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Cheng X, Shen E, Cai Y, Fan K, Gong L, Wu J, Liu H, Wang Y, Chen Y, Ge Y, Yuan J, Kong W. Volumetric Ultrasound Imaging for the Whole Soft Tissue: Toward Enhanced Thyroid Disease Examination. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2024; 50:1426-1435. [PMID: 38876913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ultrasound imaging (USI) is the gold standard in the clinical diagnosis of thyroid diseases. Compared with two-dimensional (2D) USI, three-dimensional (3D) USI could provide more structural information. However, the unstable pressure generated by the hand-hold ultrasound probe scanning can cause tissue deformation, especially in soft tissues such as the thyroid. The deformation is manifested as tissue structure being compressed in 2D USI, which results in structural discontinuity in 3D USI. Furthermore, multiple scans apply pressure in different directions to the tissue, which will cause relative displacement between the 3D images obtained from multiple thyroid scans. METHODS In this work, we proposed a framework to minimize the influence of the variation of pressure in thyroid 3D USI. To correct pressure artifacts in a single scanning sequence, an adaptive method to smooth the position of the 2D ultrasound (US) image sequence is adopted before performing volumetric reconstruction. To build a whole 3D US image including both sides of the thyroid gland, an iterative closest point (ICP) based registration pipeline is adopted to eliminate the relative displacement caused by different pressure directions. RESULTS Our proposed method was validated by in vivo experiments, including healthy volunteers and volunteers with thyroid nodules at different grading levels. CONCLUSIONS The thyroid gland and nodule are rendered intelligently in the whole scanning region to facilitate the observation of 3D USI results by the doctor. This work might make a positive contribution to the clinical diagnosis of diseases of the thyroid or other soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cheng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Enxiang Shen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunye Cai
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Fan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Gong
- Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Liu
- Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Ge
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wentao Kong
- Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Lai KKL, Lee TTY, Lau HHT, Chu WCW, Cheng JCY, Castelein RM, Schlösser TPC, Lam TP, Zheng YP. Monitoring of Curve Progression in Patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Using 3-D Ultrasound. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2024; 50:384-393. [PMID: 38114347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the work described here was to determine whether 3-D ultrasound can provide results comparable to those of conventional X-ray examination in assessing curve progression in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). METHODS One hundred thirty-six participants with AIS (42 males and 94 females; age range: 10-18 y, mean age: 14.1 ± 1.9 y) with scoliosis of different severity (Cobb angle range: 10º- 85º, mean: of 24.3 ± 14.4º) were included. Each participant underwent biplanar low-dose X-ray EOS and 3-D ultrasound system scanning with the same posture on the same date. Participants underwent the second assessment at routine clinical follow-up. Manual measurements of scoliotic curvature on ultrasound coronal projection images and posterior-anterior radiographs were expressed as the ultrasound curve angle (UCA) and radiographic Cobb angle (RCA), respectively. RCA and UCA increments ≥5º represented a scoliosis progression detected by X-ray assessment and 3-D ultrasound assessment, respectively. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity of UCA measurement in detecting scoliosis progression were 0.93 and 0.90, respectively. The negative likelihood ratio of the diagnostic test for scoliosis progression by the 3-D ultrasound imaging system was 0.08. CONCLUSION The 3-D ultrasound imaging method is a valid technique for detecting coronal curve progression as compared with conventional radiography in follow-up of AIS. Substituting conventional radiography with 3-D ultrasound is effective in reducing the radiation dose to which AIS patients are exposed during their follow-up examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Ka-Lee Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Timothy Tin-Yan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Research Institute for Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Heidi Hin-Ting Lau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie Chiu-Wing Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jack Chun-Yiu Cheng
- SH Ho Scoliosis Research Lab, Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - René Marten Castelein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom P C Schlösser
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tsz-Ping Lam
- SH Ho Scoliosis Research Lab, Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong-Ping Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Research Institute for Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
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Hassan Beygi B, Lou E, Sin SW, Kwok WK, Kee HM, Wong MS. A feasibility study of application of purpose-design frame and 3-D clinical ultrasound in assessment and design of spinal orthoses for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Prosthet Orthot Int 2023; 47:633-639. [PMID: 37615617 DOI: 10.1097/pxr.0000000000000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immediate in-orthosis correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a useful prognostic parameter for the long-term orthotic treatment outcome. The 3-D clinical ultrasound technique is considered a noninvasive alternative to assess scoliotic deformities that could be applied in the orthotic treatment of AIS. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of a purpose-design assessment frame in estimating biomechanical effects of the controlling pads of a spinal orthosis under the guidance of the ultrasound system. METHODS Twenty-six subjects with AIS were recruited and arranged to position inside the assessment frame, and controlling pads were applied strategically while the scoliotic deformities were assessed by clinical ultrasound to obtain at least 30% curvature correction, and the body shape was then captured using a computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture system, and spinal orthoses were subsequently fabricated. The preorthosis and immediate in-orthosis coronal and sagittal X-rays were used for comparison. RESULTS X-ray assessments showed that the mean coronal Cobb angle and lumbar lordosis of the subjects from the preorthosis to immediate in-orthosis visits decreased significantly ( p < 0.05) from 29.6° to 16.6°, and from 47.2° to 35.3°, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This feasibility study showed that the proposed method would have a good potential to improve orthotic treatment outcome in a documented approach that should be considered for implementation into routine clinical practice aiming to reduce the chance of deformity deterioration leading to surgical intervention. However, a controlled group study is required to compare the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Hassan Beygi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edmond Lou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sai Wing Sin
- Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Kwan Kwok
- Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho Man Kee
- Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man Sang Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Jiang W, Xie Q, Qin Y, Ye X, Wang X, Zheng Y. A novel method for spine ultrasound and X-ray radiograph registration. ULTRASONICS 2023; 133:107018. [PMID: 37163859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.107018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound is a promising imaging method for scoliosis evaluation because it is radiation free and provide real-time images. However, it cannot provide bony details because ultrasound cannot penetrate the bony structure. Therefore, registration of real-time ultrasound images with the previous X-ray radiograph can help physicians understand the spinal deformity of patients. In this study, an improved free-from deformation registration method based on mutual registration and hierarchical adaptive grid (MRHA-FFD) was developed. The method first performed registration grid preprocessing and then optimized control points and conducted mutual registration. Finally, a Blur-aware Attention Network was adopted for image deblurring. The performance of each step was verified by ablation experiments. Comparison experiment between the proposed method and traditional registration methods was also conducted. The qualitative and quantitative results suggested that MRHA-FFD is a promising approach for registering spine ultrasound image and X-ray radiograph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Jiang
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310023 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qiaolin Xie
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310023 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingyu Qin
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310023 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Ye
- Department of Ultrasound, Hangzhou Women's Hospital, 310023 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310023 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongping Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Ran QY, Miao J, Zhou SP, Hua SH, He SY, Zhou P, Wang HX, Zheng YP, Zhou GQ. Automatic 3-D spine curve measurement in freehand ultrasound via structure-aware reinforcement learning spinous process localization. ULTRASONICS 2023; 132:107012. [PMID: 37071944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.107012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Freehand 3-D ultrasound systems have been advanced in scoliosis assessment to avoid radiation hazards, especially for teenagers. This novel 3-D imaging method also makes it possible to evaluate the spine curvature automatically from the corresponding 3-D projection images. However, most approaches neglect the three-dimensional spine deformity by only using the rendering images, thus limiting their usage in clinical applications. In this study, we proposed a structure-aware localization model to directly identify the spinous processes for automatic 3-D spine curve measurement using the images acquired with freehand 3-D ultrasound imaging. The pivot is to leverage a novel reinforcement learning (RL) framework to localize the landmarks, which adopts a multi-scale agent to boost structure representation with positional information. We also introduced a structure similarity prediction mechanism to perceive the targets with apparent spinous process structures. Finally, a two-fold filtering strategy was proposed to screen the detected spinous processes landmarks iteratively, followed by a three-dimensional spine curve fitting for the spine curvature assessments. We evaluated the proposed model on 3-D ultrasound images among subjects with different scoliotic angles. The results showed that the mean localization accuracy of the proposed landmark localization algorithm was 5.95 pixels. Also, the curvature angles on the coronal plane obtained by the new method had a high linear correlation with those by manual measurement (R = 0.86, p < 0.001). These results demonstrated the potential of our proposed method for facilitating the 3-D assessment of scoliosis, especially for 3-D spine deformity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yong Ran
- The School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juzheng Miao
- The School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Si-Ping Zhou
- The School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi-Hao Hua
- The School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Si-Yuan He
- The School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- The School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Xing Wang
- The Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Ping Zheng
