1
|
Seok J, Kwak Y, Kim S, Kim EM, Kim A. Advances in Liquid Biopsy for Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer. Int Neurourol J 2024; 28:83-95. [PMID: 38956768 PMCID: PMC11222820 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2448198.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) is the most common malignancy of the urinary system. It has a high recurrence rate and requires longterm follow-up. Significant advances in BCa research have been made in recent years; however, the initial diagnosis and follow-up of BCa relies on cystoscopy, which is an invasive and expensive procedure. Over the past decade, liquid biopsies (e.g., blood and urine) have proven to be highly efficient methods for the discovery of BCa biomarkers. This noninvasive sampling method is used to analyze unique tumor components released into body fluids and enables serial sampling and longitudinal monitoring of tumor progression. Several liquid biopsy biomarkers have been studied extensively and have shown promising results in the clinical applications of BCa, including early detection, microscopic residual disease detection, recurrence prediction, and treatment response. Therefore, this review aims to provide an update on various new liquid biopsy markers and the advantages and current limitations of liquid biopsy in the diagnosis of BCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaekwon Seok
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center (MCRC), and Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeonjoo Kwak
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center (MCRC), and Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sewhan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Eun-Mee Kim
- Department of Paramedicine, Korea Nazarene University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Aram Kim
- Department of Urology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kamimura K, Suda T, Fukuhara Y, Okuda S, Watanabe Y, Yokoo T, Osaki A, Waguri N, Ishikawa T, Sato T, Aoyagi Y, Takamura M, Wakai T, Terai S. Adipose most abundant 2 protein is a predictive marker for cisplatin sensitivity in cancers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6255. [PMID: 33737617 PMCID: PMC7973578 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP) is one of the chemotherapeutic drugs being used to treat various cancers. Although effective in many cases, as high doses of CDDP cause cytotoxic effects that may worsen patients' condition, therefore, a marker of sensitivity to CDDP is necessary to enhance the safety and efficiency of CDDP administration. This study focused on adipose most abundant 2 (APM2) to examine its potential as a marker of CDDP sensitivity. The relationship of APM2 expression with the mechanisms of CDDP resistance was examined in vitro and in vivo using hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, tissues and serum of HCC patients (n = 71) treated initially with intrahepatic arterial infusion of CDDP followed by surgical resection. The predictability of serum APM2 for CDDP sensitivity was assessed in additional 54 HCC patients and 14 gastric cancer (GC) patients. APM2 expression in CDDP-resistant HCC was significantly higher both in serum and the tissue. Bioinformatic analyses and histological analyses demonstrated upregulation of ERCC6L (DNA excision repair protein ERCC6-like) by APM2, which accounts for the degree of APM2 expression. The serum APM2 level and chemosensitivity for CDDP were assessed and cut-off value of serum APM2 for predicting the sensitivity to CDDP was determined to be 18.7 µg/mL. The value was assessed in HCC (n = 54) and GC (n = 14) patients for its predictability of CDDP sensitivity, resulted in predictive value of 77.3% and 100%, respectively. Our study demonstrated that APM2 expression is related to CDDP sensitivity and serum APM2 can be an effective biomarker of HCC and GC for determining the sensitivity to CDDP.Trial registration: This study was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000028487).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Kamimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
- Department of General Medicine, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757, Asahimachido-ri, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Suda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine Niigata University Hospital, Minamiuonuma, Niigata, 949-7302, Japan
| | - Yasuo Fukuhara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Shujiro Okuda
- Division of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yu Watanabe
- Division of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yokoo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiko Osaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata City General Hospital, Niigata, Niigata, 950-1197, Japan
| | - Nobuo Waguri
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata City General Hospital, Niigata, Niigata, 950-1197, Japan
| | - Toru Ishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Niigata Hospital, Niigata, Niigata, 950-1104, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kashiwazaki General Hospital and Medical Center, Kashiwazaki, Niigata, 945-8535, Japan
| | - Yutaka Aoyagi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata Medical Center, Niigata, Niigata, 950-2022, Japan
| | - Masaaki Takamura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Wakai
