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Hwang B, Kim J, Park S, Chung HJ, Kim H, Choi YH, Kim WJ, Myung SC, Jeong TB, Kim KM, Jung JC, Lee MW, Kim JW, Moon SK. Ethanol Extracts of Cornus alba Improve Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia by Inhibiting Prostate Cell Proliferation through Modulating 5 Alpha-Reductase/Androgen Receptor Axis-Mediated Signaling. World J Mens Health 2024; 42:42.e41. [PMID: 38606866 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.230200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of ethanol extracts of Cornus alba (ECA) against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The prostate stromal cells (WPMY-1) and epithelial cells (RWPE-1) were used to examine the action mechanism of ECA in BPH in vitro. ECA efficacy was evaluated in vivo using a testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH rat model. RESULTS Treatment with ECA inhibited the proliferation of prostate cells by inducing G1-phase cell cycle arrest through the regulation of positive and negative proteins. Treatment of prostate cells with ECA resulted in alterations in the mitogen-activated protein kinases and protein kinase B signaling pathways. The transcriptional binding activity of the NF-κB motif was suppressed in both ECA-treated prostate cells. In addition, treatment with ECA altered the level of BPH-associated axis markers (5α-reductase, fibroblast growth factor-2, androgen receptor, epidermal growth factor, Bcl-2, and Bax) in both cell lines. Finally, the administration of ECA attenuated the enlargement of prostatic tissues in the TP-induced BPH rat model, accompanied by histology, immunoblot, and serum dihydrotestosterone levels. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that ECA exerted beneficial effects on BPH both in vitro and in vivo and might provide valuable information in the development of preventive or therapeutic agents for improving BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungdoo Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Jongyeob Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Solbi Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Chung
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Molecular Biodesign Research Center, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea
| | | | - Soon Chul Myung
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Molecular Biodesign Research Center, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Bin Jeong
- Life Science Research Institute, Novarex Co., Ltd., Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Kim
- Life Science Research Institute, Novarex Co., Ltd., Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Jung
- Life Science Research Institute, Novarex Co., Ltd., Cheongju, Korea
| | - Min-Won Lee
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Derived Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Wook Kim
- Department of Medical Informatics, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Gwangmyeong, Korea.
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
- Molecular Biodesign Research Center, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Lamba D, Dwivedi DK, Yadav M, Kumar Yr S. Boldine: a narrative review of the bioactive compound with versatile biological and pharmacological potential. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024; 0:jcim-2023-0224. [PMID: 38234264 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2023-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Boldine is a plant-derived bioactive compound that has a beneficial impact on human health. Boldine is an aporphine alkaloid mainly obtained from the leaves and bark of the Chilean Boldo tree (Peumus boldus, Family: Monimiaceae). There are plenty of preclinical evidence supports that boldine exerts its beneficial effects against various diseases. Lumiskin™, a patented and marketed formulation by Revitol Skincare for skin brightening, contains Dicetyl boldine, a boldine derivative. CONTENT All the available information on the Chilean boldo tree (P. boldus Molina) species was actualized by systematically searching the scientific databases (PubMed, SciFinder, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus and others) and scientific literature. This article covers the recent advances in pharmacokinetic, toxicological, pharmacological/biological activities, and molecular mechanisms of the bioactive compound to understand health benefits of boldine better. SUMMARY Boldine exerts antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-diabetic, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-epileptic, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, anti-arthritis, anticancer and nootropic effects. Moreover, boldine exhibits its various pharmacological activities by altering antioxidant parameters (MDA, superoxide dismutase, glutathione), peroxynitrite, inflammatory markers apoptotic index, caspase-3, acetyl-cholinesterase, myeloperoxidase, TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor-α), iNOS, Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX), ACE-1(Angiotensin-converting enzyme-1), dopamine D2 receptors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Boldine has the potential to modulate a variety of biological networks. OUTLOOK Due to its versatile pharmacological effects reported in various experimental animals as well as in randomized clinical trials for the treatment of facial melasma and for treatment of urinary stone lithotripsy in children as a complementary phytotherapy; in the future, this compound might be developed as a novel drug for a different indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Lamba
- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Janakpuri, New Delhi, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar Dwivedi
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorders, (Under Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, New Delhi), Erragadda, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Monu Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Sanjaya Kumar Yr
- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Janakpuri, New Delhi, India
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Chandan P, Dev A, Ezhilarasan D, Shree Harini K. Boldine Treatment Induces Cytotoxicity in Human Colorectal Carcinoma and Osteosarcoma Cells. Cureus 2023; 15:e48126. [PMID: 38046745 PMCID: PMC10693387 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cancer continues to be a significant health issue worldwide, with colorectal cancer (CRC) standing out as one of the most prevalent forms of cancer on a global scale. The lifetime risk of developing CRC is about one in 23 (4.3%) for men and one in 25 (4.0%) for women. Moreover, children and adolescents are frequently reported with osteosarcoma with a low five-year survival rate (69% and 67%, respectively). Aim The aim of the study was to analyze the cytotoxic effects of boldine against human CRC (HCT-116) and osteosarcoma cell lines (Saos-2). Materials and methods HCT-116 and Saos-2 cell lines were subjected to different concentrations of boldine treatment (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μg/mL) and (10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 µg/mL), respectively, for 24 hours. The cytotoxicity was analyzed by MTT assay, AO/EB staining, DCFH-DA assay, and scratch assay. Results The MTT assay, microscopic analysis, and staining showed that boldine had dose-dependent cytotoxic effects against HCT-116 and Saos-2 cell lines by inhibiting their proliferation, viability, and migration, and inducing ROS-mediated apoptosis. Conclusion The study concluded that boldine had a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect on human CRC and osteosarcoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panigrahi Chandan
- Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - Arora Dev
- Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - Karthik Shree Harini
- Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
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Ahn CR, Baek SH. Enhancing Gastric Cancer Therapeutic Efficacy through Synergistic Cotreatment of Linderae Radix and Hyperthermia in AGS Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2710. [PMID: 37893084 PMCID: PMC10604735 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains a global health threat, particularly in Asian countries. Current treatment methods include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. However, they all have limitations, such as adverse side effects, tumor resistance, and patient tolerance. Hyperthermia therapy uses heat to selectively target and destroy cancer cells, but it has limited efficacy when used alone. Linderae Radix (LR), a natural compound with thermogenic effects, has the potential to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of hyperthermia treatment. In this study, we investigated the synergistic anticancer effects of cotreatment with LR and 43 °C hyperthermia in AGS gastric cancer cells. The cotreatment inhibited AGS cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, caused cell cycle arrest, suppressed heat-induced heat shock responses, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and promoted mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. N-acetylcysteine pretreatment abolished the apoptotic effect of LR and hyperthermia cotreatment, indicating the crucial role of ROS in mediating the observed anticancer effects. These findings highlight the potential of LR as an adjuvant to hyperthermia therapy for gastric cancer. Further research is needed to validate these findings in vivo, explore the underlying molecular pathways, and optimize treatment protocols for the development of novel and effective therapeutic strategies for patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Ryeong Ahn
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seung-Ho Baek
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, 32 Dongguk-ro, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea
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Álvarez-Abril MC, García-Alcover I, Colonques-Bellmunt J, Garijo R, Pérez-Alonso M, Artero R, López-Castel A. Natural Compound Boldine Lessens Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Phenotypes in DM1 Drosophila Models, Patient-Derived Cell Lines, and HSA LR Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9820. [PMID: 37372969 PMCID: PMC10298378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a complex rare disorder characterized by progressive muscle dysfunction, involving weakness, myotonia, and wasting, but also exhibiting additional clinical signs in multiple organs and systems. Central dysregulation, caused by an expansion of a CTG trinucleotide repeat in the DMPK gene's 3' UTR, has led to exploring various therapeutic approaches in recent years, a few of which are currently under clinical trial. However, no effective disease-modifying treatments are available yet. In this study, we demonstrate that treatments with boldine, a natural alkaloid identified in a large-scale Drosophila-based pharmacological screening, was able to modify disease phenotypes in several DM1 models. The most significant effects include consistent reduction in nuclear RNA foci, a dynamic molecular hallmark of the disease, and noteworthy anti-myotonic activity. These results position boldine as an attractive new candidate for therapy development in DM1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irma García-Alcover
- Valentia BioPharma S.L., 46980 Paterna, Spain (R.A.)
- Human Translational Genomics Group, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Garijo
- Valentia BioPharma S.L., 46980 Paterna, Spain (R.A.)
| | - Manuel Pérez-Alonso
- Valentia BioPharma S.L., 46980 Paterna, Spain (R.A.)
- Human Translational Genomics Group, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Spain
- Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rubén Artero
- Valentia BioPharma S.L., 46980 Paterna, Spain (R.A.)
- Human Translational Genomics Group, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Spain
- Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Arturo López-Castel
- Valentia BioPharma S.L., 46980 Paterna, Spain (R.A.)
- Human Translational Genomics Group, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Spain
- Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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6
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Kang Y, Park C, Lee H, Kang S, Cheon C, Kim B. Natural Products as New Approaches for Treating Bladder Cancer: From Traditional Medicine to Novel Drug Discovery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041117. [PMID: 37111603 PMCID: PMC10145408 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease that a tumor develops in the bladder lining and in some cases, the bladder muscle. Chemotherapy and immunotherapy are commonly used to treat bladder cancer. However, chemotherapy can cause burning and irritation in the bladder while BCG immunotherapy, which is the main type of intravesical immunotherapy for bladder cancer, can also cause burning in the bladder and flu-like symptoms. Thus, drugs originating from natural products have attracted much attention due to the reports that they have anti-cancer properties with low adverse effects. In this study, eighty-seven papers that dealt with natural products preventing or treating bladder cancer were reviewed. The studies were classified into the following mechanism: 71 papers on cell death, 5 papers on anti-metastasis, 3 papers on anti-angiogenesis, 1 paper on anti-resistance, and 7 papers on clinical trials. Most of the natural products that induced apoptosis up-regulated proteins such as caspase-3 and caspase-9. Regarding anti-metastasis, MMP-2 and MMP-9 are regulated frequently. Regarding anti-angiogenesis, HIF-1α and VEGF-A are down-regulated frequently. Nevertheless, the number of papers regarding anti-resistance and clinical trial are too few, so more studies are needed. In conclusion, this database will be useful for future in vivo studies of the anti-bladder cancer effect of natural products, in the process of selecting materials used for the experiment.
