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Leung HMC, Forlenza GP, Prioleau TO, Zhou X. Noninvasive Glucose Sensing In Vivo. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7057. [PMID: 37631595 PMCID: PMC10458980 DOI: 10.3390/s23167057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Blood glucose monitoring is an essential aspect of disease management for individuals with diabetes. Unfortunately, traditional methods require collecting a blood sample and thus are invasive and inconvenient. Recent developments in minimally invasive continuous glucose monitors have provided a more convenient alternative for people with diabetes to track their glucose levels 24/7. Despite this progress, many challenges remain to establish a noninvasive monitoring technique that works accurately and reliably in the wild. This review encompasses the current advancements in noninvasive glucose sensing technology in vivo, delves into the common challenges faced by these systems, and offers an insightful outlook on existing and future solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Man Colman Leung
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Gregory P. Forlenza
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | | | - Xia Zhou
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
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Tripathy HP, Pattanaik P, Mishra DK, Kamilla SK, Holderbaum W. Experimental and probabilistic model validation of ultrasonic MEMS transceiver for blood glucose sensing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21259. [PMID: 36481774 PMCID: PMC9732296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to traditional laboratory glucose monitoring, recent developments have focused on blood glucose self-monitoring and providing patients with a self-monitoring device. This paper proposes a system based on ultrasound principles for quantifying glucose levels in blood by conducting an in-vitro experiment with goat blood before human blood. The ultrasonic transceiver is powered by a frequency generator that operates at 40 kHz and 1.6 V, and variations in glucose level affect the ultrasonic transceiver readings. The RVM probabilistic model is used to determine the variation in glucose levels in a blood sample. Blood glucose levels are measured simultaneously using a commercial glucose metre for confirmation. The experimental data values proposed are highly correlated with commercial glucose metre readings. The proposed ultrasonic MEMS-based blood glucometer measures a glucose level of [Formula: see text] mg/dl. In the near future, the miniature version of the experimental model may be useful to human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hara Prasada Tripathy
- grid.412612.20000 0004 1760 9349Semiconductor Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Technology (ITER), Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751030 India
| | - Priyabrata Pattanaik
- grid.412612.20000 0004 1760 9349Semiconductor Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Technology (ITER), Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751030 India
| | - Dilip Kumar Mishra
- grid.412612.20000 0004 1760 9349Semiconductor Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Technology (ITER), Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751030 India
| | - Sushanta Kumar Kamilla
- grid.412612.20000 0004 1760 9349Semiconductor Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Technology (ITER), Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751030 India
| | - William Holderbaum
- grid.9435.b0000 0004 0457 9566School of Biological Science, Biomedical Engineering, University of Reading, Whiteknights, RG6 6AY UK
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Wearable flexible body matched electromagnetic sensors for personalized non-invasive glucose monitoring. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14885. [PMID: 36050392 PMCID: PMC9436982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This work introduces novel body-matched, vasculature-inspired, quasi-antenna-arrays that act as electromagnetic sensors to instantaneously, continuously, and wirelessly sense glucose variations in the bloodstream. The proposed sensors are personalized, leverage electromagnetic waves, and are coupled with a custom machine-learning-based signal-processing module. These sensors are flexible, and embedded in wearable garments such as socks, which provide conformity to curved skin surfaces and movement resilience. The entire wearable system is calibrated against temperature, humidity, and movement resulting in high accuracy in glucose variations tracking. In-Vivo experiments on diabetic rats and pigs exhibit a 100% diagnostic accuracy over a wide range of glucose variations. Human trials on patients with diabetes and healthy individuals reveal a clinical accuracy of continuous glucose monitoring of 99.01% in twenty-eight subjects who underwent Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests. Hence, our approach ensures the continuous tracking of glucose variations from hypo-to-hyper glycemic levels with great fidelity.