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Heck MM, Koll FJ, Retz M, Autenrieth M, Magg K, Lunger L, Gschwend JE, Nawroth R. Molecular lymph node staging for bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection. Urol Oncol 2020; 38:639.e11-639.e19. [PMID: 32146127 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Presence of lymph node (LN) metastasis in bladder cancer (BCa) is a main risk factor for tumor recurrence after radical cystectomy (RC). Molecular analysis facilitates detection of small-volume LN metastases with higher sensitivity than standard histopathology. The aim of the present study was to establish molecular LN analysis in BCa patients undergoing RC with lymph node dissection (LND) and to determine its ability to predict tumor recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS Five transcripts with overexpression in BCa (FXYD3, KRT17, KRT20, SPINK1, UPKII) were evaluated for molecular LN analysis. We included 76 BCa patients from the prospective, randomized surgical phase-III trial (LEA AUO AB 25/02, NCT01215071) investigating extended vs. limited LND at RC. The primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival (RFS). As control, 136 LNs from 45 patients without BCa were analyzed to determine a threshold for pathologic gene expression. RESULTS About 1,319 LNs were investigated with molecular and histopathologic examination. Histopathology detected 39 LN metastases in 17 (22%) patients. Of the tested genes FXYD3 performed best and classified all pN+-patients correctly as node-positive (pN+/molN+). In addition, FXYD3 reclassified 43 histopathologic negative LNs and 7 (9%) pN0-patients as molecular node-positive (pN0/molN+). Molecular and histopathologic LN status (pN0/molN0 vs. pN0/molN+ vs. pN+/molN+) was significantly associated with locally advanced disease (P = 0.006) and poor RFS (P < 0.001). Median RFS was not reached in LN-negative patients (pN0/molN0), 45 months (95%CI 8-83) in exclusively molecular positive patients (pN0/molN+) and 9 months (95%CI 5-13) in patients with histopathologic and molecular positive LNs (pN+/molN+). CONCLUSIONS Molecular LN analysis with FXYD3 identified additional LN metastases in histopathologic negative LNs and identified patients with elevated risk of tumor recurrence after RC. Thus, molecular LN analysis improves LN staging and might serve as a tool to guide adjuvant treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias M Heck
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Rechts der Isar Medical Center, Department of Urology, Munich, Germany.
| | - Florestan J Koll
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Rechts der Isar Medical Center, Department of Urology, Munich, Germany
| | - Margitta Retz
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Rechts der Isar Medical Center, Department of Urology, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Autenrieth
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Rechts der Isar Medical Center, Department of Urology, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Magg
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Rechts der Isar Medical Center, Department of Urology, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Lunger
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Rechts der Isar Medical Center, Department of Urology, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen E Gschwend
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Rechts der Isar Medical Center, Department of Urology, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Nawroth
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Rechts der Isar Medical Center, Department of Urology, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Integrated analysis of quantitative proteome and transcriptional profiles reveals abnormal gene expression and signal pathway in bladder cancer. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:1493-1503. [PMID: 31576517 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00868-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (BCa) is a tumor associated with high morbidity and mortality and its incidence is increasing worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of bladder cancer is not well understood. OBJECTIVE To further illustrate the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of BCa and identify potential therapeutic targets, we combined the transcriptomic analysis with RNA sequencing and tandem mass tags (TMT)-based proteomic methods to quantitatively screen the differentially expressed genes and proteins between bladder cancer tissues (BC) and adjacent normal tissues (AN). RESULTS Transcriptome and proteome studies indicated 7094 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 596 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between BC and AN, respectively. GO enrichment analyses revealed that cell adhesion, calcium ion transport, and regulation of ATPase activity were highly enriched in BCa. Moreover, several key signaling pathway were identified as of relevance to BCa, in particular the ECM-receptor interaction, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), and PPAR signaling pathway. Interestingly, 367 genes were shared by DEGs and DEPs, and a significant positive correlation between mRNA and translation profiles was found. CONCLUSION In summary, this joint analysis of transcript and protein profiles provides a comprehensive reference map of gene activity regarding the disease status of BCa.