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guang-Quan Zhou
- The School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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Meszaros-Beller L, Antico M, Fontanarosa D, Pivonka P. Assessment of thoracic spinal curvatures in static postures using spatially tracked 3D ultrasound volumes: a proof-of-concept study. Phys Eng Sci Med 2023; 46:197-208. [PMID: 36625994 PMCID: PMC10030537 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-022-01210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of spinal posture is a difficult endeavour given the lack of identifiable bony landmarks for placement of skin markers. Moreover, potentially significant soft tissue artefacts along the spine further affect the accuracy of marker-based approaches. The objective of this proof-of-concept study was to develop an experimental framework to assess spinal postures by using three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) imaging. A phantom spine model immersed in water was scanned using 3D US in a neutral and two curved postures mimicking a forward flexion in the sagittal plane while the US probe was localised by three electromagnetic tracking sensors attached to the probe head. The obtained anatomical 'coarse' registrations were further refined using an automatic registration algorithm and validated by an experienced sonographer. Spinal landmarks were selected in the US images and validated against magnetic resonance imaging data of the same phantom through image registration. Their position was then related to the location of the tracking sensors identified in the acquired US volumes, enabling the localisation of landmarks in the global coordinate system of the tracking device. Results of this study show that localised 3D US enables US-based anatomical reconstructions comparable to clinical standards and the identification of spinal landmarks in different postures of the spine. The accuracy in sensor identification was 0.49 mm on average while the intra- and inter-observer reliability in sensor identification was strongly correlated with a maximum deviation of 0.8 mm. Mapping of landmarks had a small relative distance error of 0.21 mm (SD = ± 0.16) on average. This study implies that localised 3D US holds the potential for the assessment of full spinal posture by accurately and non-invasively localising vertebrae in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Meszaros-Beller
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Maria Antico
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Queensland, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Davide Fontanarosa
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Pivonka
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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7
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Jiang W, Yu C, Chen X, Zheng Y, Bai C. Ultrasound to X-ray synthesis generative attentional network (UXGAN) for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. ULTRASONICS 2022; 126:106819. [PMID: 35926252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Standing X-ray radiograph with Cobb's method is the gold standard for scoliosis diagnosis. However, radiation hazard restricts its application, especially for close follow-up of adolescent patients. Compared with X-ray, ultrasound imaging has advantages of being radiation-free and real-time. To combine advantages of the above two imaging modalities, an ultrasound to X-ray synthesis generative attentional network (UXGAN) was proposed to synthesize ultrasound images into X-ray-like images. In this network, a cyclically consistent network was adopted and was trained end-to-end. An attention module was added and different residual blocks were designed. The quantitative comparison results demonstrated the superiority of our method to the state-of-the-art CycleGAN methods. We further compared the Cobb angle values measured on synthesized images and the real X-ray images, respectively. A good linear correlation (r = 0.95) was demonstrated between the two methods. The above results proved that the proposed method is of great significance for providing both X-ray images and ultrasound images based on the radiation-free ultrasound scanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Jiang
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chaohao Yu
- Hangzhou Kaiyuan Business Vocational School, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xianting Chen
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yongping Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Cong Bai
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
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8
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Tromp IN, Brink RC, Homans JF, Schlösser TPC, van Stralen M, Kruyt MC, Chu WCW, Cheng JCY, Castelein RM. CT analysis of the posterior anatomical landmarks of the scoliotic spine. Clin Radiol 2022; 77:876-881. [PMID: 36064659 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To use computed tomography (CT) to assess the validity and reliability of the posterior landmarks, spinous processes (SP), transverse processes (TP), and centre of lamina (COL), as compared to the Cobb angle to assess the curve severity and progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). MATERIALS AND METHODS A consecutive series of CT examinations of severe AIS patients were included retrospectively. SP, TP, and COL angles were measured for all curves and compared to the Cobb angle. RESULTS One hundred and five patients were included. The mean Cobb versus SP, TP, and COL angles were, 54° versus 37°, 49°, and 51° in the thoracic curves and 34° versus 26°, 31°, and 34° in the (thoraco)lumbar curves. Intraclass correlation coefficient values for intra-rater measurements of the SP, TP, and COL angles were 0.93, 0.97, and 0.95 and 0.70, 0.90, and 0.88 for inter-rater measurements. The correlations between the Cobb angle and SP, TP, and COL angles in thoracic and (thoraco)lumbar curves were 0.79 and 0.66, 0.87 and 0.84, and 0.80 and 0.70. CONCLUSIONS The posterior spinal landmarks can be used for assessment of scoliosis severity in AIS; however, they show a systematic underestimation, but a strong correlation with the coronal Cobb angle. TP and COL angles had the highest validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Tromp
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R C Brink
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J F Homans
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - T P C Schlösser
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M van Stralen
- Imaging Division, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M C Kruyt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - W C W Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - J C Y Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - R M Castelein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Jiang W, Chen X, Yu C. A real-time freehand 3D ultrasound imaging method for scoliosis assessment. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2022; 23:e13709. [PMID: 35748060 PMCID: PMC9359025 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Real‐time 3D ultrasound has gained popularity in many fields because it can provide interactive feedback to help acquire high‐quality images or to conduct timely diagnosis. However, no comprehensive study has been reported on such an imaging method for scoliosis evaluation due to the complexity of this application. Meanwhile, the use of radiation‐free assessment of scoliosis is becoming increasingly popular. This study developed a real‐time 3D ultrasound imaging method for scoliosis assessment based on an incremental imaging method. In vivo experiments involving 36 patients with scoliosis were performed to test the performance of the proposed method. This new imaging method achieved a mean incremental frame rate of 82.7 ± 11.0 frames/s. The high repeatability of the intra‐operator test (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.92) and inter‐operator test (ICC = 0.91) demonstrated that the new method was very reliable. The result of spinous process angles obtained by the new method was linearly correlated (y = 0.97x, R2 = 0.88) with that obtained by conventional 3D reconstruction. These results suggested that the newly developed imaging method can provide real‐time ultrasound imaging for scoliosis evaluation while preserving the comparative image quality of the conventional 3D reconstruction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Jiang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianting Chen
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaohao Yu
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Brignol A, Cheriet F, Laporte C. [Automatic extraction of vertebral landmarks from ultrasound images]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37 Hors série n° 1:22-24. [PMID: 34878389 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Some forms of myopathies such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy cause a progressive degeneration of the patient's muscles. This results in the development of scoliosis, which increases in severity over time. The clinical standard for monitoring scoliosis is to perform an X-ray on a regular basis. Unfortunately, repeated exposure to X-rays is harmful to the patient's health. Ultrasound imaging is a radiation-free modality that uses ultrasound (US) waves. However, the interpretation of vertebral ultrasound images is often difficult due to the variable quality of the image. In order to tackle this challenge, we present a method to localize the vertebrae on US images automatically. The validation of this reproducible approach suggests that it would be possible, in the long term, to replace part of the X-ray exams by US imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Brignol
- École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, Canada - CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada
| | - Farida Cheriet
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada - École Polytechnique Montréal, Canada
| | - Catherine Laporte
- École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, Canada - CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada
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Light-Convolution Dense Selection U-Net (LDS U-Net) for Ultrasound Lateral Bony Feature Segmentation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112110180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Scoliosis is a widespread medical condition where the spine becomes severely deformed and bends over time. It mostly affects young adults and may have a permanent impact on them. A periodic assessment, using a suitable modality, is necessary for its early detection. Conventionally, the usually employed modalities include X-ray and MRI, which employ ionising radiation and are expensive. Hence, a non-radiating 3D ultrasound imaging technique has been developed as a safe and economic alternative. However, ultrasound produces low-contrast images that are full of speckle noise, and skilled intervention is necessary for their processing. Given the prevalent occurrence of scoliosis and the limitations of scalability of human expert interventions, an automatic, fast, and low-computation assessment technique is being developed for mass scoliosis diagnosis. In this paper, a novel hybridized light-weight convolutional neural network architecture is presented for automatic lateral bony feature identification, which can help to develop a fully-fledged automatic scoliosis detection system. The proposed architecture, Light-convolution Dense Selection U-Net (LDS U-Net), can accurately segment ultrasound spine lateral bony features, from noisy images, thanks to its capabilities of smartly selecting only the useful information and extracting rich deep layer features from the input image. The proposed model is tested using a dataset of 109 spine ultrasound images. The segmentation result of the proposed network is compared with basic U-Net, Attention U-Net, and MultiResUNet using various popular segmentation indices. The results show that LDS U-Net provides a better segmentation performance compared to the other models. Additionally, LDS U-Net requires a smaller number of parameters and less memory, making it suitable for a large-batch screening process of scoliosis without a high computational requirement.