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Fundamental insights into the interaction between telomerase/TERT and intracellular signaling pathways. Biochimie 2020; 181:12-24. [PMID: 33232793 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase activity is critical for cancer cells to provide unrestricted proliferation and cellular immortality through maintaining telomeres. Telomerase enzymatic activity is regulatable at the level of DNA, mRNA, post translational modifications, cellular transport and enzyme assembly. More recent studies confirm the interaction of the telomerase with various intracellular signaling pathways including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin which mainly participating in inflammation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Furthermore, hTERT protein has been detected in non-nuclear sites such as the mitochondria and cytoplasm in cells. Mitochondrial TERT indicates various non-telomere-related functions such as decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, boosting the respiration rate, protecting mtDNA by direct binding, interacting with mitochondrial tRNAs and increasing mitochondrial membrane potential which can lead to higher chemoresistance rate in cancer cells during therapies. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of the TERT function and depended interactions in tumor cells can suggest novel therapeutic approaches. Hence, in this review we will explain the telomerase activity regulation in translational and post translational levels besides the established correlations with various cell signaling pathways with possible pathways for therapeutic targeting.
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Ferrante C, Chiavaroli A, Angelini P, Venanzoni R, Angeles Flores G, Brunetti L, Petrucci M, Politi M, Menghini L, Leone S, Recinella L, Zengin G, Ak G, Di Mascio M, Bacchin F, Orlando G. Phenolic Content and Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Solidago virga-aurea, Phyllanthus niruri, Epilobium angustifolium, Peumus boldus, and Ononis spinosa Extracts. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110783. [PMID: 33172081 PMCID: PMC7694769 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostatitis is an inflammatory condition that is related to multiple infectious agents, including bacteria and fungi. Traditional herbal extracts proved efficacious in controlling clinical symptoms associated with prostatitis. In this context, the aim of the present study was to explore the efficacy of extracts from Solidago virga-aurea, Ononis spinosa, Peumus boldus, Epilobium angustifolium, and Phyllanthus niruri against bacterial (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus) and fungi strains (Candida albicans; C. tropicalis) involved in prostatitis. Additionally, anti-mycotic effects were tested against multiple species of dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum, T. tonsurans, T. erinacei, Arthroderma crocatum, A. quadrifidum, A. gypseum, A. currey, and A. insingulare). Antioxidant effects were also evaluated in isolated rat prostates challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and phytochemical analyses were conducted to identify and quantify selected phenolic compounds, in the extracts. Finally, a bioinformatics analysis was conducted to predict putative human and microbial enzymes targeted by extracts’ phytocompounds and underlying the observed bio-pharmacological effects. The phytochemical analysis highlighted that rutin levels could be crucial for explaining the highest antibacterial activity of P. boldus extract, especially against E. coli and B. cereus. On the other hand, in the E. angustifolium extract, catechin concentration could partially explain the highest efficacy of this extract in reducing lipid peroxidation, in isolated rat prostates stimulated with LPS. Concluding, the results of the present study showed moderate antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects induced by water extracts of S. virga-aurea, P. boldus, E. angustifolium, P. niruri, and O. spinosa that could be related, at least partially, to the phenolic composition of the phytocomplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Ferrante
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio”, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.F.); (A.C.); (L.B.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (S.L.); (L.R.); (G.O.)
| | - Annalisa Chiavaroli
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio”, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.F.); (A.C.); (L.B.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (S.L.); (L.R.); (G.O.)
| | - Paola Angelini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy; (R.V.); (G.A.F.)
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (G.Z.)
| | - Roberto Venanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy; (R.V.); (G.A.F.)
| | - Giancarlo Angeles Flores
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy; (R.V.); (G.A.F.)
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio”, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.F.); (A.C.); (L.B.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (S.L.); (L.R.); (G.O.)
| | | | - Matteo Politi
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio”, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.F.); (A.C.); (L.B.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (S.L.); (L.R.); (G.O.)
| | - Luigi Menghini
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio”, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.F.); (A.C.); (L.B.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (S.L.); (L.R.); (G.O.)
| | - Sheila Leone
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio”, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.F.); (A.C.); (L.B.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (S.L.); (L.R.); (G.O.)
| | - Lucia Recinella
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio”, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.F.); (A.C.); (L.B.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (S.L.); (L.R.); (G.O.)
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk Universtiy, Campus, Konya, 42130 Konya, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gunes Ak
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk Universtiy, Campus, Konya, 42130 Konya, Turkey;
| | - Massimo Di Mascio
- Veridia Italia Srl, via Raiale 285, 65100 Pescara, Italy; (M.D.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Francesco Bacchin
- Veridia Italia Srl, via Raiale 285, 65100 Pescara, Italy; (M.D.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Giustino Orlando
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio”, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.F.); (A.C.); (L.B.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (S.L.); (L.R.); (G.O.)