Collapse
|
5
|
Meng J, Wang LH, Zou CL, Dai SM, Zhang J, Lu Y. C10orf116 Gene Copy Number Loss in Prostate Cancer: Clinicopathological Correlations and Prognostic Significance. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:5176-5183. [PMID: 29084195 PMCID: PMC5674938 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in males worldwide. This study aimed to identify differentially expressed genes and to investigate the potential correlation between gene abnormalities and clinical features in PCa to evaluate disease progression and prognosis. Material/Methods A total of 4 independent microarrays of PCa patients from the Oncomine database were used to identify differences in expression of genes contributing to cancer progression. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis was used to evaluate the mRNA expression of the target in human prostate cancer cells. To explore the relationship between the DNA copy number alteration and mRNA expression changes, dataset containing copy number alteration, DNA methylation, and gene expression in PCa were obtained from the cBioPortal online platform (n=273). Results We identified 40 genes that were significantly dysregulated in PCa from 4 independent microarrays. Among these, 3 genes showed a consistent change of over 2-fold in the 4 microarrays. The mRNA expression of C10orf116 showed consistent expression in prostate cancer cells compared with that in prostate gland cells as assessed by RT-qPCR. Moreover, C10orf116 loss was associated with poor distant relapse-free survival (DFS) by analyzing data of 273 PCa patients, but it was not identified as an independent prognostic risk factor for DFS. In addition, we found that C10orf116 loss was associated with higher pathological stage, higher clinical stage, and lymph node metastasis in PCa, and that C10orf116 copy number was highly correlated with PTEN copy number and mRNA expression. Conclusions As a predictive indicator, C10orf116 loss contributes to our understating of the biology of aggressive changes in PCa and also helps evaluate the prognosis of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Meng
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland).,Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Li-Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Chun-Lin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Sheng-Ming Dai
- Medical Science Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Jian Zhang
- Southern University of Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Department of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland).,Southern University of Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Soave A, Riethdorf S, Pantel K, Fisch M, Rink M. Do circulating tumor cells have a role in deciding on adjuvant chemotherapy after radical cystectomy? Curr Urol Rep 2016; 16:46. [PMID: 26025496 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-015-0520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Radical cystectomy (RC) with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy with or without perioperative chemotherapy is the golden standard treatment in muscle invasive and recurrent high-grade non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). Despite treatment with curative intent, up to 50% of patients develop metastasis and die from UCB due to micro-metastatic disease undetectable for current staging techniques prior to definitive therapy. Tumor cell dissemination is a crucial step in the natural history of the metastatic cascade. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) are malignant epithelial cells detectable in the peripheral blood of patients with various malignancies. In UCB, CTC are detectable in a significant number of patients prior to RC and associated with inferior outcomes. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding CTC in UCB, discussing their potential on clinical decision-making regarding multimodal treatment and implications on the application of novel targeted therapies in the future. There is reliable evidence that presence of CTC in clinically non-metastatic UCB patients treated with RC are a powerful predictor for unfavorable outcomes and may be useful for adjuvant chemotherapy decision-making and monitoring. However, currently, the evidence is limited, and thus, integration of CTC in future UCB clinical trials is strongly recommended to shed more light on the potential of this promising biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Soave
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ramírez-Backhaus M, Fernández-Serra A, Rubio-Briones J, Cruz Garcia P, Calatrava A, Garcia Casado Z, Casanova Salas I, Rubio L, Solsona E, López-Guerrero J. External validation of FXYD3 and KRT20 as predictive biomarkers for the presence of micrometastasis in muscle invasive bladder cancer lymph nodes. Actas Urol Esp 2015; 39:473-81. [PMID: 25920992 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies have proposed that FXYD3 and KRT20 mRNA quantified by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in paraffin could be biomarkers to detect lymph nodes with micrometastases that avoid detection by conventional analysis with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). A validation study was conducted on the lymph nodes of patients who underwent radical cystectomy. OBJECTIVE To classify the adenopathic state of a sample of patients who underwent cystectomy, based on the lymph node expression of FXYD3 and KRT20. The secondary objective was to assess whether there is a differential oncologic evolution for the patients, depending on the lymph node expression of these proteins. MATERIAL AND METHOD The study included lymph nodes from 64 patients who underwent cystectomy for infiltrating bladder tumor: The model was developed using metastatic lymph nodes from 15 patients and lymph nodes from 4 patients with no known tumor. Genetic expression was measured using real-time qRT-PCR. We calculated (using qRT-PCR) the median expression of FXYD3 and KRT20 mRNA in the lymph node tissue. We then analyzed