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Remanan MK, Zhu F. Encapsulation of chrysin and rutin using self-assembled nanoparticles of debranched quinoa, maize, and waxy maize starches. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122118. [PMID: 38710546 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Chrysin and rutin are natural polyphenols with multifaceted biological activities but their applications face challenges in bioavailability. Encapsulation using starch nanoparticles (SNPs) presents a promising approach to overcome the limitations. In this study, chrysin and rutin were encapsulated into self-assembled SNPs derived from quinoa (Q), maize (M), and waxy maize (WM) starches using enzyme-hydrolysis. Encapsulation efficiencies ranged from 74.3 % to 79.1 %, with QSNPs showing superior performance. Simulated in vitro digestion revealed sustained release and higher antioxidant activity in QSNPs compared to MSNPs and WMSNPs. Variations in encapsulation properties among SNPs from different sources were attributed to the differences in the structural properties of the starches. The encapsulated SNPs exhibited excellent stability, retaining over 90 % of chrysin and 85 % of rutin after 15 days of storage. These findings underscore the potential of SNP encapsulation to enhance the functionalities of chrysin and rutin, facilitating the development of fortified functional foods with enhanced bioavailability and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fan Zhu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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2
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Niaz T, Mackie A. Effect of beta glucan coating on controlled release, bioaccessibility, and absorption of β-carotene from loaded liposomes. Food Funct 2024; 15:1627-1642. [PMID: 38247312 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Recently, the use of biopolymers as coating material to stabilise phospholipid-based nanocarriers has increased. One such class of biopolymers is the dietary fibre beta-glucan (βG). In this study, we developed and characterized beta-carotene (βC) loaded βG coated nanoliposomes (GNLs) to investigate the effect of βG coating on the stability, controlled release, bioaccessibility, diffusion and subsequent absorption of the lipophilic active agent. The size, charge (Z-potential), and FTIR spectra were measured to determine the physicochemical stability of GNLs. βG coating reduced the bioaccessibility, provided prolonged release and improved the antioxidant activity of the nanoliposomes. Multiple particle tracking (MPT) data suggested that βC-GNLs were less diffusive in porcine intestinal mucus (PIM). Additionally, the microviscosity of the PIM treated with GNLs was observed to be higher (0.04744 ± 0.00865 Pa s) than the PIM incubated with uncoated NLs (0.015 ± 0.0004 Pa s). An Ex vivo experiment was performed on mouse jejunum to measure the absorption of beta-carotene from coated (βC-GNLs) and uncoated nanoliposomes (βC-NLs). Data showed that after 2 hours, 27.7 ± 1.3 ng mL-1 of βC encapsulated in GNLs and 61.54 ± 3 ng mL-1 of the βC encapsulated in uncoated NLs was absorbed by mouse intestinal mucosa. These results highlight that coating with βG stabilise NLs during gastrointestinal digestion and provides more sustained release of βC from nanoliposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taskeen Niaz
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Alan Mackie
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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3
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Dong QQ, Wu Q, Lu Y, Shi Y, Yang KD, Xu XL, Chen W. Exploring β-glucan as a micro-nano system for oral delivery targeted the colon. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127360. [PMID: 37827417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The critical role of oral colon-specific delivery systems (OCDDS) is important for delivering active agents to the colon and rectum specifically via the oral route. The use of micro/nanostructured OCDDS further improves drug stability, bioavailability, and retention time, leading to enhanced therapeutic effects. However, designing micro/nanoscale OCDDSs is challenging due to pH changes, enzymatic degradation, and systemic absorption and metabolism. Biodegradable natural polysaccharides are a promising solution to these problems, and β-glucan is one of the most promising natural polysaccharides due to its unique structural features, conformational flexibility, and specific processing properties. This review covers the diverse chemical structures of β-glucan, its benefits (biocompatibility, easy modification, and colon-specific degradation), and various β-glucan-based micro/nanosized OCDDSs, as well as their drawbacks. The potential of β-glucan offers exciting new opportunities for colon-specific drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Dong
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China
| | - Qian Wu
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yi Lu
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yi Shi
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Ke-Da Yang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ling Xu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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4
