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Yildiz D, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Sonopharmacology: controlling pharmacotherapy and diagnosis by ultrasound-induced polymer mechanochemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13708-13719. [PMID: 36544723 PMCID: PMC9709924 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05196f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients are the most consequential and widely employed treatment in medicine although they suffer from many systematic limitations, particularly off-target activity and toxicity. To mitigate these effects, stimuli-responsive controlled delivery and release strategies for drugs are being developed. Fueled by the field of polymer mechanochemistry, recently new molecular technologies enabled the emergence of force as an unprecedented stimulus for this purpose by using ultrasound. In this research area, termed sonopharmacology, mechanophores bearing drug molecules are incorporated within biocompatible macromolecular scaffolds as preprogrammed, latent moieties. This review presents the novelties in controlling drug activation, monitoring, and release by ultrasound, while discussing the limitations and challenges for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Yildiz
- DWI–Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056 AachenGermany,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074 AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI–Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056 AachenGermany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI–Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056 AachenGermany,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074 AachenGermany
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2
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Shavrina E, Zeng Y, Khoo BC, Nguyen VT. The Investigation of Gas Distribution Asymmetry Effect on Coriolis Flowmeter Accuracy at Multiphase Metering. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7739. [PMID: 36298090 PMCID: PMC9607296 DOI: 10.3390/s22207739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiphase flows are encountered in various industries, and the Coriolis flowmeter (CFM) is considered a high potential flowmeter for the metering of these flows. However, the decoupling effect and asymmetrical gas distribution in a CFM might decrease the accuracy of its multiphase flow metering The asymmetry of gas distribution in a CFM and its influence on the metering accuracy have only been qualitatively investigated in a few studies. The present paper quantitatively describes the gas distribution asymmetry in several CFMs under different flow conditions by numerical simulation. The simulation methodology is developed and validated by a results comparison with a conducted experiment and published data for bubbly, stratified and transitional flow regimes. U-shaped and triangle-shaped CFMs of different diameters are investigated at different gas volume fractions and flow rates. It is shown that the increase in the gas volume fraction and the reduction in the mixture flow rate lead to the increase in the gas distribution asymmetry. The strong correlation between the gas distribution asymmetry and the experimentally observed CFM error is demonstrated. The correction of the CFM error is proposed based on this correlation allowing the metering error to be decreased from 34% to 10% for the investigated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniia Shavrina
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Yan Zeng
- National Metrology Centre, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Boo Cheong Khoo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Vinh-Tan Nguyen
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Singapore 138632, Singapore
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3
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Kleven RT, Karani KB, Hilvert N, Ford SM, Mercado-Shekhar KP, Racadio JM, Rao MB, Abruzzo TA, Holland CK. Accelerated sonothrombolysis with Definity in a xenographic porcine cerebral thromboembolism model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3987. [PMID: 33597659 PMCID: PMC7889614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83442-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant ultrasound at 2 MHz with or without an ultrasound contrast agent improves the rate of thrombus resolution by recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in laboratory and clinical studies. A sub-megahertz approach can further expand this therapy to a subset of patients with an insufficient temporal bone window, improving efficacy in unselected patient populations. The aim of this study was to determine if a clinical ultrasound contrast agent (UCA), Definity, and 220 kHz pulsed ultrasound accelerated rt-PA thrombolysis in a preclinical animal model of vascular occlusion. The effect of Definity and ultrasound on thrombus clearance was first investigated in vitro and subsequently tested in a xenographic porcine cerebral thromboembolism model in vivo. Two different microcatheter designs (end-hole, multi-side-hole) were used to infuse rt-PA and Definity at the proximal edge or directly into clots, respectively. Sonothrombolysis with Definity increased clot mass loss relative to saline or rt-PA alone in vitro, only when rt-PA was administered directly into clots via a multi-side-hole microcatheter. Combined treatment with rt-PA, Definity, and ultrasound in vivo increased the rate of reperfusion up to 45 min faster than clots treated with rt-PA or saline. In this porcine cerebral thromboembolism model employing retracted human clots, 220 kHz ultrasound, in conjunction with Definity increased the probability of early successful reperfusion with rt-PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Kleven
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, CVC 3921, 0586, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0586, USA.
