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Deng Z, Kondalkar VV, Cierpka C, Schmidt H, König J. From rectangular to diamond shape: on the three-dimensional and size-dependent transformation of patterns formed by single particles trapped in microfluidic acoustic tweezers. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2154-2160. [PMID: 37013801 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00120b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Generally, the pattern formed by individual particles trapped inside a microfluidic chamber by a two-dimensional standing acoustic wave field has been considered only the result of the acoustic radiation force. Previous studies showed that particles can be trapped at the local minima and maxima of the first-order pressure and velocity fields. Thus, either a rectangular or a diamond pattern can be formed solely depending on the particle size, when the acoustic field is unchanged, and the material properties of the particles and the fluid are fixed. In this paper, we report about the co-existence of different patterns with particles of the same size. The actual shape of the patterns depends mainly on the ratio between particle diameter and wavelength. In addition, particles were found to be trapped at locations that coincide with the position of antinodes, even though the particles have a positive acoustic contrast factor. These phenomena imply that the trapping of individual particles cannot be described by the acoustic radiation force solely. Hence, further research is required, taking the viscous drag force caused by the fluid flow induced by the acoustic streaming effect into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Deng
- Institute of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany.
| | - Vijay V Kondalkar
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, SAWLab Saxony, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Christian Cierpka
- Institute of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany.
| | - Hagen Schmidt
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, SAWLab Saxony, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jörg König
- Institute of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany.
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2
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Hu H, Cai G, Gao Z, Liang C, Yang F, Dou X, Jia C, Zhao J, Feng S, Li B. A microfluidic immunosensor for automatic detection of carcinoembryonic antigen based on immunomagnetic separation and droplet arrays. Analyst 2023; 148:1939-1947. [PMID: 36916483 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01922a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of cancer by biomarkers plays an important role in human health and life. However, current laboratory techniques for detecting cancer biomarkers still require laborious and time-consuming operation by skilled operators and associated laboratory instruments. This work presents a colorimetric biosensor for the rapid and sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) based on an automated immunomagnetic separation platform and a droplet array microfluidic chip with the aid of an image analysis system. Immunomagnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were used to capture CEA in the samples. CEA-detecting antibodies and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were modified on polystyrene microspheres (PS), catalysing hydrogen peroxide and 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as signal outputs. Color reaction data were analyzed to establish a CEA concentration standard curve. The movement of MNPs between droplets in the microfluidic chip is achieved using an automatically programmable magnetic control system. This colorimetric biosensor has been used for the simultaneous detection of six CEA samples ranging from 100 pg mL-1 to 100 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 14.347 pg mL-1 in 10 min, following the linear equation: y = -4.773 ln(x) + 156.26 with a correlation of R2 = 0.9924, and the entire workflow can be completed within 80 minutes. The microfluidic immunosensor designed in this paper has the advantages of low cost, automation, low sample consumption, high throughput, and promising applications in biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Hu
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, PR China
| | - Gaozhe Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
| | - Zehang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China. .,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510150, China
| | - Cheng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea and Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Fengna Yang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Dou
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, PR China
| | - Chunping Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
| | - Shilun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
| | - Bei Li
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, PR China
