1
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Chen G, Xia J. Non-Contact Shear Wave Generation and Detection Using High Frequency Air-Coupled Focused Transducer and Fiber Optic Based Sagnac Interferometer for Mechanical Characterization. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22155824. [PMID: 35957381 PMCID: PMC9370967 DOI: 10.3390/s22155824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In shear wave-based material mechanical characterization, the transmit/receiver transducer is generally in contact with the material through a coupling medium. In many applications, especially in biological tissue-related characterization, the application of the coupling medium and the contact method are not ideal, sometimes even unacceptable, due to contamination or stress response concerns. To avoid contact, we developed a 1 MHz air-coupled focused PZT transducer as a moderate pressure generator that could induce a shear wave in soft material and a fiber optic-based Sagnac system for the detection of the propagating shear wave. A calibration indicated that the fabricated air-coupled focused PZT transducer could generate pressure above 1 KPa within its focal range. This pressure is three to five times as much as the pressure generated by a 1 MHz air-coupled transducer currently available on the market. The integrated system was demonstrated through shear wave generation by the fabricated air-coupled PZT transducer and shear wave detection by the fiber optic Sagnac system in a nylon membrane. The results demonstrated the capability of the integrated system in non-contact material mechanical characterization, such as in material modulus measurement.
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2
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Development of an Accurate and Robust Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Time-of-Flight Measurement Technique. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22062135. [PMID: 35336306 PMCID: PMC8953486 DOI: 10.3390/s22062135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic time-of-flight (ToF) measurements enable the non-destructive characterization of material parameters as well as the reconstruction of scatterers inside a specimen. The time-consuming and potentially damaging procedure of applying a liquid couplant between specimen and transducer can be avoided by using air-coupled ultrasound. However, to obtain accurate ToF results, the waveform and travel time of the acoustic signal through the air, which are influenced by the ambient conditions, need to be considered. The placement of microphones as signal receivers is restricted to locations where they do not affect the sound field. This study presents a novel method for in-air ranging and ToF determination that is non-invasive and robust to changing ambient conditions or waveform variations. The in-air travel time was determined by utilizing the azimuthal directivity of a laser Doppler vibrometer operated in refracto-vibrometry (RV) mode. The time of entry of the acoustic signal was determined using the autocorrelation of the RV signal. The same signal was further used as a reference for determining the ToF through the specimen in transmission mode via cross-correlation. The derived signal processing procedure was verified in experiments on a polyamide specimen. Here, a ranging accuracy of <0.1 mm and a transmission ToF accuracy of 0.3μs were achieved. Thus, the proposed method enables fast and accurate non-invasive ToF measurements that do not require knowledge about transducer characteristics or ambient conditions.
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3
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Li Z, Meng Z, Soutis C, Wang P, Gibson A. Detection and analysis of metallic contaminants in dry foods using a microwave resonator sensor. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Mahmoud MZ, Davidson R, Abdelbasset WK, Fagiry MA. The new achievements in ultrasonic processing of milk and dairy products. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Wu Q, Chen Q, Lian G, Wang X, Song X, Zhang X. Investigation of an air-coupled transducer with a closed-cell material matching strategy and an optimization design considering the electrical input impedance. ULTRASONICS 2021; 115:106477. [PMID: 34082323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2021.106477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A high sensitivity air-coupled transducer with a hollow polymer microsphere filled epoxy resin matching layer is investigated. A new closed-cell porous material is introduced and a new acoustic impedance matching solution is discussed. An electrical impedance matching and parameter optimization method based on artificial bee colony algorithm is investigated which can significantly improve the sensitivity on the basis of acoustic impedance matching approach. The diameter of the piezoelectric plate and the thickness of the acoustic matching layer play an important role in this method. Experimental results are given, illustrating a 20.9 dB sensitivity enhancement by applying our acoustic impedance matching method, and an 8.4 dB additional sensitivity enhancement by applying our electrical impedance matching and parameter optimization method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Wu
- Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Qiuying Chen
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Guoxuan Lian
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaochun Song
- Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430064, China.
