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Guerrero JD, Marchesini FA, Ulla MA, Gutierrez LB. Effect of biocomposite production factors on the development of an eco-friendly chitosan/alginate-based adsorbent with enhanced copper removal efficiency. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126416. [PMID: 37633556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, wastewater treatment is a critical concern, particularly regarding the removal of heavy metals through adsorption methods. Extensive research has been conducted on obtaining high-yield and environmentally friendly adsorbents. Natural polymer adsorbents especially have shown promise in ion and organic molecule adsorption. To enhance the practical applicability of adsorbents, the combination of biopolymers to form biocomposites is a promising alternative. In this study, adsorbents based on a 1:1 wt./wt. of chitosan (CS) and alginate (SA) were prepared. The influence of the regeneration route and drying conditions on the copper adsorption capacity was investigated, along with reaction parameters such as contact time, adsorbent particle size, and pH. The highest adsorption capacity was observed in the composite material obtained through a one-pot regeneration process and freeze-dried. The CSAR3L sample exhibited a remarkable adsorption capacity of 288 mg Cu(II)/g after 360 min at 25 °C. The synergistic effect between the CS and SA precursors was confirmed by analyzing the individual precursors and their mechanical mixture. The initial adsorption rates at pH 6 followed the order: CSAR3-L > Bk-CSR3L > Bk-SAR3L + Bk-CSR3L > Bk-SAR3L. The physicochemical and morphological properties of the materials were studied by FTIR, XRD, DLS, XPS, optical microscopy, EDS-SEM, elemental chemical analysis, and TGA-DTG. The utilization of different drying methods resulted in the formation of calcium carbonate crystalline phases in the as-prepared materials, thus creating substantial adsorption active sites. After the adsorption process, hydroxylated copper sulfate phases and a significant decrease in calcium concentration were observed, indicating that an ion exchange adsorption mechanism occurred. The analysis of adsorption kinetics and the shape of the adsorption isotherms, in agreement with the characterization results, suggested the presence of multiple active sites and the formation of a chemisorption monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonnys D Guerrero
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Catálisis y Petroquímica, INCAPE, (FIQ, UNL-CONICET), Santiago del Estero 2829, S3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Fernanda A Marchesini
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Catálisis y Petroquímica, INCAPE, (FIQ, UNL-CONICET), Santiago del Estero 2829, S3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María A Ulla
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Catálisis y Petroquímica, INCAPE, (FIQ, UNL-CONICET), Santiago del Estero 2829, S3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Laura B Gutierrez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Catálisis y Petroquímica, INCAPE, (FIQ, UNL-CONICET), Santiago del Estero 2829, S3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
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2
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Spoială A, Ilie CI, Dolete G, Petrișor G, Trușcă RD, Motelica L, Ficai D, Ficai A, Oprea OC, Dițu ML. The Development of Alginate/Ag NPs/Caffeic Acid Composite Membranes as Adsorbents for Water Purification. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:591. [PMID: 37367795 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13060591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Since the water pollution problem still affects the environmental system and human health, the need to develop innovative membranes has become imperious. Lately, researchers have focused on developing novel materials to help diminish the contamination problem. The aim of present research was to obtain innovative adsorbent composite membranes based on a biodegradable polymer, alginate, to remove toxic pollutants. Of all pollutants, lead was chosen due to its high toxicity. The composite membranes were successfully obtained through a direct casting method. The silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and caffeic acid (CA) from the composite membranes were kept at low concentrations, which proved enough to bestow antimicrobial activity to the alginate membrane. The obtained composite membranes were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and microscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DSC). Swelling behaviour, lead ion (Pb2+) removal capacity, regeneration and reusability were also determined. Further, the antimicrobial activity was tested against selected pathogenic strains (S. aureus, E. faecalis sp., P. aeruginosa, E. coli and C. albicans). The presence of Ag NPs and CA improves the antimicrobial activity of the newly developed membranes. Overall, the composite membranes are suitable for complex water treatment (removal of heavy metal ions and antimicrobial treatment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Spoială
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- National Centre for Micro and Nanomaterials & National Centre for Food Safety, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cornelia-Ioana Ilie
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- National Centre for Micro and Nanomaterials & National Centre for Food Safety, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Georgiana Dolete
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- National Centre for Micro and Nanomaterials & National Centre for Food Safety, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Petrișor
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- National Centre for Micro and Nanomaterials & National Centre for Food Safety, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana-Doina Trușcă
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- National Centre for Micro and Nanomaterials & National Centre for Food Safety, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ludmila Motelica
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- National Centre for Micro and Nanomaterials & National Centre for Food Safety, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Denisa Ficai
- National Centre for Micro and Nanomaterials & National Centre for Food Safety, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh Polizu Street, 050054 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anton Ficai
