrasound longitudinal waves in cancellous bone using a phase rotation parameter for bone quality assessment: Simulation study. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 142:2322. [PMID: 29092537 DOI: 10.1121/1.5008502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound signals that pass through cancellous bone may be considered to consist of two longitudinal waves, which are called fast and slow waves. Accurate decomposition of these fast and slow waves is considered to be highly beneficial in determination of the characteristics of cancellous bone. In the present study, a fast decomposition method using a wave transfer function with a phase rotation parameter was applied to received signals that have passed through bovine bone specimens with various bone volume to total volume (BV/TV) ratios in a simulation study, where the elastic finite-difference time-domain method is used and the ultrasound wave propagated parallel to the bone axes. The proposed method succeeded to decompose both fast and slow waves accurately; the normalized residual intensity was less than -19.5 dB when the specimen thickness ranged from 4 to 7 mm and the BV/TV value ranged from 0.144 to 0.226. There was a strong relationship between the phase rotation value and the BV/TV value. The ratio of the peak envelope amplitude of the decomposed fast wave to that of the slow wave increased monotonically with increasing BV/TV ratio, indicating the high performance of the proposed method in estimation of the BV/TV value in cancellous bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Taki
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nagatani
- Department of Electronics, Kobe City College of Technology, Kobe 651-2194, Japan
| | - Mami Matsukawa
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0321, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kanai
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Izumi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Wear KA, Nagaraja S, Dreher ML, Sadoughi S, Zhu S, Keaveny TM. Relationships among ultrasonic and mechanical properties of cancellous bone in human calcaneus in vitro. Bone 2017; 103:93-101. [PMID: 28666970 PMCID: PMC6941483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinical bone sonometers applied at the calcaneus measure broadband ultrasound attenuation and speed of sound. However, the relation of ultrasound measurements to bone strength is not well-characterized. Addressing this issue, we assessed the extent to which ultrasonic measurements convey in vitro mechanical properties in 25 human calcaneal cancellous bone specimens (approximately 2×4×2cm). Normalized broadband ultrasound attenuation, speed of sound, and broadband ultrasound backscatter were measured with 500kHz transducers. To assess mechanical properties, non-linear finite element analysis, based on micro-computed tomography images (34-micron cubic voxel), was used to estimate apparent elastic modulus, overall specimen stiffness, and apparent yield stress, with models typically having approximately 25-30 million elements. We found that ultrasound parameters were correlated with mechanical properties with R=0.70-0.82 (p<0.001). Multiple regression analysis indicated that ultrasound measurements provide additional information regarding mechanical properties beyond that provided by bone quantity alone (p≤0.05). Adding ultrasound variables to linear regression models based on bone quantity improved adjusted squared correlation coefficients from 0.65 to 0.77 (stiffness), 0.76 to 0.81 (apparent modulus), and 0.67 to 0.73 (yield stress). These results indicate that ultrasound can provide complementary (to bone quantity) information regarding mechanical behavior of cancellous bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Wear
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, 10903 New Hampshire Blvd., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Srinidhi Nagaraja
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, 10903 New Hampshire Blvd., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Maureen L Dreher
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, 10903 New Hampshire Blvd., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Saghi Sadoughi
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 5124 Etcheverry Hall, Mailstop 1740, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1740, USA.
| | - Shan Zhu
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 5124 Etcheverry Hall, Mailstop 1740, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1740, USA.
