1
|
Su K, Li B, Wu J, Xin P, Qian S. Joint effects of gas bubbles and solid particles on sonochemical inhibition in sonicated aqueous solutions. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 101:106717. [PMID: 38086127 PMCID: PMC10726247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater is a multicomponent and multiphase mixture. Gas bubbles and solid particles in the dispersed phase influence sonochemical efficiency during ultrasonic treatment of wastewater, sometimes unfavorably; however, the influencing factors and mechanisms remain unclear. In this paper, the influence of argon gas bubbles (1.2 mm) and monodisperse silica particles (0.1 mm) on sonochemical effects in an aqueous system using a horn-type reactor (20 kHz) is reported. Triiodide formation decreased with an increase in the volume fraction of either or both phases. The two phases started inhibiting sonoreactions as the total volume fraction approached 3.0-4.0 vol% compared to pure water. The effect of the gas-to-solid ratio is also considered. We propose an acoustic attenuation model, which incorporates the scattering effect of solid particles and the thermal effect of gas bubbles. The agreement between the modeling and experimental results demonstrates that the two phases are jointly responsible for sonochemical inhibition by increasing ultrasound attenuation. This enhances the understanding of sonochemistry in gas-solid-liquid systems and helps regulate gases and solids in sonochemical reactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Su
- College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Binghui Li
- College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Pei Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Shangtuo Qian
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Choi J, Yoon S, Son Y. Effects of alcohols and dissolved gases on sonochemical generation of hydrogen in a 300 kHz sonoreactor. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 101:106660. [PMID: 37924613 PMCID: PMC10656218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The sonochemical generation of hydrogen (H2) was investigated using various water/alcohol solutions under argon (Ar) 100 % in a 300 kHz sonoreactor. Five types of alcohols-methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol-were used at various concentrations (0 - 100 % v/v). The H2 generation rate in water was 0.31 μmol/min in the absence of alcohols. The H2 generation rate increased, peaked, and then decreased as the alcohol concentration increased. The concentrations used for the peak H2 generation were 5 %, 1 %, 0.5 %, 0.5 %, and 0.1 % for methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol, respectively. The highest generation rate (5.46 μmol/min) was obtained for methanol 5 % among all conditions in this study, and no H2 was detected for 100 % alcohol concentrations. The reason for the enhancement of the sonochemical H2 generation by the addition of alcohols might be due to strong scavenging effect of alcohols for sonochemically generated oxidizing radicals and vigorous reactions of alcohol molecules and their derivatives with H radicals. No significant correlations were found between the H2 generation rates and physicochemical properties of the alcohols in any of the data in this study. As alcohol concentration increased, the calorimetric power decreased. This indicates that the calorimetric power does not represent the degree of sonochemical reactions in the water/alcohol mixtures. The effect of oxygen (O2) content in the dissolved gases on the generation of H2O2 (representing sonochemical oxidation activity) and H2 (representing sonochemical reduction activity) was investigated using Ar/O2 mixtures for water, methanol 5 % and n-propanol 0.5 %. In water, the highest H2O2 generation was obtained for Ar/O2 (50:50), which is similar to previous research results. However, the H2O2 generation increased as the O2 content increased. In addition, H2 generation decreased as the O2 content increased under all liquid conditions (water, methanol, and n-propanol).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jongbok Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokho Yoon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Younggyu Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ferkous H, Hamdaoui O, Pétrier C. Sonochemical reactor characterization in the presence of cylindrical and conical reflectors. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 99:106556. [PMID: 37586183 PMCID: PMC10450984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic systems must be able to produce an acoustic field with the highest possible energy concentration in sonochemical reactors to accomplish maximum efficacy in the sonolytic degradation of water contaminants. In the present study, the impact of cylindrical and conical stainless-steel reflectors placed on the liquid surface on the sonochemical oxidation activity of ultrasonication reactors was investigated. The amount of effective acoustic power transferred to the ultrasonicated medium without and with reflectors was measured by calorimetric characterization of the sono-reactors at diverse ultrasonication frequencies in the interval of 300-800 kHz and different electrical powers in the range of 40-120 W. Iodide dosimetry without and with reflectors at diverse ultrasonication conditions (300-800 kHz and 40-120 W) and various aqueous solution volumes in the range of 300-500 mL was used to assess the sonochemical oxidation activity, i.e., the generation of oxidative species (mainly hydroxyl radicals). Sonochemiluminescence (SCL) imaging was used to study the active acoustic cavitation bubbles distribution in the sono-reactors without and with reflectors. Significant impacts of the position and shape of the reflectors on the active acoustic cavitation bubble distribution and the sonochemical oxidation activity were observed due to remarkable modifications of the ultrasonic field by directing and focusing of the ultrasonic waves. A significant augmentation in the triiodide formation rate was obtained in the presence of the conical reflector, especially at 630 kHz and 120 W (60.5% improvement), while iodide oxidation was quenched in the presence of the cylindrical reflector at all ultrasonication frequencies and powers. The SCL images show a noteworthy modification in the ultrasonic field and the acoustic cavitation bubble population when reflectors were used. The sonochemical oxidation activity was improved by the conical reflector when placed in the Fresnel zone (near field region).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Ferkous
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Oualid Hamdaoui