the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, according to the function y=0.1400+0.250FXYD3-2.532. The cutoff was established using an ROC curve. The formula was applied to the remaining lymph node tissue, based on the previously established cutoff. The sample was classified into 4 subgroups: HE- qRT-PCR-, HE- qRT-PCR+, HE+ qRT-PCR+ y HE+, qRT-PCR-. A descriptive, comparative analysis was performed, as well as a metastatic progression-free survival analysis, calculating the Kaplan and Meyer curves for the 3 established subgroups. The test results were considered statistically significant at P<.05. RESULTS Using qRT-PCR, we verified that there were differences in the median expression of FXYD3 (P=.05) and KRT20 (P=.009) between the lymph node tissues of patients with benign prostate hyperplasia and those of patients with lymph node metastasis. A cutoff was assigned to 0.377. The sample was classified as follows: 37.5% of the patients were pN0 by HE and pN0 by qRT-PCR (-HE -qRT-PCR), 39.1% were pN0 by HE but metastatic by qRT-PCR (-HE +qRT-PCR), and 15 patients (23.4%) were metastatic by both techniques (+HE +qRT-PCR). The Kaplan and Meyer curves showed poorer metastatic progression-free survival for the patients who were +HE and +qRT-PCR than for the other subgroups, with no significant differences between -HE +qRT-PCR and -HE -qRT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS According to our results, 39.1% of the patients with infiltrating vesical tumors overexpressed the FXYD3 and KRT20 biomarkers and were N0 by HE. We observed no differential clinical behavior among the patients who underwent cystectomy according to their expression of FXYD3 and KRT20 when they were N0 by HE.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lacambra MD, Tsang JYS, Ni YB, Chan SK, Tan PH, Tse GM. Anterior Gradient 2 is a Poor Outcome Indicator in Luminal Breast Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22:3489-3496. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
|
9
|
Ramírez-Backhaus M, Fernández-Serra A, Rubio-Briones J, Cruz Garcia P, Calatrava A, Garcia Casado Z, Casanova Salas I, Rubio L, Solsona E, López-Guerrero J. External validation of FXYD3 and KRT20 as predictive biomarkers for the presence of micrometastasis in muscle invasive bladder cancer lymph nodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acuroe.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
10
|
Nawroth R, Weckermann D, Retz M. [Prostate and bladder cancer: detection of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow]. Urologe A 2014; 53:514-8. [PMID: 24671250 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-014-3445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of prostate and bladder cancer patients is predominantly determined by the detection of distant sites of metastasis. In clinical routine, virtually only lymph node staging is of relevance to determine metastasis. Detection and characterization of disseminated tumor cells in peripheral blood or bone marrow is an additional parameter of prognostic significance. In this article, we will summarize recent progress on the prognostic value of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow and its translation into routine clinical analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Nawroth
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Deutschland,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Transcriptome profiling of a multiple recurrent muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder by deep sequencing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91466. [PMID: 24622401 PMCID: PMC3951401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is one of the commonly diagnosed cancers in the world. The UCB has the highest rate of recurrence of any malignancy. A genome-wide screening of transcriptome dysregulation between cancer and normal tissue would provide insight into the molecular basis of UCB recurrence and is a key step to discovering biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic targets. Compared with microarray technology, which is commonly used to identify expression level changes, the recently developed RNA-seq technique has the ability to detect other abnormal regulations in the cancer transcriptome, such as alternative splicing. In this study, we performed high-throughput transcriptome sequencing at ∼50× coverage on a recurrent muscle-invasive cisplatin-resistance UCB tissue and the adjacent non-tumor tissue. The results revealed cancer-specific differentially expressed genes between the tumor and non-tumor tissue enriched in the cell adhesion molecules, focal adhesion and ECM-receptor interaction pathway. Five dysregulated genes, including CDH1, VEGFA, PTPRF, CLDN7, and MMP2 were confirmed by Real time qPCR in the sequencing samples and the additional eleven samples. Our data revealed that more than three hundred genes showed differential splicing patterns between tumor tissue and non-tumor tissue. Among these genes, we filtered 24 cancer-associated alternative splicing genes with differential exon usage. The findings from RNA-Seq were validated by Real time qPCR for CD44, PDGFA, NUMB, and LPHN2. This study provides a comprehensive survey of the UCB transcriptome, which provides better insight into the complexity of regulatory changes during recurrence and metastasis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Chanda D, Lee JH, Sawant A, Hensel JA, Isayeva T, Reilly SD, Siegal GP, Smith C, Grizzle W, Singh R, Ponnazhagan S. Anterior gradient protein-2 is a regulator of cellular adhesion in prostate cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89940. [PMID: 24587138 PMCID: PMC3937391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior Gradient Protein (AGR-2) is reported to be over-expressed in many epithelial cancers and promotes metastasis. A clear-cut mechanism for its observed function(s) has not been previously identified. We found significant upregulation of AGR-2 expression in a bone metastatic prostate cancer cell line, PC3, following culturing in bone marrow-conditioned medium. Substantial AGR-2 