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Lemtiri-Chlieh F, Baker DS, Al-Naggar IM, Ramasamy R, Kuchel GA, Levine ES, Robson P, Smith PP. The hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated channel resides on myocytes in mouse bladders and contributes to adrenergic-induced detrusor relaxation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R110-R122. [PMID: 35503519 PMCID: PMC9236879 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00277.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Control of urinary continence is predicated on sensory signaling about bladder volume. Bladder sensory nerve activity is dependent on tension, implicating autonomic control over detrusor myocyte activity during bladder filling. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) ion channels are known contributors to bladder control, but their mechanism of action is not well understood. The lack of a definitive identification of cell type(s) expressing HCN in the bladder presents a significant knowledge gap. We recently reported a complete transcriptomic atlas of the C57BL/6 mouse bladder showing the dominant HCN paralog in mouse bladder, Hcn1, is limited to a subpopulation of detrusor smooth myocytes (DSMs). Here, we report details of these findings, along with results of patch-clamp experiments, immunohistochemistry, and functional myobath/tension experiments in bladder strips. With the use of a transgenic mouse expressing fluorescence-tagged α-smooth muscle actin, our data confirmed location and function of DSM HCN channels. Despite previous associations of HCN with postulated bladder interstitial cells, neither evidence of specific interstitial cell types nor an association of nonmyocytes with HCN was discovered. We confirm that HCN activation participates in reducing sustained (tonic) detrusor tension via cAMP, with no effect on intermittent (phasic) detrusor activity. In contrast, blockade of HCN increases phasic activity induced by a protein kinase A (PKA) blocker or a large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channel opener. Our findings, therefore, suggest a central role for detrusor myocyte HCN in regulating and constraining detrusor myocyte activity during bladder filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Lemtiri-Chlieh
- 1University of Connecticut Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut,5Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Dylan S. Baker
- 1University of Connecticut Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut,4Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut,7The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Iman M. Al-Naggar
- 1University of Connecticut Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut,6Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Ramalakshmi Ramasamy
- 1University of Connecticut Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut,5Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - George A. Kuchel
- 1University of Connecticut Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Eric S. Levine
- 2Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut,5Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Paul Robson
- 4Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut,7The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Phillip P. Smith
- 1University of Connecticut Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut,2Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut,3Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
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2
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Wrzosek A, Gałecka S, Żochowska M, Olszewska A, Kulawiak B. Alternative Targets for Modulators of Mitochondrial Potassium Channels. Molecules 2022; 27:299. [PMID: 35011530 PMCID: PMC8746388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial potassium channels control potassium influx into the mitochondrial matrix and thus regulate mitochondrial membrane potential, volume, respiration, and synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It has been found that pharmacological activation of mitochondrial potassium channels during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury activates cytoprotective mechanisms resulting in increased cell survival. In cancer cells, the inhibition of these channels leads to increased cell death. Therefore, mitochondrial potassium channels are intriguing targets for the development of new pharmacological strategies. In most cases, however, the substances that modulate the mitochondrial potassium channels have a few alternative targets in the cell. This may result in unexpected or unwanted effects induced by these compounds. In our review, we briefly present the various classes of mitochondrial potassium (mitoK) channels and describe the chemical compounds that modulate their activity. We also describe examples of the multidirectional activity of the activators and inhibitors of mitochondrial potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Wrzosek
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (S.G.); (M.Ż.)
| | - Shur Gałecka
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (S.G.); (M.Ż.)
| | - Monika Żochowska
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (S.G.); (M.Ż.)
| | - Anna Olszewska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1a Debinki, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Bogusz Kulawiak
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (S.G.); (M.Ż.)