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, 11421 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Christian Pétrier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INP Grenoble, LRP, 38000 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee S, Son Y. Effects of gas saturation and sparging on sonochemical oxidation activity under different liquid level and volume conditions in 300-kHz sonoreactors: Zeroth- and first-order reaction comparison using KI dosimetry and BPA degradation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 98:106521. [PMID: 37473616 PMCID: PMC10371822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The sonochemical oxidation activity was investigated for gas saturation and gas sparging under various liquid levels and volumes in 300 kHz sonoreactors. The liquid levels and volumes ranged from 5λ (25 mm, 0.47 L) to 50λ (250 mm, 4.30 L) and two gas mixtures, Ar:O2 (75:25) and N2:O2 (75:25), were used. Two types of reaction kinetics were observed to quantitatively analyze the sonochemical oxidation reactions: zero-order (KI dosimetry: C0 = 60.2 mM) and first-order (Bisphenol A (BPA) degradation: C0 = 0.043 mM). The masses of the sonochemical oxidation reactions were calculated and compared rather than the concentrations to more accurately compare the sonochemical oxidation activity under different liquid volume conditions. First, as the liquid level or volume increased for the zero-order reactions, the concentration of I3- ions representing the volume-averaged activity decreased substantially for gas saturation owing to the increase in liquid volume. However, gas sparging substantially enhanced sonochemical oxidation activity, and the mass of I3- ions representing the total activity remained constant as the liquid level increased from 20λ because of the improved liquid mixing and a shift in the sonochemical active zone. Second, as evidenced by the zero-order reactions, the concentration of BPA decreased considerably as the liquid level or volume increased in the first-order reactions. When gas sparging was used, higher reaction constants were obtained for both gas mixtures, ranging from 40λ to 50λ. However, a comparison of the sonochemical oxidation activity in terms of the degraded mass of BPA was inapplicable as the concentration of BPA decreased substantially and a lack of reactants occurred for the lower liquid level and volume conditions as the irradiation time elapsed. Instead, using the first-order reaction constant, a comparison of the required reaction times for a specific removal efficiency (30%, 60%, and 90%) was proposed. Gas sparging can substantially reduce the reaction time required for a liquid level of 40λ or higher.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seongeun Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Younggyu Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hansen HE, Seland F, Sunde S, Burheim OS, Pollet BG. Optimum scavenger concentrations for sonochemical nanoparticle synthesis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6183. [PMID: 37061599 PMCID: PMC10105774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining nanoparticle properties when scaling up a chemical synthesis is challenging due to the complex interplay between reducing agents and precursors. A sonochemical synthesis route does not require the addition of reducing agents as they are instead being continuously generated in-situ by ultrasonic cavitation throughout the reactor volume. To optimize the sonochemical synthesis of nanoparticles, understanding the role of radical scavengers is paramount. In this work we demonstrate that optimum scavenger concentrations exist at which the rate of Ag-nanoparticle formation is maximized. Titanyl dosimetry experiments were used in conjunction with Ag-nanoparticle formation rates to determine these optimum scavenger concentrations. It was found that more hydrophobic scavengers require lower optimum concentrations with 1-butanol < 2-propanol < ethanol < methanol < ethylene glycol. However, the optimum concentration is shifted by an order of magnitude towards higher concentrations when pyrolytic decomposition products contribute to the reduction. The reduction rate is also enhanced considerably.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik E Hansen
- Electrochemistry Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Frode Seland
- Electrochemistry Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svein Sunde
- Electrochemistry Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Odne S Burheim
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bruno G Pollet
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
- Green Hydrogen Lab, Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), Université Du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Son Y, Choi J. Effects of gas saturation and sparging on sonochemical oxidation activity in open and closed systems, part II: NO 2-/NO 3- generation and a brief critical review. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 92:106250. [PMID: 36459904 PMCID: PMC9712769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The sonochemical generation of NO2- and NO3- is considered to be one of the reasons for the low sonochemical oxidation activity in the presence of N2 in the liquid phase. In this study, the generation characteristics of NO2- and NO3- were investigated using the same 28 kHz sonoreactor and the 12 gas conditions used in Part I of this study. Three gas modes, saturation/closed, saturation/open, and sparging/closed, were applied. N2:Ar (25:75), N2:Ar (50:50), and O2:N2 (25:75) in the saturation/closed mode generated the three highest values of NO2- and NO3-. Ar and O2 were vital for generating relatively large concentrations of NO2- and NO3-. The absorption of N2 from the air resulted in high generation of NO2- and NO3- for Ar 100 % and Ar/O2 mixtures under the saturation/open mode. In addition, gas sparging enhanced the generation of NO2- and NO3- for N2:Ar (25:75), O2:N2 (25:75), and N2 significantly because of the change in the sonochemically active zone and the increase in the mixing intensity in the liquid phase, as discussed in Part I. The ratio of NO3- to NO2- was calculated using their final concentrations, and a ratio higher than 1 was obtained for the condition of Ar 100 %, Ar/O2 mixtures, and O2 100 %, wherein a relatively high oxidation activity was detected. From a summary of the results and findings of previous studies, it was revealed that the observations of NO2- + NO3- could be more appropriate for investigating the NO2- and NO3- generation characteristics. In addition, H2O2/NO2-/NO3- related activity rather than H2O2 activity was suggested to quantify the OH radical activity more appropriately in the presence of N2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Younggyu Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongbok Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Peng K, Tian S, Zhang Y, He Q, Wang Q. Penetration of hydroxyl radicals in the aqueous phase surrounding a cavitation bubble. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 91:106235. [PMID: 36436484 PMCID: PMC9703040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the sonochemical degradation of nonvolatile compounds, the free radicals must be delivered into the aqueous solution from the cavitation bubble to initiate reduction-oxidation reactions. The penetration depth in the liquid becomes an important parameter that influences the radical delivery efficiency and eventual treatment performance. However, the transport of radicals in the liquid phase is not well understood yet. In this paper, we focus on the most reactive OH radical and numerically simulate its penetration behavior. This is realized by solving the coupled equations of bubble dynamics, intracavity chemistry, and radical dispersion in the aqueous phase. The results present both the local and global penetration patterns for the OH radicals. By performing simulations over a wide range of acoustic parameters, we find an undesirable phenomenon that the penetration can be adversely suppressed when strengthening the radical production. A mechanistic analysis attributes this to the excessively vigorous recombination reactions associated with high radical concentrations near the bubble interface. In this circumstance, the radicals are massively consumed and converted into molecular species before they can appreciably diffuse away. Our study sheds light on the interplay between radical production inside the bubble and dispersion in the outside liquid. The derived conclusions provide guides for sonochemical applications from a new perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kewen Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Shouceng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China.