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Fiedorova K, Augustynek M, Kubicek J, Kudrna P, Bibbo D. Review of present method of glucose from human blood and body fluids assessment. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 211:114348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Dziergowska K, Łabowska MB, Gąsior-Głogowska M, Kmiecik B, Detyna J. Modern noninvasive methods for monitoring glucose levels in patients: a review. BIO-ALGORITHMS AND MED-SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/bams-2019-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis paper presents the current state of the art of noninvasive glucose monitoring. In recent years, we can observe constant increase in the incidence of diabetes. About 40% of all performed blood tests apply to the glucose tests. Formerly, this lifestyle disease occurred mainly in rich countries, but now it is becoming more common in poorer countries. It is related to the increase in life expectancy, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, and other factors. Untreated diabetes may cause many complications or even death. For this reason, daily control of glucose levels in people with this disorder is very important. Measurements with a traditional glucometer are connected with performing finger punctures several times a day, which is painful and uncomfortable for patients. Therefore, researches on other methods are ongoing. A method that would be fast, noninvasive and cheap could also enable testing the state of the entire population, which is necessary because of the number of people currently living with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes. Although the first glucometer was made in 1966, the first studies on glucose level measurement in tear film were documented as early as 1937. This shows how much a noninvasive method of diabetes control is needed. Since then, there have been more and more studies on alternative methods of glucose measurement, not only from tear fluid, but also from saliva, sweat, or transdermally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dziergowska
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Beata Łabowska
- Material Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marlena Gąsior-Głogowska
- Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Plac Grunwaldzki 13, 50-377 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Barbara Kmiecik
- Material Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Detyna
- Material Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25Wrocław, Poland
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6
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Liu W, Huang A, Wang P, Chu CH. PbFG: Physique-based fuzzy granular modeling for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring. Inf Sci (N Y) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ins.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pandey PC, Shukla S, Skoog SA, Boehm RD, Narayan RJ. Current Advancements in Transdermal Biosensing and Targeted Drug Delivery. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E1028. [PMID: 30823435 PMCID: PMC6427209 DOI: 10.3390/s19051028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, recent advancements in the area of minimally-invasive transdermal biosensing and drug delivery are reviewed. The administration of therapeutic entities through the skin is complicated by the stratum corneum layer, which serves as a barrier to entry and retards bioavailability. A variety of strategies have been adopted for the enhancement of transdermal permeation for drug delivery and biosensing of various substances. Physical techniques such as iontophoresis, reverse iontophoresis, electroporation, and microneedles offer (a) electrical amplification for transdermal sensing of biomolecules and (b) transport of amphiphilic drug molecules to the targeted site in a minimally invasive manner. Iontophoretic delivery involves the application of low currents to the skin as well as the migration of polarized and neutral molecules across it. Transdermal biosensing via microneedles has emerged as a novel approach to replace hypodermic needles. In addition, microneedles have facilitated minimally invasive detection of analytes in body fluids. This review considers recent innovations in the structure and performance of transdermal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem C Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Shubhangi Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Shelby A Skoog
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Ryan D Boehm
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Roger J Narayan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Ito Y, Inagaki Y, Kobuchi S, Takada K, Sakaeda T. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Vancomycin in Dermal Interstitial Fluid Using Dissolving Microneedles. Int J Med Sci 2016; 13:271-6. [PMID: 27076783 PMCID: PMC4829539 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To design an alternative painless method for vancomycin (VCM) monitoring by withdrawing interstitial fluid (ISF) the skin using dissolving microneedles (DMNs) and possibly replace the conventional clinical blood sampling method. METHODS Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with 50 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital. Vancomycin at 5 mg/mL in saline was intravenously administered via the jugular vein. ISF was collected from a formed pore at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 min after the DMNs was removed from the skin. In addition, 0.3 mL blood samples were collected from the left femoral vein. RESULTS The correlation between the plasma and ISF VCM concentrations was significantly strong (r = 0.676, p < 0.05). Microscopic observation of the skin after application of the DMNs demonstrated their safety as a device for sampling ISF. CONCLUSION A novel monitoring method for VCM was developed to painlessly determine concentrations in the ISF as opposed to blood sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Ito