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3
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Benzoni P, Bertoli G, Giannetti F, Piantoni C, Milanesi R, Pecchiari M, Barbuti A, Baruscotti M, Bucchi A. The funny current: Even funnier than 40 years ago. Uncanonical expression and roles of HCN/f channels all over the body. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 166:189-204. [PMID: 34400215 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Discovered some 40 years ago, the If current has since been known as the "pacemaker" current due to its role in the initiation and modulation of the heartbeat and of neuronal excitability. But this is not all, the funny current keeps entertaining the researchers; indeed, several data discovering novel and uncanonical roles of f/HCN channel are quickly accumulating. In the present review, we provide an overview of the expression and cellular functions of HCN/f channels in a variety of systems/organs, and particularly in sour taste transduction, hormones secretion, activation of astrocytes and microglia, inhibition of osteoclastogenesis, renal ammonium excretion, and peristalsis in the gastrointestinal and urine systems. We also analyzed the role of HCN channels in sustaining cellular respiration in mitochondria and their participation to mitophagy under specific conditions. The relevance of HCN currents in undifferentiated cells, and specifically in the control of stem cell cycle and in bioelectrical signals driving left/right asymmetry during zygote development, is also considered. Finally, we present novel data concerning the expression of HCN mRNA in human leukocytes. We can thus conclude that the emerging evidence presented in this review clearly points to an increasing interest and importance of the "funny" current that goes beyond its role in cardiac sinoatrial and neuronal excitability regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Benzoni
- The Cell Physiology MiLab, Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bertoli
- The Cell Physiology MiLab, Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Giannetti
- The Cell Physiology MiLab, Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Piantoni
- The Cell Physiology MiLab, Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy; Present Address: Institute of Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Raffaella Milanesi
- The Cell Physiology MiLab, Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy; Present Address: Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Matteo Pecchiari
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbuti
- The Cell Physiology MiLab, Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirko Baruscotti
- The Cell Physiology MiLab, Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bucchi
- The Cell Physiology MiLab, Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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4
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Al-Naggar IM, Hardy CC, Taweh OG, Grabauskas T, Mulkey DK, Kuchel GA, Smith PP. HCN as a Mediator of Urinary Homeostasis: Age-Associated Changes in Expression and Function in Adrenergic Detrusor Relaxation. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 74:325-329. [PMID: 30124776 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hyperpolarization activated, cyclic nucleotide gated (HCN) channel is a candidate mediator of neuroendocrine influence over detrusor tonus during filling. In other tissues, HCN loss with aging is linked to declines in rhythmicity and function. We hypothesized that HCN has an age-sensitive expression profile and functional role in adrenergic bladder relaxation. HCN was examined in bladders from young (2-6 months) and old (18-24 months) C57BL/6 female mice, using qRT-PCR, RNAScope, and Western blots. Isometric tension studies were conducted using bladder strips from young wild-type (YWT), old wild-type (OWT), and young HCN1 knock-out (YKO) female mice to test the role HCN in effects of β-adrenergic stimulation. Hcn1 is the dominant HCN isoform RNA in the mouse bladder wall, and is diminished with age. Location of Hcn RNA within the mouse bladder wall is isoform-specific, with HCN1 limited to the detrusor layer. Passively-tensioned YWT bladder strips are relaxed by isoproterenol in the presence of HCN function, where OWT strips are relaxed only in the presence of HCN blockade. HCN has an age-specific expression and function in adrenergic detrusor relaxation in mouse bladder strips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman M Al-Naggar
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Cara C Hardy
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut.,Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Omar G Taweh
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Titas Grabauskas
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Daniel K Mulkey
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut.,University of Connecticut Institute for Brain and Cognitive Science, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - George A Kuchel
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Phillip P Smith
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut.,Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut.,Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut.,Department of Surgery, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
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5