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6
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Achouri IE, Rhoden A, Hudon S, Gosselin R, Simard JS, Abatzoglou N. Non-invasive detection technologies of solid foreign matter and their applications to lyophilized pharmaceutical products: A review. Talanta 2021; 224:121885. [PMID: 33379094 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Good Manufacturing Practice Regulations, under the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), stipulate that all pharmaceutical products must be free of any contaminants, including, namely, any foreign solid objects. Lyophilization is a common manufacturing method that consists of several steps where foreign materials may enter the product. The presence of unintended particles in freeze drying, which will herein be referred to under the term 'Lyophilization', is of great concern to the authorities responsible for drug safety and effectiveness. In the pharmaceutical industry, presently, the inspection of lyophilized products for foreign matter particulates relies on visual inspection where only the outer surface of the lyophilized cake is visible. This review is motivated by the need for new control strategies for foreign matter (FM) detection in lyophilized products; more specifically, it assesses the reliability of non-destructive technologies for FM detection in dried samples. Emerging technologies applied in other industries, such as various types of spectroscopies and imaging (e.g. chemical, X-ray, ultrasound, thermal and terahertz), are evaluated based on compatibility with the intended application, with identification of the possible technical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès E Achouri
- Département de Génie Chimique et de Génie Biotechnologique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Alan Rhoden
- Pfizer USA, 100 route 206 North, Peapack, NJ, 07977, USA
| | - Sophie Hudon
- Pfizer Canada, 17300 route transcanadienne, Kirkland, QC, H9J 2M5, Canada
| | - Ryan Gosselin
- Département de Génie Chimique et de Génie Biotechnologique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Nicolas Abatzoglou
- Département de Génie Chimique et de Génie Biotechnologique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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7
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Mantelet M, Restagno F, Souchon I, Mathieu V. Using ultrasound to characterize the tongue-food interface: An in vitro study examining the impact of surface roughness and lubrication. ULTRASONICS 2020; 103:106095. [PMID: 32044566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2020.106095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We measured the apparent reflection coefficient of a 1-MHz ultrasound compressional wave at the interface between rough and lubricated tongue mimicking surfaces and various food gels, composed of agar or gelatin. For the smoothest mimicking surface, when a lubricating layer was present, the apparent reflection coefficient was fairly similar for the different food gels (33.6% on average). The apparent reflection coefficient was significantly larger in the following situations: (i) tongue asperities were high and dense; (ii) lubrication levels were low; and (iii) gels were less rigid (range for the different gels-45.9-84.3%). The apparent reflection coefficient conveys the ability of food gels to mold themselves to surface asperities or to form a coupling film of liquid at the interface. This study demonstrates that ultrasound methods can and should be used to explore the physical phenomena that underlie the texture perceptions resulting from tongue-palate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Mantelet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, F-78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Frédéric Restagno
- UMR 8502 LPS, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Rue André Rivière, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Souchon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, F-78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Vincent Mathieu
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, F-78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
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Marhenke T, Neuenschwander J, Furrer R, Zolliker P, Twiefel J, Hasener J, Wallaschek J, Sanabria SJ. Air-Coupled Ultrasound Time Reversal (ACU-TR) For Subwavelength Nondestructive Imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2020; 67:651-663. [PMID: 31689191 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2019.2951312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Air-coupled ultrasound (ACU) is increasingly used for nondestructive testing (NDT). With ACU, no contact or coupling agent (e.g., water and ultrasound gel) is needed between transducers and test sample, which provides high measurement reproducibility. However, for testing in production, a minimum separation is often necessary between the sample and the transducers to avoid contamination or transducer damage. Due to wave diffraction, the collimation of the ultrasound beam decreases for larger propagation distances, and ACU images become blurred and show lower defect lateral resolution with increasing sample-transducer separation. This is especially critical to thick composites, where large-size planar sources are used to bridge the large ACU transmission loss with good collimation. In this work, ACU reradiation in unbounded media is extended to NDT of multilayered composites. The extended method is named ACU time reversal (ACU-TR) and significantly improves the defect resolution of ACU imaging. With ACU-TR, the complete pressure distribution radiated by large ACU source is measured with point receivers (RXs) in one plane arbitrarily separated from the sample. By applying acoustic holography physics, it is then possible to quantitatively reconstruct the pressure field directly at arbitrary sample defect planes, which compensates for undesired diffraction phenomena and improves minimum detectable defect size, thereby achieving subwavelength lateral resolution. We tested the method on complex wood-based composite samples based on the ACU far-field measurements at a separation of 160 mm between the sample and the RX transducer. With the proposed method, it is possible to detect surface defects as well as inner defects within composite boards. In the future, by using point RX arrays instead of a scanned microphone, both data acquisition and evaluation can be potentially implemented in real time.