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Cui FJ, Fu X, Sun L, Zan XY, Meng LJ, Sun WJ. Recent insights into glucans biosynthesis and engineering strategies in edible fungi. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023:1-18. [PMID: 38105513 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2289341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Fungal α/β-glucans have significant importance in cellular functions including cell wall structure, host-pathogen interactions and energy storage, and wide application in high-profile fields, including food, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals. Fungal species and their growth/developmental stages result in a diversity of glucan contents, structures and bioactivities. Substantial progresses have been made to elucidate the fine structures and functions, and reveal the potential molecular synthesis pathway of fungal α/β-glucans. Herein, we review the current knowledge about the biosynthetic machineries, including: precursor UDP-glucose synthesis, initiation, elongation/termination and remodeling of α/β-glucan chains, and molecular regulation to maximally produce glucans in edible fungi. This review would provide future perspectives to biosynthesize the targeted glucans and reveal the catalytic mechanism of enzymes associated with glucan synthesis, including: UDP-glucose pyrophosphate phosphorylases (UGP), glucan synthases, and glucanosyltransferases in edible fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jie Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Food Additives Bio-production, Dexing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Fu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Lei Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yi Zan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Li-Juan Meng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jing Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Food Additives Bio-production, Dexing, P. R. China
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5
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Yang F, Cheung PCK. Fungal β-Glucan-Based Nanotherapeutics: From Fabrication to Application. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040475. [PMID: 37108930 PMCID: PMC10143420 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal β-glucans are naturally occurring active macromolecules used in food and medicine due to their wide range of biological activities and positive health benefits. Significant research efforts have been devoted over the past decade to producing fungal β-glucan-based nanomaterials and promoting their uses in numerous fields, including biomedicine. Herein, this review offers an up-to-date report on the synthetic strategies of common fungal β-glucan-based nanomaterials and preparation methods such as nanoprecipitation and emulsification. In addition, we highlight current examples of fungal β-glucan-based theranostic nanosystems and their prospective use for drug delivery and treatment in anti-cancer, vaccination, as well as anti-inflammatory treatments. It is anticipated that future advances in polysaccharide chemistry and nanotechnology will aid in the clinical translation of fungal β-glucan-based nanomaterials for the delivery of drugs and the treatment of illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Peter Chi Keung Cheung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
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Noor N, Jhan F, Gani A, Raina IA, Shah MA. Nutraceutical and toxicological evaluation of hydrogels architected using resistant starch nanoparticles and gum acacia for controlled release of kaempferol. FOOD STRUCTURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2022.100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Gani A, Ashraf ZU, Shah A, Naik AS, Wani IA, Gani A. Upscaling of Apple By-Product by Utilising Apple Seed Protein as a Novel Wall Material for Encapsulation of Chlorogenic Acid as Model Bioactive Compound. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223702. [PMID: 36429294 PMCID: PMC9689117 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Encapsulation is a versatile technique used to protect sensitive bioactive compounds under gastrointestinal conditions. In this study, nanoencapsulation of chlorogenic acid into the apple seed protein matrix was performed using the green technique ultrasonication to protect it from harsh gastric conditions and increase its biological activity and bioavailability upon digestion. Both nano (Nano-Chl) and native capsules (NT-Chl) were characterised by particle size, charge, structure, and morphology. The encapsulation efficiency, release behaviour, antioxidant and antidiabetic properties were also evaluated. The experimental results show that the particle size of the NT-Chl and Nano-Chl was found in the range of 1.4 µm to 708 nm. The encapsulation efficiency was found to be 69% and 80% for NT-Chl and Nano-Chl, respectively. Furthermore, an in vitro digestion study revealed that Nano-Chl showed controlled-release behaviour under simulated intestinal conditions in comparison to NT-Chl. Moreover, Nano-Chl showed enhanced antioxidant and antidiabetic activity in comparison to NT-Chl after simulated digestion. It was concluded that the protein from apple seeds could be utilised as a functional ingredient itself or as a wall material for the encapsulation of sensitive bioactive compounds. Furthermore, these encapsulated particles can be fortified into different food formulations for the development of functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asir Gani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Zanoor Ul Ashraf
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Asima Shah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Azza Silotry Naik
- Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Idrees Ahmed Wani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
- Correspondence: (I.A.W.); (A.G.); Tel.: +91-7006-599-755 (I.A.W.)
| | - Adil Gani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
- Correspondence: (I.A.W.); (A.G.); Tel.: +91-7006-599-755 (I.A.W.)