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Qing He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Qianxi Wang
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Son Y, Seo J. Effects of gas saturation and sparging on sonochemical oxidation activity in open and closed systems, Part I: H 2O 2 generation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 90:106214. [PMID: 36327919 PMCID: PMC9636189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cavitational/sonochemical activity can be significantly enhanced or reduced depending on the gases dissolved in the liquid. Although many researchers have suggested the order of importance of dissolved gas conditions that affect the degree of sonoluminescence (SL), sonochemiluminescence (SCL), and compound degradation, the most suitable gas condition for sonochemical oxidation reactions is currently unknown. In this study (Part I), the effects of gas saturation and sparging on the generation of H2O2 were investigated in a 28-kHz sonoreactor system. Four gas modes, saturation/closed, saturation/open, sparging/closed, and sparging/open, were applied to Ar, O2, N2, and binary gas mixtures. The change in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration during ultrasonic irradiation was measured and was used as an indicator of whether the gaseous exchange between liquid and air altered the gas content of the liquid. Considerable difference in the DO concentration was observed for the gas saturation/open mode, ranging from -11.5 mg/L (O2 100 %) to +4.3 mg/L (N2 100 %), while no significant difference was observed in the other gas modes. The change in the gas content significantly reduced the linearity for H2O2 generation, which followed pseudo-zero-order kinetics, and either positively or negatively affected H2O2 generation. Ar:O2 (75:25) and Ar:O2 (50:50) resulted in the highest and second-highest H2O2 generation for both gas saturation and sparging, respectively. In addition, gas sparging resulted in much higher H2O2 generation for all gas conditions compared to gas saturation; this was because of the significant change in the cavitational active zone and concentrated ultrasonic energy, which formed a bulb-shaped active zone, especially for the Ar/O2 mixtures adjacent to the transducer at the bottom. The sparging flow rate and position also significantly affected H2O2 generation; the highest H2O2 generation was obtained when the sparger was placed at the bottom adjacent to the transducer, with a flow rate of 3 L/min. In Part II, the generation of nitrogen oxides, including nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-), was investigated using the same ultrasonic system with three gas modes: saturation/open, saturation/closed, and sparging/closed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Younggyu Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jieun Seo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea; Environment Research Division, Gyeongsangbuk-do Government Public Institute of Health & Environment, Yeongcheon 38874, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dehane A, Merouani S. Impact of dissolved rare gases (Ar, Xe and He) on single-bubble sonochemistry in the presence of carbon tetrachloride. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) sonochemistry: A comprehensive mechanistic and kinetics analysis elucidating how CCl4 pyrolysis improves the sonolytic degradation of nonvolatile organic contaminants. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
Klapcsik K. GPU accelerated numerical investigation of the spherical stability of an acoustic cavitation bubble excited by dual-frequency. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 77:105684. [PMID: 34358882 PMCID: PMC8350425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The spherical stability of an acoustic cavitation bubble under dual-frequency excitation is investigated numerically. The radial dynamics is described by the Keller-Miksis equation, which is a second-order ordinary differential equation. The surface dynamics is modelled by a set of linear ordinary differential equation according to Hao and Prosperetti (1999), which takes into account the effect of vorticity by boundary layer approximation. Due to the large amount of investigated parameter combinations, the numerical computations were carried out on graphics processing units. The results showed that for bubble size between RE=2μm and 4μm, the combination of a low and a high frequency, and the combination of two close but not equal frequencies are important to prevent the bubble losing its shape stability, while reaching the chemical threshold (Rmax/RE=3) (Kalmár et al., 2020). The phase shift between harmonic components of dual-frequency excitation has no effect on the shape stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kálmán Klapcsik
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Hydrodynamic Systems, P.O. Box 91, 1521 Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dehane A, Merouani S, Hamdaoui O, Alghyamah A. A comprehensive numerical analysis of heat and mass transfer phenomenons during cavitation sono-process. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 73:105498. [PMID: 33706197 PMCID: PMC7944103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study treats the effects of mass transport, heat transfer and chemical reactions heat on the bubble dynamics by spanning a range of ambient bubble radii. The thermodynamic behavior of the acoustic bubble was shown for three wave frequencies, 355, 515 and 1000 kHz. The used acoustic amplitude ranges from 1 to 3 atm. It has been demonstrated that the ambient bubble radius, R0, of the maximal response (i.e., maximal bubble temperature and pressure, Tmax and Pmax) is shifted toward lower values if the acoustic amplitude (at fixed frequency) or the ultrasonic frequency (at fixed amplitude) are increased. The range of the ambient bubble radius narrows as the ultrasonic frequency increases. Heat exchange at the bubble interface was found to be the most important mechanism within the bubble internal energy balance for acoustic amplitudes lower than 2.5 and 3 atm for ultrasonic frequencies of 355 and 515 kHz, respectively. For acoustic amplitudes greater or equal to 2.5 and 3 atm, corresponding to 355 and 515 kHz, respectively, mass transport mechanism (i.e., evaporation and condensation of water vapor) becomes dominant compared to the other mechanisms. At 1000 kHz, the mechanism of heat transfer persists to be dominant for all the used acoustic amplitudes (from 1 to 3 atm). Practically, all the above observations were maintained for bubbles at and around the optimum bubble radius, whereas no significant impact of the three energetic mechanisms was observed for bubbles of too lower and too higher values of R0 (limits of the investigated ranges of R0).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aissa Dehane
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Slimane Merouani
- Laboratory of Environmental Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Process Engineering, University Salah Boubnider-Constantine 3, P.O. Box 72, 25000 Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Oualid Hamdaoui
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, 11421 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulaziz Alghyamah