| | - Tony M Keaveny
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 5124 Etcheverry Hall, Mailstop 1740, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1740, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Shao Y, Wang S. A Fourier-based total-field/scattered-field technique for three-dimensional broadband simulations of elastic targets near a water-sand interface. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 140:4183. [PMID: 28040039 DOI: 10.1121/1.4971161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The numerical simulation of acoustic scattering from elastic objects near a water-sand interface is critical to underwater target identification. Frequency-domain methods are computationally expensive, especially for large-scale broadband problems. A numerical technique is proposed to enable the efficient use of finite-difference time-domain method for broadband simulations. By incorporating a total-field/scattered-field boundary, the simulation domain is restricted inside a tightly bounded region. The incident field is further synthesized by the Fourier transform for both subcritical and supercritical incidences. Finally, the scattered far field is computed using a half-space Green's function. Numerical examples are further provided to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shao
- Wireless Innovation Lab, School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- University of North Carolina/North Carolina State University Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 152 MacNider Hall, CB 7575, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Hata T, Nagatani Y, Takano K, Matsukawa M. Simulation study of axial ultrasonic wave propagation in heterogeneous bovine cortical bone. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 140:3710. [PMID: 27908063 DOI: 10.1121/1.4967234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the heterogeneity of the long cortical bone is an important factor when applying the axial transmission technique. In this study, the axial longitudinal wave velocity distributions in specimens from the mid-shaft of a bovine femur were measured, in the MHz range. Bilinear interpolation and the piecewise cubic Hermite interpolating polynomial method were used to construct three-dimensional (3D) axial velocity models with a resolution of 40 μm. By assuming the uniaxial anisotropy of the bone and using the results of previous experimental studies [Yamato, Matsukawa, Yanagitani, Yamazaki, Mizukawa, and Nagano (2008b). Calcified Tissue Int. 82, 162-169; Nakatsuji, Yamamoto, Suga, Yanagitani, Matsukawa, Yamazaki, and Matsuyama (2011). Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 50, 07HF18], the distributions of all elastic moduli were estimated to obtain a 3D heterogeneous bone model and a uniform model. In the heterogeneous model, moduli at the surface were smaller than those inside the model. The elastic finite-difference time-domain method was used to simulate axial ultrasonic wave propagation in these models. In the heterogeneous model, the wavefront of the first arriving signal (FAS) was dependent on the heterogeneity, and the FAS velocity depended on the measured position. These phenomena were not observed in the uniform model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiho Hata
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0321, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nagatani
- Department of Electronics, Kobe City College of Technology, Kobe 651-2194, Japan
| | - Koki Takano
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0321, Japan
| | - Mami Matsukawa
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0321, Japan
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18
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Groopman AM, Katz JI, Holland MR, Fujita F, Matsukawa M, Mizuno K, Wear KA, Miller JG. Conventional, Bayesian, and Modified Prony's methods for characterizing fast and slow waves in equine cancellous bone. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 138:594-604. [PMID: 26328678 PMCID: PMC4529434 DOI: 10.1121/1.4923366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Conventional, Bayesian, and the modified least-squares Prony's plus curve-fitting (MLSP + CF) methods were applied to data acquired using 1 MHz center frequency, broadband transducers on a single equine cancellous bone specimen that was systematically shortened from 11.8 mm down to 0.5 mm for a total of 24 sample thicknesses. Due to overlapping fast and slow waves, conventional analysis methods were restricted to data from sample thicknesses ranging from 11.8 mm to 6.0 mm. In contrast, Bayesian and MLSP + CF methods successfully separated fast and slow waves and provided reliable estimates of the ultrasonic properties of fast and slow waves for sample thicknesses ranging from 11.8 mm down to 3.5 mm. Comparisons of the three methods were carried out for phase velocity at the center frequency and the slope of the attenuation coefficient for the fast and slow waves. Good agreement among the three methods was also observed for average signal loss at the center frequency. The Bayesian and MLSP + CF approaches were able to separate the fast and slow waves and provide good estimates of the fast and slow wave properties even when the two wave modes overlapped in both time and frequency domains making conventional analysis methods unreliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Groopman
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Jonathan I Katz
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Mark R Holland
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Fuminori Fujita
- Laboratory of Ultrasonic Electronics, Research Center for Wave Electronics, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0321 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mami Matsukawa
- Laboratory of Ultrasonic Electronics, Research Center for Wave Electronics, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0321 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsunori Mizuno
- Underwater Technology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Keith A Wear
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
| | - James G Miller
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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19
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Hosokawa A. Numerical Analysis of Ultrasound Backscattered Waves in Cancellous Bone Using a Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method: Isolation of the Backscattered Waves From Various Ranges of Bone Depths. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2015; 62:1201-1210. [PMID: 26263571 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2014.006946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Using a finite-difference time-domain method, ultrasound backscattered waves inside cancellous bone were numerically analyzed to investigate the backscatter mechanism. Two bone models with different thicknesses were modeled with artificial absorbing layers positioned at the back surfaces of the model, and an ultrasound pulse wave was transmitted toward the front surface. By calculating the difference between the simulated waveforms obtained using the two bone models, the backscattered waves from a limited range of depths in cancellous bone could be isolated. The results showed that the fast and slow longitudinal waves, which have previously been observed only in the ultrasound waveform transmitted through the bone, could be distinguished in the backscattered waveform from a deeper bone depth when transmitting the ultrasound wave parallel to the main orientation of the trabecular network. The amplitudes of the fast and slow backscattered waves were more closely correlated with the bone porosity [R2 = 0.84 and 0.66 (p < 0.001), respectively] than the amplitude of the whole (nonisolated) backscattered waves [R2 = 0.48 (p < 0.001)]. In conclusion, the nonisolated backscattered waves could be regarded as the superposition of the fast and slow waves reflected from various bone depths, returning at different times.