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Valková V, Ďúranová H, Falcimaigne-Cordin A, Rossi C, Nadaud F, Nesterenko A, Moncada M, Orel M, Ivanišová E, Chlebová Z, Gabríny L, Kačániová M. Impact of Freeze- and Spray-Drying Microencapsulation Techniques on β-Glucan Powder Biological Activity: A Comparative Study. Foods 2022; 11:2267. [PMID: 35954036 PMCID: PMC9368466 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The study compares the impact of freeze- and spray-drying (FD, SD) microencapsulation methods on the content of β-glucan, total polyphenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF), phenolic acids (PA), and antioxidant activity (AA) in commercially β-glucan powder (Pleurotus ostreatus) using maltodextrin as a carrier. Morphology (scanning electron microscopy- SEM), yield, moisture content (MC), and water activity (aw) were also evaluated in the samples. Our examinations revealed significant structural differences between powders microencapsulated by the drying methods. As compared to non-encapsulated powder, the SD powder with yield of 44.38 ± 0.55% exhibited more reduced (p < 0.05) values for aw (0.456 ± 0.001) and MC (8.90 ± 0.44%) than the FD one (yield: 27.97 ± 0.33%; aw: 0.506 ± 0.002; MC: 11.30 ± 0.28%). In addition, the highest values for β-glucan content (72.39 ± 0.38%), TPC (3.40 ± 0.17 mg GAE/g), and TFC (3.07 ± 0.29 mg QE/g) have been detected in the SD powder. Our results allow for the conclusion that the SD microencapsulation method using maltodextrin seems to be more powerful in terms of the β-glucan powder yield and its contents of β-glucan, TP, and TF as compared to the FD technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Valková
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (V.V.); (H.Ď.); (M.O.); (Z.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Hana Ďúranová
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (V.V.); (H.Ď.); (M.O.); (Z.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Aude Falcimaigne-Cordin
- Enzyme and Cell Engineering, UPJV, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Centre de Recherche Royallieu-CS 60319-60 203 CEDEX, 60200 Compiègne, France; (A.F.-C.); (C.R.)
| | - Claire Rossi
- Enzyme and Cell Engineering, UPJV, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Centre de Recherche Royallieu-CS 60319-60 203 CEDEX, 60200 Compiègne, France; (A.F.-C.); (C.R.)
| | - Frédéric Nadaud
- Service d’Analyse Physico-Chimique, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Centre de recherche Royallieu-CS 60319-60 203 CEDEX, 60200 Compiègne, France;
| | - Alla Nesterenko
- Integrated Transformations of Renewable Matter, ESCOM, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Centre de Recherche Royallieu-CS 60319-60 203 CEDEX, 60200 Compiègne, France;
| | - Marvin Moncada
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Science, Nord Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA;
| | - Mykola Orel
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (V.V.); (H.Ď.); (M.O.); (Z.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Eva Ivanišová
- Institute of Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Zuzana Chlebová
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (V.V.); (H.Ď.); (M.O.); (Z.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Lucia Gabríny
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (V.V.); (H.Ď.); (M.O.); (Z.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
- Department of Bioenergy, Food Technology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza Str., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
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Shah A, Ashraf Z, Gani A, Jhan F, Gani A, Sidiq M. Encapsulation of Catechin into β-Glucan Matrix Using Wet Milling and Ultrasonication as a Coupled Approach: Characterization and Bioactivity Retention. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101493. [PMID: 35627063 PMCID: PMC9141184 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the nanoencapsulation of catechin into the β-glucan matrix from oats [O-Glu (C)] and barley [B-Glu (C)] was performed using the coupled approach of ultrasonication and wet milling. The nanoencapsulated catechin was characterised by particle size distribution, surface charge, SEM, and FTIR. The particle size was found to be 200 nm and 500 nm while zeta potential was found −27.13 and −24 mV for O-Glu (C) and B-Glu (C), respectively. The encapsulation efficiency of O-Glu (C) and B-Glu (C) was found to be 86.5% and 88.2%. FTIR and SEM revealed successful entrapment of catechin in β-glucan. The encapsulated capsules showed sustainable release during simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Moreover, both O-Glu (C) and B-Glu (C) showed that biological activity such as lipase inhibition activity and antioxidant assay were retained after in vitro digestion. It was concluded that O-Glu (C) and B-Glu (C) can be used as functional ingredients effectively in food as well as in the pharmaceutical field.