| | - Kunal B Karani
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nicole Hilvert
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Samantha M Ford
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Karla P Mercado-Shekhar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John M Racadio
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marepalli B Rao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, CVC 3921, 0586, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0586, USA
| | - Todd A Abruzzo
- Division of Radiology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Christy K Holland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, CVC 3921, 0586, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0586, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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4
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Guan L, Wang C, Yan X, Liu L, Li Y, Mu Y. A thrombolytic therapy using diagnostic ultrasound combined with RGDS-targeted microbubbles and urokinase in a rabbit model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12511. [PMID: 32719362 PMCID: PMC7385658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore thrombolysis therapy based on ultrasound combined with urokinase and Arg–Gly–Asp sequence (RGDS)-targeted microbubbles by evaluating the histological changes in a thrombotic rabbit model. Forty-two New Zealand rabbits featuring platelet-rich thrombi in the femoral artery were randomized to (n = 6/group): ultrasound alone (US); urokinase alone (UK); ultrasound plus non-targeted microbubbles (US + M); ultrasound plus RGDS-targeted microbubbles (US + R); RGDS-targeted microbubbles plus urokinase (R + UK); ultrasound, non-targeted microbubbles and urokinase (US + M + UK); and ultrasound, RGDS-targeted microbubbles and urokinase (US + R + UK) groups. Diagnostic ultrasound was used transcutaneously over the thrombus for 30 min. We evaluated the thrombolytic effect based on ultrasound thrombi detection, blood flow, and histological observations. Among all study groups, complete recanalization was achieved in the US + R + UK group. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that the thrombi were completely dissolved. Scanning electron microscopy examination demonstrated that the fiber network structure of the thrombi was damaged. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the thrombus was decomposed into high electron-dense particles. Histology for von Willebrand factor and tissue factor were both negative in the US + R + UK group. This study revealed that a thrombolytic therapy consisting of diagnostic ultrasound together with RGDS-targeted and urokinase coupled microbubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Guan
- Department of Echocardiography, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Department of Echocardiography, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Yan
- Department of Echocardiography, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyun Liu
- Department of Echocardiography, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Echocardiography, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuming Mu
- Department of Echocardiography, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Bhutto DF, Murphy EM, Priddy MC, Centner CC, Moore Iv JB, Bolli R, Kopechek JA. Effect of Molecular Weight on Sonoporation-Mediated Uptake in Human Cells. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:2662-2672. [PMID: 30274682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound-induced microbubble destruction can enhance drug delivery to cells. The molecular weight of therapeutic compounds varies significantly (from <1 kDa for small molecule drugs, to 7-15 kDa for siRNAs/miRNAs, to >1000 kDa for DNA plasmids). Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the relationship between uptake efficiency and molecular weight using equal molar concentrations. Uptake efficiency of fluorescent compounds with different molecular weights (0.3, 10 and 2000 kDa) was explored in vitro using human cardiac mesenchymal cells and breast cancer cells exposed to microbubbles and 2.5-MHz ultrasound pulses. Uptake by viable cells was quantified using flow cytometry. After correction for the fluorescence yield of each compound, there was a significant size-dependent difference in fluorescence intensity, indicating an inverse relationship between size and uptake efficiency. These results suggest that diffusion of therapeutic compounds across permeabilized cell membranes may be an important mechanism for ultrasound-mediated drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyal F Bhutto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Emily M Murphy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Mariah C Priddy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Connor C Centner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Joseph B Moore Iv