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20
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Taki H, Nagatani Y, Matsukawa M, Mizuno K, Sato T. Fast characterization of two ultrasound longitudinal waves in cancellous bone using an adaptive beamforming technique. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 137:1683-1692. [PMID: 25920821 DOI: 10.1121/1.4916276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The received signal in through-transmission ultrasound measurements of cancellous bone consists of two longitudinal waves, called the fast and slow waves. Analysis of these fast and slow waves may reveal characteristics of the cancellous bone that would be good indicators of osteoporosis. Because the two waves often overlap, decomposition of the received signal is an important problem in the characterization of bone quality. This study proposes a fast and accurate decomposition method based on the frequency domain interferometry imaging method with a modified wave transfer function that uses a phase rotation parameter. The proposed method accurately characterized the fast and slow waves in the experimental study, and the residual intensity, which was normalized with respect to the received signal intensity, was less than -20 dB over the bone specimen thickness range from 6 to 15 mm. In the simulation study, the residual intensity was less than -20 dB over the specimen thickness range from 3 to 8 mm. Decomposition of a single received signal takes only 5 s using a laptop personal computer with a single central processing unit. The proposed method has great potential to provide accurate and rapid measurements of indicators of osteoporosis in cancellous bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Taki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nagatani
- Department of Electronics, Kobe City College of Technology, Kobe 651-2194, Japan
| | - Mami Matsukawa
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0321, Japan
| | - Katsunori Mizuno
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Toru Sato
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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21
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Wear KA. Nonlinear attenuation and dispersion in human calcaneus in vitro: statistical validation and relationships to microarchitecture. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 137:1126-1133. [PMID: 25786928 PMCID: PMC9204557 DOI: 10.1121/1.4908310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Through-transmission measurements were performed on 30 human calcaneus samples in vitro. Nonlinear attenuation and dispersion measurements were investigated by estimating 95% confidence intervals of coefficients of polynomial expansions of log magnitude and phase of transmission coefficients. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured with dual x-ray absorptiometry. Microarchitecture was measured with microcomputed tomography. Statistically significant nonlinear attenuation and nonzero dispersion were confirmed for a clinical bandwidth of 300-750 kHz in 40%-43% of bone samples. The mean linear coefficient for attenuation was 10.3 dB/cm MHz [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.0-11.6 dB/cm MHz]. The mean quadratic coefficient for attenuation was 1.6 dB/cm MHz(2) (95% CI: 0.4-2.8 dB/cm MHz(2)). Nonlinear attenuation provided little information regarding BMD or microarchitecture. The quadratic coefficient for phase (which is related to dispersion) showed moderate correlations with BMD (r = -0.65; 95% CI: -0.82 to -0.36), bone surface-to-volume ratio (r = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.12-0.72) and trabecular thickness (r = -0.40; 95% CI: -0.67 to -0.03). Dispersion was proportional to bone volume fraction raised to an exponent of 2.1 ± 0.2, which is similar to the value for parallel nylon-wire phantoms (2.4 ± 0.2) and supports a multiple-scattering model for dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Wear
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
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22
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Wear K, Nagatani Y, Mizuno K, Matsukawa M. Fast and slow wave detection in bovine cancellous bone in vitro using bandlimited deconvolution and Prony's method. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2014; 136:2015-24. [PMID: 25324100 PMCID: PMC8240127 DOI: 10.1121/1.4895668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fast and slow waves were detected in a bovine cancellous bone sample for thicknesses ranging from 7 to 12 mm using bandlimited deconvolution and the modified least-squares Prony's method with curve fitting (MLSP + CF). Bandlimited deconvolution consistently isolated two waves with linear-with-frequency attenuation coefficients as evidenced by high correlation coefficients between attenuation coefficient and frequency: 0.997 ± 0.002 (fast wave) and 0.986 ± 0.013 (slow wave) (mean ± standard deviation). Average root-mean-squared (RMS) differences between the two algorithms for phase velocities were 5 m/s (fast wave, 350 kHz) and 13 m/s (slow wave, 750 kHz). Average RMS differences for signal loss were 1.6 dB (fast wave, 350 kHz) and 0.4 dB (slow wave, 750 kHz). Phase velocities for thickness = 10 mm were 1726 m/s (fast wave, 350 kHz) and 1455 m/s (slow wave, 750 kHz). Results show support for the model of two waves with linear-with frequency attenuation, successful isolation of fast and slow waves, good agreement between bandlimited deconvolution and MLSP + CF as well as with a Bayesian algorithm, and potential variations of fast and/or slow wave properties with bone sample thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Wear
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Yoshiki Nagatani
- Department of Electronics, Kobe City College of Technology 8-3, Gakuen Higashi-cho, Nishiku, Kobe, 651-2194 Japan
| | - Katsunori Mizuno
- Underwater Technology Collaborative Research Center, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Mami Matsukawa
- Laboratory of Ultrasonic Electronics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University 1-3, Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, 610-0321, Kyoto, Japan
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23