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Hettiarachchi S, Cha H, Ouyang L, Mudugamuwa A, An H, Kijanka G, Kashaninejad N, Nguyen NT, Zhang J. Recent microfluidic advances in submicron to nanoparticle manipulation and separation. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:982-1010. [PMID: 36367456 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00793b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation and separation of submicron and nanoparticles are indispensable in many chemical, biological, medical, and environmental applications. Conventional technologies such as ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, size exclusion chromatography, precipitation and immunoaffinity capture are limited by high cost, low resolution, low purity or the risk of damage to biological particles. Microfluidics can accurately control fluid flow in channels with dimensions of tens of micrometres. Rapid microfluidics advancement has enabled precise sorting and isolating of nanoparticles with better resolution and efficiency than conventional technologies. This paper comprehensively studies the latest progress in microfluidic technology for submicron and nanoparticle manipulation. We first summarise the principles of the traditional techniques for manipulating nanoparticles. Following the classification of microfluidic techniques as active, passive, and hybrid approaches, we elaborate on the physics, device design, working mechanism and applications of each technique. We also compare the merits and demerits of different microfluidic techniques and benchmark them with conventional technologies. Concurrently, we summarise seven standard post-separation detection techniques for nanoparticles. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future perspectives on microfluidic technology for nanoparticle manipulation and separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samith Hettiarachchi
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Haotian Cha
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Lingxi Ouyang
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | | | - Hongjie An
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Gregor Kijanka
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Navid Kashaninejad
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
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4
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Pan H, Mei D, Xu C, Han S, Wang Y. Bisymmetric coherent acoustic tweezers based on modulation of surface acoustic waves for dynamic and reconfigurable cluster manipulation of particles and cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:215-228. [PMID: 36420975 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00812b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic tweezers based on surface acoustic waves (SAWs) have raised great interest in the fields of tissue engineering, targeted therapy, and drug delivery. Generally, the complex structure and array layout design of interdigital electrodes would restrict the applications of acoustic tweezers. Here, we present a novel approach by using bisymmetric coherent acoustic tweezers to modulate the shape of acoustic pressure fields with high flexibility and accuracy. Experimental tests were conducted to perform the precise, contactless, and biocompatible cluster manipulation of polystyrene microparticles and yeast cells. Stripe, dot, quadratic lattice, hexagonal lattice, interleaved stripe, oblique stripe, and many other complex arrays were achieved by real-time modulation of amplitudes and phase relations of coherent SAWs to demonstrate the capability of the device for the cluster manipulation of particles and cells. Furthermore, rapid switching among various arrays, shape regulation, geometric parameter modulation of array units, and directional translation of microparticles and cells were implemented. This study demonstrated a favorable technique for flexible and versatile manipulation and patterning of cells and biomolecules, and it has the advantages of high manipulation accuracy and adjustability, thus it is expected to be utilized in the fields of targeted cellular assembly, biological 3D printing, and targeted release of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Deqing Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Chengyao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shuo Han
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yancheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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5
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Fathnia F, Zamiri-Jafarian H. An analytical study of spatial resolution enhancement for a dual-frequency acoustic beamformer. ULTRASONICS 2022; 125:106792. [PMID: 35763886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we address an acoustic directed-self-assembly (DSA) problem for aiming to pattern particles based on creating an appropriate acoustic field by the fine adjustment of transducer operating parameters. The proposed idea is to incorporate the DSA problem with multi-frequency beamforming techniques. First, the boundary element method (BEM) is implemented for the direct modeling of the proposed DSA problem. Then, it is integrated with the concept of dual-frequency beamforming. In this study, the influence of changing excitation frequency is investigated on the spatial resolution enhancement of the pressure field. Also, the optimal frequency difference is calculated theoretically to produce two adjacent pressure traps with maximum separability and, therefore, maximum spatial resolution in a two-frequency acoustic beamformer without any restriction on the chamber shape. The performance of the proposed Dual-Frequency Beamforming (DFB) method is evaluated by simulations based on the finite element method (FEM) and compared with conventional Delay-And-Sum (DAS), Eigen Vector-Based (EigVec-based), and Bessel Beam techniques. Several evaluation metrics such as Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM), Peak Side-lobe Level (PSL), Contrast Ratio (CR), Positioning Accuracy (PA), and processing time are considered for comparisons. Simulation results indicate the superiority of the proposed DFB method over the mentioned methods in separability and focusing precision when the two pressure traps are close to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foroogh Fathnia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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6
