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Warawdekar UM, Jain V, Patel H, Nanda A, Kamble V. Modifying gap junction communication in cancer therapy. Curr Res Transl Med 2020; 69:103268. [PMID: 33069641 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Drug delivery is crucial for therapeutic efficacy and gap junction communication channels (GJIC) facilitate movement within the tumour. Pro-drug activation, a modality of cancer therapy leads to Ganciclovir triphosphate (GCV-TP) incorporation into newly synthesized DNA resulting in cell death. The objective was to enhance, with Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) and All Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA), GJIC, crucial for drug delivery, and with combination, abrogate the observed detrimental effect of Dexamethasone (DXM). METHODS Cell lines (NT8E, and HeLa) were pre-treated with Valproic Acid (VPA) (1 mM), 4 Phenyl Butyrate (4PB) (2 mM), ATRA (10 μM) and Dexamethasone (1 μM). Protein quantitated with the Bicinchoninic (BCA) assay for cell lysates, membrane and soluble fractions was assessed with Western blotting for Connexins (43, 26 and 32) and E-Cadherin. A qRT-PCR was done for CX 43-GJA1, CX 26-GJB2, CX 32-GJB1 and E-Cadherin, and normalized with Glyceraldehyde Phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Further, localization of Connexins (CX) and E-Cadherin, GJIC competence, pre-clinical in-vitro studies and the mechanism of cell death were evaluated. RESULTS There was no toxicity or change in growth patterns observed with the drugs. In both the cell lines CX 43 localized to the membrane whereas CX 32 and CX 26 were present but not membrane bound. E-Cadherin was present on the membrane in NT8E and completely absent in HeLa cells. Effects of HDACi, DXM and ATRA were seen on the expression of Connexins and E-Cadherin in both the cell lines. NT8E and HeLa cell lines showed enhanced GJIC with 4PB [30 %], VPA [36 %] and ATRA [54 %] with a 60 % increase in cytotoxicity and an abrogation of Dexamethasone inhibition on combination with VPA or ATRA. CONCLUSION An enhancement of GJIC function by HDACi and ATRA increased cytotoxicity and could be effective in the presence of Dexamethasone, when combined with ATRA or VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwala M Warawdekar
- CRI Lab 1, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400085, India.
| | - Vaishali Jain
- CRI Lab 1, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Himani Patel
- CRI Lab 1, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Adyasha Nanda
- CRI Lab 1, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Vishal Kamble
- CRI Lab 1, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
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Ajina A, Maher J. Synergistic combination of oncolytic virotherapy with CAR T-cell therapy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 164:217-292. [PMID: 31383406 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For patients with advanced hematological malignancies the therapeutic landscape has been transformed by the emergence of adoptive cell transfer utilizing autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T-cells. However, solid tumors have proved far more resistant to this approach. Here, we summarize the numerous challenges faced by CAR T-cells designed to target solid tumors, highlighting, in particular, issues related to impaired trafficking, expansion, and persistence. In parallel, we draw attention to exciting developments in the burgeoning field of oncolytic virotherapy and posit strategies for the synergistic combination of oncolytic viruses with CAR T-cells to improve outcomes for patients with advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ajina
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| | - John Maher
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, East Sussex, United Kingdom
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Ajina A, Maher J. Prospects for combined use of oncolytic viruses and CAR T-cells. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:90. [PMID: 29157300 PMCID: PMC5696728 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) for inoperable locally advanced or metastatic malignant melanoma in the USA and Europe, oncolytic virotherapy is now emerging as a viable therapeutic option for cancer patients. In parallel, following the favourable results of several clinical trials, adoptive cell transfer using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T-cells is anticipated to enter routine clinical practice for the management of chemotherapy-refractory B-cell malignancies. However, CAR T-cell therapy for patients with advanced solid tumours has proved far less successful. This Review draws upon recent advances in the design of novel oncolytic viruses and CAR T-cells and provides a comprehensive overview of the synergistic potential of combination oncolytic virotherapy with CAR T-cell adoptive cell transfer for the management of solid tumours, drawing particular attention to the methods by which recombinant oncolytic viruses may augment CAR T-cell trafficking into the tumour microenvironment, mitigate or reverse local immunosuppression and enhance CAR T-cell effector function and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ajina
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John Maher
- King’s College London, CAR Mechanics Group, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy’s Hospital Campus, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, East Sussex, UK