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Spinal deformity measurement using a low-density flexible array ultrasound transducer: A feasibility study with phantoms. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2021.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Lee TTY, Lai KKL, Cheng JCY, Castelein RM, Lam TP, Zheng YP. Investigation of the Phenomenon of Coronal-Sagittal Curvature Coupling on Curve Progression: An Exploratory Study using 3-D Ultrasound. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:2202-2212. [PMID: 33980396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A 3-D ultrasound system was determined to provide reliable and valid results for scoliosis assessment in the coronal and sagittal planes. The objective of this study was to investigate whether 3-D ultrasound can detect coronal-sagittal coupling and to study its potential effect on curve progression in patients with adolescence idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) as per the traditional Cobb angle classification. Radiographic and ultrasonic coronal and sagittal curvatures of 126 patients with AIS were evaluated. Thoracic kyphosis (TK) and lumbar lordosis (LL) with different coronal deformity were compared correspondingly based on either main thoracic or (thoraco)lumbar curve groups. The TK and LL of patients with single curves were also compared with study the curve effect on sagittal curvatures. A prospective cohort of 51 patients were followed for an average of 23 months for preliminary progression investigation. TKs in patients with larger main thoracic Cobb angles was significantly smaller than those with smaller main thoracic Cobb angles, judging by the results obtained from ultrasound and X-ray. The TKs of patients with only single right main thoracic curves were significantly smaller than those of patients with only single left (thoraco)lumbar curves. In addition, patients with progressive curves were observed to be relative hypokyphotic during early visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Tin-Yan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Kelly Ka-Lee Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Jack Chun-Yiu Cheng
- SH Ho Research Lab, Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - René Marten Castelein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tsz-Ping Lam
- SH Ho Research Lab, Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yong-Ping Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
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Lee TTY, Lai KKL, Cheng JCY, Castelein RM, Lam TP, Zheng YP. 3D ultrasound imaging provides reliable angle measurement with validity comparable to X-ray in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Orthop Translat 2021; 29:51-59. [PMID: 34094858 PMCID: PMC8144340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE The application of ultrasound imaging for spine evaluation could minimize radiation exposure for patients with adolescence idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). A customized three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging system has been demonstrated to provide reliable and valid coronal curvature measurements. However, these measurements were using the spinous processes as anatomical reference, leading to a predictable underestimation of the traditionally used Cobb angles. An alternative 3D ultrasound image reconstruction method was applied to create coronal images with more lateral features for angle measurement. The objective of this study was to test the reliability and the validity of this angle, the ultrasound curve angle (UCA), and compare the UCA with the Cobb angles on X-ray images of patients with AIS. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was divided into: 1) Investigation of intra- and inter-reliability between two raters for measuring the UCA and two operators for acquiring ultrasound images; 2) Investigation of the validity between the radiographic Cobb angle and the UCA. Fifty patients and 164 patients with AIS, were included in the two stages, respectively. Patients underwent bi-planar X-ray and 3D ultrasound scanning on the same day. The proposed UCA was used to measure the coronal curvature from the ultrasound coronal images, which were formed using a newly customized volume projection imaging (VPI) method. The intra-rater/operator and inter-rater and operator reliability of the UCA were tested by intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) (3,1) and (2,1), respectively. The validity of UCA measurements as compared to radiographic Cobb angles was tested by inter-method ICC (2,1), mean absolute difference (MAD), standard error of measurement (SEM), Pearson correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman statistics. The level of significance was set as 0.05. RESULTS Excellent intra-rater and intra-operator (ICC (3,1)≥0.973) and excellent inter-rater and inter-operator reliability (ICC (2,1)≥0.925) for UCA measurement, with overall MAD and SEM no more than 3.5° and 1.7° were demonstrated for both main thoracic and (thoraco)lumbar curvatures. Very good correlations were observed between UCA and Cobb angle for main thoracic (R 2 =0.893) and (thoraco)lumbar (R 2 =0.884) curves. The mean (SD) measurements in terms of radiographic Cobb and UCA were 27.2 ± 11.6° and 26.3 ± 11.4° for main thoracic curves; and 26.2 ± 11.4° and 24.8 ± 9.7° for (thoraco)lumbar curve respectively. One hundred sixty-four subjects (33 male and 131 female subjects; 11-18 years of age, mean of 15.1 ± 1.9 years) were included for the validity session. Excellent inter-method variations (ICC (2,K) ≥0.933) with overall MAD and SEM no more than 3.0° and 1.5° were demonstrated for both main thoracic and (thoraco)lumbar curvatures. In addition, Bland-Altman plots demonstrated an acceptable agreement between ultrasound and radiographic Cobb measurements. CONCLUSION In this study, very good correlations and agreement were demonstrated between the ultrasound and X-ray measurements of the scoliotic curvature. Judging from the promising results of this study, patients with AIS with different severity of curves can be evaluated and monitored by ultrasound imaging, reducing the usage of radiation during follow-ups. This method could also be used for scoliosis screening.The Translational potential of this article: Ultrasound curve angle (UCA) obtained from 3D ultrasound imaging system can provide reliable and valid evaluation on coronal curvature for patients with AIS, without the need of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Tin-Yan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Kelly Ka-Lee Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Jack Chun-Yiu Cheng
- SH Ho Scoliosis Research Lab, Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - René Marten Castelein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tsz-Ping Lam
- SH Ho Scoliosis Research Lab, Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yong-Ping Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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Lai KKL, Lee TTY, Lee MKS, Hui JCH, Zheng YP. Validation of Scolioscan Air-Portable Radiation-Free Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Imaging Assessment System for Scoliosis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:2858. [PMID: 33921592 PMCID: PMC8073843 DOI: 10.3390/s21082858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
To diagnose scoliosis, the standing radiograph with Cobb's method is the gold standard for clinical practice. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging, which is radiation-free and inexpensive, has been demonstrated to be reliable for the assessment of scoliosis and validated by several groups. A portable 3D ultrasound system for scoliosis assessment is very much demanded, as it can further extend its potential applications for scoliosis screening, diagnosis, monitoring, treatment outcome measurement, and progress prediction. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of a newly developed portable 3D ultrasound imaging system, Scolioscan Air, for scoliosis assessment using coronal images it generated. The system was comprised of a handheld probe and tablet PC linking with a USB cable, and the probe further included a palm-sized ultrasound module together with a low-profile optical spatial sensor. A plastic phantom with three different angle structures built-in was used to evaluate the accuracy of measurement by positioning in 10 different orientations. Then, 19 volunteers with scoliosis (13F and 6M; Age: 13.6 ± 3.2 years) with different severity of scoliosis were assessed. Each subject underwent scanning by a commercially available 3D ultrasound imaging system, Scolioscan, and the portable 3D ultrasound imaging system, with the same posture on the same date. The spinal process angles (SPA) were measured in the coronal images formed by both systems and compared with each other. The angle phantom measurement showed the measured angles well agreed with the designed values, 59.7 ± 2.9 vs. 60 degrees, 40.8 ± 1.9 vs. 40 degrees, and 20.9 ± 2.1 vs. 20 degrees. For the subject tests, results demonstrated that there was a very good agreement between the angles obtained by the two systems, with a strong correlation (R2 = 0.78) for the 29 curves measured. The absolute difference between the two data sets was 2.9 ± 1.8 degrees. In addition, there was a small mean difference of 1.2 degrees, and the differences were symmetrically distributed around the mean difference according to the Bland-Altman test. Scolioscan Air was sufficiently comparable to Scolioscan in scoliosis assessment, overcoming the space limitation of Scolioscan and thus providing wider applications. Further studies involving a larger number of subjects are worthwhile to demonstrate its potential clinical values for the management of scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yong-Ping Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (K.K.-L.L.); (T.T.-Y.L.); (M.K.-S.L.); (J.C.-H.H.)
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Lyu J, Bi X, Banerjee S, Huang Z, Leung FHF, Lee TTY, Yang DD, Zheng YP, Ling SH. Dual-task ultrasound spine transverse vertebrae segmentation network with contour regularization. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2021; 89:101896. [PMID: 33752079 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2021.101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
3D ultrasound imaging has become one of the common diagnosis ways to assess scoliosis since it is radiation-free, real-time, and low-cost. Spine curvature angle measurement is an important step to assess scoliosis precisely. One way to calculate the angle is using the vertebrae features of the 2-D coronal images to identify the most tilted vertebrae. To do the measurement, the segmentation of the transverse vertebrae is an important step. In this paper, we propose a dual-task ultrasound transverse vertebrae segmentation network (D-TVNet) based on U-Net. First, we arrange an auxiliary shape regularization network to learn the contour segmentation of the bones. It improves the boundary segmentation and anti-interference ability of the U-Net by fusing some of the features of the auxiliary task and the main task. Then, we introduce the atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP) module to the end of the down-sampling stage of the main task stream to improve the relative feature extraction ability. To further improve the boundary segmentation, we extendedly fuse the down-sampling output features of the auxiliary network in the ASPP. The experiment results show that the proposed D-TVNet achieves the best dice score of 86.68% and the mean dice score of 86.17% based on cross-validation, which is an improvement of 5.17% over the baseline U-Net. An automatic ultrasound spine bone segmentation network with promising results has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lyu
- College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojun Bi
- College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China; College of Information Engineering, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Sunetra Banerjee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Zixun Huang
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hum, Hong Kong
| | - Frank H F Leung
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hum, Hong Kong
| | - Timothy Tin-Yan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hum, Hong Kong
| | - De-De Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hum, Hong Kong
| | - Yong-Ping Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hum, Hong Kong
| | - Sai Ho Ling
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Garcia-Cano E, Cosio FA, Torres Robles F, Fanti Z, Bellefleur C, Joncas J, Labelle H, Duong L. A freehand ultrasound framework for spine assessment in 3D: a preliminary study. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:2096-2100. [PMID: 33018419 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
X-ray imaging is currently the gold standard for the assessment of spinal deformities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a freehand 3D ultrasound system for volumetric reconstruction of the spine. A setup consisting of an ultrasound scanner with a linear transducer, an electromagnetic measuring system and a workstation was used. We conducted 64 acquisitions of US images of 8 adults in a natural standing position, and we tested three setups: 1) Subjects are constrained to be close to a wall, 2) Subjects are unconstrained, and 3) Subjects are constrained to performing fast and slow acquisitions. The spinous processes were manually selected from the volume reconstruction from tracked ultrasound images to generate a 3D point-based model depicting the centerline of the spine. The results suggested that a freehand 3D ultrasound system can be suitable for representing the spine. Volumetric reconstructions can be computed and landmarking can be performed to model the surface of the spine in the 3D space. These reconstructions promise to generate computer-based descriptors to analyze the shape of the spine in the 3D space.Clinical Relevance- We provide clinicians with a protocol that could be integrated in clinical setups for the assessment and monitoring of AIS, based on US image acquisitions, which constitutes a radiation-free technology.