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, 11421 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dehane A, Merouani S, Hamdaoui O, Alghyamah A. Insight into the impact of excluding mass transport, heat exchange and chemical reactions heat on the sonochemical bubble yield: Bubble size-dependency. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 73:105511. [PMID: 33812247 PMCID: PMC8044704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Numerical simulations have been performed on a range of ambient bubble radii, in order to reveal the effect of mass transport, heat exchange and chemical reactions heat on the chemical bubble yield of single acoustic bubble. The results of each of these energy mechanisms were compared to the normal model in which all these processes (mass transport, thermal conduction, and reactions heat) are taken into account. This theoretical work was carried out for various frequencies (f: 200, 355, 515 and 1000 kHz) and different acoustic amplitudes (PA: 1.5, 2 and 3 atm). The effect of thermal conduction was found to be of a great importance within the bubble internal energy balance, where the higher rates of production (for all acoustic amplitudes and wave frequencies) are observed for this model (without heat exchange). Similarly, the ignorance of the chemical reactions heat (model without reactions heat) shows the weight of this process into the bubble internal energy, where the yield of the main species (OH, H, O and H2) for this model was accelerated notably compared to the complete model for the acoustic amplitudes greater than 1.5 atm (for f = 500 kHz). However, the lowest production rates were registered for the model without mass transport compared to the normal model, for the acoustic amplitudes greater than 1.5 atm (f = 500 kHz). This is observed even when the temperature inside bubble for this model is greater than those retrieved for the other models. On the other hand, it has been shown that, at the acoustic amplitude of 1.5 atm, the maximal production rates of the main species (OH, H, O and H2) for all the adopted models appear at the same optimum ambient-bubble size (R0 ~ 3, 2.5 and 2 µm for, respectively, 355, 500 and 1000 kHz). For PA = 2 and 3 atm (f = 500 kHz), the range of the maximal yield of OH radicals is observed at the range of R0 where the production of OH, O and H2 is the lowest, which corresponds to the bubble temperature at around 5500 K. The maximal production rate of H, O and H2 is shifted toward the range of ambient bubble radii corresponding to the bubble temperatures greater than 5500 K. The ambient bubble radius of the maximal response (maximal production rate) is shifted toward the smaller bubble sizes when the acoustic amplitude (wave frequency is fixed) or the ultrasound frequency (acoustic power is fixed) is increased. In addition, it is observed that the increase of wave frequency or the acoustic amplitude decrease cause the range of active bubbles to be narrowed (scenario observation for the four investigated models).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aissa Dehane
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Slimane Merouani
- Laboratory of Environmental Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Process Engineering, University Salah Boubnider-Constantine 3, P.O. Box 72, 25000 Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Oualid Hamdaoui
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, 11421 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alghyamah
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, 11421 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shende T, Andaluri G, Suri R. Frequency-dependent sonochemical degradation of perfluoroalkyl substances and numerical analysis of cavity dynamics. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
15
|
Choi J, Lee H, Son Y. Effects of gas sparging and mechanical mixing on sonochemical oxidation activity. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 70:105334. [PMID: 32932226 PMCID: PMC7786622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of air sparging (0-16 L min-1) and mechanical mixing (0-400 rpm) on enhancing the sonochemical degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated using a 28 kHz sonoreactor. The degradation of RhB followed pseudo first-order kinetics, where sparging or mixing induced a large sonochemical enhancement. The kinetic constant varied in three stages (gradually increased → increased exponentially → decreased slightly) as the rate of sparging or mixing increased, where the stages were similar for both processes. The highest sonochemical activity was obtained with sparging at 8 L min-1 or mixing at 200 rpm, where the standing wave field was significantly deformed by sparging and mixing, respectively. The cavitational oxidation activity was concentrated at the bottom of the sonicator when higher sparging or mixing rates were employed. Therefore, the large enhancement in the sonochemical oxidation was attributed mainly to the direct disturbance of the ultrasound transmission and the resulting change in the cavitation-active zone in this study. The effect of the position of air sparging and mixing was investigated. The indirect inhibition of the ultrasound transmission resulted in less enhancement of the sonochemical activity. Moreover, the effect of various sparging gases including air, N2, O2, Ar, CO2, and an Ar/O2 (8:2) mixture was compared, where all gases except CO2 induced an enhancement in the sonochemical activity, irrespective of the concentration of dissolved oxygen. The highest activity was obtained with the Ar/O2 (8:2) mixture. Therefore, it was revealed that the sonochemical oxidation activity could be further enhanced by applying gas sparging using the optimal gas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jongbok Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea; School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjae Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea; R&D Center, Changmyoung Industry Co., Yangju 11426, Republic of Korea
| | - Younggyu Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy Engineering Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Meichtry JM, Cancelada L, Destaillats H, Litter MI. Effect of different gases on the sonochemical Cr(VI) reduction in the presence of citric acid. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127211. [PMID: 32682127 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The sonochemical (850 kHz) Cr(VI) reduction (0.30 mM, pH 2) in the presence of citric acid (Cit, 2 mM) was analyzed under different working atmospheres: reactor open to air without sparging (ROAWS), and Ar, O2, air and N2 sparging. Hydrogen peroxide formation in pure water at pH 2 and KI dosimetry were also measured. Zero-order kinetics was observed in all cases. A complete Cr(VI) reduction after 180 min insonation was obtained with the ROAWS and under Ar, while a lower Cr(VI) reduction efficiency was achieved under the other conditions. The Cr(VI) reduction and H2O2 formation rates followed the order ROAWS ≅ Ar > air ≅ O2 ≫ N2, while for KI dosimetry the order was ROAWS ≫ O2 ≅ air > Ar ≫ N2. This indicates that H2O2 formation rate is a better measure of the system reactivity for Cr(VI) reduction. For air, O2 and N2, once the sparging was stopped, Cr(VI) reduction rate increased up to approximately the same value obtained for the ROAWS, suggesting that the sparging decreased the generation of reactive species and, thus, the Cr(VI) reduction rate. Nitrate production was measured at low concentrations (micromolar range) in the ROAWS, air and N2 systems. Formic and acetic acids were detected as Cit degradation products. Reaction mechanisms were proposed. It can be concluded that the best condition for Cr(VI) removal is with the ROAWS because of a higher Cr(VI) reduction rate, no atmosphere control is required, and it is a less expensive system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Meichtry