- 1. Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8412, Japan
| | - Yuto Inagaki
- 1. Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8412, Japan
| | - Shinji Kobuchi
- 1. Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8412, Japan
| | - Kanji Takada
- 2. BioSerenTach Inc., Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto, 600-8040, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaeda
- 1. Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8412, Japan
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Zhao F, Li M, Tsien JZ. Technology platforms for remote monitoring of vital signs in the new era of telemedicine. Expert Rev Med Devices 2015; 12:411-29. [PMID: 26037691 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.2015.1050957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Driven by healthcare cost and home healthcare need, the development of remote monitoring technologies is poised to improve and revolutionize healthcare delivery and accessibility. This paper reviews the recent progress in the field of remote monitoring technologies that may have the potential to become the basic platforms for telemedicine. In particular, key techniques and devices for monitoring cardiorespiratory activity, blood pressure and blood glucose concentration are summarized and discussed. In addition, the US FDA approved remote vital signs monitoring devices currently available on the market are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhao
- Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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10
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Fetal membrane transport enhancement using ultrasound for drug delivery and noninvasive detection. Pharm Res 2014; 32:403-13. [PMID: 25079390 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of ultrasound on mass transport across fetal membrane for direct fetal drug delivery and sensing of the amniotic fluid in a noninvasive manner. METHODS Post-delivery human fetal membranes (chorioamnion) were used for in vitro experiments, in which the effect of ultrasound on transport across fetal membrane of fluorescent model molecule (250 kDa) was evaluated. Ex vivo experiments were carried out on a whole rat amniotic sac. The model molecule or alpha-fetoprotein was injected into the amniotic sac through the placenta. Transport of these molecules across pre- and post-insonation of the amniotic sac was evaluated. The ultrasound enhancement's mechanism was also assessed. RESULTS The greatest enhancement in mass transport (43-fold) in vitro was achieved for 5 min of insonation (20 kHz, 4.6 W/cm(2), 5 mm distance). Ex vivo results showed a rapid increase (23-fold) in mass transport of the model molecule and also for alphafetoprotein following 30 s of insonation (20 kHz, 4.6 W/cm(2), 5 mm distance). CONCLUSIONS Mass transport across fetal membranes was enhanced post-insonation both in vitro and ex vivo in a reversible and transient manner. We suggest that exterior (to the amniotic sac) ultrasound-induced cavitation is the main mechanism of action.
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Kanjananimmanont S, Ge X, Mupparapu K, Rao G, Potts R, Tolosa L. Passive Diffusion of Transdermal Glucose: Noninvasive Glucose Sensing Using a Fluorescent Glucose Binding Protein. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2014; 8:291-298. [PMID: 24876581 PMCID: PMC4455416 DOI: 10.1177/1932296813519994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The motivation for this study was to determine if a statistically significant correlation exists between blood glucose (BG) and transdermal glucose (TG) collected by passive diffusion. A positive outcome will indicate that noninvasive passive TG diffusion is a painless alternative to collecting blood through a break on the skin. Sampling involves placing a small volume of buffer solution on the surface of membrane or skin for 5 minutes. The sample is then assayed with fluorescent GBP. In vitro testing was done on regenerated cellulose and a porcine skin model to determine diffusion of standard glucose solutions. In vivo testing was done on a healthy subject and a subject with type 2 diabetes. Glucose diffused readily through the regenerated cellulose membrane with good correlation between surface and internal glucose concentrations (R 2 = .997). But the porcine skin model required a surface prewash to achieve the same good correlation R 2 = .943). Based on this, an optimum prewash step was determined for the in vivo studies. The resulting correlation coefficients between TG and BG after a 15-minute prewash in a healthy subject and type 2 subject were .87 and .93, respectively. Removal of the extraneous glucose in the skin by prewashing was an important step in achieving good correlation between TG and BG. The results suggest that passive collection of TG is a noninvasive alternative to current practice of breaking the skin. Further studies are under way to determine the lag time between TG and BG and for the sampling protocol to be more amenable to point-of-care application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xudong Ge
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - KarunaSri Mupparapu