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Vafaeian B, El-Rich M, El-Bialy T, Adeeb S. The finite element method for micro-scale modeling of ultrasound propagation in cancellous bone. ULTRASONICS 2014; 54:1663-1676. [PMID: 24656933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative ultrasound for bone assessment is based on the correlations between ultrasonic parameters and the properties (mechanical and physical) of cancellous bone. To elucidate the correlations, understanding the physics of ultrasound in cancellous bone is demanded. Micro-scale modeling of ultrasound propagation in cancellous bone using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method has been so far utilized as one of the approaches in this regard. However, the FDTD method accompanies two disadvantages: staircase sampling of cancellous bone by finite difference grids leads to generation of wave artifacts at the solid-fluid interface inside the bone; additionally, this method cannot explicitly satisfy the needed perfect-slip conditions at the interface. To overcome these disadvantages, the finite element method (FEM) is proposed in this study. Three-dimensional finite element models of six water-saturated cancellous bone samples with different bone volume were created. The values of speed of sound (SOS) and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) were calculated through the finite element simulations of ultrasound propagation in each sample. Comparing the results with other experimental and simulation studies demonstrated the capabilities of the FEM for micro-scale modeling of ultrasound in water-saturated cancellous bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vafaeian
- Faculty of Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 3-016 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada.
| | - M El-Rich
- Faculty of Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 3-016 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada.
| | - T El-Bialy
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 7-020D Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - S Adeeb
- Faculty of Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 3-016 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada.
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24
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Nagatani Y, Mizuno K, Matsukawa M. Two-wave behavior under various conditions of transition area from cancellous bone to cortical bone. ULTRASONICS 2014; 54:1245-1250. [PMID: 24315036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The two-wave phenomenon, the wave separation of a single ultrasonic pulse in cancellous bone, is expected to be a useful tool for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. However, because actual bone has a complicated structure, precise studies on the effect of transition conditions between cortical and cancellous parts are required. This study investigated how the transition condition influenced the two-wave generation using three-dimensional X-ray CT images of an equine radius and a three-dimensional simulation technique. As a result, any changes in the boundary between cortical part and trabecular part, which gives the actual complex structure of bone, did not eliminate the generation of either the primary wave or the secondary wave at least in the condition of clear trabecular alignment. The results led us to the possibility of using the two-wave phenomenon in a diagnostic system for osteoporosis in cases of a complex boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Nagatani
- Department of Electronics, Kobe City College of Technology, Kobe 651-2194, Japan.
| | - Katsunori Mizuno
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Mami Matsukawa
- Laboratory of Ultrasonic Electronics, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan.
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25
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Mézière F, Muller M, Bossy E, Derode A. Measurements of ultrasound velocity and attenuation in numerical anisotropic porous media compared to Biot's and multiple scattering models. ULTRASONICS 2014; 54:1146-54. [PMID: 24125533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This article quantitatively investigates ultrasound propagation in numerical anisotropic porous media with finite-difference simulations in 3D. The propagation media consist of clusters of ellipsoidal scatterers randomly distributed in water, mimicking the anisotropic structure of cancellous bone. Velocities and attenuation coefficients of the ensemble-averaged transmitted wave (also known as the coherent wave) are measured in various configurations. As in real cancellous bone, one or two longitudinal modes emerge, depending on the micro-structure. The results are confronted with two standard theoretical approaches: Biot's theory, usually invoked in porous media, and the Independent Scattering Approximation (ISA), a classical first-order approach of multiple scattering theory. On the one hand, when only one longitudinal wave is observed, it is found that at porosities higher than 90% the ISA successfully predicts the attenuation coefficient (unlike Biot's theory), as well as the existence of negative dispersion. On the other hand, the ISA is not well suited to study two-wave propagation, unlike Biot's model, at least as far as wave speeds are concerned. No free fitting parameters were used for the application of Biot's theory. Finally we investigate the phase-shift between waves in the fluid and the solid structure, and compare them to Biot's predictions of in-phase and out-of-phase motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Mézière
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR7587, INSERM U979, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Marie Muller
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR7587, INSERM U979, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Emmanuel Bossy
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR7587, INSERM U979, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Derode
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR7587, INSERM U979, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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26