- Gerencia Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica-CONICET, Av. Gral. Paz 1499, B1650, San Martín, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Tecnologías Químicas, Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Medrano 951, C1179AAQ, CABA, Argentina
| | - Lucía Cancelada
- Gerencia Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica-CONICET, Av. Gral. Paz 1499, B1650, San Martín, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hugo Destaillats
- Indoor Environment Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marta I Litter
- IIIA - Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, Campus Miguelete, Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, B1650, San Martín, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rajchel-Mieldzioć P, Tymkiewicz R, Sołek J, Secomski W, Litniewski J, Fita P. Reaction kinetics of sonochemical oxidation of potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) in aqueous solutions. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 63:104912. [PMID: 31945577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We studied sonochemical reactions resulting from ultrasonic treatment of potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) in aqueous solutions using a custom-built apparatus working at 536 kHz. We concluded that primary reactions are completely dominated by oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) and did not find any evidences for degradation of cyanide. At the highest concentration used in the present study (0.1 M) we detected formation of pentacyanoaquaferrate(II) complex, which is most probably formed in reactions between hexacyanoferrate(III) anions and hydrogen atoms or hydrated electrons formed in sonochemical processes. We also determined that hydroxyl radicals formation rate in our system, (8.7 ± 1.5)∙10-8 M∙s-1, is relatively high compared to other reported experiments. We attribute this to focusing of the ultrasonic wave in the sample vessel. Finally, we suggest that oxidation rate of hexacyanoferrate(II) anions can be a convenient benchmark of efficiency of sonochemical reactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Rajchel-Mieldzioć
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ryszard Tymkiewicz
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5b, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Sołek
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Secomski
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5b, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Litniewski
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5b, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Fita
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yıkmış S. Sensory, physicochemical, microbiological and bioactive properties of red watermelon juice and yellow watermelon juice after ultrasound treatment. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
19
|
Kerboua K, Hamdaoui O. Void fraction, number density of acoustic cavitation bubbles, and acoustic frequency: A numerical investigation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:2240. [PMID: 31671994 DOI: 10.1121/1.5126865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present paper consists of a numerical study attempting to characterize the bubble population within a sonochemical reactor through modeling and simulating the number density of bubbles and the void fraction. In a first step, both previous parameters were estimated under 1.52 bar and various acoustic frequencies ranging from 20 to 1000 kHz in function of normalized time. The results showed that the average number density of bubbles, varying within the interval 2.8104-1.4 × 1012 bubbles dm-3, follows a clear monotonous evolving trend as the frequency increases, while the average void fraction, comprised between 9.05 × 10-5 and 1.95 × 10-4, demonstrates no dependency of acoustic conditions. In a second step, an energy analysis was performed at microscopic and macroscopic scales, which led the authors to figure out that the evolution of the number density of bubbles in function of acoustic frequency is mainly governed by the energy required to maintain oscillating the single cavitation bubble.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaouther Kerboua
- Ecole Supérieure de Technologies Industrielles, Department of Second Cycle, P.O. Box 218, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Oualid Hamdaoui
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, 11421 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Klapcsik K, Hegedűs F. Study of non-spherical bubble oscillations under acoustic irradiation in viscous liquid. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 54:256-273. [PMID: 30718178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The effect of dissipation on the shape stability of a harmonically excited bubble is investigated. The employed liquid is the highly viscous glycerine. The rate of the dissipation is controlled through the alteration of viscosity of the liquid by varying its temperature. The mean radius of the bubble during its radial oscillation is described by the Keller-Miksis equation. Two approaches are used to describe the surface oscillations. The first model solves the surface dynamics equations of each mode together with the transport equation of the vorticity in the liquid domain. The second model approximates the transport equation, which is a partial differential equation, with a boundary layer approximation reducing the required computational resources significantly. The comparison of the surface models shows qualitative agreement at low dissipation rate; however, at high viscosity the application of the full transport equation is mandatory. The results show that an increasing rate of dissipation can significantly extend the shape stable domains in the excitation frequency-pressure amplitude parameter plane. Nevertheless, the collapse strength is decreasing due to the highly damped oscillations. It has been found that an optimal range of dissipation rate in terms of temperature can be defined expressing a good compromise between the collapse strength and surface stability. The computations are carried out by an in-house GPU accelerated initial value problem solver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kálmán Klapcsik
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Hydrodynamic Systems, P.O. Box 91, 1521 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Hegedűs