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Govind Rao
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Russell Potts
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leah Tolosa
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Ito Y, Taniguchi M, Hayashi A, Anai M, Morita S, Ko E, Yoshimoto N, Yoshii Y, Kobuchi S, Sakaeda T, Takada K. Application of Dissolving Microneedles to Glucose Monitoring through Dermal Interstitial Fluid. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:1776-81. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Ito
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Mayu Taniguchi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Asuka Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Miku Anai
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Shinya Morita
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Emi Ko
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Naoko Yoshimoto
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshii
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Shinji Kobuchi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
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Teng XF, Zhang YT, Poon CCY, Bonato P. Wearable medical systems for p-Health. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2012; 1:62-74. [PMID: 22274900 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2008.2008248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Driven by the growing aging population, prevalence of chronic diseases, and continuously rising healthcare costs, the healthcare system is undergoing a fundamental transformation, from the conventional hospital-centered system to an individual-centered system. Current and emerging developments in wearable medical systems will have a radical impact on this paradigm shift. Advances in wearable medical systems will enable the accessibility and affordability of healthcare, so that physiological conditions can be monitored not only at sporadic snapshots but also continuously for extended periods of time, making early disease detection and timely response to health threats possible. This paper reviews recent developments in the area of wearable medical systems for p-Health. Enabling technologies for continuous and noninvasive measurements of vital signs and biochemical variables, advances in intelligent biomedical clothing and body area networks, approaches for motion artifact reduction, strategies for wearable energy harvesting, and the establishment of standard protocols for the evaluation of wearable medical devices are presented in this paper with examples of clinical applications of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Teng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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14
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So CF, Choi KS, Wong TK, Chung JW. Recent advances in noninvasive glucose monitoring. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2012; 5:45-52. [PMID: 23166457 PMCID: PMC3500977 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s28134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The race for the next generation of painless and reliable glucose monitoring for diabetes mellitus is on. As technology advances, both diagnostic techniques and equipment improve. This review describes the main technologies currently being explored for noninvasive glucose monitoring. The principle of each technology is mentioned; its advantages and limitations are then discussed. The general description and the corresponding results for each device are illustrated, as well as the current status of the device and the manufacturer; internet references for the devices are listed where appropriate. Ten technologies and eleven potential devices are included in this review. Near infrared spectroscopy has become a promising technology, among others, for blood glucose monitoring. Although some reviews have been published already, the rapid development of technologies and information makes constant updating mandatory. While advances have been made, the reliability and the calibration of noninvasive instruments could still be improved, and more studies carried out under different physiological conditions of metabolism, bodily fluid circulation, and blood components are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Fuk So
- Centre for Integrative Digital Health, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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15
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Vashist SK. Non-invasive glucose monitoring technology in diabetes management: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 750:16-27. [PMID: 23062426 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The frequent monitoring of glucose is an essential part of diabetes management. Despite the fact that almost all the commercially successful blood glucose monitoring devices are invasive, there is an immense need to develop non-invasive glucose monitoring (NGM) devices that will alleviate the pain and suffering of diabetics associated with the frequent pricking of skin for taking the blood sample for glucose testing. There have been numerous developments in the field of NGM during the last decade, which stress the need for a critical review. This manuscript aims to review the various NGM techniques and devices. The challenges and future trends in NGM are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Vashist
- NUS Nanosience and Nanotechnology Initiative NanoCore, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Level 11, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117580, Singapore.