expression was also confirmed in prostate cancer tissue specimens in patients with bone lesions. By developing stable clones of PC3 cells with varying levels of AGR-2 expression, we identified that abrogation of AGR-2 significantly reduced cellular attachment to fibronectin, collagen I, collagen IV, laminin I and fibrinogen. Loss of cellular adhesion was associated with sharp decrease in the expression of α4, α5, αV, β3 and β4 integrins. Failure to undergo apoptosis following detachment is a hallmark of epithelial cancer metastasis. The AGR-2-silenced PC3 cells showed higher resistance to Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis- inducing ligand (TRAIL) induced apoptosis in vitro. This observation was also supported by significantly reduced Caspase-3 expression in AGR-2-silenced PC3 cells, which is a key effector of both extrinsic and intrinsic death signaling pathways. These data suggest that AGR-2 influence prostate cancer metastasis by regulation of cellular adhesion and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diptiman Chanda
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Joo Hyoung Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Anandi Sawant
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Hensel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Tatyana Isayeva
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Stephanie D. Reilly
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Gene P. Siegal
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Claire Smith
- Hospital Laboratories, University of Alabama Hospital, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - William Grizzle
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Raj Singh
- Vivo Biosciences Inc., Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Selvarangan Ponnazhagan
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ross JS, Wang K, Al-Rohil RN, Nazeer T, Sheehan CE, Otto GA, He J, Palmer G, Yelensky R, Lipson D, Ali S, Balasubramanian S, Curran JA, Garcia L, Mahoney K, Downing SR, Hawryluk M, Miller VA, Stephens PJ. Advanced urothelial carcinoma: next-generation sequencing reveals diverse genomic alterations and targets of therapy. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:271-80. [PMID: 23887298 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the urinary bladder generally portends a favorable prognosis, metastatic tumors often follow an aggressive clinical course. DNA was extracted from 40 μm of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections from 35 stage IV UCs that had relapsed and progressed after primary surgery and conventional chemotherapy. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on hybridization-captured, adaptor ligation-based libraries for 3320 exons of 182 cancer-related genes plus 37 introns from 14 genes frequently rearranged in cancer to at an average sequencing depth of 1164 × and evaluated for all classes of genomic alterations (GAs). Actionable GAs were defined as those impacting the selection of targeted anticancer therapies on the market or in registered clinical trials. A total of 139 GAs were identified, with an average of 4.0 GAs per tumor (range 0-10), of which 78 (56%) were considered actionable, with an average of 2.2 per tumor (range 0-7). Twenty-nine (83%) cases harbored at least one actionable GA including: PIK3CA (9 cases; 26%); CDKN2A/B (8 cases; 23%); CCND1 (5 cases; 14%); FGFR1 (5 cases; 14%); CCND3 (4 cases; 11%); FGFR3 (4 cases; 11%); MCL1 (4 cases; 11%); MDM2 (4 cases; 11%); EGFR (2 cases, 6%); ERBB2 (HER2/neu) (2 cases, 6%); NF1 (2 cases, 6%) and TSC1 (2 cases, 6%). Notable additional alterations included TP53 (19 cases, 54%) and RB1 (6 cases; 17%). Genes involved in chromatin modification were altered by nonsense mutation, splice site mutation or frameshift indel in a mutually exclusive manner in nearly half of all cases including KDM6A (10 cases; 29%) and ARID1A (7 cases; 20%). Comprehensive NGS of 35 UCs of the bladder revealed a diverse spectrum of actionable GAs in 83% of cases, which has the potential to inform treatment decisions for patients with relapsed and metastatic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Ross
- 1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA [2] Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rami N Al-Rohil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Tipu Nazeer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Christine E Sheehan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Jie He
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Siraj Ali
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Overexpression of FXYD-3 is involved in the tumorigenesis and development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:195-202. [PMID: 24167366 PMCID: PMC3774971 DOI: 10.1155/2013/740201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To investigate the association of FXYD-3 expression with clinicopathological variables and PINCH in patients with ESCC. Patients and Methods. Expression of FXYD-3 protein was immunohistochemically examined in normal esophageal mucous (n = 20) and ESCC (n = 64). Results. Expression of FXYD-3 in the cytoplasm markedly increased from normal esophageal epithelial cells to primary ESCC (P = 0.001). The expression of FXYD-3 was correlated with TNM stages and depth of tumor invasion. Furthermore, the cases with lymph node metastasis tended to show a higher frequency of positive expression than those without metastasis (P = 0.086), and FXYD-3 expression tended to be positively related to the expression of PINCH (P = 0.063). Moreover, the cases positive for both proteins had the highest frequency of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001). However, FXYD-3 expression was not correlated with patient's gender (P = 0.847), age (P = 0.876), tumor location (P = 0.279), size (P = 0.771), grade of differentiation (P = 0.279), and survival (P = 0.113). Conclusion. Overexpression of FXYD-3 in the cytoplasm may play an important role in the tumorigenesis and development in the human ESCC, particularly in combination with PINCH expression.