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He R, Du S, Lei T, Xie X, Wang Y. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β in tumorigenesis and oncotherapy (Review). Oncol Rep 2020; 44:2373-2385. [PMID: 33125126 PMCID: PMC7610307 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK 3β), a multifunctional serine and threonine kinase, plays a critical role in a variety of cellular activities, including signaling transduction, protein and glycogen metabolism, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. Therefore, aberrant regulation of GSK 3β results in a broad range of human diseases, such as tumors, diabetes, inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulating evidence has suggested that GSK 3β is correlated with tumorigenesis and progression. However, GSK 3β is controversial due to its bifacial roles of tumor suppression and activation. In addition, overexpression of GSK 3β is involved in tumor growth, whereas it contributes to the cell sensitivity to chemotherapy. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of GSK 3β in tumorigenesis remain obscure and require further in‑depth investigation. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the roles of GSK 3β in tumorigenesis and oncotherapy, and focus on its potentials as an available target in oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui He
- Department of Union, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Suya Du
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Lei
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 400013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Song JH, Won SY, Hwang B, Jung S, Choi C, Park SS, Choi YH, Kim WJ, Moon SK. In Vitro and In Vivo Antitumor Efficacy of Hizikia fusiforme Celluclast Extract against Bladder Cancer. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072159. [PMID: 32708058 PMCID: PMC7401265 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Various physiological benefits have been linked to Hizikia fusiforme (HF), an edible brown seaweed. Here, fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides were extracted from celluclast-processed HF (SPHF) and their antitumor efficacy against bladder cancer was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. SPHF possesses high sulfated polysaccharide and fucose contents and free radical scavenging activities compared to those of celluclast-processed HF extracts (CHF). SPHF inhibited bladder cancer EJ cell proliferation via G1-phase cell cycle arrest. This was due to the induction of p21WAF1 expression associated with the downregulation of CDKs and cyclins. Moreover, JNK phosphorylation was identified as an SPHF-mediated signaling molecule. SPHF treatment also hindered the migration and invasion of EJ cells by inhibiting MMP-9 expression, which was attributed to the repression of transcriptional binding to NF-κB, AP-1, and Sp-1 in the MMP-9 promoter region. In an animal study, SPHF treatment suppressed EJ tumor growth in xenograft mice similarly to cisplatin. Furthermore, no toxicity signs were found after weight loss assessment, biochemical tests, and organ tissue immunostaining during oral administration of 20–200 mg/kg SPHF for 20 days. Therefore, our study demonstrates the antitumor efficacy of SPHF in vitro and in vivo, thus highlighting its potential for bladder cancer treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (S.Y.W.); (B.H.); (S.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Se Yeon Won
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (S.Y.W.); (B.H.); (S.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Byungdoo Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (S.Y.W.); (B.H.); (S.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (S.Y.W.); (B.H.); (S.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (S.Y.W.); (B.H.); (S.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Sung-Soo Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea;
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Korea;
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (S.Y.W.); (B.H.); (S.J.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-670-3284; Fax:+82-31-675-4853
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11
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Song JH, Hwang B, Chung HJ, Moon B, Kim JW, Ko K, Kim BW, Kim WR, Kim WJ, Myung SC, Moon SK. Peanut Sprout Extracts Cultivated with Fermented Sawdust Medium Inhibits Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia In Vitro and In Vivo. World J Mens Health 2020; 38:385-396. [PMID: 32202087 PMCID: PMC7308230 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.190173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we tested whether the resveratrol-enriched peanut sprout extracts cultivated with fermented sawdust medium (PSEFS) could suppress benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mode of action of PSEFS was estimated by employing high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, MTT assay, cell counting, cell cycle analysis, immunoblots, and immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In vivo efficacy of PSEFS was analyzed in BPH animal model via immunostaining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS We selected the Yesan peanut sprout variety, which contains the highest level of resveratrol. The resveratrol levels in PSEFS were higher than those obtained with hydroponic technology. PSEFS treatment induced cell cycle arrest at the G1-phase by downregulating CDK4 and cyclin D1 via p21WAF1 induction in the RWPE-1 and WPMY prostate cells, thereby decreasing their proliferation. Treatment with PSEFS decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and increased JNK phosphorylation. The levels of DNA-bound transcription factors associated with proliferation (nuclear factor-κB, Sp-1, and AP-1) decreased upon PSEFS treatment in both prostate cells. Additionally, the levels of the molecular markers of BPH development (5α-reductase, androgen receptor, fibroblast growth factor, Bcl-2, and Bax) also changed by the addition of PSEFS. Finally, in a testosterone propionate-induced BPH model in rats, PSEFS administration attenuated the size, weight, and thickness of prostate tissues with no signs of death. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that PSEFS inhibited BPH both in vitro and in vivo and might be useful in the development of a potential BPH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hui Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Byungdoo Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Chung
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Bio-Integration Research Center for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Epigenetics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - BoKyung Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
- Bio-Integration Research Center for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Epigenetics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Wook Kim
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kisung Ko
- Department of Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Wun Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Soon Chul Myung
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Bio-Integration Research Center for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Epigenetics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Sung Kwon Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
- Bio-Integration Research Center for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Epigenetics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
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12
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Putting the Brakes on Tumorigenesis with Natural Products of Plant Origin: Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Actions and Immune Targets for Bladder Cancer Treatment. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051213. [PMID: 32414171 PMCID: PMC7290334 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the 10th most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Although the incidence in men is 4 times higher than that in women, the diagnoses are worse for women. Over the past 30 years, the treatment for bladder cancer has not achieved a significant positive effect, and the outlook for mortality rates due to muscle-invasive bladder cancer and metastatic disease is not optimistic. Phytochemicals found in plants and their derivatives present promising possibilities for cancer therapy with improved treatment effects and reduced toxicity. In this study, we summarize the promising natural products of plant origin with anti-bladder cancer potential, and their anticancer mechanisms—especially apoptotic induction—are discussed. With the developments in immunotherapy, small-molecule targeted immunotherapy has been promoted as a satisfactory approach, and the discovery of novel small molecules against immune targets for bladder cancer treatment from products of plant origin represents a promising avenue of research. It is our hope that this could pave the way for new ideas in the fields of oncology, immunology, phytochemistry, and cell biology, utilizing natural products of plant origin as promising drugs for bladder cancer treatment.