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Roberto Bolli
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jonathan A Kopechek
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
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6
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Zhang L, Ren D, Zhou J, Peng G, Shu G, Yuan Z, Shi F, Zhao L, Yin L, Fan G, Liu C, Fu H. Toltrazuril mixed nanomicelle delivery system based on sodium deoxycholate–Brij C20 polyethylene ether–triton x100: Characterization, solubility, and bioavailability study. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 163:125-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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7
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Ma X, Huang B, Wang G, Fu X, Qiu S. Numerical simulation of the red blood cell aggregation and deformation behaviors in ultrasonic field. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 38:604-613. [PMID: 27590752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to propose an immersed boundary lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM) considering the ultrasonic effect to simulate red blood cell (RBC) aggregation and deformation in ultrasonic field. Numerical examples involving the typical streamline, normalized out-of-plane vorticity contours and vector fields in pure plasma under three different ultrasound intensities are presented. Meanwhile, the corresponding transient aggregation behavior of RBCs, with special emphasis on the detailed process of RBC deformation, is shown. The numerical results reveal that the ultrasound wave acted on the pure plasma can lead to recirculation flow, which contributes to the RBCs aggregation and deformation in microvessel. Furthermore, increasing the intensity of the ultrasound wave can significantly enhance the aggregation and deformation of the RBCs. And the formation of the RBCs aggregation leads to the fluctuated and dropped vorticity value of plasma in return.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Ma
- School of Mechanical and Vehicular Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Biao Huang
- School of Mechanical and Vehicular Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Guoyu Wang
- School of Mechanical and Vehicular Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Sicong Qiu
- School of Mechanical and Vehicular Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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8
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Development of light-driven gas-forming liposomes for efficient tumor treatment. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:218-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Nguyen AT, Sunny Y, Bawiec C, Lewin PA, Wrenn SP. Investigating the spatial extent of acoustically activated echogenic liposomes. ULTRASONICS 2017; 77:176-182. [PMID: 28246036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to investigate the ability of bubbles entrapped within echogenic liposomes (ELIP) to serve as foci for cavitational events that would cause leakage in neighboring non-echogenic liposomes (NELIP). Previous studies have shown that entrapping bubbles into liposomes increases ultrasound-mediated leakage of hydrophilic components at ultrasound settings known to induce inertial cavitation, specifically 20kHz and 2.2W/cm2. Using tone-burst approach and pulse repetition frequency of 10Hz would bring this intensity level to the one accepted (220mW/cm2) in clinical imaging. Mixed populations of ELIP and NELIP were simultaneously exposed to ultrasound at varying ratios to examine the effect of ELIP concentration on release of a hydrophilic dye, calcein, from NELIP. Calcein release from NELIP was observed to be independent of ELIP concentration, suggesting that the release enhancement from echogenicity is strictly a localized event. Additionally, it was observed that the release mechanisms independent of echogenicity were active for the duration of experiment whereas those associated with echogenicity were active for only the initial 1-2min.
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Affiliation(s)
- An T Nguyen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, United States
| | - Youhan Sunny
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, United States
| | - Christopher Bawiec
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, United States
| | - Peter A Lewin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, United States
| | - Steven P Wrenn
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Drexel University, United States.