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Wear KA. Time-domain separation of interfering waves in cancellous bone using bandlimited deconvolution: simulation and phantom study. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2014; 135:2102-12. [PMID: 25235007 PMCID: PMC8317067 DOI: 10.1121/1.4868473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In through-transmission interrogation of cancellous bone, two longitudinal pulses ("fast" and "slow" waves) may be generated. Fast and slow wave properties convey information about material and micro-architectural characteristics of bone. However, these properties can be difficult to assess when fast and slow wave pulses overlap in time and frequency domains. In this paper, two methods are applied to decompose signals into fast and slow waves: bandlimited deconvolution and modified least-squares Prony's method with curve-fitting (MLSP + CF). The methods were tested in plastic and Zerdine(®) samples that provided fast and slow wave velocities commensurate with velocities for cancellous bone. Phase velocity estimates were accurate to within 6 m/s (0.4%) (slow wave with both methods and fast wave with MLSP + CF) and 26 m/s (1.2%) (fast wave with bandlimited deconvolution). Midband signal loss estimates were accurate to within 0.2 dB (1.7%) (fast wave with both methods), and 1.0 dB (3.7%) (slow wave with both methods). Similar accuracies were found for simulations based on fast and slow wave parameter values published for cancellous bone. These methods provide sufficient accuracy and precision for many applications in cancellous bone such that experimental error is likely to be a greater limiting factor than estimation error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Wear
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bldg. 62, Room 3108, 10903 New Hampshire Boulevard, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
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27
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Nagatani Y, Tachibana RO. Multichannel instantaneous frequency analysis of ultrasound propagating in cancellous bone. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2014; 135:1197-206. [PMID: 24606262 DOI: 10.1121/1.4864464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An ultrasonic pulse propagating in cancellous bone can be separated into two waves depending on the condition of the specimen. These two waves, which are called the fast wave and the slow wave, provide important information for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. The present study proposes to utilize a signal processing method that extracts the instantaneous frequency (IF) of waveforms from multiple spectral channels. The instantaneous frequency was expected to be able to show detailed time-frequency properties of ultrasonic waves being transmitted through cancellous bone. The employed method, termed the multichannel instantaneous frequency (MCIF) method, showed robustness against background noise as compared to the IF that was directly derived from the original waveform. The extracted IF revealed that the frequency of the fast wave was affected by both the propagation distance within the specimen and the bone density, independently. On the other hand, the alternation of the center frequency of the originally transmitted wave did not produce proportional changes in the extracted IF values of the fast waves, suggesting that the fast wave IF mainly reflected the thickness of the specimens. These findings may provide the possibility of obtaining a more precise diagnosis of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Nagatani
- Department of Electronics, Kobe City College of Technology, Gakuen-higashi-machi 8-3, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2194, Japan
| | - Ryosuke O Tachibana
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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28
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Fujita F, Mizuno K, Matsukawa M. An experimental study on the ultrasonic wave propagation in cancellous bone: waveform changes during propagation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 134:4775. [PMID: 25669289 DOI: 10.1121/1.4824970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Wave propagation in a trabecular bone was experimentally investigated using an acoustic tube. For the purposes of this study, a cubic sample was gradually filed so the waveform change due to the sample thickness could be observed. The initial sample showed clear two-wave separation. As the sample became thinner, the fast and slow waves gradually overlapped. The apparent frequencies and amplitudes of the fast waves obtained from the time domain data decreased significantly for the smaller thicknesses. This indicates an increase in the apparent attenuation at the initial stage of the propagation. Next the authors investigated the distribution of the ultrasonic field after the transmission through the cancellous bone sample. In addition to a large aperture receiver, a needle-type ultrasonic transducer was used to observe the ultrasonic field. Within an area of the same size of the large transducer, the waveforms retrieved with the needle sensor exhibited high spatial variations; however, the averaged waveform in the plane was similar to the waveform obtained with the large aperture receiver. This indicates that the phase cancellation effect on the surface of the large aperture receiver can be one of the reasons for the strong apparent attenuation observed at the initial stages of the propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Fujita
- Laboratory of Ultrasonic Electronics, Research Center for Wave Electronics, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0321 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsunori Mizuno
- Underwater Technology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505 Japan
| | - Mami Matsukawa
- Laboratory of Ultrasonic Electronics, Research Center for Wave Electronics, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0321 Kyoto, Japan
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29
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Paulides MM, Stauffer PR, Neufeld E, Maccarini PF, Kyriakou A, Canters RAM, Diederich CJ, Bakker JF, Van Rhoon GC. Simulation techniques in hyperthermia treatment planning. Int J Hyperthermia 2013; 29:346-57. [PMID: 23672453 PMCID: PMC3711016 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2013.790092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Clinical trials have shown that hyperthermia (HT), i.e. an increase of tissue temperature to 39-44 °C, significantly enhance radiotherapy and chemotherapy effectiveness [1]. Driven by the developments in computational techniques and computing power, personalised hyperthermia treatment planning (HTP) has matured and has become a powerful tool for optimising treatment quality. Electromagnetic, ultrasound, and thermal simulations using realistic clinical set-ups are now being performed to achieve patient-specific treatment optimisation. In addition, extensive studies aimed to properly implement novel HT tools and techniques, and to assess the quality of HT, are becoming more common. In this paper, we review the simulation tools and techniques developed for clinical hyperthermia, and evaluate their current status on the path from 'model' to 'clinic'. In addition, we illustrate the major techniques employed for validation and optimisation. HTP has become an essential tool for improvement, control, and assessment of HT treatment quality. As such, it plays a pivotal role in the quest to establish HT as an efficacious addition to multi-modality treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarethus M Paulides