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Sun B, Dong X, Zhao J, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Li L. Differentiation of human urine-derived stem cells into interstitial cells of Cajal-like cells by exogenous gene modification: A preliminary study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 523:10-17. [PMID: 31831171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human urine-derived stem cells (hUSCs) show multipotential differentiation ability and can differentiate into mesodermal cell lineages. Interstitial cells of Cajal-like cells (ICC-LCs) are crucial for the pace-making function of spontaneous contraction in the bladder. However, the mechanisms by which hUSCs generate ICC-LCs have not been elucidated. In this study, we developed a strategy for directional differentiation of hUSCs into ICC-LCs. hUSCs were transfected with lentiviral vectors encoding c-Kit, stem cell factor (SCF), hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated potassium channel 4 (HCN4), and 5-azacytidine induced 2 (AZI2) genes, and the cells were cultured for an additional 7 days in specific medium. The expression of the surface marker c-Kit on ICC-LCs was determined at 7 days after transfection. hUSCs were successfully expanded and transfected with the four lentiviral vectors. hUSCs transfected with lentiviral-c-Kit, lentiviral-HCN4, and lentiviral-AZI2 showed higher expression of c-Kit 7 days after transfection, but only the lentiviral-HCN4-transfected cells showed morphological alterations in ICC-LCs. These cells also displayed visible HCN current amplitude and density. This approach may provide a new strategy for the treatment of underactive bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishao Sun
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xingyou Dong
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Zhenxing Yang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Longkun Li
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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6
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León-Aparicio D, Salvador C, Aparicio-Trejo OE, Briones-Herrera A, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Vaca L, Sampieri A, Padilla-Flores T, López-González Z, León-Contreras JC, Hernández-Pando R, Escobar LI. Novel Potassium Channels in Kidney Mitochondria: The Hyperpolarization-Activated and Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated HCN Channels. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20204995. [PMID: 31601020 PMCID: PMC6834191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20204995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated cationic HCN channels comprise four members (HCN1–4) that control dendritic integration, synaptic transmission and action potential firing. In the kidney, HCN1, HCN2 and HCN3 are differentially expressed and contribute to the transport of sodium, potassium (K+) and ammonium into the nephrons. HCN3 is regulated by K+ diets in the kidney. In this work we performed a proteomic analysis of HCN3 expressed in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293 cells). More than 50% of the interacting proteins belonged to mitochondria. Therefore, we explored the presence of HCN channels in kidney mitochondria. By immunoblotting and immunogold electron microscopy HCN3 protein expression was found in rat kidney mitochondria; it was also confirmed in human kidney. Patch-clamp recordings of renal mitochondria and mitochondria from HEK293 cells overexpressing HCN1, HCN2 and HCN3 channels, stained with MitoTracker Green FM, indicated that only HCN3 could produce inwardly K+ currents that were inhibited by ZD7288, a specific blocker of HCN channels. Furthermore, ZD7288 caused inhibition of the oxygen consumption coupled to ATP synthesis and hyperpolarization of the inner mitochondrial membrane. In conclusion, we show for the first time that pacemaker HCN channels contribute to K+ transport in mitochondria facilitating the activity of the respiratory chain and ATP synthesis by controlling the inner mitochondrial membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel León-Aparicio
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Carolina Salvador
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Omar Emiliano Aparicio-Trejo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Alfredo Briones-Herrera
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Luis Vaca
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Alicia Sampieri
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Teresa Padilla-Flores
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Zinaeli López-González
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Juan C León-Contreras
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Laura I Escobar
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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7
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Mader F, Müller S, Krause L, Springer A, Kernig K, Protzel C, Porath K, Rackow S, Wittstock T, Frank M, Hakenberg OW, Köhling R, Kirschstein T. Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Non-selective (HCN) Ion Channels Regulate Human and Murine Urinary Bladder Contractility. Front Physiol 2018; 9:753. [PMID: 29971015 PMCID: PMC6018223 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated non-selective (HCN) channels have been demonstrated in the urinary bladder in various species. Since they play a major role in governing rhythmic activity in pacemaker cells like in the sinoatrial node, we explored the role of these channels in human and murine detrusor smooth muscle. Methods: In an organ bath, human and murine detrusor smooth muscle specimens were challenged with the HCN channel blocker ZD7288. In human tissue derived from macroscopically tumor-free cancer resections, the urothelium was removed. In addition, HCN1-deficient mice were used to identify the contribution of this particular isoform. Expression of HCN channels in the urinary bladder was analyzed using histological and ultrastructural analyses as well as quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: We found that the HCN channel blocker ZD7288 (50 μM) both induced tonic contractions and increased phasic contraction amplitudes in human and murine detrusor specimens. While these responses were not sensitive to tetrodotoxin, they were significantly reduced by the gap junction inhibitor 18β-glycyrrhetic acid suggesting that HCN channels are located within the gap junction-interconnected smooth muscle cell network rather than on efferent nerve fibers. Immunohistochemistry suggested HCN channel expression on smooth muscle tissue, and immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the scattered presence of HCN2 on smooth muscle cell membranes. HCN channels seem to be down-regulated with aging, which is paralleled by an increasing effect of ZD7288 in aging detrusor tissue. Importantly, the anticonvulsant and HCN channel activator lamotrigine relaxed the detrusor which could be reversed by ZD7288. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that HCN channels are functionally present and localized on smooth muscle cells of the urinary bladder. Given the age-dependent decline of these channels in humans, activation of HCN channels by compounds such as lamotrigine opens up the opportunity to combat detrusor hyperactivity in the elderly by drugs already approved for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Mader
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Steffen Müller
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ludwig Krause
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Armin Springer
- Department of Medical Biology, Electron Microscopy Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Karoline Kernig
- Department of Urology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Chris Protzel
- Department of Urology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Katrin Porath
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Simone Rackow
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tristan Wittstock
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marcus Frank
- Department of Medical Biology, Electron Microscopy Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Timo Kirschstein
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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8
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Sartiani L, Mannaioni G, Masi A, Novella Romanelli M, Cerbai E. The Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels: from Biophysics to Pharmacology of a Unique Family of Ion Channels. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:354-395. [PMID: 28878030 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are important members of the voltage-gated pore loop channels family. They show unique features: they open at hyperpolarizing potential, carry a mixed Na/K current, and are regulated by cyclic nucleotides. Four different isoforms have been cloned (HCN1-4) that can assemble to form homo- or heterotetramers, characterized by different biophysical properties. These proteins are widely distributed throughout the body and involved in different physiologic processes, the most important being the generation of spontaneous electrical activity in the heart and the regulation of synaptic transmission in the brain. Their role in heart rate, neuronal pacemaking, dendritic integration, learning and memory, and visual and pain perceptions has been extensively studied; these channels have been found also in some peripheral tissues, where their functions still need to be fully elucidated. Genetic defects and altered expression of HCN channels are linked to several pathologies, which makes these proteins attractive targets for translational research; at the moment only one drug (ivabradine), which specifically blocks the hyperpolarization-activated current, is clinically available. This review discusses current knowledge about HCN channels, starting from their biophysical properties, origin, and developmental features, to (patho)physiologic role in different tissues and pharmacological modulation, ending with their present and future relevance as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sartiani
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Guido Mannaioni
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessio Masi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Maria Novella Romanelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Cerbai
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
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9
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Koh SD, Lee H, Ward SM, Sanders KM. The Mystery of the Interstitial Cells in the Urinary Bladder. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 58:603-623. [PMID: 28992432 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic mechanisms to restrain smooth muscle excitability are present in the bladder, and premature contractions during filling indicate a pathological phenotype. Some investigators have proposed that c-Kit+ interstitial cells (ICs) are pacemakers and intermediaries in efferent and afferent neural activity, but recent findings suggest these cells have been misidentified and their functions have been misinterpreted. Cells reported to be c-Kit+ cells colabel with vimentin antibodies, but vimentin is not a specific marker for c-Kit+ cells. A recent report shows that c-Kit+ cells in several species coexpress mast cell tryptase, suggesting that they are likely to be mast cells. In fact, most bladder ICs labeled with vimentin antibodies coexpress platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα). Rather than an excitatory phenotype, PDGFRα+ cells convey inhibitory regulation in the detrusor, and inhibitory mechanisms are activated by purines and stretch. PDGFRα+ cells restrain premature development of contractions during bladder filling, and overactive behavior develops when the inhibitory pathways in these cells are blocked. PDGFRα+ cells are also a prominent cell type in the submucosa and lamina propria, but little is known about their function in these locations. Effective pharmacological manipulation of bladder ICs depends on proper identification and further study of the pathways in these cells that affect bladder functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