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Hydrodynamic Systems, P.O. Box 91, 1521 Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Islam MH, Burheim OS, Pollet BG. Sonochemical and sonoelectrochemical production of hydrogen. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 51:533-555. [PMID: 30442455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Reserves of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas on earth are finite. The continuous use and burning of these fossil fuel resources in the industrial, domestic and transport sectors has resulted in the extremely high emission of greenhouse gases, GHGs (e.g. CO2) and solid particulates into the atmosphere. Therefore, it is necessary to explore pollution free and more efficient energy sources in order to replace depleting fossil fuels. The use of hydrogen (H2) as an alternative fuel source is particularly attractive due to its very high specific energy compared to other conventional fuels and its zero GHG emission when used in a fuel cell. Hydrogen can be produced through various process technologies such as thermal, electrolytic, photolytic and biological processes. Thermal processes include gas reforming, renewable liquid and biooil processing, biomass and coal gasification; however, these processes release a huge amount of greenhouse gases. Production of electrolytic hydrogen from water is an attractive method to produce clean hydrogen. It could even be a more promising technology when combining water electrolysis with power ultrasound to produce hydrogen efficiently where sonication enhances the electrolytic process in several ways such as enhanced mass transfer, removal of hydrogen and oxygen (O2) gas bubbles and activation of the electrode surface. In this review, production of hydrogen through sonochemical and sonoelectrochemical methods along with a brief description of current hydrogen production methods and power ultrasound are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md H Islam
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Odne S Burheim
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bruno G Pollet
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kerabchi N, Merouani S, Hamdaoui O. Depth effect on the inertial collapse of cavitation bubble under ultrasound: Special emphasis on the role of the wave attenuation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 48:136-150. [PMID: 30080536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic cavitation concentrates and releases a very large amount of energy in localized areas, which can be used for many physical and chemical processes. Even though acoustic cavitation has been studied widely for decades in lab-scale sonoreactors, only few studies have been devoted to characterize this event in big-scale sonoreactors, where the liquid depth may have a critical influence on the bubble collapse. The present computational study furnished numerical data about the effect of depth (z = 0-10 m) on acoustic cavitation with special focus on the role of attenuation of the ultrasound wave on the dramatic conditions developed within bubbles at collapse. The used mathematical model takes into account the liquid compressibility, surface tension and viscosity, depth as well as the attenuation of the ultrasound wave with depth. It was found that the maximum bubble temperature (Tmax) and pressure (pmax) at the collapse diminished considerably with deepening into water up to 10 m with a considerable contribution of the ultrasound wave attenuation in the overall reduction event. The reduction in Tmax and pmax with depth was more pronounced at higher frequency (1000 kHz) and lower temperature (10 °C) in which losses of about up to 72% in Tmax and till 94% in pmax (as compared with values at z = 0) were obtained at z = 10 m. Depending on operating conditions, i.e. frequency, acoustic intensity or liquid temperature, the ultrasound wave attenuation may contribute with up to 47% and 79% in the overall reductive effect of depth toward Tmax and pmax, respectively. These results were discussed, interpreted and used to support some available experimental observations. Finally, the results of the present study may help in designing large-scale sonoreactors through providing data about the effect of one of the missing links between lab-scale sonoreactors and industrial large-scale sonoreactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nassim Kerabchi
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Slimane Merouani
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Process Engineering, University of Constantine 3, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
| | - Oualid Hamdaoui
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Authier O, Ouhabaz H, Bedogni S. Modeling of sonochemistry in water in the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 45:17-28. [PMID: 29705309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
CO2 capture and utilization (CCU) is a process that captures CO2 emissions from sources such as fossil fuel power plants and reuses them so that they will not enter the atmosphere. Among the various ways of recycling CO2, reduction reactions are extensively studied at lab-scale. However, CO2 reduction by standard methods is difficult. Sonochemistry may be used in CO2 gas mixtures bubbled through water subjected to ultrasound waves. Indeed, the sonochemical reduction of CO2 in water has been already investigated by some authors, showing that fuel species (CO and H2) are obtained in the final products. The aim of this work is to model, for a single bubble, the close coupling of the mechanisms of bubble dynamics with the kinetics of gas phase reactions in the bubble that can lead to CO2 reduction. An estimation of time-scales is used to define the controlling steps and consequently to solve a reduced model. The calculation of the concentration of free radicals and gases formed in the bubble is undertaken over many cycles to look at the effects of ultrasound frequency, pressure amplitude, initial bubble radius and bubble composition in CO2. The strong effect of bubble composition on the CO2 reduction rate is confirmed in accordance with experimental data from the literature. When the initial fraction of CO2 in the bubble is low, bubble growth and collapse are slightly modified with respect to simulation without CO2, and chemical reactions leading to CO2 reduction are promoted. However, the peak collapse temperature depends on the thermal properties of the CO2 and greatly decreases as the CO2 increases in the bubble. The model shows that initial bubble radius, ultrasound frequency and pressure amplitude play a critical role in CO2 reduction. Hence, in the case of a bubble with an initial radius of around 5 μm, CO2 reduction appears to be more favorable at a frequency around 300 kHz than at a low frequency of around 20 kHz. Finally, the industrial application of ultrasound to CO2 reduction in water would be largely dependent on sonochemical efficiency. Under the conditions tested, this process does not seem to be sufficiently efficient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hind Ouhabaz
- EDF R&D Lab Chatou, 6 quai Watier, 78400 Chatou, France
| | - Stefano Bedogni