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Effects of Retinoid Treatment on Cochlear Development, Connexin Expression and Hearing Thresholds in Mice. JOURNAL OF OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEARING AND BALANCE MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/ohbm1010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Liu Y, Wen Q, Chen XL, Yang SJ, Gao L, Gao L, Zhang C, Li JL, Xiang XX, Wan K, Chen XH, Zhang X, Zhong JF. All-trans retinoic acid arrests cell cycle in leukemic bone marrow stromal cells by increasing intercellular communication through connexin 43-mediated gap junction. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:110. [PMID: 26446715 PMCID: PMC4597383 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) is typically decreased in malignant tumors. Gap junction is not presented between hematopoietic cells but occurred in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the major gap junction (GJ) protein; our previous study revealed that Cx43 expression and GJIC were decreased in acute leukemic BMSCs. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) increases GJIC in a variety of cancer cells and has been used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia, but the effects of ATRA on leukemic BMSCs is unknown. In this study, we evaluated the potential effects of ATRA on cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis of leukemic BMSCs. Effects of ATRA on Cx43 expression and GJIC were also examined. Methods Human BMSCs obtained from 25 patients with primary acute leukemia, and 10 normal healthy donors were cultured. Effects of ATRA on cell cycle, cell proliferation, and apoptosis were examined with or without co-treatment with amphotericin-B. Cx43 expression was examined at both the mRNA and protein expression levels. GJIC was examined by using a dye transfer assay and measuring the rate of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). Results ATRA arrested the cell cycle progression, inhibited cell growth, and increased apoptosis in leukemic BMSCs. Both Cx43 expression and GJIC function were increased by ATRA treatment. Most of the observed effects mediated by ATRA were abolished by amphotericin-B pretreatment. Conclusions ATRA arrests cell cycle progression in leukemic BMSCs, likely due to upregulating Cx43 expression and enhancing GJIC function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-015-0212-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China. .,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Qin Wen
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Xue-Lian Chen
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Shi-Jie Yang
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Jia-Li Li
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Xi-Xi Xiang
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Kai Wan
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Xing-Hua Chen
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Jiang-Fan Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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Hu C, Chen Z, Zhao W, Wei L, Zheng Y, He C, Zeng Y, Yin B. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus G Glycoprotein and ATRA Enhanced Bystander Killing of Chemoresistant Leukemic Cells by Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase/Ganciclovir. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:114-21. [PMID: 24753816 PMCID: PMC3975477 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2013.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Refractoriness of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells to chemotherapeutics represents a major clinical barrier. Suicide gene therapy for cancer has been attractive but with limited clinical efficacy. In this study, we investigated the potential application of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (HSV-TK/GCV) based system to inhibit chemoresistant AML cells. We first generated Ara-C resistant K562 cells and doxorubicin-resistant THP-1 cells. We found that the HSV-TK/GCV anticancer system suppressed drug resistant leukemic cells in culture. Chemoresistant AML cell lines displayed similar sensitivity to HSV-TK/GCV. Moreover, HSV-TK/GCV killing of leukemic cells was augmented to a mild but significant extent by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) with concomitant upregulation of Connexin 43, a major component of gap junctions. Interestingly, HSV-TK/GCV killing was enhanced by expression of vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSV-G), a fusogenic membrane protein, which also increased leukemic cell fusion. Co-culture resistant cells expressing HSV-TK and cells stably transduced with VSV-G showed that expression of VSV-G could promote the bystander killing effect of HSV-TK/GCV. Furthermore, combination of HSV-TK/GCV with VSV-G plus ATRA produced more pronounced antileukemia effect. These results suggest that the HSV-TK/GCV system in combination with fusogenic membrane proteins and/or ATRA could provide a strategy to mitigate the chemoresistance of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Hu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215123, PR China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215123, PR China
| | - Wenjun Zhao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215123, PR China
| | - Lirong Wei
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215123, PR China
| | - Yanwen Zheng
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215123, PR China