| | - Haeyeong Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
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10
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Hasirci E, Turunc T, Bal N, Goren MR, Celik H, Kervancioglu E, Dirim A, Tekindal MA, Ozkardes H. Distribution and number of Cajal-like cells in testis tissue with azoospermia. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2017; 33:181-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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11
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Dong X, Song Q, Zhu J, Zhao J, Liu Q, Zhang T, Long Z, Li J, Wu C, Wang Q, Hu X, Damaser M, Li L. Interaction of Caveolin-3 and HCN is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic cystopathy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24844. [PMID: 27122250 PMCID: PMC4848475 DOI: 10.1038/srep24844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of research suggests that impaired bladder Cajal-like interstitial cells (ICCs) are a important component in the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced bladder dysfunction, although the molecular mechanisms have not been illustrated completely. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in ICCs-DM were responsible for the detrusor weak contractility of Diabetic cystopathy (DCP) and to study the possible mechanism of regulating the expression and function of HCN channels. HCN channels expression were decreased at the mRNA and protein levels. Forskolin (FSK), which can elevate intracellular cAMP levels, increased the density of the hyperpolarization-activated current and intracellular calcium concentration in both normal control (NC) rats and DCP rats, but the sensitivity of FSK on HCN channels was clearly down-regulated in DCP rats. The loss of caveolae and caveolin was in accordance with the decrease in HCN channels. Caveolin-3 co-localizes with and affects the expression and function of HCN. Taken together, these results indicate that the loss of caveolae and HCN channels in ICCs-DM is important in the pathogenesis of DCP. Increasing the number of caveolae to enhance the function of HCN channels may represent a viable target for the pharmacological treatment of DCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyou Dong
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qixiang Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Jingzhen Zhu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Long
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Margot Damaser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Longkun Li
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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López-González Z, Ayala-Aguilera C, Martinez-Morales F, Galicia-Cruz O, Salvador-Hernández C, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Medeiros M, Hernández AM, Escobar LI. Immunolocalization of hyperpolarization-activated cationic HCN1 and HCN3 channels in the rat nephron: regulation of HCN3 by potassium diets. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 145:25-40. [PMID: 26515056 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated cationic and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (HCN) comprise four homologous subunits (HCN1-HCN4). HCN channels are found in excitable and non-excitable tissues in mammals. We have previously shown that HCN2 may transport ammonium (NH4 (+)), besides sodium (Na(+)), in the rat distal nephron. In the present work, we identified HCN1 and HCN3 in the proximal tubule (PT) and HCN3 in the thick ascending limb of Henle (TALH) of the rat kidney. Immunoblot assays detected HCN1 (130 kDa) and HCN3 (90 KDa) and their truncated proteins C-terminal HCN1 (93 KDa) and N-terminal HCN3 (65 KDa) in enriched plasma membranes from cortex (CX) and outer medulla (OM), as well as in brush-border membrane vesicles. Immunofluorescence assays confirmed apical localization of HCN1 and HCN3 in the PT. HCN3 was also found at the basolateral membrane of TALH. We evaluated chronic changes in mineral dietary on HCN3 protein abundance. Animals were fed with three different diets: sodium-deficient (SD) diet, potassium-deficient (KD) diet, and high-potassium (HK) diet. Up-regulation of HCN3 was observed in OM by KD and in CX and OM by HK; the opposite effect occurred with the N-terminal truncated HCN3 in CX (KD) and OM (HK). SD diet did not produce any change. Since HCN channels activate with membrane hyperpolarization, our results suggest that HCN channels may play a role in the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, contributing to Na(+), K(+), and acid-base homeostasis in the rat kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinaeli López-González
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico, DF, México
| | - Cosete Ayala-Aguilera
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico, DF, México
| | - Flavio Martinez-Morales
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Othir Galicia-Cruz
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Carolina Salvador-Hernández
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico, DF, México
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, México
| | - Mara Medeiros
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nefrología y Metabolismo Mineral Óseo, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México, México
| | - Ana Maria Hernández
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nefrología y Metabolismo Mineral Óseo, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México, México
| | - Laura I Escobar
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico, DF, México.