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Park EJ, Werner J, Beebe J, Chan S, Smith NB. Noninvasive ultrasonic glucose sensing with large pigs (approximately 200 pounds) using a lightweight cymbal transducer array and biosensors. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2009; 3:517-23. [PMID: 20144290 PMCID: PMC2769881 DOI: 10.1177/193229680900300316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To prevent complications in diabetes, the proper management of blood glucose levels is essential. Since conventional glucose meters require pricking fingers or other areas of the skin, a noninvasive method for monitoring blood glucose levels is desired. Using a lightweight cymbal transducer array, this study was conducted to noninvasively determine the glucose levels of pigs having a similar size to humans. METHOD In vivo experiments using eight pigs (approximately 200 pounds) were performed in five groups. A cymbal array with four biosensors was attached to the axillary area of the pig. The array was operated at 20 kHz at special peak-temporal peak intensity (I(sptp)) equal to 50 or 100 mW/cm(2) for 5, 10, or 20 minutes. After the ultrasound exposure, glucose concentrations of the interstitial fluid were determined using biosensors. For comparison, glucose levels of blood samples collected from the ear vein were measured by a commercial glucose meter. RESULT In comparison, glucose levels determined by a cymbal array and biosensor system were close to those measured by a glucose meter. After a 20-minute ultrasound exposure at I(sptp) = 100 mW/cm(2), the average glucose level determined by the ultrasound system was 175 +/- 7 mg/dl, which is close to 166 +/- 5 mg/dl measured by the glucose meter. CONCLUSION Results indicate the feasibility of using a cymbal array for noninvasive glucose sensing on pigs having a similar size to humans. Further studies on the ultrasound conditions, such as frequency, intensity, and exposure time, will be continued for effective glucose sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Park
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Park EJ, Dodds J, Smith NB. Dose comparison of ultrasonic transdermal insulin delivery to subcutaneous insulin injection. Int J Nanomedicine 2008; 3:335-41. [PMID: 18990942 PMCID: PMC2626935 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s2761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of noninvasive transdermal insulin delivery using a cymbal transducer array. In this study the physiologic response to ultrasound mediated transdermal insulin delivery is compared to that of subcutaneously administered insulin. Anesthetized rats (350–550 g) were divided into four groups of four animals; one group representing ultrasound mediated insulin delivery and three representing subcutaneously administered insulin (0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 U/kg). The cymbal array was operated for 60 minutes at 20 kHz with 100 mW/cm2 spatial-peak temporal-peak intensity and a 20% duty cycle. The blood glucose level was determined at the beginning of the experiment and, following insulin administration, every 15 minutes for 90 minutes for both the ultrasound and injection groups. The change in blood glucose from baseline was compared between groups. When administered by subcutaneous injection at insulin doses of 0.15 and 0.20 U/kg, there was little change in the blood glucose levels over the 90 minute experiment. Following subcutaneous administration of insulin at a dose of 0.25 U/kg, blood glucose decreased by 190 ± 96 mg/dl (mean ± SD) at 90 minutes. The change in blood glucose following ultrasound mediated insulin delivery was −262 ± 40 mg/dl at 90 minutes. As expected, the magnitude of change in blood glucose between the three injection groups was dependant on the dose of insulin administered. The change in blood glucose in the ultrasound group was greater than that observed in the injection groups suggesting that a higher effective dose of insulin was delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Park
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Ju YM, Yu B, Koob TJ, Moussy Y, Moussy F. A novel porous collagen scaffold around an implantable biosensor for improving biocompatibility. I. In vitro/in vivo stability of the scaffold and in vitro sensitivity of the glucose sensor with scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 87:136-46. [PMID: 18085651 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new 3D porous and biostable collagen scaffold has been developed to improve the biocompatibility of implantable glucose sensors by minimizing tissue reactions while stimulating angiogenesis around the sensors. The novel collagen scaffold was crosslinked using nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) to enhance biostability. NDGA-treated collagen scaffolds were stable without physical deformation in the subcutaneous tissue of rats for 4 weeks. In contrast, glutaraldehyde (GA)-treated collagen scaffolds were extremely damaged following implantation. Both types of scaffolds (NDGA- and GA-crosslinked) were stable in vitro in the presence of collagenase with 70% retention of original weight after 4 weeks of incubation. The response current (i.e. sensitivity) of sensors with porous scaffolds was not significantly changed when compared with control sensors (no scaffold), while the response time (T(95%)) was slightly delayed after a glucose concentration increase from 5 to 15 mM. Above this range, the sensors coated with scaffolds had only a slightly lower sensitivity than the control sensors. These results indicate that we have developed a stable NDGA-crosslinked collagen scaffold for biosensors, and that the scaffold does not impair the function of our sensor. We plan to use this scaffold to enhance the function and lifetime of the implantable biosensors by providing a controlled local environment around the sensors with the help of various drugs and growth factors (dexamethasone, VEGF, PDGF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Ju