| | - Chao He
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215123, PR China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bin Yin
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215123, PR China ; Thrombosis and Hemostasis Key Lab of the Ministry of Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, PR China
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Wang J, Dai Y, Huang Y, Chen X, Wang H, Hong Y, Xia J, Cheng B. All-trans retinoic acid restores gap junctional intercellular communication between oral cancer cells with upregulation of Cx32 and Cx43 expressions in vitro. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2013; 18:e569-77. [PMID: 23524428 PMCID: PMC3731083 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.18693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has been demonstrated to inhibit tumor growth by restoration of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) via upregulation of connexin (Cx) expression in some solid tumors. However, the relationship between ATRA and GJIC remains unclear in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ATRA on the GJIC function of OSCC. STUDY DESIGN We measured the effects of ATRA on the viability and cell cycle distribution of SCC9 and Tca8113 OSCC cells. The GJIC function was observed using the scrape-loading dye transfer technique, and the mRNA and protein levels of Cx32 and Cx43 were detected by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assays. RESULTS ATRA inhibited the growth of OSCC cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner (P <0.05) and caused cell cycle arrest. ATRA-treated cells showed a 2.69-fold and 2.06-fold enhancement of GJIC in SCC9 and Tca8113 cells, respectively (P <0.05). Moreover, ATRA induced upregulation of Cx32 and Cx43 at both the mRNA and protein levels in OSCC cells. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that restoration of GJIC via enhanced Cx32 and Cx43 expression might serve as a novel mechanism for the anti-tumor effect of ATRA in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Czyż J, Szpak K, Madeja Z. The role of connexins in prostate cancer promotion and progression. Nat Rev Urol 2012; 9:274-82. [PMID: 22349655 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2012.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a prevalent disease that is characterized by a presumably long latency period and a moderate propensity to metastasize. Although a range of mechanisms have been implicated in prostate carcinogenesis, the factors determining the initiation of metastasis remain obscure. The synchronized function of prostate cells depends on their metabolic and electrical coupling; disturbance of these functions has long been suggested to be integral to prostate carcinogenesis. However, although connexins form intercellular channels involved in gap-junction-mediated intercellular coupling (GJIC), whether these proteins also have GJIC-independent roles in cancer progression and metastasis remains a matter of debate. Some data indicate a correlation between connexin expression and the invasive potential of prostate cancer cells, which points to stage-specific functions of connexins during prostate cancer development. For example, restoration of connexin expression seems to be crucial for the formation of invasive cell subsets within heterogeneous prostate cancer cell populations that have undergone aberrant differentiation. Consequently, the clinical application of therapeutic and prophylactic approaches focused on the modulation of connexin expression in prostate cancer cells should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Czyż
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Li S, Gao Y, Pu K, Ma L, Song X, Liu Y. All-trans retinoic acid enhances bystander effect of suicide-gene therapy against medulloblastomas. Neurosci Lett 2011; 503:115-9. [PMID: 21872643 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study we evaluated the antitumor effect of herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase gene (HSV-tk) on human medulloblastomas (MBs) in a therapeutic delivery system using the immortalized neural stem cell (NSC) line C17.2. However, our findings indicated that the bystander effect between C17.2tk and Daoy MB cells was weak compared to the bystander effect between NSCtk and C6 glioma cells. Gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) is the main mechanism mediating the bystander effect in HSV-tk gene therapy. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has been shown to up-regulate the expression of Connexin43 and GJIC. In this study we investigated the synergistic effect of ATRA and HSV-tk gene therapy in the treatment of MBs. We found that the expression of Connexin43 in Daoy cells was significantly increased when cells were exposed to 3μmol/l of ATRA (P<0.05). After co-culturing C17.2tk cells with Daoy cells at different ratios ranging from 1:1 to 1:16, ATRA significantly increased the bystander anti-tumor effect compared to ATRA-untreated cells (P<0.05). In intracranial co-implantation experiments, mice co-implanted with C17.2tk/Daoy cells and treated with a combination of ATRA and GCV had significantly smaller tumors compared to the animals treated with GCV alone (P<0.05). Together, our results show that ATRA enhanced the tumoricidal effect in HSVtk/GCV suicide gene therapy against Daoy MB cells by strengthening the bystander effect in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhaojie, Shenyang 110004, China.
