1
|
Li ZS, Deng CZ, Ye YL, Yao K, Guo SJ, Chen JP, Li YH, Qin ZK, Liu ZW, Wang B, Zhao Q, Chen P, Mi QW, Chen XF, Han H, Zhou FJ. More precise prediction in Chinese patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma: protein kinase CK2α catalytic subunit (CK2α) as a poor prognosticator. Oncotarget 2017; 8:51542-51550. [PMID: 28881666 PMCID: PMC5584267 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose In this study, we assess the CK2α expression in human penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and its clinical significance. Methods A total of 157 human penile SCC tissue samples were immunohistochemically analyzed. In addition, 12 human penile SCC and adjacent normal tissues were examined for CK2α protein and mRNA expression by Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR, respectively. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier test and the log-rank test. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to determine the impacts of CK2α expression and the clinicopathological features on patient disease-specific survival (DSS). Likelihood ratios (LRs), Akaike information criterion (AIC) values, and concordance indexes (C-indexes) were investigated to evaluate the accuracies of the factors. Bootstrap-corrected C-indexes were used for internal validation (with sampling 1000 times). Results A significant difference in the distribution of CK2α was observed between the normal and penile carcinoma tissues (P<0.001). CK2α expression was associated with the pathological T and N stages in the penile cancer tissues (P<0.001). High CK2α expression was with significantly poorer DSS compared with low expression one (P<0.001). Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR also confirmed that CK2α expression was increased in the penile cancer tissues. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, CK2α overexpression still was one of independent prognostic factors for penile SCC (P=0.005). The predictive accuracy of CK2α was verified by analysis of the C-indexes. Conclusion High protein kinase CK2α expression is associated with several prognostic factors and is thus a significant indicator of poor prognosis for penile cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Shang Li
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chuang-Zhong Deng
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Lin Ye
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kai Yao
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Jie Guo
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Ping Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Hong Li
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Ke Qin
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo-Wei Liu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Urology, Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Wu Mi
- Department of Urology, Dong Guan People's Hospital, Guang Dong, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Chen
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fang-Jian Zhou
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
van Kuijk SJA, Yaromina A, Houben R, Niemans R, Lambin P, Dubois LJ. Prognostic Significance of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Expression in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2016; 6:69. [PMID: 27066453 PMCID: PMC4810028 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a characteristic of many solid tumors and an adverse prognostic factor for treatment outcome. Hypoxia increases the expression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), an enzyme that is predominantly found on tumor cells and is involved in maintaining the cellular pH balance. Many clinical studies investigated the prognostic value of CAIX expression, but most have been inconclusive, partly due to small numbers of patients included. The present meta-analysis was therefore performed utilizing the results of all clinical studies to determine the prognostic value of CAIX expression in solid tumors. Renal cell carcinoma was excluded from this meta-analysis due to an alternative mechanism of upregulation. 958 papers were identified from a literature search performed in PubMed and Embase. These papers were independently evaluated by two reviewers and 147 studies were included in the analysis. The meta-analysis revealed strong significant associations between CAIX expression and all endpoints: overall survival [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.76, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.58–1.98], disease-free survival (HR = 1.87, 95%CI 1.62–2.16), locoregional control (HR = 1.54, 95%CI 1.22–1.93), disease-specific survival (HR = 1.78, 95%CI 1.41–2.25), metastasis-free survival (HR = 1.82, 95%CI 1.33–2.50), and progression-free survival (HR = 1.58, 95%CI 1.27–1.96). Subgroup analyses revealed similar associations in the majority of tumor sites and types. In conclusion, these results show that patients having tumors with high CAIX expression have higher risk of locoregional failure, disease progression, and higher risk to develop metastases, independent of tumor type or site. The results of this meta-analysis further support the development of a clinical test to determine patient prognosis based on CAIX expression and may have important implications for the development of new treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J A van Kuijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Lab), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Ala Yaromina
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Lab), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Ruud Houben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MAASTRO Clinic , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Raymon Niemans
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Lab), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Philippe Lambin
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Lab), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Ludwig J Dubois
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Lab), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang JS, Chen MK, Yang SF, Chang YC, Su SC, Chiou HL, Chien MH, Lin CW. Increased expression of carbonic anhydrase IX in oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Chem Lab Med 2015; 52:1367-77. [PMID: 24695043 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2014-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cumulative evidence has demonstrated that carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is upregulated in many types of human cancers. We attempted to evaluate plasma levels of CAIX in patients with oral cancer and investigated whether plasma CAIX is correlated with the progression of this disease. METHOD In total, 191 patients with oral cancer, 30 patients with oral submucous fibrosis and 100 controls were recruited in this study. The plasma samples were collected and the levels of soluble CAIX in plasma were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, the normal buccal mucosa fibroblast was challenged by arecoline, the major areca nut alkaloid, to assess the relationship between the levels of CAIX and areca nut chewing in oral cancer patients. RESULTS Results showed that patients with oral cancer exhibited significantly higher levels of soluble CAIX compared to controls (p<0.001). Plasma levels of CAIX in oral cancer patients were associated with clinical stages after adjusting for age and areca nut chewing (p<0.05). In addition, patients with areca nuts chewing had higher CAIX levels than those who have not chewed areca nuts. Total carbonic anhydrase activity and CAIX mRNA levels were significantly higher in oral submucous fibrosis fibroblasts than in normal buccal mucosa fibroblasts. Moreover, arecoline elevated CAIX expression in a dose-dependent manner in normal buccal mucosa fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that determining plasma levels of CAIX may be used as a non-invasive method for monitoring oral cancer progression and the involvement of areca quid chewing in oral carcinogenesis may be related to a higher expression of CAIX.
Collapse
|