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9
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Garcia-Perez J, de Prados M, Martinez G, Gomez Alvarez-Arenas T, Benedito J. Ultrasonic online monitoring of the ham salting process. Methods for signal analysis: Time of flight calculation. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Kerhervé S, Guillermic RM, Strybulevych A, Hatcher D, Scanlon M, Page J. Online non-contact quality control of noodle dough using ultrasound. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Laureti S, Khalid Rizwan M, Malekmohammadi H, Burrascano P, Natali M, Torre L, Rallini M, Puri I, Hutchins D, Ricci M. Delamination Detection in Polymeric Ablative Materials Using Pulse-Compression Thermography and Air-Coupled Ultrasound. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19092198. [PMID: 31086005 PMCID: PMC6540291 DOI: 10.3390/s19092198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ablative materials are used extensively in the aerospace industry for protection against high thermal stresses and temperatures, an example being glass/silicone composites. The extreme conditions faced and the cost-risk related to the production/operating stage of such high-tech materials indicate the importance of detecting any anomaly or defect arising from the manufacturing process. In this paper, two different non-destructive testing techniques, namely active thermography and ultrasonic testing, have been used to detect a delamination in a glass/silicone composite. It is shown that a frequency modulated chirp signal and pulse-compression can successfully be used in active thermography for detecting such a delamination. Moreover, the same type of input signal and post-processing can be used to generate an image using air-coupled ultrasound, and an interesting comparison between the two can be made to further characterise the defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Laureti
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Polo Scientifico Didattico di Terni, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy.
| | - Muhammad Khalid Rizwan
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Polo Scientifico Didattico di Terni, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy.
| | - Hamed Malekmohammadi
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Polo Scientifico Didattico di Terni, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy.
| | - Pietro Burrascano
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Polo Scientifico Didattico di Terni, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Natali
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Polo Scientifico Didattico di Terni, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy.
| | - Luigi Torre
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Polo Scientifico Didattico di Terni, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy.
| | - Marco Rallini
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Polo Scientifico Didattico di Terni, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy.
| | - Ivan Puri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Polo Scientifico Didattico di Terni, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy.
| | - David Hutchins
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Marco Ricci
- Department of Informatics, Modeling, Electronics and System Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
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12
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Pérez-Santaescolástica C, Fraeye I, Barba FJ, Gómez B, Tomasevic I, Romero A, Moreno A, Toldrá F, Lorenzo JM. Application of non-invasive technologies in dry-cured ham: An overview. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Mohd Khairi MT, Ibrahim S, Md Yunus MA, Faramarzi M. Noninvasive techniques for detection of foreign bodies in food: A review. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Taufiq Mohd Khairi
- Department of Control and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Skudai Johor 81310 Malaysia
| | - Sallehuddin Ibrahim
- Department of Control and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Skudai Johor 81310 Malaysia
| | - Mohd Amri Md Yunus
- Department of Control and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Skudai Johor 81310 Malaysia
| | - Mahdi Faramarzi
- Department of Control and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Skudai Johor 81310 Malaysia
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14
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Mohd Khairi MT, Ibrahim S, Md Yunus MA, Faramarzi M. Ultrasonic tomography for detecting foreign objects in refrigerated milk cartons. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Taufiq Mohd Khairi
- Department of Control and Mechatronics Engineering; Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Sallehuddin Ibrahim
- Department of Control and Mechatronics Engineering; Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Mohd Amri Md Yunus
- Department of Control and Mechatronics Engineering; Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Mahdi Faramarzi
- Department of Control and Mechatronics Engineering; Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia
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15
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Mohd Khairi MT, Ibrahim S, Md Yunus MA, Faramarzi M, Abd Rahman MAI, Gaya MS. Finite element simulation for detecting the foreign body based on ultrasonic sensor. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Taufiq Mohd Khairi
- Department of Control and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Skudai Johor 81310, Malaysia
| | - Sallehuddin Ibrahim
- Department of Control and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Skudai Johor 81310, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Amri Md Yunus