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, ENB 118, Tampa, Florida 33620-5350, USA
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A sensitive biosensor based on Os-complex mediator and glucose oxidase for low concentration glucose determination. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Ogura M, Paliwal S, Mitragotri S. Low-frequency sonophoresis: current status and future prospects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:1218-23. [PMID: 18450318 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Application of ultrasound enhances skin permeability to drugs, a phenomenon referred to as sonophoresis. Significant strides have been made in sonophoresis research in recent years, especially under low-frequency conditions (20 kHz<f<100 kHz). This article reviews the mechanistic principles and current status of sonophoresis under low-frequency conditions. Several therapeutic macromolecules including insulin, low-molecular weight heparin, and vaccines have been delivered using low-frequency sonophoresis in vivo. Clinical trials have been performed with several drugs including lidocaine and cyclosporin. Novel theoretical and experimental approaches have provided insights into the mechanisms of low-frequency sonophoresis. Current understanding of these mechanisms is presented.
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Wang Y, Xu H, Zhang J, Li G. Electrochemical Sensors for Clinic Analysis. SENSORS 2008; 8:2043-2081. [PMID: 27879810 PMCID: PMC3673406 DOI: 10.3390/s8042043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Demanded by modern medical diagnosis, advances in microfabrication technology have led to the development of fast, sensitive and selective electrochemical sensors for clinic analysis. This review addresses the principles behind electrochemical sensor design and fabrication, and introduces recent progress in the application of electrochemical sensors to analysis of clinical chemicals such as blood gases, electrolytes, metabolites, DNA and antibodies, including basic and applied research. Miniaturized commercial electrochemical biosensors will form the basis of inexpensive and easy to use devices for acquiring chemical information to bring sophisticated analytical capabilities to the non-specialist and general public alike in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Institute of Advanced Process Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
| | - Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Institute of Advanced Process Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
| | - Jianming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Institute of Advanced Process Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
| | - Guang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Institute of Advanced Process Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
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Murthy SS, Kiran VSR, Mathur SK, Murthy SN. Noninvasive transcutaneous sampling of glucose by electroporation. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2008; 2:250-4. [PMID: 18437246 PMCID: PMC2330170 DOI: 10.1177/193229680800200213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In people with diabetes, blood glucose levels should be monitored regularly to prevent serious complications associated with diabetes. This involves the invasive method of withdrawing blood, which causes inconvenience to patients. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency of the noninvasive electroporation and transcutaneous sampling (ETS) technique for predicting blood glucose levels. METHODS In vitro studies were carried out in Franz diffusion cells using porcine epidermis to assess the feasibility of transcutaneous sampling of glucose. In vivo, the ETS technique was assessed in the diabetes-induced Sprague-Dawley rat model. Glucose was sampled following the application of 30 electrical pulses of 1 ms duration at 120 V/cm(2), 1 Hz. Clarke error grid analysis was carried out for the venous blood glucose levels that were determined by the ETS with reference to those measured by a glucose meter. RESULTS The amount of glucose sampled by the ETS method both in vitro and in vivo was proportional to the dermal glucose concentration. All data points from in vivo studies were in A and B zones of Clarke error grid analysis, and the mean absolute relative error was 12.8%. CONCLUSION Results of the present study demonstrate that ETS technique could be developed as a noninvasive method of predicting venous blood glucose levels in people with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Srinivasa Murthy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - V. Siva Ram Kiran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - S. K. Mathur
- Department of Mathematics, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - S. Narasimha Murthy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
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Ferrante do Amaral CE, Wolf B. Current development in non-invasive glucose monitoring. Med Eng Phys 2007; 30:541-9. [PMID: 17942360 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 05/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Painless control of blood glycemic levels could improve life quality of diabetes patients, enabling a better regulation of hyper- and hypoglycaemia episodes and thereby avoiding physiological complications. Although research groups have been trying for decades to separate non-invasive glucose information from interference compounds, none of the available commercial devices offers enough precision to replace lancet approaches. Many reviews have already been published on this topic, but the great amount of information available and the fast development of technologies require a continuous update in the research status. Besides the description of current in-vivo methods and the analysis of devices available commercially, one also explains treatment algorithms useful for multivariate analysis.