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13
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Hwang B, Shin SS, Song JH, Choi YH, Kim WJ, Moon SK. Carnosine exerts antitumor activity against bladder cancers in vitro and in vivo via suppression of angiogenesis. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 74:108230. [PMID: 31683101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carnosine, a naturally occurring dipeptide, was recently reported to exhibit anticancer activity; however, the molecular mechanisms and regulators underlying its activity against tumor-associated angiogenesis remain unidentified. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of carnosine in EJ bladder cancer cells and EJ-xenografted BALB/c nude mice, respectively. In addition, in vitro capillary tube formation of HUVECs, ex vivo aortic ring and in vivo Matrigel plug assays were employed to examine the antiangiogenic potential of carnosine. Carnosine significantly inhibited EJ cell proliferation. Flow cytometric and immunoblot analyses indicated that carnosine modulated regulators of the G1 cell cycle phase, including cyclin D1, CDK4 and p21WAF1. The mitogen-activated protein kinases, ERK and p38, but not JNK or AKT, responded to carnosine. Carnosine inhibited the migratory and invasive potential of EJ cells by inhibiting MMP-9 activity, which was associated with suppression of binding activity of NF-κB, SP-1 and AP-1. In xenograft tumors, carnosine exhibited antitumor activity equivalent to cisplatin, but no weight loss occurred in carnosine-treated mice. In HUVECs, carnosine inhibited VEGF-mediated proliferation, colony tube formation, migration and invasion. The antiangiogenic activity of carnosine was partially due to the suppression of VEGFR-2-mediated ERK/AKT/eNOS signaling and MMP-2. Furthermore, using aortic ring and Matrigel plug assays, we confirmed the antiangiogenic activity of carnosine. Given that targeting tumor-associated angiogenesis is a proven effective therapeutic strategy, our results may provide valuable information for the development of preventive or therapeutic agents for bladder cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungdoo Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, South Korea
| | - Seung-Shick Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, South Korea
| | - Jun-Hui Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, South Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, South Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, South Korea
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, South Korea.
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14
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Chen X, Tang WJ, Shi JB, Liu MM, Liu XH. Therapeutic strategies for targeting telomerase in cancer. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:532-585. [PMID: 31361345 DOI: 10.1002/med.21626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Telomere and telomerase play important roles in abnormal cell proliferation, metastasis, stem cell maintenance, and immortalization in various cancers. Therefore, designing of drugs targeting telomerase and telomere is of great significance. Over the past two decades, considerable knowledge regarding telomere and telomerase has been accumulated, which provides theoretical support for the design of therapeutic strategies such as telomere elongation. Therefore, the development of telomere-based therapies such as nucleoside analogs, non-nucleoside small molecules, antisense technology, ribozymes, and dominant negative human telomerase reverse transcriptase are being prioritized for eradicating a majority of tumors. While the benefits of telomere-based therapies are obvious, there is a need to address the limitations of various therapeutic strategies to improve the possibility of clinical applications. In this study, current knowledge of telomere and telomerase is discussed, and therapeutic strategies based on recent research are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Bo Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Ming Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Hua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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15
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Shin SS, Hwang B, Muhammad K, Gho Y, Song JH, Kim WJ, Kim G, Moon SK. Nimbolide Represses the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Bladder Carcinoma Cells via Chk2-Mediated G2/M Phase Cell Cycle Arrest, Altered Signaling Pathways, and Reduced Transcription Factors-Associated MMP-9 Expression. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:3753587. [PMID: 31391858 PMCID: PMC6662486 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3753587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nimbolide, an active chemical constituent of Azadirachta indica, reportedly has several physiological effects. Here, we assessed novel anticancer effects of nimbolide against bladder cancer EJ and 5637 cells. Nimbolide treatment inhibited the proliferation of both bladder cancer cell lines with an IC50 value of 3 μM. Treatment of cells with nimbolide induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest via both Chk2-Cdc25C-Cdc2/cyclin B1-Wee1 pathway and Chk2-p21WAF1-Cdc2/cyclin B1-Wee1 pathway. Nimbolide increased JNK phosphorylation and decreased p38MAPK and AKT phosphorylation. Additionally, nimbolide impeded both wound healing migration and invasion abilities by suppressing matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity. Finally, nimbolide repressed the binding activity of NF-κB, Sp-1, and AP-1 motifs, which are key transcription factors for MMP-9 activity regulation. Overall, our study indicates that nimbolide is a potential chemotherapeutic agent for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Shick Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungdoo Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Kashif Muhammad
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Gho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hui Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Gonhyung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
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16