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Kashyap M, Yoshimura N, Smith PP, Chancellor M, Tyagi P. Characterization of the role of HCN channels in β3-adrenoceptor mediated rat bladder relaxation. Bladder (San Franc) 2015; 2. [PMID: 26709376 PMCID: PMC4690542 DOI: 10.14440/bladder.2015.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The second messenger cAMP is involved in both β3 adrenoceptor (β3-AR) mediated detrusor relaxation and the kinetics of Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. Here we characterized the effect HCN channel activation and possible interaction with β3-AR in bladder. Materials and Methods Bladder tissues from Sprague-Dawley rats and Human organ donors were obtained for studying species-specific expression of HCN channels by real-time qPCR and Western Blot. Effect of β3-agonist on rat bladder strips (0.5 × 0.5 × 7 mm in size) was studied during activation and blockade of HCN channels by Lamotrigine and ZD7288, respectively. Results Expression of all four genes encoding for HCN channels (HCN1-4) was detected separately in bladder mucosa and detrusor from human and rat bladders. Species based differences were evident from relatively higher expression of HCN4 isoform in human bladder and that of HCN1 in rat bladder. Western blot confirmed the findings at mRNA level. Cumulative application β3-AR agonist CL316,243 produced a concentration dependent decrease in resting tension of rat bladder strips expressed as integral of mechanical activity. Pre-incubation of HCN channel blocker ZD 7288 opposed the relaxant effect of CL316,243, whereas co-administration of lamotrigine with CL316,243 at equal molar concentrations caused an additive decrease in resting tension. Cumulative addition of ZD7288 and lamotrigine in absence of CL316,243 showed opposing effects on detrusor contractility. Conclusions Species-specific differences were noted in expression of HCN channels in bladder. Opposing effects ZD7288 and Lamotrigine in the action of β3-AR agonist demonstrate possible functional interaction of HCN channels and β3-AR in detrusor contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Kashyap
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Naoki Yoshimura
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Phillip P Smith
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Michael Chancellor
- Department of Urology, William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Pradeep Tyagi
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Calejo AI, Reverendo M, Silva VS, Pereira PM, Santos MAS, Zorec R, Gonçalves PP. Differences in the expression pattern of HCN isoforms among mammalian tissues: sources and implications. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:297-307. [PMID: 24234751 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2862-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels play a critical role in a broad range of cell types, but the expression of the various HCN isoforms is still poorly understood. In the present study we have compared the expression of HCN isoforms in rat excitable and non-excitable tissues at both the mRNA and protein levels. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis revealed distinct expression patterns of the four HCN isoforms in brain, heart, pituitary and kidney, with inconsistent mRNA-protein expression correlation. The HCN2 was the most abundant mRNA transcript (95.6, 78.0 and 59.0 % in kidney heart and pituitary, respectively) except in the brain (42.0 %) whereas HCN4 was the most abundant protein isoform. Our results suggest that HCN channels are mostly produced by the HCN4 isoform in heart, which contrasts with the sharp differences in the isoform stoichiometry in pituitary (15 HCN4:2 HCN2:1 HCN1:1 HCN3), kidney (24 HCN4:2 HCN3:1 HCN2:1 HCN1) and brain (3 HCN4:2 HCN2:1 HCN1:1 HCN3). Moreover, deviations of the electrophoretic molecular weight (MW) of the HCN isoforms relative to the theoretical MW were observed, suggesting that N-glycosylation and enzymatic proteolysis influences HCN channel surface expression. We hypothesize that selective cleavage of HCN channels by membrane bound metalloendopeptidases could account for the multiplicity of properties of native HCN channels in different tissues.
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15
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Rusu MC, Folescu R, Mănoiu VS, Didilescu AC. Suburothelial interstitial cells. Cells Tissues Organs 2014; 199:59-72. [PMID: 24801000 DOI: 10.1159/000360816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The suburothelium has received renewed interest because of its role in sensing bladder fullness. Various studies evaluated suburothelial myofibroblasts (MFs), interstitial cells (ICs), interstitial Cajal cells (ICCs) or telocytes (TCs), which resulted in inconsistencies in terminology and difficulties in understanding the suburothelial structure. In order to elucidate these issues, the use of electron microscopy seems to be an ideal choice. It was hypothesized that the cell population of the suburothelial band is heterogeneous in an attempt to clarify the above-mentioned inconsistencies. The suburothelial ICs of the bladder were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Bladder samples from 6 Wistar rats were used for IHC and TEM studies and human bladder autopsy samples were used for IHC. Desmin labeled only the detrusor muscle, while all the myoid structures of the bladder wall were positive for α-smooth muscle actin (SMA). A distinctive α-SMA-positive suburothelial layer was identified. A layered structure of the immediate suburothelial band was detected using TEM: (1) the inner suburothelial layer consisted of fibroblasts equipped for matrix synthesis; (2) the middle suburothelial layer consisted of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and myoid ICCs, and (3) the outer suburothelial layer consisted of ICs with TC morphology, building a distinctive network. In conclusion, the suburothelial layer consists of distinctive types of ICs but not MFs. The myoid layer, with SMCs and ICCs, which could be considered identical to the α-SMA-positive cells in the suburothelial band, seems the best-equipped layer for pacemaking and signaling. Noteworthy, the network of ICs also seems suitable for stromal signaling.