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Automatic extraction of vertebral landmarks from ultrasound images: A pilot study. Comput Biol Med 2020; 122:103838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Shajudeen P, Tang S, Chaudhry A, Kim N, Reddy JN, Tasciotti E, Righetti R. Modeling and Analysis of Ultrasound Elastographic Axial Strains for Spine Fracture Identification. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2020; 67:898-909. [PMID: 31796395 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2019.2956730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the first use of ultrasound (US) elastography for imaging spinal fractures by assessing the mechanical response of the soft tissue at the posterior vertebra boundary to a uniaxial compression in rabbit ex vivo samples. Three-dimensional finite-element (FE) models of the vertebra-soft tissue complex in rabbit samples are generated and analyzed to evaluate the distribution of the axial normal and shear strains at the vertebra-soft tissue interface. Experiments on the same samples are performed to corroborate simulation findings. Results of this study indicate that the distribution of the axial strains manifests as distinct patterns around intact and fractured vertebrae. Numerical characteristics of the axial strain's spatial distribution are further used to construct two shape descriptors to make inferences on spinal abnormalities: 1) axial normal strain asymmetry for assessing the presence of fractures and 2) principal orientation of axial shear strain concentration regions (shear zones) for measurement of spinous process dislocation. This study demonstrates that axial normal strain and axial shear strain maps obtained via US elastography can provide a new means to detect spine fractures and abnormalities in the selected ex vivo animal models. Spinal fracture detection is important for the assessment of spinal cord injuries and stability. However, identification of spinal fractures using US is currently challenging. Our results show that features resulting from strain elastograms can serve as a useful adjunct to B-mode images in identifying spine fractures in the selected animal samples, and this information could be helpful in clinical settings.
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20
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Ungi T, Greer H, Sunderland KR, Wu V, Baum ZMC, Schlenger C, Oetgen M, Cleary K, Aylward SR, Fichtinger G. Automatic Spine Ultrasound Segmentation for Scoliosis Visualization and Measurement. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2020; 67:3234-3241. [PMID: 32167884 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2020.2980540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Integrate tracked ultrasound and AI methods to provide a safer and more accessible alternative to X-ray for scoliosis measurement. We propose automatic ultrasound segmentation for 3-dimensional spine visualization and scoliosis measurement to address difficulties in using ultrasound for spine imaging. METHODS We trained a convolutional neural network for spine segmentation on ultrasound scans using data from eight healthy adult volunteers. We tested the trained network on eight pediatric patients. We evaluated image segmentation and 3-dimensional volume reconstruction for scoliosis measurement. RESULTS As expected, fuzzy segmentation metrics reduced when trained networks were translated from healthy volunteers to patients. Recall decreased from 0.72 to 0.64 (8.2% decrease), and precision from 0.31 to 0.27 (3.7% decrease). However, after finding optimal thresholds for prediction maps, binary segmentation metrics performed better on patient data. Recall decreased from 0.98 to 0.97 (1.6% decrease), and precision from 0.10 to 0.06 (4.5% decrease). Segmentation prediction maps were reconstructed to 3-dimensional volumes and scoliosis was measured in all patients. Measurement in these reconstructions took less than 1 minute and had a maximum error of 2.2° compared to X-ray. CONCLUSION automatic spine segmentation makes scoliosis measurement both efficient and accurate in tracked ultrasound scans. SIGNIFICANCE Automatic segmentation may overcome the limitations of tracked ultrasound that so far prevented its use as an alternative of X-ray in scoliosis measurement.
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21
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Zhou GQ, Li DS, Zhou P, Jiang WW, Zheng YP. Automating Spine Curvature Measurement in Volumetric Ultrasound via Adaptive Phase Features. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:828-841. [PMID: 31901383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound volume projection imaging (VPI) has been recently suggested. This novel imaging method allows a non-radiation assessment of spine deformity with free-hand 3-D ultrasound imaging. This paper presents a fully automatic method to evaluate the spine curve in VPI images corresponding to different projection depth of the volumetric ultrasound, thus making it possible to analyze 3-D spine deformity. The new automatic method is based on prior knowledge about the geometric arrangement of the spinous processes. The frequency bandwidth of log-Gabor filters is adaptively adjusted to calculate the oriented phase congruency, facilitating the segmentation of the spinous column profile. And the spine curvature angle is finally calculated according to the inflection points of the curve over the segmented spinous column profile. The performance of the automatic method is evaluated on spine VPI images among patients with different scoliotic angles. The curvature angles obtained using the proposed method have a high linear correlation with those by the manual method (r = 0.90, p < 0.001) and X-ray Cobb's method (r = 0.87, p < 0.001). The feasibility of 3-D spine deformity assessment is also demonstrated using VPI images corresponding to various projection depth. The results suggest that this method can substantially improve the recognition of the spinous column profile, especially facilitating the applications of 3-D spine deformity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Quan Zhou
- The School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Dong-Sheng Li
- The School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- The School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Wei Jiang
- The College of Computer Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Ping Zheng
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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22
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Lv P, Chen J, Dong L, Wang L, Deng Y, Li K, Huang X, Zhang C. Evaluation of Scoliosis With a Commercially Available Ultrasound System. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2020; 39:29-36. [PMID: 31190407 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Currently, radiography with measurement of the Cobb angle is still considered the reference standard for diagnosing scoliosis. However, the ionizing radiation hazard is drawing wide attention. Can 3-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) be an alternative modality for diagnosing and monitoring patients with scoliosis? The aim of our study was to assess the reliability and validity of 3D US imaging in the evaluation of scoliosis. METHODS A commercially available ultrasound system with a magnetic tracking system was selected for long-distance 3D US imaging. Straight phantoms and curved phantoms were scanned with the imaging system to evaluate the stability of the system for curvature measurements. Eight healthy adult volunteers and 28 patients with scoliosis were recruited for long-distance 3D US imaging. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to test the reproducibility of the interobserver and intraobserver measurements for both the healthy adults and patients with scoliosis. A linear regression analysis and Bland-Altman plot were used to analyze the correlation and to determine the extent of agreement between the angles measured on US images and the Cobb angles measured on conventional radiographs. RESULTS The 28 patients with scoliosis included 10 male and 18 female patients aged 8 to 37 years (mean age ± SD, 17.7 ± 1.4 years; body mass index, <25 kg/m2 ). In the phantom study, there was no statistically significant difference between the angles measured by the 3D US imaging system and those measured by an angle gauge (P > 0.05). In the clinical study, there was very good interobserver and intraobserver reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients, >0.90) for the US imaging system, with a high correlation (r2 = 0.92) and agreement between the US and radiographic methods. CONCLUSIONS The long-distance 3D US imaging system offers a viable modality for diagnosing and monitoring scoliosis without radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Lv
- Departments of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- Departments of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lujie Dong
- Departments of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Youbin Deng
- Departments of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiyan Li
- Departments of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Departments of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Wong YS, Lai KKL, Zheng YP, Wong LLN, Ng BKW, Hung ALH, Yip BHK, Chu WCW, Ng AWH, Qiu Y, Cheng JCY, Lam TP. Is Radiation-Free Ultrasound Accurate for Quantitative Assessment of Spinal Deformity in Idiopathic Scoliosis (IS): A Detailed Analysis With EOS Radiography on 952 Patients. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:2866-2877. [PMID: 31399250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Radiation exposure with repeated radiography required at follow-up poses serious health concerns for scoliosis patients. Although spinous process angle (SPA) measurement of spinal curvatures with ultrasound has been reported with promising results, an evidence-based account on its accuracy for translational application remains undefined. This prospective study involved 952 idiopathic scoliosis patients (75.7% female, mean age 16.7 ± 3.0 y, Cobb 28.7 ± 11.6°). Among 1432 curves (88.1%) detected by ultrasound, there was good correlation between radiologic Cobb angles measured manually on EOS (E_Cobb) whole-spine radiographs and automatic ultrasound SPA measurement for upper spinal curves (USCs) (r = 0.873, apices T7-T12/L1 intervertebral disc) and lower spinal curves (LSCs) (r = 0.740, apices L1 or below) (p < 0.001). Taller stature was associated with stronger correlation. For E_Cobb <30°, 66.6% USCs and 62.4% LSCs had absolute differences between E_Cobb and predicted Cobb angle calculated from SPA ≤5°. Ultrasound could be a viable option in lieu of radiography for measuring coronal curves with apices at T7 or lower and Cobb angle <30°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shun Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kelly Ka-Lee Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yong-Ping Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lyn Lee-Ning Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Bobby Kin-Wah Ng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Alec Lik-Hang Hung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Benjamin Hon-Kei Yip
- Division of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Winnie Chiu-Wing Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Alex Wing-Hung Ng
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yong Qiu
- Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China; Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jack Chun-Yiu Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR; Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Tsz-Ping Lam
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR; Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR.