- Department of Control and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Skudai Johor 81310, Malaysia
| | - Mahdi Faramarzi
- Department of Control and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Skudai Johor 81310, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Abdul Illah Abd Rahman
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Bangi Selangor 43000, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Sani Gaya
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; Kano University of Science & Technology; Wudil Kano, Nigeria
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16
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Kazys RJ, Sliteris R, Sestoke J. Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Receivers with High Electromechanical Coupling PMN-32%PT Strip-Like Piezoelectric Elements. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E2365. [PMID: 29035348 PMCID: PMC5677186 DOI: 10.3390/s17102365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For improvement of the efficiency of air-coupled ultrasonic transducers PMN-32%PT piezoelectric crystals which possess very high piezoelectric properties may be used. The electromechanical coupling factor of such crystals for all main vibration modes such as the thickness extension and transverse extension modes is more than 0.9. Operation of ultrasonic transducers with such piezoelectric elements in transmitting and receiving modes is rather different. Therefore, for transmission and reception of ultrasonic signals, separate piezoelectric elements with different dimensions must be used. The objective of this research was development of novel air-coupled ultrasonic receivers with PMN-32%PT strip-like piezoelectric elements vibrating in a transverse-extension mode with electromechanically controlled operation and suitable for applications in ultrasonic arrays. Performance of piezoelectric receivers made of the PMN-32%PT strip-like elements vibrating in this mode may be efficiently controlled by selecting geometry of the electrodes covering side surfaces of the piezoelectric element. It is equivalent to introduction of electromechanical damping which does not require any additional backing element. For this purpose; we have proposed the continuous electrodes to divide into two pairs of electrodes. The one pair is used to pick up the electric signal; another one is exploited for electromechanical damping. Two types of electrodes may be used-rectangular or non-rectangular-with a gap between them directed at some angle, usually 45°. The frequency bandwidth is wider (up to 9 kHz) in the case of non-rectangular electrodes. The strip-like acoustic matching element bonded to the tip of the PMN-32%PT crystal may significantly enhance the performance of the ultrasonic receiver. It was proposed to use for this purpose AIREX T10.110 rigid polymer foam, the acoustic impedance of which is close to the optimal value necessary for matching with air. It was found that in order to get a wide bandwidth the length of the matching strip should be selected not a quarter wavelength λ/4 at the antiresonance frequency but at lower frequency. It allowed achieving the frequency bandwidth (14-18)% with respect to the central frequency at -3 dB level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rymantas J Kazys
- Ultrasound Institute of Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Reimondas Sliteris
- Ultrasound Institute of Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Justina Sestoke
- Ultrasound Institute of Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania.
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17
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18
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Xiong Z, Sun DW, Pu H, Gao W, Dai Q. Applications of emerging imaging techniques for meat quality and safety detection and evaluation: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:755-768. [PMID: 25975703 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.954282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
With improvement in people's living standards, many people nowadays pay more attention to quality and safety of meat. However, traditional methods for meat quality and safety detection and evaluation, such as manual inspection, mechanical methods, and chemical methods, are tedious, time-consuming, and destructive, which cannot meet the requirements of modern meat industry. Therefore, seeking out rapid, non-destructive, and accurate inspection techniques is important for the meat industry. In recent years, a number of novel and noninvasive imaging techniques, such as optical imaging, ultrasound imaging, tomographic imaging, thermal imaging, and odor imaging, have emerged and shown great potential in quality and safety assessment. In this paper, a detailed overview of advanced applications of these emerging imaging techniques for quality and safety assessment of different types of meat (pork, beef, lamb, chicken, and fish) is presented. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of each imaging technique are also summarized. Finally, future trends for these emerging imaging techniques are discussed, including integration of multiple imaging techniques, cost reduction, and developing powerful image-processing algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Xiong
- a School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China.,b Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- a School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China.,b Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , China.,c Food Refrigeration and Computerised Food Technology , Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Belfield , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Hongbin Pu