- EDF R&D Lab Chatou, 6 quai Watier, 78400 Chatou, France; Edison, Foro Buonaparte 31, 20121 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kerboua K, Hamdaoui O. Insights into numerical simulation of controlled ultrasonic waveforms driving single cavitation bubble activity. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 43:237-247. [PMID: 29555281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A computational study treating cavitation phenomenon within a single bubble undergoing various controlled ultrasonic waveforms is presented in this paper. Numerical simulations using sinusoidal, square, triangular and sawtooth waves crossing an aqueous media, saturated with oxygen, are conducted upon various operational conditions of frequency and amplitude. Bubble radius, temperature and pressure were estimated over time for 64 combined cases. The obtained results show that at relatively low acoustic pressure, i.e. 1.5 and 2 atm, the square wave is proved to generate the highest temperature and pressure inside the bubble, while triangular and sawtooth ones remain the less interesting waveforms for sonochemical application within the same operational conditions. At higher amplitudes above 2.5 atm, this trend is changed, especially at low frequencies, i.e. 200 and 300 kHz, where square wave showed some limitations in attaining the optimal values of the strong collapse within one acoustic cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaouther Kerboua
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Oualid Hamdaoui
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wood RJ, Lee J, Bussemaker MJ. A parametric review of sonochemistry: Control and augmentation of sonochemical activity in aqueous solutions. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017. [PMID: 28633836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this review the phenomenon of ultrasonic cavitation and associated sonochemistry is presented through system parameters. Primary parameters are defined and considered, namely; pressure amplitude, frequency and reactor design; including transducer type, signal type, vessel-transducer ratio, liquid flow, liquid height, liquid temperature and the presence of a reflective plate. Secondary parameters are similarly characterised and involve the use of gas and liquid additives to influence the chemical and physical environments. Each of the parameters are considered in terms of their effect on bubble characteristics and subsequent impact on sonochemical activity. Evidence suggests that via parametric variation, the reaction products and efficiency may be controlled. This is hypothesised to occur through manipulation of the structural stability of the bubble.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard James Wood
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Judy Lee
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine J Bussemaker
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Aguilar K, Garvín A, Ibarz A, Augusto PED. Ascorbic acid stability in fruit juices during thermosonication. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 37:375-381. [PMID: 28427647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thermosonication is an emerging technology useful for inactivating microorganisms and enzymes in fruit juices. However, the effect of the ultrasound processing on the ascorbic acid content is not clear and the results reported in the literature are contradictory. In this work, the impact of sonication and thermosonication on the ascorbic acid content was first evaluated in model systems. Degassed model solutions at four different pH values (3-6) were processed with or without sonication for 60min at two different conditions of temperature (25 and 55°C). In all cases, the ascorbic acid was stable under the treatment. After that, two commercial deaerated fruit juices were processed with and without US at 55°C. The ascorbic acid was also retained in these juices after the ultrasound processing under the most severe conditions studied. In conclusion, previous degassing/deaerating of fruit juices is recommended to prevent ascorbic acid degradation when thermosonication is applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Aguilar
- Department of Agrifood Industry Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Food Technology Department (DTA), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Garvín
- Food Technology Department (DTA), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Ibarz
- Food Technology Department (DTA), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pedro E D Augusto
- Department of Agrifood Industry Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kitamura Y, Okawa H, Kato T, Sugawara K. Effect of reaction temperature on the size and morphology of scorodite synthesized using ultrasound irradiation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 35:598-604. [PMID: 27397021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of scorodite (FeAsO4·2H2O) using dynamic action agglomeration and the oxidation effect from ultrasound irradiation was investigated. The effect of different reaction temperatures (90, 70, 50, and 30°C) on the size and morphology of scorodite particles synthesized under O2 gas flow and ultrasound irradiation was explored because the generation of fine bubbles depends on the solution temperature. At 90°C, the size of scorodite particles was non-homogeneous (from fine particles (<1μm) to large particles (>10μm)). The oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and yield at 90°C showed lower values than those at 70°C. The scorodite particles, including fine and non-homogeneous particles, were generated by a decrease in the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) and promotion of dissolution caused by the generation of radicals and jet flow from ultrasound irradiation. Using ultrasound irradiation in the synthesis of scorodite at low temperature (30°C) resulted in the appearance of scorodite peaks in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern after a reaction time of 3h. The peaks became more intense with a reaction temperature of 50°C and crystalline scorodite was obtained. Therefore, ultrasound irradiation can enable the synthesis of scorodite at 30°C as well as the synthesis of large particles (>10μm) at higher temperature. Oxide radicals and jet flow generated by ultrasound irradiation contributed significantly to the synthesis and crystal growth of scorodite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Kitamura
- Graduate School of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, 1-1, Tegata gakuen-machi, Akita 010-8502, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Okawa
- Graduate School of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, 1-1, Tegata gakuen-machi, Akita 010-8502, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kato
- Graduate School of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, 1-1, Tegata gakuen-machi, Akita 010-8502, Japan
| | - Katsuyasu Sugawara