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10
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Abstract
Echogenic liposomes (ELIP), that can encapsulate both recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and microbubbles, are under development to improve the treatment of thrombo-occlusive disease. However, the enzymatic activity, thrombolytic efficacy, and stable cavitation activity generated by this agent has yet to be evaluated and compared to another established ultrasound-enhanced thrombolytic scheme. A spectrophotometric method was used to compare the enzymatic activity of the rt-PA incorporated into ELIP (t-ELIP) to that of rt-PA. An in vitro flow model was employed to measure the thrombolytic efficacy and dose of ultraharmonic emissions from stable cavitation for 120-kHz ultrasound exposure of three treatment schemes: rt-PA, rt-PA and the perfluorocarbon-filled microbubble Definity®, and t-ELIP. The enzymatic activity of rt-PA incorporated into t-ELIP was 28 % that of rt-PA. Thrombolytic efficacy of t-ELIP or rt-PA and Definity® was equivalent when the dose of t-ELIP was adjusted to produce comparable enzymatic activity. Sustained bubble activity was nucleated from Definity but not from t-ELIP exposed to 120-kHz ultrasound. These results emphasize the advantages of encapsulating a thrombolytic and the importance of incorporating an insoluble gas required to promote sustained, stable cavitation activity.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan S Pattni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Vladimir V Chupin
- Laboratory for Advanced Studies of Membrane Proteins, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| | - Vladimir P Torchilin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Chang LW, Hou ML, Hung SH, Lin LC, Tsai TH. Pharmacokinetics of quercetin-loaded nanodroplets with ultrasound activation and their use for bioimaging. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:3031-42. [PMID: 25945049 PMCID: PMC4407821 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s78983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bubble formulations have both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, research on nanobubbles/nanodroplets remains in the initial stages. In this study, a nanodroplet formulation was prepared and loaded with a novel class of chemotherapeutic drug, ie, quercetin, to observe its pharmacokinetic properties and ultrasonic bioimaging of specific sites, namely the abdominal vein and bladder. Four parallel groups were designed to investigate the effects of ultrasound and nanodroplets on the pharmacokinetics of quercetin. These groups were quercetin alone, quercetin triggered with ultrasound, quercetin-encapsulated in nanodroplets, and quercetin encapsulated in nanodroplets triggered with ultrasound. Spherical vesicles with a mean diameter of 280 nm were formed, and quercetin was completely encapsulated within. In vivo ultrasonic imaging confirmed that the nanodroplets could be treated by ultrasound. The results indicate that the initial 5-minute serum concentration, area under the concentration–time curve, elimination half-life, and clearance of quercetin were significantly enhanced by nanodroplets with or without ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wen Chang
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Hou
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Hui Hung
- Department of Surgery, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lie-Chwen Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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13
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Huynh E, Leung BYC, Helfield BL, Shakiba M, Gandier JA, Jin CS, Master ER, Wilson BC, Goertz DE, Zheng G. In situ conversion of porphyrin microbubbles to nanoparticles for multimodality imaging. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:325-32. [PMID: 25822929 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Converting nanoparticles or monomeric compounds into larger supramolecular structures by endogenous or external stimuli is increasingly popular because these materials are useful for imaging and treating diseases. However, conversion of microstructures to nanostructures is less common. Here, we show the conversion of microbubbles to nanoparticles using low-frequency ultrasound. The microbubble consists of a bacteriochlorophyll-lipid shell around a perfluoropropane gas. The encapsulated gas provides ultrasound imaging contrast and the porphyrins in the shell confer photoacoustic and fluorescent properties. On exposure to ultrasound, the microbubbles burst and form smaller nanoparticles that possess the same optical properties as the original microbubble. We show that this conversion is possible in tumour-bearing mice and could be validated using photoacoustic imaging. With this conversion, our microbubble can potentially be used to bypass the enhanced permeability and retention effect when delivering drugs to tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Huynh
- 1] Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada [2] Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ben Y C Leung
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Brandon L Helfield
- 1] Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Mojdeh Shakiba
- 1] Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada [2] Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Julie-Anne Gandier
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Cheng S Jin
- 1] Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada [3] Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Emma R Master
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Brian C Wilson
- 1] Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada [2] Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - David E Goertz
- 1] Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- 1] Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada [2] Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada [3] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada [4] Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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14