- a School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China.,b Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , China
| | - Wenhong Gao
- a School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China.,b Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qiong Dai
- a School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China.,b Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , China
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G. Scanlon
- Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - John H. Page
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
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20
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Periyaswamy T, Balasubramanian K, Pastore C. Novel characterization method for fibrous materials using non-contact acoustics: material properties revealed by ultrasonic perturbations. ULTRASONICS 2015; 56:361-369. [PMID: 25439446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibrous materials are unique hierarchical complex structures exhibiting a range of mechanical, thermal, optical and electrical properties. The inherent discontinuity at micro and macro levels, heterogeneity and multi-scale porosity differentiates fibrous materials from other engineering materials that are typically continuum in nature. These structural complexities greatly influence the techniques and modalities that can be applied to characterize fibrous materials. Typically, the material response to an applied external force is measured and used as a characteristic number of the specimen. In general, a range of equipment is in use to obtain these numbers to signify the material properties. Nevertheless, obtaining these numbers for materials like fiber ensembles is often time consuming, destructive, and requires multiple modalities. It is hypothesized that the material response to an applied acoustic frequency would provide a robust alternative characterization mode for rapid and non-destructive material analysis. This research proposes applying air-coupled ultrasonic acoustics to characterize fibrous materials. Ultrasonic frequency waves transmitted through fibrous assemblies were feature extracted to understand the correlation between the applied frequency and the material properties. Mechanical and thermal characteristics were analyzed using ultrasonic features such as time of flight, signal velocity, power and the rate of attenuation of signal amplitude. Subsequently, these temporal and spectral characteristics were mapped with the standard low-stress mechanical and thermal properties via an empirical artificial intelligence engine. A high correlation of >0.92 (S.D. 0.06) was observed between the ultrasonic features and the standard measurements. The proposed ultrasonic technique can be used toward rapid characterization of dynamic behavior of flexible fibrous assemblies.
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21
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Hutchins D, Burrascano P, Davis L, Laureti S, Ricci M. Coded waveforms for optimised air-coupled ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation. ULTRASONICS 2014; 54:1745-1759. [PMID: 24726137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates various types of coded waveforms that could be used for air-coupled ultrasound, using a pulse compression approach to signal processing. These are needed because of the low signal-to-noise ratios that are found in many air-coupled ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation measurements, due to the large acoustic mismatch between air and many solid materials. The various waveforms, including both swept-frequency signals and those with binary modulation, are described, and their performance in the presence of noise is compared. It is shown that the optimum choice of modulation signal depends on the bandwidth available and the type of measurement being made.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hutchins
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Pietro Burrascano
- Polo Scientifico Didattico di Terni, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Lee Davis
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Stefano Laureti
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; Polo Scientifico Didattico di Terni, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Marco Ricci
- Polo Scientifico Didattico di Terni, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy
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Abstract
This article presents a review of air-coupled ultrasonics employed in the characterization or nondestructive inspection of industrial materials. Developments in air-coupled transduction and electronics are briefly treated, although the emphasis here is on methods of characterization and inspection, and in overcoming limitations inherent in the use of such a tenuous sound coupling medium as air. The role of Lamb waves in plate characterization is covered, including the use of air-coupled acoustic beams to measure the elastic and/or viscoelastic properties of a material. Air-coupled acoustic detection, when other methods are employed to generate high-amplitude sound beams is also reviewed. Applications to civil engineering, acoustic tomography, and the characterization of both paper and wood are dealt with here. A brief summary of developments in air-coupled acoustic arrays and the application of air-coupled methods in nonlinear ultrasonics complete the review. In particular, the work of Professor Bernard Hosten and his collaborators at Bordeaux is carefully examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Chimenti
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Center for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-2271, USA.