- Hyperthermia Unit, Department of Radiation Oncology, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Centre, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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30
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Wear KA. Estimation of fast and slow wave properties in cancellous bone using Prony's method and curve fitting. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 133:2490-501. [PMID: 23556613 PMCID: PMC8243208 DOI: 10.1121/1.4792935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The presence of two longitudinal waves in poroelastic media is predicted by Biot's theory and has been confirmed experimentally in through-transmission measurements in cancellous bone. Estimation of attenuation coefficients and velocities of the two waves is challenging when the two waves overlap in time. The modified least squares Prony's (MLSP) method in conjuction with curve-fitting (MLSP + CF) is tested using simulations based on published values for fast and slow wave attenuation coefficients and velocities in cancellous bone from several studies in bovine femur, human femur, and human calcaneus. The search algorithm is accelerated by exploiting correlations among search parameters. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated as a function of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). For a typical experimental SNR (40 dB), the root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) for one example (human femur) with fast and slow waves separated by approximately half of a pulse duration were 1 m/s (slow wave velocity), 4 m/s (fast wave velocity), 0.4 dB/cm MHz (slow wave attenuation slope), and 1.7 dB/cm MHz (fast wave attenuation slope). The MLSP + CF method is fast (requiring less than 2 s at SNR = 40 dB on a consumer-grade notebook computer) and is flexible with respect to the functional form of the parametric model for the transmission coefficient. The MLSP + CF method provides sufficient accuracy and precision for many applications such that experimental error is a greater limiting factor than estimation error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Wear
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 62, Room 3108, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, USA.
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31
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Mézière F, Muller M, Dobigny B, Bossy E, Derode A. Simulations of ultrasound propagation in random arrangements of elliptic scatterers: occurrence of two longitudinal waves. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 133:643-652. [PMID: 23363084 DOI: 10.1121/1.4774276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound propagation in clusters of elliptic (two-dimensional) or ellipsoidal (three-dimensional) scatterers randomly distributed in a fluid is investigated numerically. The essential motivation for the present work is to gain a better understanding of ultrasound propagation in trabecular bone. Bone microstructure exhibits structural anisotropy and multiple wave scattering. Some phenomena remain partially unexplained, such as the propagation of two longitudinal waves. The objective of this study was to shed more light on the occurrence of these two waves, using finite-difference simulations on a model medium simpler than bone. Slabs of anisotropic, scattering media were randomly generated. The coherent wave was obtained through spatial and ensemble-averaging of the transmitted wavefields. When varying relevant medium parameters, four of them appeared to play a significant role for the observation of two waves: (i) the solid fraction, (ii) the direction of propagation relatively to the scatterers orientation, (iii) the ability of scatterers to support shear waves, and (iv) a continuity of the solid matrix along the propagation. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that fast waves are guided by the locally plate/bar-like solid matrix. If confirmed, this interpretation could significantly help developing approaches for a better understanding of trabecular bone micro-architecture using ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Mézière
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005, Paris
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Grimes M, Bouhadjera A, Haddad S, Benkedidah T. In vitro estimation of fast and slow wave parameters of thin trabecular bone using space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization algorithm. ULTRASONICS 2012; 52:614-621. [PMID: 22284937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In testing cancellous bone using ultrasound, two types of longitudinal Biot's waves are observed in the received signal. These are known as fast and slow waves and their appearance depend on the alignment of bone trabeculae in the propagation path and the thickness of the specimen under test (SUT). They can be used as an effective tool for the diagnosis of osteoporosis because wave propagation behavior depends on the bone structure. However, the identification of these waves in the received signal can be difficult to achieve. In this study, ultrasonic wave propagation in a 4mm thick bovine cancellous bone in the direction parallel to the trabecular alignment is considered. The observed Biot's fast and slow longitudinal waves are superimposed; which makes it difficult to extract any information from the received signal. These two waves can be separated using the space alternating generalized expectation maximization (SAGE) algorithm. The latter has been used mainly in speech processing. In this new approach, parameters such as, arrival time, center frequency, bandwidth, amplitude, phase and velocity of each wave are estimated. The B-Scan images and its associated A-scans obtained through simulations using Biot's finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method are validated experimentally using a thin bone sample obtained from the femoral-head of a 30 months old bovine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morad Grimes
- Electronics Department, NDT Lab, Jijel University, Ouled Aissa, Jijel 18000, Algeria.