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Liu L, Zhou J, Tan K, Zhang H, Yang X, Duan H, Fu Y. A simplified three-dimensional numerical simulation approach for surface acoustic wave tweezers. ULTRASONICS 2022; 125:106797. [PMID: 35780714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Standing surface acoustic waves (SSAWs) have been extensively used as acoustic tweezers to manipulate, transport, and separate microparticles and biological cells in a microscale fluidic environment, with great potentials for biomedical sensing, genetic analysis, and therapeutics applications. Currently, there lacks an accurate, reliable, and efficient three-dimensional (3D) modeling platform to simulate behaviors of micron-size particles/cells in acoustofluidics, which is crucial to provide the guidance for the experimental studies. The major challenge for achieving this is the computational complexity of 3D modeling. Herein, a simplified but effective 3D SSAW microfluidic model was developed to investigate the separation and manipulation of particles. This model incorporates propagation attenuation of the surface waves to increase the modeling accuracy, while simplifies the modeling of piezoelectric substrates and the wall of microchannel by determining the effective propagation region of the substrate. We have simulated the SSAWs microfluidics device, and systematically analyzed effects of voltage, tilt angle, and flow rate on the separation of the particles under the SSAWs. The obtained simulation results are compared with those obtained from the experimental studies, showing good agreements. This simplified modeling platform could become a convenient tool for acoustofluidic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhu Liu
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Kaitao Tan
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, School of Robotics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - Huigao Duan
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - YongQing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
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7
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Gholami F, Shih A, Robichaud A, Cicek PV. A Study of Optimizing Lamb Wave Acoustic Mass Sensors' Performance through Adjustment of the Transduction Electrode Metallization Ratio. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6428. [PMID: 36080886 PMCID: PMC9460037 DOI: 10.3390/s22176428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the design and simulation of a mass sensitive Lamb wave microsensor with CMOS technology provided by SilTerra. In this work, the effects of the metalization ratio variation on the transmission gain, total harmonic distortion (THD), and two different resonant modes (around 66 MHz and 86 MHz) are shown. It has been found that the metalization ratio can be adjusted in order to obtain a compromise between transmission gain and sensitivity, depending on the design criteria. By adding a Si3N4 layer on top of the device, a five-fold improvement in transmission gain is reached. It was also shown that the transmission of the input differential IDT configuration is 20% more efficient than a single terminal. With this combination, the mass sensitivity is about 114 [cm2/gr].
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Gholami
- Microtechnologies Integration & Convergence Research Group, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
| | - Andy Shih
- Department of Electrical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure (ETS), Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Alexandre Robichaud
- Department of Applied Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Paul-Vahe Cicek
- Microtechnologies Integration & Convergence Research Group, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
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8
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Weser R, Deng Z, Kondalkar VV, Darinskii AN, Cierpka C, Schmidt H, König J. Three-dimensional heating and patterning dynamics of particles in microscale acoustic tweezers. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2886-2901. [PMID: 35851398 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00200k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic tweezers facilitate a noninvasive, contactless, and label-free method for the precise manipulation of micro objects, including biological cells. Although cells are exposed to mechanical and thermal stress, acoustic tweezers are usually considered as biocompatible. Here, we present a holistic experimental approach to reveal the correlation between acoustic fields, acoustophoretic motion and heating effects of particles induced by an acoustic tweezer setup. The system is based on surface acoustic waves and was characterized by applying laser Doppler vibrometry, astigmatism particle tracking velocimetry and luminescence lifetime imaging. In situ measurements with high spatial and temporal resolution reveal a three-dimensional particle patterning coinciding with the experimentally assisted numerical result of the acoustic radiation force distribution. In addition, a considerable and rapid heating up to 55 °C depending on specific parameters was observed. Although these temperatures may be harmful to living cells, counter-measures can be found as the time scales of patterning and heating are shown to be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Weser
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, SAWLab Saxony, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Zhichao Deng
- Institute of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany.
| | - Vijay V Kondalkar
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, SAWLab Saxony, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Alexandre N Darinskii
- Institute of Crystallography FSRC "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Christian Cierpka
- Institute of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany.
| | - Hagen Schmidt
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, SAWLab Saxony, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jörg König
- Institute of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany.