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Jiang WW, Zhong XX, Zhou GQ, Guan Q, Zheng YP, Chen SY. An automatic measurement method of spinal curvature on ultrasound coronal images in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2019; 17:776-788. [PMID: 31731376 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study proposed a new automatic measurement method of spinal curvature on ultrasound coronal images in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). After preprocessing of Gaussian enhancement, the symmetric information of the image was extracted using the phase congruency. Then bony features were segmented from the soft tissues and background using the greyscale polarity. The morphological methods of image erosion and top-bottom-hat transformation, and geometric moment were utilized to identify the spinous column profile from the transverse processes. Finally, the spine deformity curve was obtained using robust regression. In-vivo experiments based on AIS patients were performed to evaluate the performance of the developed method. The comparison results revealed there was a significant correlation (y=0.81x, r=0.86) and good agreement between the new automatic method and the manual measurement method. It can be expected that this novel method may help to provide effective and objective deformity assessment method during the ultrasound scanning for AIS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Jiang
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhong
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Guang-Quan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiu Guan
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yong-Ping Zheng
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Sheng-Yong Chen
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
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Lee TTY, Jiang WW, Cheng CLK, Lai KKL, To MKT, Castelein RM, Cheung JPY, Zheng YP. A Novel Method to Measure the Sagittal Curvature in Spinal Deformities: The Reliability and Feasibility of 3-D Ultrasound Imaging. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:2725-2735. [PMID: 31303403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the reliability of sagittal spinal curvature measurements using 3-D ultrasound in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Ultrasound spinous process angle (USSPA) and ultrasound laminae angle (USLA) were measured on sagittal ultrasound images, while the Cobb angle (XCA) was measured on sagittal X-ray images. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) for the intra- and inter-observer variability, linear regression analysis and Bland-Altman method, including mean absolute difference (MAD), were investigated to evaluate the reliability and validity of the two ultrasound angles compared with XCA. Excellent measurement reliabilities were demonstrated for both ultrasound angles (ICC ≥ 0.91). Moderate to good and significant linear correlations and good agreement were demonstrated between the ultrasound methods and XCA (Thoracic [R2 ≥ 0.574] / Lumbar [R2 ≥ 0.635]). No significant differences were found for the MADs between both corrected ultrasound angles and XCA. Sagittal ultrasound angles were demonstrated to be reliable for assessing sagittal curvature using spinous processes and laminae and to have good and significant correlations with XCAs. Since it is non-ionizing and relatively low cost, this method opens the possibility of providing frequent curve monitoring and evaluation, and screening for AIS patients, particularly based on sagittal profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Tin-Yan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Wei Jiang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Connie Lok Kan Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kelly Ka-Lee Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Kai Tsun To
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - René M Castelein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jason Pui Yin Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yong-Ping Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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A semi-automatic 3D ultrasound reconstruction method to assess the true severity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Med Biol Eng Comput 2019; 57:2115-2128. [PMID: 31367838 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-019-02015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional (3D) spinal deformity. Current practice uses the Cobb method to measure spinal severity on postero-anterior (PA) radiographs. This method may underestimate spinal deformity and exposes patients to ionizing radiation, increasing the risk of cancer. This paper reports a new 3D ultrasound method using the voxel-based reconstruction technique with bilinear interpolation to reconstruct a 3D spinal image and measure true spinal curvature on the plane of maximal curvature (PMC). Axial vertebral rotation (AVR) was measured on the 3D image and utilized to estimate the PMC. In vitro phantom experiments and in vivo clinical study were conducted to evaluate reconstruction accuracy and measurement reliability. The in vitro study showed a high accuracy of the reconstruction of vertebrae with the mean absolute difference (MAD) < 3 mm. The in vitro and in vivo measurements of AVR were reliable (> 0.90). The in vivo study also showed high intra- and inter-rater reliabilities of the PA and PMC Cobb angle measurements with ICC values > 0.90 and MADs within the clinical accepted tolerances. The PMC Cobb angles were up to 7° greater than their corresponding PA Cobb angles. This method demonstrated a non-ionizing radiation method to assess the actual severity of AIS. Graphical abstract Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a lateral curvature of spine with vertebral rotation. Using the Cobb method to measure spinal severity on postero-anterior (PA) radiographs may under estimate its severity.
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Lee TTY, Cheung JCW, Law SY, To MKT, Cheung JPY, Zheng YP. Analysis of sagittal profile of spine using 3D ultrasound imaging: a phantom study and preliminary subject test. COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: IMAGING & VISUALIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21681163.2019.1566025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Tin-Yan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, China
| | - James Chung-Wai Cheung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, China
| | - Siu-Yu Law
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, China
| | - Michael Kai Tsun To
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason Pui Yin Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong-Ping Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, China
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Nouh MR. Imaging of the spine: Where do we stand? World J Radiol 2019; 11:55-61. [PMID: 31110605 PMCID: PMC6503457 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v11.i4.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of patients presenting with spine-related problems has globally increased, with an enormous growing demand for the use of medical imaging to address this problem. The last three decades witnessed great leaps for diagnostic imaging modalities, including those exploited for imaging the spine. These developments improved our diagnostic capabilities in different spinal pathologies, especially with multi-detector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, via both hardware and software improvisations. Nowadays, imaging may depict subtle spinal instability caused by various osseous and ligamentous failures, and could elucidate dynamic instabilities. Consequently, recent diagnostic modalities can discern clinically relevant spinal canal stenosis. Likewise, improvement in diagnostic imaging capabilities revolutionized our understanding of spinal degenerative diseases via quantitative biomarkers rather than mere subjective perspectives. Furthermore, prognostication of spinal cord injury has become feasible, and this is expected to be translated into better effective patient tailoring to management plans with better clinical outcomes. Meanwhile, our confidence in diagnosing spinal infections and assessing the different spinal instrumentation has greatly improved over the past few last decades. Overall, revolutions in diagnostic imaging over the past few decades have upgraded spinal imaging from simple subjective and qualitative indices into a more sophisticated yet precise era of objective metrics via deploying quantitative imaging biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R Nouh
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
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Zheng R, Hill D, Hedden D, Mahood J, Moreau M, Southon S, Lou E. Factors influencing spinal curvature measurements on ultrasound images for children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198792. [PMID: 29912905 PMCID: PMC6005491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The measurements of spinal curvatures using the ultrasound (US) imaging method on children with scoliosis have been comparable with radiography. However, factors influencing the reliability and accuracy of US measurement have not been studied. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of curve features and patients' demographics on US measurements and to determine which factors influence the reliability and accuracy. Two hundred children with scoliosis were recruited and scanned with US by one experienced operator and three trainees. One experienced rater measured the proxy Cobb angles from US images twice one week apart and compared the results with clinical radiographic records. The correlation and accuracy between the US and radiographic measurements were subdivided by different curve severities, curve types, subjects' weight status and US acquisition experiences. A total of 326 and 313 curves were recognized from radiographs and US images, respectively. The mean Cobb angles of the 13 missing curves were 17.4±7.4° and 11 at the thoracic region. Among the 16 curves showing large discrepancy (≥6°) between US and radiographic measurements, 7 were main thoracic and 6 were lumbar curves. Twelve had axial vertebral rotation (AVR) greater than 8°. The US scans performed by the experienced operator showed fewer large discrepancy curves, smaller difference and higher correlation than the scans from the trainees (3%, 1.7±1.5°, 0.95 vs 6%, 2.4±1.8°, 0.90). Only 4% missing and 5% large discrepancy curves were demonstrated for US measurements in comparison to radiography. The missing curves were mainly caused by small severity and in the upper spinal region. There was a higher chance of the large discrepancy curves in the main thoracic and lumbar regions with AVR>8°. A skilled operator acquired better US images and led to more accurate measurements especially for those subjects with larger curvatures, AVR and body mass index (BMI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zheng
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Doug Hill
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas Hedden
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James Mahood
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marc Moreau
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah Southon
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edmond Lou
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Greer H, Gerber S, Niethammer M, Kwitt R, McCormick M, Chittajallu D, Siekierski N, Oetgen M, Cleary K, Aylward S. SCOLIOSIS SCREENING AND MONITORING USING SELF CONTAINED ULTRASOUND AND NEURAL NETWORKS. PROCEEDINGS. IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2018; 2018:1500-1503. [PMID: 29899817 DOI: 10.1109/isbi.2018.8363857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We aim to diagnose scoliosis using a self contained ultrasound device that does not require significant training to operate. The device knows its angle relative to vertical using an embedded inertial measurement unit, and it estimates its angle relative to a vertebrae using a neural network analysis of its ultrasound images. The composition of those angles defines the angle of a vertebrae from vertical. The maximum difference between vertebrae angles collected from a scan of a spine yields the Cobb angle measure that is used to quantify scoliosis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew Oetgen
- Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Kevin Cleary
- Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
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Ng SY, Bettany-Saltikov J. Imaging in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Children with Idiopathic Scoliosis. Open Orthop J 2017; 11:1500-1520. [PMID: 29399226 PMCID: PMC5759132 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001711011500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper reviews the current imaging methods in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Radiography is generally used in the initial diagnosis of the condition. Postero-anterior erect full spine radiograph is generally prescribed, and is supplemented by lateral full spine radiograph when indicated. To reduce the radiation hazard, only the area of interest should be exposed, and follow-up radiographs should be taken with as few projections as possible. When available, EOS® stereoradiography should be used. The radiation of the microdose protocol is 45 times less than that of the conventional radiography. Surface topography offers another approach to monitoring changes of curvatures in AIS patients. Recently, 3D ultrasound has been found to be able to measure the Cobb angle accurately. Yet, it is still in the early developmental stages. The inherent intrinsic and external limitations of the imaging system need to be resolved before it can be widely used clinically. For AIS patients with atypical presentation, computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be required to assess for any underlying pathology. As CT is associated with a high radiation dose, it is playing a diminishing role in the management of scoliosis, and is replaced by MRI, which is also used for pre-operative planning of scoliosis. The different imaging methods have their limitations. The EOS® stereoradiography is expensive and is not commonly available. The surface topography does not enable measurement of Cobb angle, particularly when the patient is in-brace. The 3D ultrasound scanning has inherent intrinsic technical limitation and cannot be used in all subjects. Radiography, however, enables diagnosis and monitoring of the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). It is thus the gold standard in the evaluation and management of scoliosis curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yan Ng
- Wanchai Chiropractic Clinic, 11/fl China Hong Kong Tower, 8 Hennessy Road, Wanchai, Hong Kong
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Zhai X, Cui J, Shao J, Wang Q, Chen X, Wei X, Zhou X, Chen Z, Bai Y, Li M. Global research trends in spinal ultrasound: a systematic bibliometric analysis. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e015317. [PMID: 29061600 PMCID: PMC5665321 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been increased interest in the use of ultrasound technology in the evaluation of spinal and paraspinal regions. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate trends in spinal ultrasound research from 1994 to 2015 and compare the contributions of such research from different countries and authors. STUDY DESIGN Bibliometric analysis. SETTING Publications related to spinal ultrasound from 1994 to 2015 were retrieved from the Web of Science database. METHODS Excel 2013, GraphPad Prism 5, and VOSviewer were used to summarise bibliometric features, including the number of publications, citation frequency, H-index, and country contributions and hotspots (keywords of popular scientific fields). RESULTS A total of 3859 papers were included. The global inflection point (the point in time when the publication growth rate moved from positive to negative) came in 2010. The United States contributed the largest percentage of articles (1041; 26.9%), with the most citations (19 848) and the highest H-index (61). The journals Osteoporosis International and Spine had the highest publication number. The University of Toronto and the University of California, San Francisco were the most contributive institutions. Studies could be divided into three clusters: surgery, osteoporosis, and others. The keywords 'adolescent idiopathic scoliosis' and 'anaesthesia' were the latest hotspots, appearing around 2012. CONCLUSION Spinal ultrasound literature has grown continuously over the last 22 years, with the rate slowing down after 2010. The United States was the largest contributor in this field. Recent studies on topics related to 'adolescent idiopathic scoliosis' and 'anaesthesia' were relatively new and should be closely followed in spinal ultrasound research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhai
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Graduate Management Unit, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qijin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianzhao Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqiang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yushu Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Zhou GQ, Jiang WW, Lai KL, Zheng YP. Automatic Measurement of Spine Curvature on 3-D Ultrasound Volume Projection Image With Phase Features. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2017; 36:1250-1262. [PMID: 28252393 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2017.2674681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an automated measurement of spine curvature by using prior knowledge on vertebral anatomical structures in ultrasound volume projection imaging (VPI). This method can be used in scoliosis assessment with free-hand 3-D ultrasound imaging. It is based on the extraction of bony features from VPI images using a newly proposed two-fold thresholding strategy, with information of the symmetric and asymmetric measures obtained from phase congruency. The spinous column profile is detected from the segmented bony regions, and it is further used to extract a curve representing spine profile. The spine curvature is then automatically calculated according to the inflection points along the curve. The algorithm was evaluated on volunteers with the different severity of scoliosis. The results obtained using the newly developed method had a good linear correlation with those by the manual method (r ≥ 0.90, p <; 0.001) and X-ray Cobb's method (r = 0.83, p <; 0.001). The bigger variations observed in the manual measurement also implied that the automatic method is more reliable. The proposed method can be a promising approach for facilitating the applications of 3-D ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis, treatment, and screening of scoliosis.
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Zheng R, Hill D, Hedden D, Moreau M, Le LH, Raso J, Lou E. Assessment of Curve Flexibility on Scoliotic Surgical Candidates Using Ultrasound Imaging Method. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2017; 43:934-942. [PMID: 28274602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ultrasound imaging method was implemented to assess the spinal curve flexibility of scoliotic surgical candidates, or how much correction it can achieve while patients are bending or lying down. Fifteen participants were recruited. Pre-operative radiographs and ultrasound images in both standing and bending positions were acquired. The post-operative standing radiographs were obtained 1 wk after surgery. Two raters (RZ, EL) measured the ultrasound images twice, 1 wk apart. A curve correction index (CI) was developed to estimate the curve flexibility. The CI from the pre-operative bending radiograph, ultrasound and post-operative radiograph were 0.51 ± 0.18; R1: 0.74 ± 0.08 vs R2: 0.72 ± 0.09 and 0.60 ± 0.10, respectively. The correlation of CI between ultrasound and post-operative radiography was slightly higher than the pre-operative bending and post-operative radiography. This pilot study demonstrated the bending ultrasound method is a promising supplemental tool to assess curve flexibility before surgical intervention for scoliotic surgical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zheng
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Doug Hill
- Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas Hedden
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marc Moreau
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lawrence H Le
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jim Raso
- Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edmond Lou
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Zheng YP, Lee TTY, Lai KKL, Yip BHK, Zhou GQ, Jiang WW, Cheung JCW, Wong MS, Ng BKW, Cheng JCY, Lam TP. A reliability and validity study for Scolioscan: a radiation-free scoliosis assessment system using 3D ultrasound imaging. SCOLIOSIS AND SPINAL DISORDERS 2016; 11:13. [PMID: 27299162 PMCID: PMC4900244 DOI: 10.1186/s13013-016-0074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiographic evaluation for patients with scoliosis using Cobb method is the current gold standard, but radiography has radiation hazards. Several groups have recently demonstrated the feasibility of using 3D ultrasound for the evaluation of scoliosis. Ultrasound imaging is radiation-free, comparatively more accessible, and inexpensive. However, a reliable and valid 3D ultrasound system ready for clinical scoliosis assessment has not yet been reported. Scolioscan is a newly developed system targeted for scoliosis assessment in clinics by using coronal images of spine generated by a 3D ultrasound volume projection imaging method. The aim of this study is to test the reliability of spine deformity measurement of Scolioscan and its validity compared to the gold standard Cobb angle measurements from radiography in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. METHODS Prospective study divided into two stages: 1) Investigation of intra- and inter- reliability between two operators for acquiring images using Scolioscan and among three raters for measuring spinal curves from those images; 2) Correlation between the Cobb angle obtained from radiography by a medical doctor and the spine curve angle obtained using Scolioscan (Scolioscan angle). The raters for ultrasound images and the doctors for evaluating radiographic images were mutually blinded. The two stages of tests involved 20 (80 % females, total of 26 angles, age of 16.4 ± 2.7 years, and Cobb angle of 27.6 ± 11.8°) and 49 (69 % female, 73 angles, 15.8 ± 2.7 years and 24.8 ± 9.7°) AIS patients, respectively. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots and root-mean-square differences (RMS) were employed to determine correlations, which interpreted based on defined criteria. RESULTS We demonstrated a very good intra-rater and intra-operator reliability for Scolioscan angle measurement with ICC larger than 0.94 and 0.88, respectively. Very good inter-rater and inter-operator reliability was also demonstrated, with both ICC larger than 0.87. For the thoracic deformity measurement, the RMS were 2.5 and 3.3° in the intra- and inter-operator tests, and 1.5 and 3.6° in the intra- and inter-rater tests, respectively. The RMS differences were 3.1, 3.1, 1.6, 3.7° in the intra- and inter-operator and intra- and inter-rater tests, respectively, for the lumbar angle measurement. Moderate to strong correlations (R(2) > 0.72) were observed between the Scolioscan angles and Cobb angles for both the thoracic and lumbar regions. It was noted that the Scolioscan angle slightly underestimated the spinal deformity in comparison with Cobb angle, and an overall regression equation y = 1.1797x (R(2) = 0.76) could be used to translate the Scolioscan angle (x) to Cobb angle (y) for this group of patients. The RMS difference between Scolioscan angle and Cobb angle was 4.7 and 6.2°, with and without the correlation using the overall regression equation. CONCLUSIONS We showed that Scolioscan is reliable for measuring coronal deformity for patients with AIS and appears promising in screening large numbers of patients, for progress monitoring, and evaluation of treatment outcomes. Due to it being radiation-free and relatively low-cost, Scolioscan has potential to be widely implemented and may contribute to reducing radiation dose during serial monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ping Zheng
- />Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Timothy Tin-Yan Lee
- />Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kelly Ka-Lee Lai
- />Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Benjamin Hon-Kei Yip
- />School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang-Quan Zhou