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Gani A, Ul Ashraf Z, Noor N, Ahmed Wani I. Ultrasonication as an innovative approach to tailor the apple seed proteins into nanosize: Effect on protein structural and functional properties. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 86:106010. [PMID: 35500363 PMCID: PMC9065882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, protein was extracted from the apple seed flour using alkali-acid precipitation method. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of ultrasonication on structural and techno-functional properties of apple seed protein. Both native (N-protein) and ultra-sonicated protein (US-protein) were characterized for size, zeta potential, structure, protein pattern, crystallinity, thermal stability and functional properties. The results revealed that the hydrodynamic diameter of N-protein and US-protein was 1.2 µm and 484 nm while zeta potential was -11 and -19 mV, respectively. Fourier transform infrared-spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis showed change in the conformational characteristics and functional groups of proteins after nano-reduction. SEM revealed change in the surface morphology of protein molecule upon ultrasonication. Differential scanning calorimetry showed decreased denaturation temperature for US-protein compared to N-protein . SDS-PAGE depicted no change in protein pattern upon ultrasonication. Ultrasonicated protein exhibited increased functional properties like emulsification, foaming, hydrophobicity and oil absorbing properties and hence can be efficiently used as functional ingredient in food and nutraceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asir Gani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Zanoor Ul Ashraf
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Nairah Noor
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Idrees Ahmed Wani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190006, India.
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Edible Mushrooms for Sustainable and Healthy Human Food: Nutritional and Medicinal Attributes. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14094941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Global food production faces many challenges, including climate change, a water crisis, land degradation, and desertification. These challenges require research into non-traditional sources of human foods. Edible mushrooms are considered an important next-generation healthy food source. Edible mushrooms are rich in proteins, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive components (alkaloids, lactones, polysaccharides, polyphenolic compounds, sesquiterpenes, sterols, and terpenoids). Several bioactive ingredients can be extracted from edible mushrooms and incorporated into health-promoting supplements. It has been suggested that several human diseases can be treated with extracts from edible mushrooms, as these extracts have biological effects including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiviral, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, immune-potentiating, and hypo-cholesterolemic influences. The current study focuses on sustainable approaches for handling edible mushrooms and their secondary metabolites, including biofortification. Comparisons between edible and poisonous mushrooms, as well as the common species of edible mushrooms and their different bioactive ingredients, are crucial. Nutritional values and the health benefits of edible mushrooms, as well as different biomedical applications, have been also emphasized. Further research is needed to explore the economic sustainability of different medicinal mushroom bioactive compound extracts and their potential applications against emerging diseases such as COVID-19. New approaches such as nano-biofortification are also needed to supply edible mushrooms with essential nutrients and/or to increase their bioactive ingredients.
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Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Mushrooms: A Crucial Dimension for Sustainable Soil Management. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14074328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Soil is the main component in the agroecosystem besides water, microbial communities, and cultivated plants. Several problems face soil, including soil pollution, erosion, salinization, and degradation on a global level. Many approaches have been applied to overcome these issues, such as phyto-, bio-, and nanoremediation through different soil management tools. Mushrooms can play a vital role in the soil through bio-nanoremediation, especially under the biological synthesis of nanoparticles, which could be used in the bioremediation process. This review focuses on the green synthesis of nanoparticles using mushrooms and the potential of bio-nanoremediation for polluted soils. The distinguished roles of mushrooms of soil improvement are considered a crucial dimension for sustainable soil management, which may include controlling soil erosion, improving soil aggregates, increasing soil organic matter content, enhancing the bioavailability of soil nutrients, and resorting to damaged and/or polluted soils. The field of bio-nanoremediation using mushrooms still requires further investigation, particularly regarding the sustainable management of soils.
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