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Radhakrishnan K, Haworth KJ, Peng T, McPherson DD, Holland CK. Loss of echogenicity and onset of cavitation from echogenic liposomes: pulse repetition frequency independence. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2015; 41:208-21. [PMID: 25438849 PMCID: PMC4258473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Echogenic liposomes (ELIP) are being developed for the early detection and treatment of atherosclerotic lesions. An 80% loss of echogenicity of ELIP has been found to be concomitant with the onset of stable and inertial cavitation. The ultrasound pressure amplitude at which this occurs is weakly dependent on pulse duration. It has been reported that the rapid fragmentation threshold of ELIP (based on changes in echogenicity) is dependent on the insonation pulse repetition frequency (PRF). The study described here evaluates the relationship between loss of echogenicity and cavitation emissions from ELIP insonified by duplex Doppler pulses at four PRFs (1.25, 2.5, 5 and 8.33 kHz). Loss of echogenicity was evaluated on B-mode images of ELIP. Cavitation emissions from ELIP were recorded passively on a focused single-element transducer and a linear array. Emissions recorded by the linear array were beamformed, and the spatial widths of stable and inertial cavitation emissions were compared with the calibrated azimuthal beamwidth of the Doppler pulse exceeding the stable and inertial cavitation thresholds. The inertial cavitation thresholds had a very weak dependence on PRF, and stable cavitation thresholds were independent of PRF. The spatial widths of the cavitation emissions recorded by the passive cavitation imaging system agreed with the calibrated Doppler beamwidths. The results also indicate that 64%-79% loss of echogenicity can be used to classify the presence or absence of cavitation emissions with greater than 80% accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirthi Radhakrishnan
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Kevin J Haworth
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David D McPherson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christy K Holland
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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15
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Nguyen AT, Lewin PA, Wrenn SP. Hydrophobic drug concentration affects the acoustic susceptibility of liposomes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:667-72. [PMID: 25450487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of encapsulated hydrophobic drug concentration on ultrasound-mediated leakage from liposomes. Studies have shown that membrane modifications affect the acoustic susceptibility of liposomes, likely because of changes in membrane packing. An advantage of liposome as drug carrier is its ability to encapsulate drugs of different chemistries. However, incorporation of hydrophobic molecules into the bilayer may cause changes in membrane packing, thereby affecting the release kinetics. Liposomes containing calcein and varying concentrations of papaverine, a hydrophobic drug, were exposed to 20 kHz, 2.2 Wcm(-2) ultrasound. Papaverine concentration was observed to affect calcein leakage although the effects varied widely based on liposome phase. For example, incorporation of 0.5mg/mL papaverine into Ld liposomes increased the leakage of hydrophilic encapsulants by 3× within the first minute (p=0.004) whereas the same amount of papaverine increased leakage by only 1.5× (p<0.0001). Papaverine was also encapsulated into echogenic liposomes and its concentration did not significantly affect calcein release rates, suggesting that burst release from echogenic liposomes is predictable regardless of encapsulants chemistry and concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- An T Nguyen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter A Lewin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven P Wrenn
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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16
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Husseini GA, Pitt WG, Martins AM. Ultrasonically triggered drug delivery: breaking the barrier. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 123:364-86. [PMID: 25454759 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The adverse side-effects of chemotherapy can be minimized by delivering the therapeutics in time and space to only the desired target site. Ultrasound offers one fairly non-invasive method of accomplishing such precise delivery because its energy can disrupt nanosized containers that are designed to sequester the drug until the ultrasonic event. Such containers include micelles, liposomes and solid nanoparticles. Conventional micelles and liposomes are less acoustically sensitive to ultrasound because the strongest forces associated with ultrasound are generated by gas-liquid interfaces, which both of these conventional constructs lack. Acoustically activated carriers often incorporate a gas phase, either actively as preformed bubbles, or passively such as taking advantage of dissolved gasses that form bubbles upon insonation. Newer concepts include using liquids that form gas when insonated. This review focuses on the ultrasonically activated delivery of therapeutics from micelles, liposomes and solid particles. In vitro and in vivo results are summarized and discussed. Novel structural concepts from micelles and liposomes are presented. Mechanisms of ultrasonically activated release are discussed. The future of ultrasound in drug delivery is envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana M Martins
- American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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17
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Nahire R, Hossain R, Patel R, Paul S, Meghnani V, Ambre AH, Gange KN, Katti KS, Leclerc E, Srivastava DK, Sarkar K, Mallik S. pH-triggered echogenicity and contents release from liposomes. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4059-68. [PMID: 25271780 PMCID: PMC4224524 DOI: 10.1021/mp500186a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
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Liposomes are representative lipid
nanoparticles widely used for
delivering anticancer drugs, DNA fragments, or siRNA to cancer cells.