- />Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Wei Jiang
- />Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - James Chung-Wai Cheung
- />Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man-Sang Wong
- />Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bobby King-Wah Ng
- />Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jack Chun-Yiu Cheng
- />Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tsz-Ping Lam
- />Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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Segmentation of the spinous process and its acoustic shadow in vertebral ultrasound images. Comput Biol Med 2016; 72:201-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang Q, Li M, Lou EHM, Chu WCW, Lam TP, Cheng JCY, Wong MS. Validity Study of Vertebral Rotation Measurement Using 3-D Ultrasound in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 42:1473-81. [PMID: 27083978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the validity of 3-D ultrasound measurements on the vertebral rotation of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) under clinical settings. Thirty curves (mean Cobb angle: 21.7° ± 15.9°) from 16 patients with AIS were recruited. 3-D ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed at the supine position. Each of the two raters measured the apical vertebral rotation using the center of laminae (COL) method in the 3-D ultrasound images and the Aaro-Dahlborn method in the magnetic resonance images. The intra- and inter-reliability of the COL method was demonstrated by the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) (both [2, K] >0.9, p < 0.05). The COL method showed no significant difference (p < 0.05) compared with the Aaro-Dahlborn method. Furthermore, the agreement between these two methods was demonstrated by the Bland-Altman method, and high correlation was found (r > 0.9, p < 0.05). These results validated the proposed 3-D ultrasound method in the measurements of vertebral rotation in the patients with AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Li
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edmond H M Lou
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Winnie C W Chu
- Department of Imaging & Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz-Ping Lam
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jack C Y Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Sang Wong
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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Improvement on the Accuracy and Reliability of Ultrasound Coronal Curvature Measurement on Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis With the Aid of Previous Radiographs. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2016; 41:404-11. [PMID: 26926163 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000001244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study of the coronal curvature measurement on ultrasound (US) images with the aid of previous radiographs. OBJECTIVE To compare the reliability and accuracy of the coronal curvature measurements from US images on children who have adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) with and without the knowledge of previous radiographs. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Using US imaging technique to measure coronal curvature on children with AIS has demonstrated high intra- and interrater reliabilities. However, the selection of end-vertebrae and the measurement difference between radiography and the US method were only moderately reliable. METHODS Two raters measured the coronal curvatures from 65 AIS standing US spine images, without (measured one time) and with the aid of previous standing radiographs (measured two times). The intra- and interrater reliability, the correlation and the difference between the radiographic and US measurements, and the error index of the end-vertebrae selection were assessed. RESULTS Overall, 109 curves were investigated. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of intra- and interrater reliability of the US coronal curvature measurement with the aid of previous radiographs (AOR) were 0.95 and 0.91, respectively. In comparison with the radiographic measurements, the correlation of AOR method (R) was 0.90 and the MAD was 2.8°; the corresponding results of the US measurement without the AOR (blinded US method) were 0.73° and 4.8°, respectively. The average error index on end-vertebral selection improved 43% with the AOR. CONCLUSION The AOR method significantly improved reliability and accuracy of the spinal curvature measurement on US images compared with the blinded US method (P<0.001). It indicates that US standing images with the AOR can be used as a reliable and accurate nonionizing imaging method to monitor children with AIS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Li M, Cheng J, Ying M, Ng B, Lam TP, Wong MS. A Preliminary Study of Estimation of Cobb's Angle From the Spinous Process Angle Using a Clinical Ultrasound Method. Spine Deform 2015; 3:476-482. [PMID: 27927534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jspd.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over a lifetime of having radiographs, a patient with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) can be cumulatively exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation. Therefore, radiation-free, effective, and low-cost methods to screen and diagnose scoliosis have been sought for years. PURPOSE This study aims to investigate the correlation between the Cobb's angle and the spinous process angle (SPA) and to study the feasibility of using clinical ultrasound images to estimate the Cobb's angle by measuring the SPA. STUDY DESIGN This manuscript includes a retrospective and a prospective study. METHODS In the retrospective study, radiographs from 43 subjects with AIS were used to investigate the correlation between the Cobb's angle and the SPA at the pre-brace and in-brace stages. Following this study, a prospective clinical ultrasound study was conducted on 33 subjects with AIS at the pre-brace stage to measure the SPA. RESULTS High intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities of radiograph measurements were found (ICC[3,3] = 0.97, ICC[2,3] = 0.91, p < .05). The clinical ultrasound measurements were also found to be highly reliable (ICC[3,3] = 0.91, p < .05). There was a significant correlation (r = 0.80 at the pre-brace stage and r = 0.87 at the in-brace stage, p < .05) between the Cobb's angle and the SPA measured from the radiograph measurements, whereas the SPA measured from ultrasound images were found highly correlated with that measured from the radiographs at the pre-brace stage (r = 0.90, p < .01). CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study could support the new parameter (SPA) in the estimation of the Cobb's angle of a scoliotic curve in the coronal plane, and clinical ultrasound imaging could be developed and applied to assess scoliosis in a fast and noninvasive fashion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Jack Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Michael Ying
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Bobby Ng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Tsz-Ping Lam
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Man-Sang Wong
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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Wang Q, Li M, Lou EHM, Wong MS. Reliability and Validity Study of Clinical Ultrasound Imaging on Lateral Curvature of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135264. [PMID: 26266802 PMCID: PMC4534204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-ionizing radiation imaging assessment has been advocated for the patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). As one of the radiation-free methods, ultrasound imaging has gained growing attention in scoliosis assessment over the past decade. The center of laminae (COL) method has been proposed to measure the spinal curvature in the coronal plane of ultrasound image. However, the reliability and validity of this ultrasound method have not been validated in the clinical setting. Objectives To evaluate the reliability and validity of clinical ultrasound imaging on lateral curvature measurements of AIS with their corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements. Methods Thirty curves (ranged 10.2°–68.2°) from sixteen patients with AIS were eligible for this study. The ultrasound scan was performed using a 3-D ultrasound unit within the same morning of MRI examination. Two researchers were involved in data collection of these two examinations. The COL method was used to measure the coronal curvature in ultrasound image, compared with the Cobb method in MRI. The intra- and inter-rater reliability of the COL method was evaluated by intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). The validity of this method was analyzed by paired Student’s t-test, Bland–Altman statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient. The level of significance was set as 0.05. Results The COL method showed high intra- and inter-rater reliabilities (both with ICC (2, K) >0.9, p<0.05) to measure the coronal curvature. Compared with Cobb method, COL method showed no significant difference (p<0.05) when measuring coronal curvature. Furthermore, Bland-Altman method demonstrated an agreement between these two methods, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) was high (r>0.9, p<0.05). Conclusion The ultrasound imaging could provide a reliable and valid measurement of spinal curvature in the coronal plane using the COL method. Further research is needed to validate the proposed ultrasound measurement in larger clinical trial and to optimize the ultrasound scanning and measuring procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. Wang
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, China
| | - M. Li
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edmond H. M. Lou
- Department of Surgery, Glenrose Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - M. S. Wong
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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Upright Biplanar Slot Scanning in Pediatric Orthopedics: Applications, Advantages, and Artifacts. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015; 205:W124-32. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.14.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Freehand three-dimensional ultrasound system for assessment of scoliosis. J Orthop Translat 2015; 3:123-133. [PMID: 30035049 PMCID: PMC5982385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Standing radiograph with Cobb's method is routinely used to diagnose scoliosis, a medical condition defined as a lateral spine curvature > 10° with concordant vertebral rotation. However, radiation hazard and two-dimensional (2-D) viewing of 3-D anatomy restrict the application of radiograph in scoliosis examination. Methods In this study, a freehand 3-D ultrasound system was developed for the radiation-free assessment of scoliosis. Bony landmarks of the spine were manually extracted from a series of ultrasound images with their spatial information recorded to form a 3-D spine model for measuring its curvature. To validate its feasibility, in vivo measurements were conducted in 28 volunteers (age: 28.0 ± 13.0 years, 9 males and 19 females). A significant linear correlation (R2 = 0.86; p < 0.001) was found between the spine curvatures as measured by Cobb's method and the 3-D ultrasound imaging with transverse process and superior articular process as landmarks. The intra- and interobserver tests indicated that the proposed method is repeatable. Results The 3-D ultrasound method using bony landmarks tended to underestimate the deformity, and a proper scaling is required. Nevertheless, this study demonstrated the feasibility of the freehand 3-D ultrasound system to assess scoliosis in the standing posture with the proposed methods and 3-D spine profile. Conclusion Further studies are required to understand the variations that exist between the ultrasound and radiograph results with a larger number of volunteers, and to demonstrate its potential clinical applications for monitoring of scoliosis patients. Through further clinical trials and development, the reported 3-D ultrasound imaging system can potentially be used for scoliosis mass screening and frequent monitoring of progress and treatment outcome because of its radiation-free and easy accessibility feature.