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- National Centre for Micro and Nanomaterials & National Centre for Food Safety, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Street, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ovidiu-Cristian Oprea
- National Centre for Micro and Nanomaterials & National Centre for Food Safety, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh Polizu Street, 050054 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Street, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mara-Lia Dițu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Aleea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
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Diaz-Jimenez L, Garcia-Torres S, Carlos-Hernandez S. High Adsorption of Hazardous Cr(VI) from Water Using a Biofilter Composed of Native Pseudomonas koreensis on Alginate Beads. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1385. [PMID: 36674141 PMCID: PMC9859302 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Most conventional methods to remove heavy metals from water are efficient for high concentrations, but they are expensive, produce secondary pollution, and cannot remove low concentrations. This paper proposes a biological system to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions; the biofilter is composed of a native Pseudomonas koreensis immobilized in calcium alginate beads. Lab experiments were conducted in batch reactors, considering different operating conditions: Cr(VI) concentration, temperature, pH, and time. At 30 °C and a pH of 6.6, the immobilized bacteria achieved their optimal adsorption capacity. In the chromium adsorption system, saturation was reached at 30 h with a qmax = 625 mg g-1. By adjusting the experimental data to the Langmuir and Freundlich models, it is suggested that P. koreensis forms a biofilm with a homogeneous surface where Cr(VI) is adsorbed and that the bacteria also incorporates the metal in its metabolism, leading to a multilayer adsorption. On the other hand, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, it was inferred that the functional groups involved in the adsorption process were O-H and C=O, which are a part of the P. koreensis cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Salvador Carlos-Hernandez
- Sustentabilidad de los Recursos Naturales y Energía, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Saltillo, Ramos Arizpe 25900, Mexico
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Pellico J, Jadhav A, Vass L, Bricout A, Barigou M, Marsden PK, T.M. de Rosales R. Synthesis and 68Ga radiolabelling of calcium alginate beads for positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) applications. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Shi T, Xie Z, Mo X, Feng Y, Peng T, Song D. Highly Efficient Adsorption of Heavy Metals and Cationic Dyes by Smart Functionalized Sodium Alginate Hydrogels. Gels 2022; 8:gels8060343. [PMID: 35735687 PMCID: PMC9222840 DOI: 10.3390/gels8060343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, functionalized sodium alginate hydrogel (FSAH) was prepared to efficiently adsorb heavy metals and dyes. Hydrazide-functionalized sodium alginate (SA) prepared hydrazone groups to selectively capture heavy metals (Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+), and another functional group (dopamine grafting), serves as sites for adsorption methylene blue (MB), malachite green (MG), crystal violet (CV). Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption indicated that the adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous. The heavy metals adsorption by FSAH was physical adsorption mainly due to ΔHθ < 40 kJ/mol, and the adsorption of cationic dyes fitted with the Langmuir models, which indicated that the monolayer adsorption is dominated by hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and π-π interactions. Moreover, the adsorption efficiency maintained above 70% after five adsorption-desorption cycles. To sum up, FSAH has great application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Shi
- Department of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564500, China; (X.M.); (Y.F.); (T.P.); (D.S.)
- Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-185-8642-0308
| | - Zhengfeng Xie
- Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China;
| | - Xinliang Mo
- Department of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564500, China; (X.M.); (Y.F.); (T.P.); (D.S.)
| | - Yulong Feng
- Department of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564500, China; (X.M.); (Y.F.); (T.P.); (D.S.)
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564500, China; (X.M.); (Y.F.); (T.P.); (D.S.)
| | - Dandan Song
- Department of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564500, China; (X.M.); (Y.F.); (T.P.); (D.S.)
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6
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Li Y, Zhang Z, Liu X, Che S, Shi N, Chen Y, Yan M. Adsorption behavior and mechanism of Lead (Pb 2+) by sulfate polysaccharide from Enteromorpha prolifera. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:760-770. [PMID: 35351544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb2+) pollution poses severe healthy and ecological risks to humans. In this work, sulfate polysaccharide from Enteromorpha prolifera (SPE) was utilized for Pb2+ adsorption from simulated intestinal fluid. In order to evaluate its adsorption behaviors comprehensively, batch adsorption of Pb2+ was investigated under different conditions. Results showed that SPE presents high adsorption ability for Pb2+ through chemical adsorption process and the maximum adsorption capacity for Pb2+ was 278.5 mg/g. And SPE exhibited higher removal efficiency (≥60%) for trace Pb2+ (<10 mg/L) compared to that of other adsorbents based on polysaccharide. Besides, its adsorption can be described by Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Further, XRD, FTIR, and XPS were used to characterize the possible interaction of Pb2+ with SPE, and the results showed that carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in SPE play more important role than that of sulfate group. Our work represents the first assessment of Pb2+ adsorption properties of SPE. This investigation highlights the potential application of SPE to protect the body from hazard of food-derived heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Li
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Zhuanyuan Zhang
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Shuai Che
- Key laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Naiwen Shi
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Yiming Chen
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Mingyan Yan
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China.