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Cassels BK, Fuentes-Barros G, Castro-Saavedra S. Boldo, Its Secondary Metabolites and their Derivatives. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083804666181113112928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Boldo leaves (Boldo folium, from Peumus boldus Mol.) are very frequently used as a medicinal herb in Chile and are exported to many countries to be used in teas or as extracts included in herbal remedies, primarily as an aid to digestion and as a mild sedative. Scientific support for these uses is scanty, and boldine, an alkaloid viewed as characteristic of the tree and present in high concentration in the bark, is extracted by specialized companies and sold as the supposed main active constituent. Consequently, boldine has been the subject of a considerable number of research papers, while some of the other alkaloids present to a greater extent in the leaves have been relatively neglected except when found in large amounts in other species. These studies range from assays of antioxidant activity to anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic and other medical applications. The essential oil, usually containing a large percentage of the toxic ascaridole, was once used as a vermifuge and is now regarded with caution, but is still of interest as a possible natural insecticide, fungicide, antiparasitic and herbicide. The last decade has seen an explosive increase in papers pointing to possible uses of boldo and its constituents. This review attempts to bring these publications together in a comprehensive way with the purpose of stimulating and orienting further research into the useful properties of this Chilean endemic tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce K. Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Battistutta R, Lolli G. Inhibitory Properties of ATP-Competitive Coumestrol and Boldine Are Correlated to Different Modulations of CK2 Flexibility. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:1014-1018. [PMID: 30840451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is an anti-apoptotic cancer-sustaining protein kinase. Its crystallographic structures with the natural compounds coumestrol, a phytoestrogen, and boldine, an alkaloid, are reported. Coumestrol shows different inhibitory activity against the isolated catalytic α-subunit and the α2β2 holoenzyme and is able to discriminate between two conformations of the hinge/αD region, whose intrinsic flexibility is a relevant selectivity determinant among kinases. Boldine explores a small cavity at the bottom of the ATP-binding pocket through a local deviation from planarity, a unique case among CK2 inhibitors. The two compounds have different impacts on protein flexibility, which correlate with their different properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Battistutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Padua and Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (CNR) , 35131 Padua , Italy
| | - Graziano Lolli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO , University of Trento , Via Sommarive 9 , 38123 Povo (TN) , Italy
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18
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Yang Y, Zhang LJ, Bai XG, Xu HJ, Jin ZL, Ding M. Synergistic antitumour effects of triptolide plus gemcitabine in bladder cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1307-1316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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19
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Chen K, Lv ZT, Cheng P, Zhu WT, Liang S, Yang Q, Parkman VJA, Zhou CH, Jing XZ, Liu H, Wang YT, Lin H, Liao H, Chen AM. Boldine Ameliorates Estrogen Deficiency-Induced Bone Loss via Inhibiting Bone Resorption. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1046. [PMID: 30271347 PMCID: PMC6146032 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an enormous health problem caused by the imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. The current therapeutic strategies for osteoporosis still have some limitations. Boldine, an alkaloid isolated from Peumus boldus, has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. For the first time, we discover that boldine has a protective effect for the estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss in mice. According to the Micro-CT and histomorphometry assays, boldine conducts this protective effect through inhibiting bone resorption without affecting bone formation in vivo. Moreover, we showed that boldine can inhibit receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation via impairing the AKT signaling pathways, while SC79 (an AKT agonist) partially rescue this effect. In conclusion, our results suggest that boldine can prevent estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. Thus, boldine may be served as a novel therapeutic agent for anti-osteoporotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Biological Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zheng-tao Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Biological Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-tao Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Biological Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Virginia-Jeni Akila Parkman
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chen-he Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xing-zhi Jing
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Biological Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-ting Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Biological Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Liao
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - An-min Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Biological Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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20
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Shin SS, Ko MC, Park YJ, Hwang B, Park SL, Kim WJ, Moon SK. Hydrangenol inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of EJ bladder cancer cells via p21 WAF1-mediated G1-phase cell cycle arrest, p38 MAPK activation, and reduction in Sp-1-induced MMP-9 expression. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:531-543. [PMID: 30034317 PMCID: PMC6046626 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrangenol is a dihydroisocoumarin that is mainly obtained from Hydrangea macrophylla. Recently, hydrangenol has garnered attention since several studies have reported that it has anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-diabetic, and anti-malarial activities. However, there have been few studies on the effect of hydrangenol on oncogenesis. In this study, we evaluated the anti-cancer activity of hydrangenol against the EJ bladder cancer cell line. Hydrangenol significantly inhibited the proliferation of EJ cells in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 100 µM. Flow cytometry and immunoblotting experiments indicated that EJ cells were arrested in the G1-phase of the cell cycle and showed reduced expression of CDK2, CDK4, cyclin D1, and cyclin E mediated via the upregulation of p21WAF1. Hydrangenol increased the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK without affecting the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK. In addition, hydrangenol significantly inhibited the migratory and invasive activities of EJ cells by suppressing the enzymatic activity of MMP-9. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays suggested that the inhibition of MMP-9 activity by hydrangenol was attributable to its suppression of the Sp-1 transcription factor binding activity. This study is the first report on the mode of action of hydrangenol as an inhibitor of bladder cancer. We believe that these results provide novel insights that could aid the development of hydrangenol-based chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Shick Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, South Korea
| | - Myeong-Cheol Ko
- Department of ICT Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 27478, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Kyung-gi 17546, South Korea