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Young M, Hill DL, Zheng R, Lou E. Reliability and accuracy of ultrasound measurements with and without the aid of previous radiographs in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2015; 24:1427-33. [PMID: 25753005 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-015-3855-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objectives of this preliminary study were to assess the reliability and accuracy of ultrasound (US) for measuring coronal curvature with and without the aid of a previous radiograph, and to evaluate the ability of US to detect curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. METHODS Four raters measured 20 AIS US images twice at one-week intervals. Intra-rater reliability and correlation with radiograph were investigated with (rater 1) and without (raters 2-4) the aid of a previous radiograph. The center of lamina (COL) method was used to approximate the Cobb angle. RESULTS Thirty-six curves were identified. All raters showed high intra-rater reliability (ICC[2,1] >0.80). With the aid of a previous radiograph, rater 1 showed higher correlation with radiograph (ICC[2,1] = 0.86), better standard error of measurement (SEM = 2.2°), and improved error index of selecting end-vertebrae (EI = 1.34), but no statistical improvement of intra-rater reliability (p > 0.05). For rater 2-4, the range of the ICC[2,1] values between US and radiograph measurements, the SEM value, and the range of the EI values were 0.70°-0.72°, 3.3°, and 1.65°-2.36°, respectively. Specificity and sensitivity of US for detecting curve progression were 0.91 and 0.83, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Using a previous radiograph as a measurement aid helped the user to measure coronal curvature from US images, and improved the accuracy of end-vertebrae selection. US showed high sensitivity and specificity for detecting curve progression, indicating that US may be a suitable, radiation-free alternative for monitoring patients with AIS who have mild or moderate curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Young
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
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Luo TD, Stans AA, Schueler BA, Larson AN. Cumulative Radiation Exposure With EOS Imaging Compared With Standard Spine Radiographs. Spine Deform 2015; 3:144-150. [PMID: 27927305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jspd.2014.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective comparative study. OBJECTIVES This study sought to estimate the total radiation exposure to scoliosis patients during the entire treatment course using standard imaging techniques versus EOS posteroanterior (PA) and anteroposterior (AP) views. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA EOS is a slot-scanning X-ray system designed to reduce radiation exposure in orthopedic imaging. There are few independent studies comparing organ and total effective radiation dose from standard EOS PA, AP, and lateral imaging versus conventional projection radiographs for children with spinal deformity. METHODS A total of 42 skeletally immature idiopathic scoliosis patients were treated with bracing (21) or spinal fusion (21) and were followed to skeletal maturity. The number of scoliosis radiographs (PA and lateral) for each patient was recorded. A computerized dosing model was used to calculate estimated patient and organ doses for PA and lateral scoliosis X-rays taken with EOS or computed radiography with a filter (CR) or without a filter (CRF). Assuming that each X-ray taken delivered the same radiation as the phantom calculation, the authors estimated the total effective and organ dose that each adolescent would have received using EOS, CR, or CRF. Annual background radiation is 3 mSv. RESULTS Mean number of radiographs per patient was 20.9 (range, 8-43). Patients who underwent surgical treatment had a significantly greater number of X-rays than those who were braced (27.3 vs. 14.5; p < .001). Assuming all films were CR, the mean cumulative dose was estimated at 5.38 mSv. With standard EOS films, the mean cumulative estimated dose was 2.66 mSv, a decrease of 50.6%. An AP versus PA EOS radiograph resulted in an 8 times higher radiation dose to the breasts and 4 times higher dose to the thyroid. CONCLUSIONS The standard EOS imaging system moderately reduced the total radiation exposure to skeletally immature scoliosis patients. Over the entire treatment course, this represented 2.72 mSv mean reduction or 0.91 years of background radiation. Posteroanterior films significantly reduced breast and thyroid dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- T David Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Anthony A Stans
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Beth A Schueler
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - A Noelle Larson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Intra- and Inter-rater Reliability of Coronal Curvature Measurement for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Using Ultrasonic Imaging Method-A Pilot Study. Spine Deform 2015; 3:151-158. [PMID: 27927306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jspd.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective reliability study of the coronal curvature measurement on ultrasound (US) imaging in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). OBJECTIVES To determine the intra- and inter-rater reliability and validity of the coronal curvature measurements obtained from US images. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Cobb angle measurements on radiographs are the usual method to diagnose and monitor the progression of scoliosis. Repeated ionizing radiation exposure is a frequent concern of patients and their families. Use of US imaging method to measure coronal curvature in children who have idiopathic scoliosis has not been clinically validated. METHODS The researchers scanned 26 subjects using a medical 3-dimensional US system. Spinal radiographs were obtained on the same day from the local scoliosis clinic. Three raters used the center of lamina method to measure the coronal curvature on the US images twice 1 week apart. The raters also measured the Cobb angle on the radiographs twice. Intra- and inter-rater reliability of the coronal curvature measurement from the US images was analyzed using intra-class correlation coefficients. The correlation coefficient of the US coronal curvature measurements was compared with the Cobb angles. RESULTS The intra-class correlation coefficient (2,1) values of intra- and inter-rater reliability on the US method were greater than 0.80. Standard error of measurement on both of the intra- and inter-rater US methods was less than 2.8°. The correlation coefficient between the US and radiographic methods ranged between 0.78 and 0.84 among 3 raters. CONCLUSIONS The US method illustrated substantial intra- and inter-rater reliability. The measurement difference between radiography and the US method was within the range of clinically acceptable error (5°). The US method may be considered a radiation-free alternative to assess children with scoliosis of mild to moderate severity.
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Automatic Segmentation of Vertebrae in Ultrasound Images. LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20801-5_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Ungi T, Lasso A, Fichtinger G. Tracked Ultrasound in Navigated Spine Interventions. SPINAL IMAGING AND IMAGE ANALYSIS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12508-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Koo TK, Guo JY, Ippolito C, Bedle JC. Assessment of Scoliotic Deformity Using Spinous Processes: Comparison of Different Analysis Methods of an Ultrasonographic System. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2014; 37:667-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lasso A, Heffter T, Rankin A, Pinter C, Ungi T, Fichtinger G. PLUS: open-source toolkit for ultrasound-guided intervention systems. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2014; 61:2527-37. [PMID: 24833412 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2014.2322864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A variety of advanced image analysis methods have been under the development for ultrasound-guided interventions. Unfortunately, the transition from an image analysis algorithm to clinical feasibility trials as part of an intervention system requires integration of many components, such as imaging and tracking devices, data processing algorithms, and visualization software. The objective of our paper is to provide a freely available open-source software platform-PLUS: Public software Library for Ultrasound-to facilitate rapid prototyping of ultrasound-guided intervention systems for translational clinical research. PLUS provides a variety of methods for interventional tool pose and ultrasound image acquisition from a wide range of tracking and imaging devices, spatial and temporal calibration, volume reconstruction, simulated image generation, and recording and live streaming of the acquired data. This paper introduces PLUS, explains its functionality and architecture, and presents typical uses and performance in ultrasound-guided intervention systems. PLUS fulfills the essential requirements for the development of ultrasound-guided intervention systems and it aspires to become a widely used translational research prototyping platform. PLUS is freely available as open source software under BSD license and can be downloaded from http://www.plustoolkit.org.
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