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7
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Shi T, Xie Z, Zhu Z, Shi W, Liu Y, Liu M, Mo X. Effective removal of metal ions and cationic dyes from aqueous solution using different hydrazine-dopamine modified sodium alginate. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 195:317-328. [PMID: 34914908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, DSA-AAD-DA and DSA-TPDH-DA were prepared to effectively remove metal ions and cationic dyes from aqueous solution. The hydrazone structure was prepared by hydrazide-modified SA which captured metal ions selectively, and the remaining functional groups were used as active adsorption sites for cationic dyes. The thermodynamic parameter for the sorption demonstrated the process is endothermic and spontaneous. In single process, the adsorption of metal ions by DSA-AAD-DA and DSA-TPDH-DA correlated well with the Freundlich model through the hydrazone structure coordination and ion exchange which was mainly chemical adsorption, and cationic dyes adsorption correlated well with the Langmuir model which was shown monolayer adsorption was dominant by hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, and π-π interaction. In binary system, the mixed adsorption shown significant antagonism effect in high concentration, but cationic dyes and metal ions in low concentration were efficiently and simultaneously removed, the adsorption ability of DSA-TPDH-DA was much better than DSA-AAD-DA. Moreover, adsorption efficiency can still maintain more than 80% after five times adsorption-desorption recycle. Therefore, DSA-AAD-DA and DSA-TPDH-DA possessed great potential for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Shi
- Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China; Department of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, Guizhou 564500, China
| | - Zhengfeng Xie
- Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China; Research Institute of Industrial Hazardous Waste Disposal and Resource Utilization, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China.
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Inspection Department, Guizhou Provincial Institute for Quality Inspection and Testing of Liquor Products, Renhuai, Guizhou 564500, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China; Research Institute of Industrial Hazardous Waste Disposal and Resource Utilization, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Minyao Liu
- Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Xinliang Mo
- Department of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, Guizhou 564500, China
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8
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Van Beik J, Fontana KB, Medeiros DCCS, Sydney ACN, Chaves ES. Feasibility of calcium alginate beads to preconcentrate lead in river water samples prior to determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:666. [PMID: 34545422 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a potentially toxic element with significant environmental interest. Simple and sensitive analytical methods are necessary to allow determination of this element at trace levels using sample preparation procedures related to green chemistry. For this, calcium alginate beads (CA-beads), a low-cost and environmentally friendly biopolymer, have been proposed for extraction and preconcentration of Pb2+ in river water samples and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). CA-beads were prepared and applied to extract and preconcentrate Pb2+ in river water samples, providing an enrichment factor (EF) of 50, enhancement factor (E) of 54, a detection limit of 2 μg L-1, and a relative standard deviation < 5%. The extraction of Pb2+ in CA-beads achieved good selectivity, with recoveries from 94.8 to 100.2% in real samples, demonstrating the good accuracy of the proposed method. The results were also compared to those obtained by ICP-MS. The reuse of CA-beads was evaluated for six cycles, and under these conditions, the extraction and preconcentration efficiency of Pb2+ were not significantly affected. The developed methodology was applied to determine Pb2+ in water samples from rivers that are part of the hydrographic areas of Tibagi and Pitangui Rivers, in which the Pb2+ concentration was less than 2 μg L-1, a concentration lower than that established by Brazilian legislation for class I and II rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junior Van Beik
- Graduate Program in Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, 84016-210, Brazil
| | - Klaiani Bez Fontana
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-400, Brazil
| | - Deborah C C S Medeiros
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, 84016-210, Brazil
| | - Alessandra C N Sydney
- Graduate Program in Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, 84016-210, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S Chaves
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-400, Brazil.
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9
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The Feasibility of Using Pulsed-Vacuum in Stimulating Calcium-Alginate Hydrogel Balls. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071521. [PMID: 34359394 PMCID: PMC8304266 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the pulsed-vacuum stimulation (PVS) on the external gelation process of calcium-alginate (Ca-Alg) hydrogel balls was studied. The process was conducted at four different working pressures (8, 35, 61, and 101 kPa) for three pulsed-vacuum cycles (one cycle consisted of three repetitions of 10 min of depressurization and 10 min of vacuum liberation). The diffusion coefficients (D) of calcium cations (Ca2+) gradually reduced over time and were significantly pronounced (p < 0.05) at the first three hours of the external gelation process. The rate of weight reduction (WR) and rate of volume shrinkage (Sv) varied directly according to the D value of Ca2+. A significant linear relationship between WR and Sv was observed for all working pressures (R2 > 0.91). An application of a pulsed vacuum at 8 kPa led to the highest weight reduction and shrinkage of Ca-Alg hydrogel samples compared to other working pressures, while 61 kPa seemed to be the best condition. Although all textural characteristics (hardness, breaking deformation, Young’s modulus, and rupture strength) did not directly variate by the level of working pressures, they were likely correlated with the levels of WR and Sv. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) supported that the working pressure affected the characteristics of Ca-Alg hydrogel structure. Samples stimulated at a working pressure of 8 kPa showed higher deformation with heterogenous structure, large cavities, and looser layer when compared with those at 61 kPa. These results indicate the PVS is a promising technology that can be effectively applied in the external gelation process of Ca-Alg gel.
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