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The effects of acupuncture on bladder interstitial cells of cajal excitability in rats with overactive bladder. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:261217. [PMID: 24194780 PMCID: PMC3806234 DOI: 10.1155/2013/261217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that acupuncture treatment has an effect on patients with an overactive bladder, but the mechanism of its action remains to be clarified. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of acupuncture on bladder overactivity, and the excitability of interstitial cells of Cajal of the bladder in a rat model of partial bladder outlet obstruction. Electroacupuncture (continuous wave, 30 Hz, 1 mA) was applied to stimulate the Ciliao point (BL32) and the Huiyang point (BL35) of rats for 20 min, 3 days. Results showed that acupuncture suppressed detrusor unstable contraction frequency and decreased detrusor maximum pressure in the bladder filling period. Compared with the normal control rats, HCN2 mRNA and protein expression within the bladder were upregulated and were reversed by electroacupuncture in overactive bladder rats as determined by RT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Moreover, in-vitro cell-cultured OAB rats bladder interstitial cells of Cajal intracellular Ca2+ concentration were higher than normal control rats, which were lowered after acupuncture treatment. These findings suggest that acupuncture stimulation can suppress bladder overactivity, and regulate the excitability of bladder interstitial cells of Cajal in treatment of overactive bladder myogenic mechanism.
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Lamina propria: The functional center of the bladder? Neurourol Urodyn 2013; 33:9-16. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.22465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Otsuka A, Kawasaki H, Matsumoto R, Shinbo H, Kurita Y, Iwashita T, Ozono S. Expression of β-Adrenoceptor Subtypes in Urothelium, Interstitial Cells and Detrusor of the Human Urinary Bladder. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2013; 5:173-80. [PMID: 26663456 DOI: 10.1111/luts.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether interstitial cells (ICs) of the human urinary bladder expressed β-adrenoceptor (AR) subtypes, and semiquantitatively compared the staining intensity among urothelium, ICs and detrusor muscles. METHODS Paraffin sections of the human urinary bladder were obtained from histologically normal areas of formalin-fixed specimens removed for bladder carcinoma. Double-labeling immunohistochemical methods using antibodies against each β-AR subtype and vimentin were performed to identify ICs of the human urinary bladder. The staining intensity of β-ARs was semiquantitatively compared among urothelium, ICs and detrusor muscles. Further, gender-related difference or age-related correlation in the staining intensity of β-ARs was compared in the same cell types. RESULTS The expression of β1 -, β2 -, and β3 -AR was observed in vimentin-positive ICs localized in suburothelium, between detrusor muscle bundles, and within these bundles of the human urinary bladder. The rank order of the staining intensity was urothelium > ICs = detrusor muscles in β1 -AR, urothelium > ICs > detrusor muscles in β2 -AR, whereas its order was ICs = detrusor muscles > urothelium in β3 -AR. Except for urothelial β1 -AR, there was no gender-related difference in the signal intensity of β-ARs in the urothelium, ICs or detrusor muscles. Age negatively correlated with the signal intensity of all β-AR subtypes. CONCLUSION β-ARs were expressed in vimentin-positive ICs of the human urinary bladder. As for β2 - and β3 -AR, there was no gender-related difference or age-related correlation in urothelium, ICs and detrusor muscles. In the human urinary bladder, β-ARs expressed in ICs may play a role in bladder physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Urology, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Urology, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Rikiya Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Urology, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shinbo
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Urology, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kurita
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Urology, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Toshihide Iwashita
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Urology, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Ozono
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Urology, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
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