Collapse
|
15
|
Salmans ML, Zhao F, Andersen B. The estrogen-regulated anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) protein in breast cancer: a potential drug target and biomarker. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:204. [PMID: 23635006 PMCID: PMC3672732 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially discovered as an estrogen-responsive gene in breast cancer cell lines, anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) is a developmentally regulated gene belonging to the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) gene family. Developmentally, AGR2 is expressed in the mammary gland in an estrogen-dependent manner, and AGR2 knockout and overexpression mouse models indicate that the gene promotes lobuloalveolar development by stimulating cell proliferation. Although AGR2 overexpression alone seems insufficient for breast tumorigenesis in mice, several lines of investigations suggest that AGR2 promotes breast tumorigenesis. Overexpression of AGR2 in several breast cancer cell lines increases cell survival in clonogenic assays and cell proliferation, whereas AGR2 loss of function leads to decreased cell cycle progression and cell death. In addition, AGR2 was shown to promote metastasis of breast epithelial cells in an in vivo metastasis assay. As a PDI, AGR2 is thought to be involved in the unfolded protein response that alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress. Since cancer has to overcome proteotoxic stress due to excess protein production, AGR2 may be one of many pro-survival factors recruited to assist in protein folding or degradation or both. When AGR2 is secreted, it plays a role in cellular adhesion and dissemination of metastatic tumor cells. In breast cancer, AGR2 expression is associated with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors; its overexpression is a predictor of poor prognosis. The AGR2 gene is directly targeted by ER-alpha, which is preferentially bound in tumors with poor outcome. Whereas aromatase inhibitor therapy decreases AGR2 expression, tamoxifen acts as an agonist of AGR2 expression in ER-positive tumors, perhaps contributing to tamoxifen resistance. AGR2 is also overexpressed in a subset of ER-negative tumors. Furthermore, AGR2 expression is associated with the dissemination of metastatic breast cancer cells and can be used as a marker to identify circulating tumor cells and metastatic cells in sentinel lymph nodes. In conclusion, AGR2 is a promising drug target in breast cancer and may serve as a useful prognostic indicator as well as a marker of breast cancer metastasis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Di Pierro GB, Gulia C, Cristini C, Fraietta G, Marini L, Grande P, Gentile V, Piergentili R. Bladder cancer: a simple model becomes complex. Curr Genomics 2013; 13:395-415. [PMID: 23372425 PMCID: PMC3401896 DOI: 10.2174/138920212801619232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies in developed countries and it is also characterized by a high number of recurrences. Despite this, several authors in the past reported that only two altered molecular pathways may genetically explain all cases of bladder cancer: one involving the FGFR3 gene, and the other involving the TP53 gene. Mutations in any of these two genes are usually predictive of the malignancy final outcome. This cancer may also be further classified as low-grade tumors, which is always papillary and in most cases superficial, and high-grade tumors, not necessarily papillary and often invasive. This simple way of considering this pathology has strongly changed in the last few years, with the development of genome-wide studies on expression profiling and the discovery of small non-coding RNA affecting gene expression. An easy search in the OMIM (On-line Mendelian Inheritance in Man) database using "bladder cancer" as a query reveals that genes in some way connected to this pathology are approximately 150, and some authors report that altered gene expression (up- or down-regulation) in this disease may involve up to 500 coding sequences for low-grade tumors and up to 2300 for high-grade tumors. In many clinical cases, mutations inside the coding sequences of the above mentioned two genes were not found, but their expression changed; this indicates that also epigenetic modifications may play an important role in its development. Indeed, several reports were published about genome-wide methylation in these neoplastic tissues, and an increasing number of small non-coding RNA are either up- or down-regulated in bladder cancer, indicating that impaired gene expression may also pass through these metabolic pathways. Taken together, these data reveal that bladder cancer is far to be considered a simple model of malignancy. In the present review, we summarize recent progress in the genome-wide analysis of bladder cancer, and analyse non-genetic, genetic and epigenetic factors causing extensive gene mis-regulation in malignant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Battista Di Pierro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ginecologico-Ostetriche e Scienze Urologiche, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza - Università di Roma