- Graduate School of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, 1-1, Tegata gakuen-machi, Akita 010-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ferkous H, Merouani S, Hamdaoui O, Pétrier C. Persulfate-enhanced sonochemical degradation of naphthol blue black in water: Evidence of sulfate radical formation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 34:580-587. [PMID: 27773283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This work explores the effect of persulfate (PS) on the sonochemical degradation of organic pollutants taking naphthol blue black (NBB), an anionic diazo dye, as a substrate model. The sonolytic experiments were conducted in the absence and presence of PS under various experimental conditions including acoustic power (10-80W), frequency (20 and 585kHz) and saturating gas (argon, air and nitrogen). Experimental results showed that PS decomposition into sulfate radical (SO4-) takes place by sonolysis and increasing PS concentration up to 1g/L would result in an increase in the NBB degradation rate. It was found that the PS-enhanced effect was strongly operating parameters dependent. The positive effect of PS decreased with increasing power and the best enhancing effect was obtained for the lowest acoustic power. Correspondingly, the PS-enhanced effect was more remarkable at low frequency (20kHz) than that observed at high frequency ultrasound (585kHz). Nitrogen saturating gas gave the best enhanced effect of PS than argon and air atmospheres. Theoretical (computer simulation of bubble collapse) and experimental measurements of the yields of free radical generation under the different experimental conditions have been made for interpreting the obtained effects of PS on the sonochemical degradation of the dye pollutant. The experimental findings were attributed to the fact that radical-radical recombination reactions occur at faster rate than the radical-organic reaction when the concentration of free radicals is too high (at higher sonochemical conditions).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Ferkous
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Slimane Merouani
- Laboratory of Environmental Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Process Engineering, University of Constantine 3, 25000 Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Oualid Hamdaoui
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Christian Pétrier
- Laboratoire Rhéologie et Procédés, Université Joseph Fourier, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gielen B, Marchal S, Jordens J, Thomassen LCJ, Braeken L, Van Gerven T. Influence of dissolved gases on sonochemistry and sonoluminescence in a flow reactor. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2016; 31:463-72. [PMID: 26964973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the influence of gas addition is investigated on both sonoluminescence (SL) and radical formation at 47 and 248 kHz. The frequencies chosen in this study generate two distinct bubble types, allowing to generalize the conclusions for other ultrasonic reactors. In this case, 47 kHz provides transient bubbles, while stable ones dominate at 248 kHz. For both bubble types, the hydroxyl radical and SL yield under gas addition followed the sequence: Ar>Air>N2>>CO2. A comprehensive interpretation is given for these results, based on a combination of thermal gas properties, chemical reactions occurring within the cavitation bubble, and the amount of bubbles. Furthermore, in the cases where argon, air and nitrogen were bubbled, a reasonable correlation existed between the OH-radical yield and the SL signal, being most pronounced under stable cavitation at 248 kHz. Presuming that SL and OH originate from different bubble populations, the results indicate that both populations respond similarly to a change in acoustic power and dissolved gas. Consequently, in the presence of non-volatile pollutants that do not quench SL, sonoluminescence can be used as an online tool to qualitatively monitor radical formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Gielen
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200 f box 2424, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Lab(4)U, Agoralaan Building B box 8, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - S Marchal
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200 f box 2424, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Jordens
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200 f box 2424, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Lab(4)U, Agoralaan Building B box 8, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - L C J Thomassen
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200 f box 2424, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Lab(4)U, Agoralaan Building B box 8, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - L Braeken
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200 f box 2424, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Lab(4)U, Agoralaan Building B box 8, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - T Van Gerven
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200 f box 2424, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ferkous H, Merouani S, Hamdaoui O, Rezgui Y, Guemini M. Comprehensive experimental and numerical investigations of the effect of frequency and acoustic intensity on the sonolytic degradation of naphthol blue black in water. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2015; 26:30-39. [PMID: 25753313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, comprehensive experimental and numerical investigations of the effects of frequency and acoustic intensity on the sonochemical degradation of naphthol blue black (NBB) in water have been carried out. The experiments have been examined at three frequencies (585, 860 and 1140 kHz) and over a wide range of acoustic intensities. The observed experimental results have been discussed using a more realistic approach that combines the single bubble sonochemistry and the number of active bubbles. The single bubble yield has been predicted using a model that combines the bubble dynamics with chemical kinetics consisting of series of chemical reactions (73 reversible reactions) occurring inside an air bubble during the strong collapse. The experimental results showed that the sonochemical degradation rate of NBB increased substantially with increasing acoustic intensity and decreased with increasing ultrasound frequency. The numerical simulations revealed that NBB degraded mainly through the reaction with hydroxyl radical (OH), which is the dominant oxidant detected in the bubble during collapse. The production rate of OH radical inside a single bubble followed the same trend as that of NBB degradation rate. It increased with increasing acoustic intensity and decreased with increasing frequency. The enhancing effect of acoustic intensity toward the degradation of NBB was attributed to the rise of both the individual chemical bubble yield and the number of active bubbles with increasing acoustic intensity. The reducing effect of frequency was attributed to the sharp decrease in the chemical bubble yield with increasing frequency, which would not compensated by the rise of the number of active bubbles with the increase in ultrasound frequency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Ferkous
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Slimane Merouani
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Engineering Process, University of Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Oualid Hamdaoui
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Yacine Rezgui
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Materials Technology, University of Oum El-Bouaghi, P.O. Box 358, 04000 Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria
| | - Miloud Guemini
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Materials Technology, University of Oum El-Bouaghi, P.O. Box 358, 04000 Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|