| | - Byungdoo Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Kyung-gi 17546, South Korea
| | - Sung Lyea Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Kyung-gi 17546, South Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Kyung-gi 17546, South Korea
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21
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Shin SS, Noh DH, Hwang B, Lee JW, Park SL, Park SS, Moon B, Kim WJ, Moon SK. Inhibitory effect of Au@Pt-NSs on proliferation, migration, and invasion of EJ bladder carcinoma cells: involvement of cell cycle regulators, signaling pathways, and transcription factor-mediated MMP-9 expression. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:3295-3310. [PMID: 29910616 PMCID: PMC5987858 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s158463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the diverse biological properties of nanoparticles have been studied intensively, research into their mechanism of action is relatively rare. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of the anticancer activity of heterometallic Au@Pt-nanoseeds (NSs) against bladder cancers. Materials and methods Mode of action of Au@Pt-NSs was investigated through MTT assay, flow cytometry analysis, Western immunoblots, real-time qPCR, wound-healing migration and invasion assays, zymography, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Results Treatment with Au@Pt-NSs significantly inhibited the proliferation of EJ cells in a dose-dependent manner by inducing G1 phase cell cycle arrest. Among the regulators associated with the G1 cell cycle phase, CDK2, CDK4, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and p21WAF1 were shown to participate in the inhibitory pathways of Au@Pt-NSs. In addition, treatment with Au@Pt-NSs led to upregulation of phospho-p38 MAPK and downregulation of phospho-AKT in EJ cells. Interestingly, Au@Pt-NSs inhibited the migratory and invasive potential of the cells, which was attributed to the suppression of the enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Using MMP-9-specific oligonucleotides, we showed that transcription factors such as NF-κB and Sp-1 were responsible for the MMP-9-mediated metastatic potential of EJ cells. Conclusion Au@Pt-NSs significantly limited the progression, migration, and invasion of bladder cancer EJ cells. Our data represent a novel insight into developing cisplatin-like chemotherapeutic reagents with fewer side effects and provide useful information on molecular markers to monitor patients under Au@Pt-NSs-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Shick Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Dae-Hwa Noh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Byungdoo Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Jo-Won Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Sung Lyea Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Bokyung Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
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22
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Kazemi Noureini S, Kheirabadi M, Masoumi F, Khosrogerdi F, Zarei Y, Suárez-Rozas C, Salas-Norambuena J, Kennedy Cassels B. Telomerase Inhibition by a New Synthetic Derivative of the Aporphine Alkaloid Boldine. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041239. [PMID: 29671783 PMCID: PMC5979471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase, the enzyme responsible for cell immortality, is an important target in anti-cancer drug discovery. Boldine, an abundant aporphine alkaloid of Peumus boldus, is known to inhibit telomerase at non-toxic concentrations. Cytotoxicity of N-benzylsecoboldine hydrochloride (BSB), a synthetic derivative of boldine, was determined using the MTT method in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 cells. Aliquots of cell lysates were incubated with various concentrations of BSB in qTRAP (quantitative telomere repeat amplification protocol)-ligand experiments before substrate elongation by telomerase or amplification by hot-start Taq polymerase. The crystal structure of TERT, the catalytic subunit of telomerase from Tribolium castaneum, was used for docking and molecular dynamics analysis. The qTRAP-ligand data gave an IC50 value of about 0.17 ± 0.1 µM for BSB, roughly 400 times stronger than boldine, while the LD50 in the cytotoxicity assays were 12.5 and 21.88 µM, respectively, in cells treated for 48 h. Although both compounds interacted well with the active site, MD analysis suggests a second binding site with which BSB interacts via two hydrogen bonds, much more strongly than boldine. Theoretical analyses also evaluated the IC50 for BSB as submicromolar. BSB, with greater hydrophobicity and flexibility than boldine, represents a promising structure to inhibit telomerase at non-toxic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Kazemi Noureini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran.
| | - Mitra Kheirabadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran.
| | - Fatima Masoumi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran.
| | - Farve Khosrogerdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran.
| | - Younes Zarei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran.
| | - Cristian Suárez-Rozas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 1058, Chile.
| | - Julio Salas-Norambuena
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 1058, Chile.
| | - Bruce Kennedy Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 1058, Chile.
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Ganesan K, Xu B. Telomerase Inhibitors from Natural Products and Their Anticancer Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010013. [PMID: 29267203 PMCID: PMC5795965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres and telomerase are nowadays exploring traits on targets for anticancer therapy. Telomerase is a unique reverse transcriptase enzyme, considered as a primary factor in almost all cancer cells, which is mainly responsible to regulate the telomere length. Hence, telomerase ensures the indefinite cell proliferation during malignancy—a hallmark of cancer—and this distinctive feature has provided telomerase as the preferred target for drug development in cancer therapy. Deactivation of telomerase and telomere destabilization by natural products provides an opening to succeed new targets for cancer therapy. This review aims to provide a fundamental knowledge for research on telomere, working regulation of telomerase and its various binding proteins to inhibit the telomere/telomerase complex. In addition, the review summarizes the inhibitors of the enzyme catalytic subunit and RNA component, natural products that target telomeres, and suppression of transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. This extensive understanding of telomerase biology will provide indispensable information for enhancing the efficiency of rational anti-cancer drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Ganesan
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China.
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China.