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Taylor W, Mathias A, Ali A, Ke H, Stoynev N, Shilkaitis A, Green A, Kiyokawa H, Christov K. p27(Kip1) deficiency promotes prostate carcinogenesis but does not affect the efficacy of retinoids in suppressing the neoplastic process. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:541. [PMID: 20932324 PMCID: PMC2958951 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND p27 is a cell cycle suppressor gene, whose protein is a negative regulator of cyclin/cdk complexes. p27 is also a potential target of retinoids in cancer prevention studies. In benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), and in most carcinomas, p27(Kip1) is down-regulated, suggesting its potential resistance to retinoids. To test this hypothesis, we examined the efficacy of 9-cis retinoic acid (9cRA) to suppress prostate cell proliferation (PECP) and carcinogenesis in p27(Kip1) deficient mice. METHODS p27(Kip1) deficient (-/-), heterozygous (+/-) and homozygous (+/+) mice were treated for 7 days with testosterone, 9cRA, or with both, and cell proliferation in dorsolateral prostate (DLP) was determined by BrdU labeling. Prostate carcinogenesis was induced by N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea (MNU) and hormone stimulation. RESULTS PECP in DLP of two-month-old mice of all genotypes was similar but significantly increased in old p27-/- mice only. Testosterone treatment increased PECP in all three p27 genotypes with the highest values in p27-/- mice. p27(Kip1) deficiency did not affect the response of PEC to 9cRA and to 9cRA+testosterone. The decrease of p27(Kip1) in p27+/- and p27-/- mice progressively increased the incidence and frequency of PIN and tumors. 9cRA suppressed PIN in all three p27 genotypes and this was associated with decreased PECP and increased cellular senescence. CONCLUSIONS This data indicates that p27(Kip1) deficiency promotes prostate cell proliferation and carcinogenesis but does not affect 9cRA's potential to suppress prostate carcinogenesis, suggesting that patients with PIN and carcinomas lacking or having a low level of p27(Kip1) expression may also benefit from clinical trials with retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winna Taylor
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, 840 S Wood St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Wang Q, You T, Yuan D, Han X, Hong X, He B, Wang L, Tong X, Tao L, Harris AL. Cisplatin and oxaliplatin inhibit gap junctional communication by direct action and by reduction of connexin expression, thereby counteracting cytotoxic efficacy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:903-11. [PMID: 20215407 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.165274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)]/oxaliplatin [1,2-diamminocyclohexane(trans-1)oxolatoplatinum(II)] toxicity is enhanced by functional gap junctions between treated cells, implying that inhibition of gap junctions may decrease cytotoxic activity of these platinum-based agents. This study investigates the effect of gap junction modulation by cisplatin/oxaliplatin on cytotoxicity in a transformed cell line. The effects were explored using junctional channels expressed in transfected HeLa cells and purified hemichannels. Junctional channels showed a rapid, dose-dependent decrease in dye coupling with exposure to cisplatin/oxaliplatin. With longer exposure, both compounds also decreased connexin expression. Both compounds inhibit the activity of purified connexin hemichannels, over the same concentration range that they inhibit junctional dye permeability, demonstrating that inhibition occurs by direct interaction of the drugs with connexin protein. Cisplatin/oxaliplatin reduced the clonogenic survival of HeLa cells at low density and high density in a dose-dependent manner, but to a greater degree at high density, consistent with a positive effect of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) on cytotoxicity. Reduction of GJIC by genetic or pharmacological means decreased cisplatin/oxaliplatin toxicity. At low cisplatin/oxaliplatin concentrations, where effects on connexin channels are minimal, the toxicity increased with increased cell density. However, higher concentrations strongly inhibited GJIC, and this counteracted the enhancing effect of greater cell density on toxicity. The present results indicate that inhibition of GJIC by cisplatin/oxaliplatin decreases their cytotoxicity. Direct inhibition of GJIC and reduction of connexin expression by cisplatin/oxaliplatin may thereby compromise the effectiveness of these compounds and be a factor in the development of resistance to this class of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Petrigliano FA, Virk MS, Liu N, Sugiyama O, Yu D, Lieberman JR. Targeting of prostate cancer cells by a cytotoxic lentiviral vector containing a prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) promoter. Prostate 2009; 69:1422-34. [PMID: 19489029 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of prostate cancer gene therapy is limited by the inefficiency of prostate-specific promoters as compared to ubiquitous viral promoters. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the specificity and efficacy of a lentiviral vector driven by a PSCA promoter. METHODS Prostate cancer (LNCap, C42-B, and LAPC-4) and non-prostate cancer (HeLa, MB231, and MCF-7) cells were transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing either the luciferase or the HSV-TK suicide gene and driven by a short PSCA promoter. Specificity and efficacy were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Luciferase expression was only detected in prostate cancer cells and was comparable to the universal CMV promoter. Luciferase expression in prostate cancer cells cultured with androgen was higher than that in cells cultured without androgen. In subsequent cytotoxicity experiments in which the luciferase marker gene was replaced with the HSV-TK gene, the lentiviral vector harboring the PSCA promoter induced cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cell lines while demonstrating a minimal effect on non-prostate cells. Cellular toxicity was correlated to increasing concentrations of the prodrug ganciclovir. Androgen had a positive effect on the cytotoxicity of this lentiviral construct. Intratumoral injection of prostate cancer xenografts with the lentiviral construct induced tumor growth inhibition versus saline controls. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that a lentiviral gene therapy vector driven by a short PSCA promoter can induce prostate-specific cellular toxicity in vivo and in vitro and may provide a strategy to selectively treat local and advanced metastatic prostate cancer. Prostate 69: 1422-1434, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Petrigliano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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