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu QW, Zhao W, Wang Y, Sartor MA, Han DM, Deng J, Ponnala R, Yang JY, Zhang QY, Liao GQ, Qu YM, Li L, Liu FF, Zhao HM, Yin YH, Chen WF, Zhang Y, Wang XS. An integrated genome-wide approach to discover tumor-specific antigens as potential immunologic and clinical targets in cancer. Cancer Res 2012; 72:6351-61. [PMID: 23135912 PMCID: PMC3525759 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-specific antigens (TSA) are central elements in the immune control of cancers. To systematically explore the TSA genome, we developed a computational technology called heterogeneous expression profile analysis (HEPA), which can identify genes relatively uniquely expressed in cancer cells in contrast to normal somatic tissues. Rating human genes by their HEPA score enriched for clinically useful TSA genes, nominating candidate targets whose tumor-specific expression was verified by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Coupled with HEPA, we designed a novel assay termed protein A/G-based reverse serological evaluation (PARSE) for quick detection of serum autoantibodies against an array of putative TSA genes. Remarkably, highly tumor-specific autoantibody responses against seven candidate targets were detected in 4% to 11% of patients, resulting in distinctive autoantibody signatures in lung and stomach cancers. Interrogation of a larger cohort of 149 patients and 123 healthy individuals validated the predictive value of the autoantibody signature for lung cancer. Together, our results establish an integrated technology to uncover a cancer-specific antigen genome offering a reservoir of novel immunologic and clinical targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wen Xu
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L, Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, CCMB, University of Michigan, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Maureen A. Sartor
- National Center for Integrative Biomedical Informatics, CCMB, University of Michigan, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Dong-Mei Han
- Department of Hematology, PLA Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 100036, China
| | - Jixin Deng
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Rakesh Ponnala
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L, Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, CCMB, University of Michigan, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jiang-Ying Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Yun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Qing Liao
- Department of Oncology, PLA 309 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Mei Qu
- Department of Oncology, PLA 309 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Fang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan-Hui Yin
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei-Feng Chen
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Song Wang
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L, Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, CCMB, University of Michigan, MI, 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Navarro A, Yin P, Monsivais D, Lin SM, Du P, Wei JJ, Bulun SE. Genome-wide DNA methylation indicates silencing of tumor suppressor genes in uterine leiomyoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33284. [PMID: 22428009 PMCID: PMC3302826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Uterine leiomyomas, or fibroids, represent the most common benign tumor of the female reproductive tract. Fibroids become symptomatic in 30% of all women and up to 70% of African American women of reproductive age. Epigenetic dysregulation of individual genes has been demonstrated in leiomyoma cells; however, the in vivo genome-wide distribution of such epigenetic abnormalities remains unknown. Principal Findings We characterized and compared genome-wide DNA methylation and mRNA expression profiles in uterine leiomyoma and matched adjacent normal myometrial tissues from 18 African American women. We found 55 genes with differential promoter methylation and concominant differences in mRNA expression in uterine leiomyoma versus normal myometrium. Eighty percent of the identified genes showed an inverse relationship between DNA methylation status and mRNA expression in uterine leiomyoma tissues, and the majority of genes (62%) displayed hypermethylation associated with gene silencing. We selected three genes, the known tumor suppressors KLF11, DLEC1, and KRT19 and verified promoter hypermethylation, mRNA repression and protein expression using bisulfite sequencing, real-time PCR and western blot. Incubation of primary leiomyoma smooth muscle cells with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor restored KLF11, DLEC1 and KRT19 mRNA levels. Conclusions These results suggest a possible functional role of promoter DNA methylation-mediated gene silencing in the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyoma in African American women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Navarro
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ping Yin
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Diana Monsivais
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Simon M. Lin
- Bioinformatics Core, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Pan Du
- Bioinformatics Core, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jian-Jun Wei
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Serdar E. Bulun
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|