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Nelson AM, Hoffman JJ, Anderson CC, Holland MR, Nagatani Y, Mizuno K, Matsukawa M, Miller JG. Determining attenuation properties of interfering fast and slow ultrasonic waves in cancellous bone. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 130:2233-40. [PMID: 21973378 PMCID: PMC3206914 DOI: 10.1121/1.3625241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that interference between fast waves and slow waves can lead to observed negative dispersion in cancellous bone. In this study, the effects of overlapping fast and slow waves on measurements of the apparent attenuation as a function of propagation distance are investigated along with methods of analysis used to determine the attenuation properties. Two methods are applied to simulated data that were generated based on experimentally acquired signals taken from a bovine specimen. The first method uses a time-domain approach that was dictated by constraints imposed by the partial overlap of fast and slow waves. The second method uses a frequency-domain log-spectral subtraction technique on the separated fast and slow waves. Applying the time-domain analysis to the broadband data yields apparent attenuation behavior that is larger in the early stages of propagation and decreases as the wave travels deeper. In contrast, performing frequency-domain analysis on the separated fast waves and slow waves results in attenuation coefficients that are independent of propagation distance. Results suggest that features arising from the analysis of overlapping two-mode data may represent an alternate explanation for the previously reported apparent dependence on propagation distance of the attenuation coefficient of cancellous bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Nelson
- Department of Physics, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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Serra-Hsu F, Cheng J, Lynch T, Qin YX. Evaluation of a pulsed phase-locked loop system for noninvasive tracking of bone deformation under loading with finite element and strain analysis. Physiol Meas 2011; 32:1301-13. [PMID: 21765205 PMCID: PMC4961073 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/32/8/019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound has been widely used to nondestructively evaluate various materials, including biological tissues. Quantitative ultrasound has been used to assess bone quality and fracture risk. A pulsed phase-locked loop (PPLL) method has been proven for very sensitive tracking of ultrasound time-of-flight (TOF) changes. The objective of this work was to determine if the PPLL TOF tracking is sensitive to bone deformation changes during loading. The ability to noninvasively detect bone deformations has many implications, including assessment of bone strength and more accurate osteoporosis diagnostics and fracture risk prediction using a measure of bone mechanical quality. Fresh sheep femur cortical bone shell samples were instrumented with three 3-element rosette strain gauges and then tested under mechanical compression with eight loading levels using an MTS machine. Samples were divided into two groups based on internal marrow cavity content: with original marrow, or replaced with water. During compressive loading ultrasound waves were measured through acoustic transmission across the mid-diaphysis of bone. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to describe ultrasound propagation path length changes under loading based on µCT-determined bone geometry. The results indicated that PPLL output correlates well to measured axial strain, with R(2) values of 0.70 ± 0.27 and 0.62 ± 0.29 for the marrow and water groups, respectively. The PPLL output correlates better with the ultrasound path length changes extracted from FEA. For the two validated FEA tests, correlation was improved to R(2) = 0.993 and R(2) = 0.879 through cortical path, from 0.815 and 0.794 via marrow path, respectively. This study shows that PPLL readings are sensitive to displacement changes during external bone loading, which may have potential to noninvasively assess bone strain and tissue mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Serra-Hsu
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
| | - Jiqi Cheng
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
| | - Ted Lynch
- Luna Innovations, 1 Riverside Circle, Suite 400, Roanoke, VA 24016-4962, USA
| | - Yi-Xian Qin
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
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Mizuno K, Nagatani Y, Yamashita K, Matsukawa M. Propagation of two longitudinal waves in a cancellous bone with the closed pore boundary. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 130:EL122-EL127. [PMID: 21877770 DOI: 10.1121/1.3607196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound propagation in cancellous bone (porous media) under the condition of closed pore boundaries was investigated. A cancellous bone and two plate-like cortical bones obtained from a racehorse were prepared. A water-immersion ultrasound technique in the MHz range and a three-dimensional elastic finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method were used to investigate the waves. The experiments and simulations showed a clear separation of the incident longitudinal wave into fast and slow waves. The findings advance the evaluation of bones based on the two-wave phenomenon for in vivo assessment.
