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Santana JPP, Marcato PD, Massaro TNC, Godoy NL, Anibal FDF, Borra RC. Efficacy of instillation of MB49 cells and thermoreversible polymeric gel in urothelial bladder carcinoma immunization. Lab Anim Res 2022; 38:11. [PMID: 35513853 PMCID: PMC9069826 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-022-00122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activating the immune system for therapeutic benefit has long been a goal in immunology, especially in cancer treatment, but the low immunogenicity of antitumor vaccines remains a limiting factor in the fight against malignant neoplasms. The increase in the immunogenicity of weak antigens using biodegradable polymers, such as chitosan, has been observed in the field of cancer immunotherapy. However, the effects of the vaccine using a combination of tumor cells and a thermoreversible delivery system based on chitosan in bladder cancer models, mainly using the intravesical route to stimulate the antitumor immune response, are unknown. We propose to evaluate the efficacy of a polymeric gel matrix (TPG) formed by poloxamer 407 and chitosan, associated with MB49 cells, as an intravesical antitumor vaccine using a C57BL/6 murine model of bladder urothelial carcinoma. The effectiveness of immunization was analyzed with the formation of three experimental groups: Control, TPG and TPG + MB49. In the vaccination phase, the TPG + MB49 group underwent a traumatic injury to the bladder wall with immediate intravesical instillation of the vaccine compound containing MB49 cells embedded in TPG. The TPG group was subjected to the same procedures using the compound containing the gel diluted in medium, and the control group using only the medium. After 21 days, the animals were challenged with tumor induction.
Results In vitro tests showed loss of viability and inability to proliferate after exposure to TPG. In vivo tests showed that animals previously immunized with TPG + MB49 had higher cumulative survival, as well as significantly lower bladder weight and size in contrast to the other two groups that did not show a statistically different tumor evolution. In addition, the splenocytes of these animals also showed a higher rate of antitumor cytotoxicity in relation to the TPG and control groups.
Conclusions We can conclude that MB49 cells embedded in a polymeric thermoreversible gel matrix with chitosan used in the form of an intravesical vaccine are able to stimulate the immune response and affect the development of the bladder tumor in an orthotopic and syngeneic C57BL/6 murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priscyla Daniely Marcato
- GNanoBio, School of Pharmaceutical Science of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Naiane Lima Godoy
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of Sao Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Carneiro Borra
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of Sao Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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Shi X, Sun J, Li H, Lin H, Xie W, Li J, Tan W. Antitumor efficacy of interferon-γ-modified exosomal vaccine in prostate cancer. Prostate 2020; 80:811-823. [PMID: 32427375 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes secreted by tumor cells can be regarded as carriers of tumor-associated antigens and have potential value in tumor immunotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of a novel exosomal vaccine (interferon-γ [IFN-γ]-modified exosomal vaccine) in prostate cancer. METHODS Prostate cancer cell-derived exosomes were used to prepare the exosomal vaccine using our protein-anchoring technique. The immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy of the exosomes was evaluated by measuring the effects of the exosomal vaccine on M1 macrophage differentiation, the ability of macrophages to engulf the exosomes, the production of antibodies against exosomes, and tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, and tumor growth. RESULTS The IFN-γ fusion protein was efficiently anchored on the surface of prostate cancer cell-derived exosomes and retained its bioactivity. The IFN-γ-exosomal vaccine increased the number of M1 macrophages, enhanced the ability of M1 macrophages to engulf RM-1 cell-derived exosomes, and induced the production of specific antibodies against exosomes. The exosomal vaccine downregulated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and attenuated the effect of exosomes in promoting tumor metastasis. The proportions of CD4+ , CD8+ , and IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells in the exosomal vaccine group were the highest among the four groups. Interestingly, the IFN-γ-exosomal vaccine decreased the percentage of Tregs and downregulated the expression of programed death-ligand 1 and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 in the tumor environment. The exosomal vaccine significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival time of mice with prostate cancer. The exosomal and tumor cell vaccines had a good synergistic effect in promoting tumor immunity. CONCLUSIONS The novel exosomal vaccine induced an immune response that cleared prostate cancer cell-derived exosomes, thereby eliminating the regulatory effect of the exosomes. This study may provide experimental evidence for the use of exosomes as a therapeutic tool or target in immunotherapy for human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Shi
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Health Management, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Xie
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Department of Institute of Biotherapy, Institute of Biotherapy, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanlong Tan
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang X, Shi X, Li J, Hu Z, Gao J, Wu S, Long Z. Combination immunotherapy with interleukin-2 surface-modified tumor cell vaccine and programmed death receptor-1 blockade against renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2018; 110:31-39. [PMID: 30343514 PMCID: PMC6317916 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy may be an effective way to prevent postoperative recurrence of renal cell carcinoma. Streptavidin‐interleukin‐2 (SA‐IL‐2) surface‐modified tumor cell vaccine developed through our protein‐anchor technology could induce specific antitumor T‐cell responses, but this immunotherapy cannot completely eradicate the tumor. These effector T cells highly expressed programmed death receptor‐1 (PD‐1), and the expression of programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) in the tumor environment also was upregulated after SA‐IL‐2‐modified vaccine therapy. PD‐1/PD‐L1 interaction promotes tumor immune evasion. Adding PD‐1 blockade to SA‐IL‐2‐modified vaccine therapy increased the number of CD4+, CD8+ and CD8+interferon‐γ+ but not CD4+Foxp3+ T cells. PD‐1 blockade could rescue the activity of tumor‐specific T lymphocytes induced by the SA‐IL‐2‐modified vaccine. Combination therapy delayed tumor growth and protected mice against a second Renca cells but not melanoma cells challenge. Taken together, PD‐1 blockade could reverse immune evasion in the treatment with SA‐IL‐2‐modified vaccine, and eventually induce a stronger specific antitumor immune response against renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinji Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaojun Shi