Upon targeting, various internal and external triggers have been used
to increase the rate for contents release from the liposomes. Among
the internal triggers, decreased pH within the cellular lysosomes
has been successfully used to enhance the rate for releasing contents.
However, imparting pH sensitivity to liposomes requires the synthesis
of specialized lipids with structures that are substantially modified
at a reduced pH. Herein, we report an alternative strategy to render
liposomes pH sensitive by encapsulating a precursor which generates
gas bubbles in situ in response to acidic pH. The
disturbance created by the escaping gas bubbles leads to the rapid
release of the encapsulated contents from the liposomes. Atomic force
microscopic studies indicate that the liposomal structure is destroyed
at a reduced pH. The gas bubbles also render the liposomes echogenic,
allowing ultrasound imaging. To demonstrate the applicability of this
strategy, we have successfully targeted doxorubicin-encapsulated liposomes
to the pancreatic ductal carcinoma cells that overexpress the folate
receptor on the surface. In response to the decreased pH in the lysosomes,
the encapsulated anticancer drug is efficiently released. Contents
released from these liposomes are further enhanced by the application
of continuous wave ultrasound (1 MHz), resulting in substantially
reduced viability for the pancreatic cancer cells (14%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Nahire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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18
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Paul S, Nahire R, Mallik S, Sarkar K. Encapsulated microbubbles and echogenic liposomes for contrast ultrasound imaging and targeted drug delivery. COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS 2014; 53:413-435. [PMID: 26097272 PMCID: PMC4470369 DOI: 10.1007/s00466-013-0962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Micron- to nanometer-sized ultrasound agents, like encapsulated microbubbles and echogenic liposomes, are being developed for diagnostic imaging and ultrasound mediated drug/gene delivery. This review provides an overview of the current state of the art of the mathematical models of the acoustic behavior of ultrasound contrast microbubbles. We also present a review of the in vitro experimental characterization of the acoustic properties of microbubble based contrast agents undertaken in our laboratory. The hierarchical two-pronged approach of modeling contrast agents we developed is demonstrated for a lipid coated (Sonazoid™) and a polymer shelled (poly D-L-lactic acid) contrast microbubbles. The acoustic and drug release properties of the newly developed echogenic liposomes are discussed for their use as simultaneous imaging and drug/gene delivery agents. Although echogenicity is conclusively demonstrated in experiments, its physical mechanisms remain uncertain. Addressing questions raised here will accelerate further development and eventual clinical approval of these novel technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirshendu Paul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716, USA
| | - Rahul Nahire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo ND 58108, USA
| | - Sanku Mallik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo ND 58108, USA
| | - Kausik Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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19
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Gruber MJ, Bader KB, Holland CK. Cavitation thresholds of contrast agents in an in vitro human clot model exposed to 120-kHz ultrasound. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2014; 135:646-53. [PMID: 25234874 PMCID: PMC3986017 DOI: 10.1121/1.4843175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) can be employed to nucleate cavitation to achieve desired bioeffects, such as thrombolysis, in therapeutic ultrasound applications. Effective methods of enhancing thrombolysis with ultrasound have been examined at low frequencies (<1 MHz) and low amplitudes (<0.5 MPa). The objective of this study was to determine cavitation thresholds for two UCAs exposed to 120-kHz ultrasound. A commercial ultrasound contrast agent (Definity(®)) and echogenic liposomes were investigated to determine the acoustic pressure threshold for ultraharmonic (UH) and broadband (BB) generation using an in vitro flow model perfused with human plasma. Cavitation emissions were detected using two passive receivers over a narrow frequency bandwidth (540-900 kHz) and a broad frequency bandwidth (0.54-1.74 MHz). UH and BB cavitation thresholds occurred at the same acoustic pressure (0.3 ± 0.1 MPa, peak to peak) and were found to depend on the sensitivity of the cavitation detector but not on the nucleating contrast agent or ultrasound duty cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Gruber
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Cincinnati, Cardiovascular Center 3941, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0586
| | - Kenneth B Bader