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23
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Saffar S, Abdullah A. Simple method for measuring vibration amplitude of high power airborne ultrasonic transducer: using thermo-couple. ULTRASONICS 2014; 54:821-825. [PMID: 24246149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vibration amplitude of transducer's elements is the influential parameters in the performance of high power airborne ultrasonic transducers to control the optimum vibration without material yielding. The vibration amplitude of elements of provided high power airborne transducer was determined by measuring temperature of the provided high power airborne transducer transducer's elements. The results showed that simple thermocouples can be used both to measure the vibration amplitude of transducer's element and an indicator to power transmission to the air. To verify our approach, the power transmission to the air has been investigated by other common method experimentally. The experimental results displayed good agreement with presented approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Saffar
- Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424, Hafez Avenue, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Abdullah
- Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424, Hafez Avenue, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Saffar S, Abdullah A. Vibration amplitude and induced temperature limitation of high power air-borne ultrasonic transducers. ULTRASONICS 2014; 54:168-176. [PMID: 23664304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The acoustic impedances of matching layers, their internal loss and vibration amplitude are the most important and influential parameters in the performance of high power airborne ultrasonic transducers. In this paper, the optimum acoustic impedances of the transducer matching layers were determined by using a genetic algorithm, the powerful tool for optimizating domain. The analytical results showed that the vibration amplitude increases significantly for low acoustic impedance matching layers. This enhancement is maximum and approximately 200 times higher for the last matching layer where it has the same interface with the air than the vibration amplitude of the source, lead zirconate titanate-pizo electric while transferring the 1 kW is desirable. This large amplitude increases both mechanical failure and temperature of the matching layers due to the internal loss of the matching layers. It has analytically shown that the temperature in last matching layer with having the maximum vibration amplitude is high enough to melt or burn the matching layers. To verify suggested approach, the effect of the amplitude of vibration on the induced temperature has been investigated experimentally. The experimental results displayed good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Saffar
- Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424, Hafez Avenue, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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Chen Q, Zhang C, Zhao J, Ouyang Q. Recent advances in emerging imaging techniques for non-destructive detection of food quality and safety. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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27
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Saffar S, Abdullah A. Longitudinal wave propagation in multi cylindrical viscoelastic matching layers of airborne ultrasonic transducer: new method to consider the matching layer's diameter (frequency <100 kHz). ULTRASONICS 2013; 53:1174-1184. [PMID: 23537918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Wave propagation in viscoelastic disk layers is encountered in many applications including studies of airborne ultrasonic transducers. For viscoelastic materials, both material and geometric dispersion are possible when the diameter of the matching layer is of the same order as the wavelength. Lateral motions of the matching layer(s) that result from the Poisson effect are accounted by using a new concept called the "effective-density". A new wave equation is derived for both metallic and non-metallic (polymeric) materials, usually employed for the matching layers of airborne ultrasonic transducer. The material properties are modeled by using the Kelvin model for metals and Linear Solid Standard model for non-metallic (polymeric) matching layers. The utilized model of the material of the matching layers has influence on amount and trend of variation in speed ratio. In this regard, 60% reduction in speed ratio is observed for Kelvin model for aluminum with diameter of 80 mm at 100 kHz while for a similar diameter but Standard Linear Model, the speed ratio increase to twice value at 15 kHz, and then reduced until 70% at 67 kHz for Polypropylene. The new wave theory simplifies to the one-dimensional solution for waves in metallic or polymeric matching layers if the Poisson ratio is set to zero. The predictions simplify to Love's equation for stress waves in elastic disks when loss term is removed from equations for both models. Afterwards, the new wave theory is employed to determine the airborne ultrasonic matching layers to maximize the energy transmission to the air. The optimal matching layers are determined by using genetic algorithm theory for 1, 2 and 3 airborne matching layers. It has been shown that 1-D equation is useless at frequencies less than 100 kHz and the effect of diameter of the matching layers must be considered to determine the acoustic impedances (matching layers) to design airborne ultrasonic transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Saffar
- Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424, Hafez Avenue, Tehran, Iran.
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28
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Svilainis L, Chaziachmetovas A, Dumbrava V. Efficient high voltage pulser for piezoelectric air coupled transducer. ULTRASONICS 2013; 53:225-231. [PMID: 22742963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The design of high voltage pulser for air coupled ultrasound imaging is presented. It is dedicated for air-coupled ultrasound applications when piezoelectric transducer design is used. Two identical N-channel MOSFETs are used together with 1200V high and low side driver IC. Simple driving pulses' delay and skew circuit is used to reduce the cross-conduction. Analysis of switch peak current and channel resistance relation to maximum operation frequency and load capacitance is given. PSPICE simulation was used to analyze the gate driver resistance, gate pulse skew, pulse amplitude influence on energy consumption when loaded by capacitive load. Experimental investigation was verified against simulation and theoretical predictions. For 500pF capacitance, which is most common for piezoelectric air coupled transducers, pulser consumes 650μJ at 1kV pulse and 4μJ at 50V. Pulser is capable to produce up to 1MHz pulse trains with positive 50V-1kV pulses with up to 10A peak output current. When loaded by 200kHz transducer at 1kV pulse amplitude rise time is 40ns and fall time is 32ns which fully satisfies desired 1MHz bandwidth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linas Svilainis
- Signal Processing Department, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Str. 50, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania.
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29
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Polarised light stress analysis and laser scatter imaging for non-contact inspection of heat seals in food trays. J FOOD ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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