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Hu
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jimin Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shihao Wu
- Department of Urology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Zhaolin Long
- Department of Urology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
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Shi X, Zhang X, Li J, Zhao H, Mo L, Shi X, Hu Z, Gao J, Tan W. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade enhances the efficacy of SA-GM-CSF surface-modified tumor vaccine in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 406:27-35. [PMID: 28797844 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Program death receptor-1 (PD-1)/program death ligand 1 (PD-L1) signaling plays an important role in tumor adaptive immune resistance. The streptavidin-granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (SA-GM-CSF) surface-modified tumor cells vaccine developed through our novel protein-anchor technology could significantly promote the activation of dendritic cells. Although GM-CSF vaccine could significantly increase the number of tumor-specific CD8+T-cells, the majority of these CD8+T-cells expressed PD-1. Moreover, GM-CSF vaccine up-regulated the PD-L1 expression of tumor cells, resulting in immune resistance. Adding PD-1/PD-L1 blockade to GM-CSF vaccine therapy could significantly increase the population of CD4+ T, CD8+ T and CD8+ IFN-γ+ T but not CD4+ Foxp3+ T-cells and induced the highest production of IFN-γ. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade could effectively rescue the tumor-specific T lymphocytes generated by the GM-CSF vaccine, resulting in consistent tumor rejection. Taken together, PD-1/PD-L1 blockade combined with SA-GM-CSF-modified vaccine could effectively induce a strong specific antitumor immune response against prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Shi
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinji Zhang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Urology, Shunde People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongfan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Mo
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianghua Shi
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Hu
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jimin Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wanlong Tan
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Smith SG, Zaharoff DA. Future directions in bladder cancer immunotherapy: towards adaptive immunity. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:351-65. [PMID: 26860539 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical management of bladder cancer has not changed significantly in several decades. In particular, intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy has been a mainstay for high-risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer since the late 1970s/early 1980s. This is despite the fact that bladder cancer has the highest recurrence rates of any cancer and BCG immunotherapy has not been shown to induce a tumor-specific immune response. We and others have hypothesized that immunotherapies capable of inducing tumor-specific adaptive immunity are needed to impact bladder cancer morbidity and mortality. This article summarizes the preclinical and clinical development of bladder cancer immunotherapies with an emphasis on the last 5 years. Expected progress in the near future is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean G Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - David A Zaharoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Zhu YT, Zhao Z, Fu XY, Luo Y, Lei CY, Chen W, Li F, Pang SY, Chen SS, Tan WL. The granulocyte macrophage–colony stimulating factor surface modified MB49 bladder cancer stem cells vaccine against metastatic bladder cancer. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:111-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Zhu YT, Lei CY, Luo Y, Liu N, He CW, Chen W, Li F, Deng YJ, Tan WL. A modified method for isolation of bladder cancer stem cells from a MB49 murine cell line. BMC Urol 2013; 13:57. [PMID: 24188098 PMCID: PMC3840686 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-13-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vaccine was efficiently effective against bladder cancer in earlier studies. However, a part of the mouse bladder tumour regrew due to regression after a period of time as the cancer stem cells could not be eliminated. In this study, we showed a modified method for the isolation of MB49 bladder cancer stem cells (MCSCs). METHODS Through a comparison of different serum-free culture mediums (SFM), MCSCs were isolated by a combination of the limited dilution method and the optimal SFM method. The characterizations of MCSCs were verified by the fluorescence activated cell sorting, the quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the western blotting, the cell proliferation assay, the soft agar assay, the transwell assay, the resistance to chemotherapy assay and the tumor xenograft formation assay. RESULTS The optimal SFM contained a RPMI1640+ epidermal growth factor (20 ng/ml), a basic fibroblast growth factor (20 ng/ml), a leukemia inhibitory factor (20 ng/ml), a B-27 serum-free supplement (20 μl/ml), and a bovine serum albumin (4 μg/ml). MCSCs possessed the high expression of cancer stem cell markers (CD133, CD44, OCT4, NANOG, and ABCG2) and the ability of differentiation. In functional comparisons, MCSCs had higher proliferative abilities, lower susceptibility to chemotherapy, greater migration in vitro, and stronger tumorigenic abilities in vivo. CONCLUSION MCSCs displayed specific cancer stem cells properties. Our study showed MCSCs were isolated successfully with a modified method using a combination of limited dilution and SFM methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wan-long Tan
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P,R, China.
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