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cardiovascular Center 3941, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0586
| | - Christy K Holland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cardiovascular Center 3941, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0586
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20
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Raymond JL, Haworth KJ, Bader KB, Radhakrishnan K, Griffin JK, Huang SL, McPherson DD, Holland CK. Broadband attenuation measurements of phospholipid-shelled ultrasound contrast agents. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2014; 40:410-21. [PMID: 24262056 PMCID: PMC4026002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the frequency-dependent acoustic attenuation of three phospholipid-shelled ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs): Definity, MicroMarker and echogenic liposomes. A broadband through-transmission technique allowed for measurement over 2 to 25 MHz with a single pair of transducers. Viscoelastic shell parameters of the UCAs were estimated using a linearized model developed by N. de Jong, L. Hoff, T. Skotland and N. Bom (Ultrasonics 1992; 30:95-103). The effect of diluent on the attenuation of these UCA suspensions was evaluated by performing attenuation measurements in 0.5% (w/v) bovine serum albumin and whole blood. Changes in attenuation and shell parameters of the UCAs were investigated at room temperature (25°C) and physiologic temperature (37°C). The attenuation of the UCAs diluted in 0.5% (w/v) bovine serum albumin was found to be identical to the attenuation of UCAs in whole blood. For each UCA, attenuation was higher at 37°C than at 25°C, underscoring the importance of conducting characterization studies at physiologic temperature. Echogenic liposomes exhibited a larger increase in attenuation at 37°C versus 25°C than either Definity or MicroMarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Raymond
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Kevin J Haworth
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kenneth B Bader
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Joseph K Griffin
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shao-Ling Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David D McPherson
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christy K Holland
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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21
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Radhakrishnan K, Bader KB, Haworth KJ, Kopechek JA, Raymond JL, Huang SL, McPherson DD, Holland CK. Relationship between cavitation and loss of echogenicity from ultrasound contrast agents. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:6541-63. [PMID: 24002637 PMCID: PMC4170692 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/18/6541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) have the potential to nucleate cavitation and promote both beneficial and deleterious bioeffects in vivo. Previous studies have elucidated the pulse-duration-dependent pressure amplitude threshold for rapid loss of echogenicity due to UCA fragmentation. Previous studies have demonstrated that UCA fragmentation was concomitant with inertial cavitation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between stable and inertial cavitation thresholds and loss of echogenicity of UCAs as a function of pulse duration. Determining the relationship between cavitation thresholds and loss of echogenicity of UCAs would enable monitoring of cavitation based upon the onscreen echogenicity in clinical applications. Two lipid-shelled UCAs, echogenic liposomes (ELIP) and Definity®, were insonified by a clinical ultrasound scanner in duplex spectral Doppler mode at four pulse durations ('sample volumes') in both a static system and a flow system. Cavitation emissions from the UCAs insonified by Doppler pulses were recorded using a passive cavitation detection system and stable and inertial cavitation thresholds ascertained. Loss of echogenicity from ELIP and Definity® was assessed within regions of interest on B-mode images. A numerical model based on UCA rupture predicted the functional form of the loss of echogenicity from ELIP and Definity®. Stable and inertial cavitation thresholds were found to have a weak dependence on pulse duration. Stable cavitation thresholds were lower than inertial cavitation thresholds. The power of cavitation emissions was an exponential function of the loss of echogenicity over the investigated range of acoustic pressures. Both ELIP and Definity® lost more than 80% echogenicity before the onset of stable or inertial cavitation. Once this level of echogenicity loss occurred, both stable and inertial cavitation were detected in the physiologic flow phantom. These results imply that stable and inertial cavitation are necessary in order to trigger complete loss of echogenicity acoustically from UCAs and this finding can be used when planning diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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