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9
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Hawkes JJ, Maramizonouz S, Jia C, Rahmati M, Zheng T, McDonnell MB, Fu YQ. Node formation mechanisms in acoustofluidic capillary bridges. ULTRASONICS 2022; 121:106690. [PMID: 35091124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Using acoustofluidic channels formed by capillary bridges two models are developed to describe nodes formed by leaky and by evanescent waves. The liquid channel held between a microscope slide (waveguide) and a strip of polystyrene film (fluid guide) avoids solid-sidewall interactions. With this simplification, our experimental and numerical study showed that waves emitted from a single plane surface, interfere and form the nodes without any resonance in the fluid. Both models pay particular attention to tensor elements normal to the solid-liquid interfaces they find that; initially nodes form in the solid and the node pattern is replicated by waves emitted into the fluid from antinodes in the stress. At fluids depths near half an acoustic wavelength, most nodes are formed by leaky waves. In the glass, water-loading reduces node-node separation and forms an overlay type waveguide which aligns the nodes predominantly along the channel. One new practical insight is that node separation can be controlled by water depth. At 0.2 mm water depths (which are smaller than a ¼ wavelength) nodes form from evanescent waves. Here a suspension of yeast cells formed a pattern of small dot-like clumps of cells on the surface of the polystyrene film. We found the same pattern in sound intensity normal, and close, to the water-polystyrene interface. The capillary bridge channel developed for this study is simple, low-cost, and could be developed for filtration, separation, or patterning of biological species in rapid immuno-sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Hawkes
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Sadaf Maramizonouz
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Changfeng Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Mohammad Rahmati
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Tengfei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Martin B McDonnell
- School of Engineering and Technology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Yong-Qing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
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Nair KPPR, Veettil TCP, Wood BR, Paul D, Alan T. Haemoprocessor: A Portable Platform Using Rapid Acoustically Driven Plasma Separation Validated by Infrared Spectroscopy for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020119. [PMID: 35200379 PMCID: PMC8924765 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The identification of biomarkers from blood plasma is at the heart of many diagnostic tests. These tests often need to be conducted frequently and quickly, but the logistics of sample collection and processing not only delays the test result, but also puts a strain on the healthcare system due to the sheer volume of tests that need to be performed. The advent of microfluidics has made the processing of samples quick and reliable, with little or no skill required on the user's part. However, while several microfluidic devices have been demonstrated for plasma separation, none of them have validated the chemical integrity of the sample post-process. Here, we present Haemoprocessor: a portable, robust, open-fluidic system that utilizes Travelling Surface Acoustic Waves (TSAW) with the expression of overtones to separate plasma from 20× diluted human blood within a span of 2 min to achieve 98% RBC removal. The plasma and red blood cell separation quality/integrity was validated through Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and multivariate analyses to ascertain device performance and reproducibility when compared to centrifugation (the prevailing gold-standard for plasma separation). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed a remarkable separation of 92.21% between RBCs and plasma components obtained through both centrifugation and Haemoprocessor methods. Moreover, a close association between plasma isolates acquired by both approaches in PCA validated the potential of the proposed system as an eminent cell enrichment and plasma separation platform. Thus, compared to contemporary acoustic devices, this system combines the ease of operation, low sample requirement of an open system, the versatility of a SAW device using harmonics, and portability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Prakash Prasanna Ravindran Nair
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India;
- IIT Bombay—Monash Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | | | - Bayden R. Wood
- Monash Centre for Biospectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (T.C.P.V.); (B.R.W.)
| | - Debjani Paul
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India;
- IIT Bombay—Monash Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Tuncay Alan
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
- IIT Bombay—Monash Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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11
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Use of Nanoparticle Enhanced Phase Change Material for Cooling of Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor. FLUIDS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fluids6010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of resonators, filters, interdigital transducers (IDT) and stable sources in electronic industry is widespread today. One of the most used filters are the surface acoustic wave (SAW) type, which is mostly based on Rayleigh waves propagation on the surface. On the other hand, the use of Phase change materials (PCMs) is considered as a heat sink method in the field of thermal cooling of electronic circuits. Recent development in heat transfer is obtained by nanoparticle-enhanced PCM (NEPCM), which is a result of combining nanoparticles with PCMs. Increase of thermal conductivity of NEPCM in comparison with common PCM enhances the heat transfer rate. The aim of the current study is thermal management of SAW for the application of high frequency heating by phase change material. Melting of NEPCMs inside a rectangular cavity next to the SAW cell is used for the cooling purpose. Free convection heat transfer of a NEPCMs in an square cavity is modeled throughout the mass and momentum. Energy governing equations are solved by using the finite element method. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) forces exist in natural convection heat transfer within the fluid part of the enclosure. The results also show that the NEPCM causes heat transfer improvement up to 10%.
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