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Hosokawa A. Numerical investigation of ultrasound refraction caused by oblique orientation of trabecular network in cancellous bone. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2011; 58:1389-96. [PMID: 21768023 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2011.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound propagation through cancellous bone can be greatly affected by the trabecular structure. In the present study, the ultrasound propagation for the oblique orientation of the trabecular network was numerically investigated using 3-D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. The models of cancellous bone were reconstructed from X-ray microcomputed tomographic (μCT) images of a bovine bone. Cancellous bone models with various orientations of the trabecular network were realized by cutting the μCT images rotated from 0 to 90°. Ultrasound waveforms propagating through these cancellous bone models were simulated while changing the receiving position. The refraction of the ultrasound wave for the oblique angle of the main orientation was investigated on the basis of the variation in the arrival time and peak amplitude. As the propagation direction approached the direction parallel to the main orientation, the arrival time of the first peak became less and the peak amplitude became smaller. This means that the wave of the first peak, which corresponded to a fast wave, propagated in the direction perpendicular to the main orientation. In addition, a strong correlation between the first-peak amplitude and the arrival time was observed in the porosity range of 0.68 to 0.85, in which the slope of the amplitude with respect to time increased linearly with porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hosokawa
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Akashi National College of Technology, Akashi, Hyogo, Japan.
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Wear KA. Cancellous bone analysis with modified least squares Prony's method and chirp filter: phantom experiments and simulation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2010; 128:2191-203. [PMID: 20968389 PMCID: PMC9130964 DOI: 10.1121/1.3478779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of two longitudinal waves in porous media is predicted by Biot's theory and has been confirmed experimentally in cancellous bone. When cancellous bone samples are interrogated in through-transmission, these two waves can overlap in time. Previously, the Modified Least-Squares Prony's (MLSP) method was validated for estimation of amplitudes, attenuation coefficients, and phase velocities of fast and slow waves, but tended to overestimate phase velocities by up to about 5%. In the present paper, a pre-processing chirp filter to mitigate the phase velocity bias is derived. The MLSP/chirp filter (MLSPCF) method was tested for decomposition of a 500 kHz-center-frequency signal containing two overlapping components: one passing through a low-density-polyethylene plate (fast wave) and another passing through a cancellous-bone-mimicking phantom material (slow wave). The chirp filter reduced phase velocity bias from 100 m/s (5.1%) to 69 m/s (3.5%) (fast wave) and from 29 m/s (1.9%) to 10 m/s (0.7%) (slow wave). Similar improvements were found for 1) measurements in polycarbonate (fast wave) and a cancellous-bone-mimicking phantom (slow wave), and 2) a simulation based on parameters mimicking bovine cancellous bone. The MLSPCF method did not offer consistent improvement in estimates of attenuation coefficient or amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Wear
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Room 3108, Building 62, 10903 New Hampshire Boulevard, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA.
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Kaleva E, Liukkonen J, Toyras J, Saarakkala S, Kiviranta P, Jurvelin J. 2-D finite difference time domain model of ultrasound reflection from normal and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage surface. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2010; 57:892-899. [PMID: 20378451 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2010.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative high-frequency ultrasonic evaluation of articular cartilage has shown a potential for the diagnosis of osteoarthritis, where the roughness of the surface, collagen and proteoglycan contents, and the density and mechanical properties of cartilage change concurrently. Experimentally, these factors are difficult to investigate individually and thus a numerical model is needed. The present study is the first one to use finite difference time domain modeling of pulse-echo measurements of articular cartilage. Ultrasound reflection from the surface was investigated with varying surface roughness, material parameters (Young's modulus, density, longitudinal, and transversal velocities) and inclination of the samples. The 2-D simulation results were compared with the results from experimental measurements of the same samples in an identical geometry. Both the roughness and the material parameters contributed significantly to the ultrasound reflection. The angular dependence of the ultrasound reflection was strong for a smooth cartilage surface but disappeared for the samples with a rougher surface. These results support the findings of previous experimental studies and indicate that ultrasound detects changes in the cartilage that are characteristic of osteoarthritis. In the present study there are differences between the results of the simulations and the experimental measurements. However, the systematic patterns in the experimental behavior are correctly reproduced by the model. In the future, our goal is to develop more realistic acoustic models incorporating inhomogeneity and anisotropy of the cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Kaleva
- Department of Physics, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
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