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24
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Shin SS, Hwang B, Lee SB, Kim WJ, Moon SK. Ethanol extract of loquat fruit skin inhibits the proliferation and metastatic potential of EJ human bladder carcinoma cells. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2017.1358665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Shick Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Byungdoo Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Soo-Bok Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
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25
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Cancer prevention and therapy through the modulation of transcription factors by bioactive natural compounds. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 40-41:35-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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A natural food sweetener with anti-pancreatic cancer properties. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e217. [PMID: 27065453 PMCID: PMC4848839 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mogroside V is a triterpenoid isolated from the traditional Chinese medical plant Siraitia grosvenorii. Mogroside V has a high degree of sweetness and a low calorific content. Herein, we found that mogroside V possesses tumor growth inhibitory activity in in vitro and in vivo models of pancreatic cancer by promoting apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1 cells), which may in part be mediated through regulating the STAT3 signaling pathway. These results were confirmed in vivo in a mouse xenograft model of pancreatic cancer. In xenograft tumors, Ki-67 and PCNA, the most commonly used markers of tumor cell proliferation, were downregulated after intravenous administration of mogroside V. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assays showed that mogroside V treatment promoted apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells in the xenograft tumors. Furthermore, we found that mogroside V treatment significantly reduced the expression of CD31-labeled blood vessels and of the pro-angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor in the xenografts, indicating that mogroside V might limit the growth of pancreatic tumors by inhibiting angiogenesis and reducing vascular density. These results therefore demonstrate that the natural, sweet-tasting compound mogroside V can inhibit proliferation and survival of pancreatic cancer cells via targeting multiple biological targets.
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27
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D'souza SL, Deshmukh B, Bhamore JR, Rawat KA, Lenka N, Kailasa SK. Synthesis of fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots from dried shrimps for cell imaging and boldine drug delivery system. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24621k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent N-doped carbon dots were synthesized using dried shrimps as precursors and rationally fabricated as a traceable drug delivery system for the targeted delivery of boldine to human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cells).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Balaji Deshmukh
- National Center for Cell Science
- NCCS Complex
- Pune University Campus
- Pune-411 007
- India
| | - Jigna R. Bhamore
- Department of Chemistry
- S. V. National Institute of Technology
- Surat–395007
- India
| | - Karuna A. Rawat
- Department of Chemistry
- S. V. National Institute of Technology
- Surat–395007
- India
| | - Nibedita Lenka
- National Center for Cell Science
- NCCS Complex
- Pune University Campus
- Pune-411 007
- India
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28
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Noureini SK, Wink M. Dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of boldine in HepG-2 cells-telomerase inhibition and apoptosis induction. Molecules 2015; 20:3730-43. [PMID: 25719742 PMCID: PMC6272231 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20033730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant metabolites are valuable sources of novel therapeutic compounds. In an anti-telomerase screening study of plant secondary metabolites, the aporphine alkaloid boldine (1,10-dimethoxy-2,9-dihydroxyaporphine) exhibited a dose and time dependent cytotoxicity against hepatocarcinoma HepG-2 cells. Here we focus on the modes and mechanisms of the growth-limiting effects of this compound. Telomerase activity and expression level of some related genes were estimated by real-time PCR. Modes of cell death also were examined by microscopic inspection, staining methods and by evaluating the expression level of some critically relevant genes. The growth inhibition was correlated with down-regulation of the catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT) gene (p < 0.01) and the corresponding reduction of telomerase activity in sub-cytotoxic concentrations of boldine (p < 0.002). However, various modes of cell death were stimulated, depending on the concentration of boldine. Very low concentrations of boldine over a few passages resulted in an accumulation of senescent cells so that HepG-2 cells lost their immortality. Moreover, boldine induced apoptosis concomitantly with increasing the expression of bax/bcl2 (p < 0.02) and p21 (p < 0.01) genes. Boldine might thus be an interesting candidate as a potential natural compound that suppresses telomerase activity in non-toxic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Kazemi Noureini
- Deptartment of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, P.O. Box 397, Sabzevar, 9617966376 Iran.
| | - Michael Wink
- Department of Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, INF 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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29
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Paydar M, Kamalidehghan B, Wong YL, Wong WF, Looi CY, Mustafa MR. Evaluation of cytotoxic and chemotherapeutic properties of boldine in breast cancer using in vitro and in vivo models. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:719-33. [PMID: 24944509 PMCID: PMC4057328 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s58178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
To date, plants have been the major source of anticancer drugs. Boldine is a natural alkaloid commonly found in the leaves and bark of Peumus boldus. In this study, we found that boldine potently inhibited the viability of the human invasive breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 (48-hour IC50 46.5±3.1 μg/mL) and MDA-MB-468 (48-hour IC50 50.8±2.7 μg/mL). Boldine had a cytotoxic effect and induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells as indicated by a higher amount of lactate dehydrogenase released, membrane permeability, and DNA fragmentation. In addition, we demonstrated that boldine induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. The anticancer mechanism is associated with disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c in MDA-MB-231. Boldine selectively induced activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3/7, but not caspase-8. We also found that boldine could inhibit nuclear factor kappa B activation, a key molecule in tumor progression and metastasis. In addition, protein array and Western blotting analysis showed that treatment with boldine resulted in downregulation of Bcl-2 and heat shock protein 70 and upregulation of Bax in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. An acute toxicity study in rats revealed that boldine at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight was well tolerated. Moreover, intraperitoneal injection of boldine (50 or 100 mg/kg) significantly reduced tumor size in an animal model of breast cancer. Our results suggest that boldine is a potentially useful agent for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi Li Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rais Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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