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Luis J, Park EJ, Meyer RJ, Smith NB. Rectangular cymbal arrays for improved ultrasonic transdermal insulin delivery. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2007; 122:2022-30. [PMID: 17902839 DOI: 10.1121/1.2769980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Circular cymbal ultrasound arrays have been shown to be effective in delivering therapeutic levels of insulin in rats, rabbits, and pigs. To improve delivery efficiency, a rectangular cymbal design was desired in order to achieve a broader spatial intensity field without increasing the size of the device or the spatial-peak temporal-peak intensity (I(SPTP)). With a similar intensity (50 mWcm(2)), the goal was to determine if the 3x1 rectangular cymbal array could perform significantly better than the 3x3 circular array for glucose reduction in hyperglycemic rabbits. Rabbit experiments were performed using three groups: nonsonicated control (n=3), ultrasound exposure using a circular cymbal array (n=3), and ultrasound exposure using a rectangular cymbal array (n=3). Rabbits were anesthetized and a water tight reservoir that held the insulin was fastened on the rabbit's thigh. At the beginning of the experiment and every 15 min for 90 min, the blood glucose level was determined. For comparison between individual rabbits, the absolute level is normalized by subtracting out the baseline in order to arrive at the change in glucose level. For the control group, the normalized glucose level increased (more hyperglycemic) to +80.0+/-28.8 mgdl (mean+/-SEM). Using the circular array, the glucose level decreased to -146.7+/-17.8 mgdl at 90 min. However, using the rectangular cymbal array, the glucose decreased faster and to a level of -200.8+/-5.9 mgdl after 90 min. These results indicated the feasibility of the rectangular cymbal array as an improved device for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Luis
- Graduate Program in Acoustics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Park EJ, Werner J, Smith NB. Ultrasound mediated transdermal insulin delivery in pigs using a lightweight transducer. Pharm Res 2007; 24:1396-401. [PMID: 17443398 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In previous studies, ultrasound mediated transdermal drug delivery has shown a promising potential as a method for noninvasive drug administration. For prospective future human application, this study was designed to determine the feasibility of lightweight cymbal transducer array as a practical device for noninvasive transdermal insulin delivery in large pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six Yorkshire pigs (100-140 lbs) were divided into two groups. As the control (n = 3), the first group did not receive any ultrasound exposure with the insulin. The second group (n = 3) was treated with ultrasound and insulin at 20 kHz with an I(sptp) = 100 mW/cm(2) at a 20% duty cycle for 60 min. With the pigs in lateral recumbency after anesthesia, the ultrasound transducer with insulin was placed on the axillary area of the pig. At the beginning and every 15 min up to 90 min, the blood glucose level was determined using a glucose monitoring system. To compare the results of individual animals, the change of blood glucose level was normalized to each animal's initial glucose value at the start of the experiment. RESULTS Although each animal had a different initial glucose level, the mean and standard error for the six animals was 146 +/- 13 mg/dl. For the control group, the blood glucose level increased to 31 +/- 21 mg/dl compared to the initial baseline over the 90 min experiment. However for the ultrasound with insulin treated group, the glucose level decreased to -72 +/- 5 mg/dl at 60 min (p < 0.05) and continued to decrease to -91 +/- 23 mg/dl in 90 min (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results indicate the feasibility of ultrasound mediated transdermal insulin delivery using the cymbal transducer array in animal with a similar size and weight to a human. Based on these result, the cymbal array has potential as a practical ultrasound system for noninvasive transdermal insulin delivery for diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Park
- Department of Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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