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Nolan-Stevaux O, Li C, Liang L, Zhan J, Estrada J, Osgood T, Li F, Zhang H, Case R, Murawsky CM, Estes B, Moore GL, Bernett MJ, Muchhal U, Desjarlais JR, Staley BK, Stevens J, Cooke KS, Aeffner F, Thomas O, Stieglmaier J, Lee JL, Coxon A, Bailis JM. AMG 509 (Xaluritamig), an Anti-STEAP1 XmAb 2+1 T-cell Redirecting Immune Therapy with Avidity-Dependent Activity against Prostate Cancer. Cancer Discov 2024; 14:90-103. [PMID: 37861452 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-0984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The tumor-associated antigen STEAP1 is a potential therapeutic target that is expressed in most prostate tumors and at increased levels in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). We developed a STEAP1-targeted XmAb 2+1 T-cell engager (TCE) molecule, AMG 509 (also designated xaluritamig), that is designed to redirect T cells to kill prostate cancer cells that express STEAP1. AMG 509 mediates potent T cell-dependent cytotoxicity of prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and promotes tumor regression in xenograft and syngeneic mouse models of prostate cancer in vivo. The avidity-driven activity of AMG 509 enables selectivity for tumor cells with high STEAP1 expression compared with normal cells. AMG 509 is the first STEAP1 TCE to advance to clinical testing, and we report a case study of a patient with mCRPC who achieved an objective response on AMG 509 treatment. SIGNIFICANCE Immunotherapy in prostate cancer has met with limited success due to the immunosuppressive microenvironment and lack of tumor-specific targets. AMG 509 provides a targeted immunotherapy approach to engage a patient's T cells to kill STEAP1-expressing tumor cells and represents a new treatment option for mCRPC and potentially more broadly for prostate cancer. See related commentary by Hage Chehade et al., p. 20. See related article by Kelly et al., p. 76. This article is featured in Selected Articles from This Issue, p. 5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cong Li
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Lingming Liang
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jinghui Zhan
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Juan Estrada
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Tao Osgood
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Fei Li
- Structural Biology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Hanzhi Zhang
- Structural Biology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Ryan Case
- Lead Discovery and Characterization, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Bram Estes
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Binnaz K Staley
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jennitte Stevens
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Keegan S Cooke
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Famke Aeffner
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Oliver Thomas
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Stieglmaier
- Early Development Oncology, Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Jae-Lyun Lee
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Angela Coxon
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Julie M Bailis
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
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Gherman ML, Zanoaga O, Budisan L, Raduly L, Berindan-Neagoe I. Doxorubicin as a Potential Treatment Option in Canine Mammary Tumors. Vet Sci 2023; 10:654. [PMID: 37999477 PMCID: PMC10674590 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10110654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors represent one of the leading malignant pathologies in female dogs, displaying the importance of efficient therapeutic findings, besides the golden-standard surgery, able to limit the development of the disease. Studies in human cancers demonstrated that Doxorubicin presents a good effect in different biological processes like apoptosis, autophagy, the cell cycle, cell invasion, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. This study followed the effects of Doxorubicin on two canine mammary cancer cell lines P114 and CMT-U27. Doxorubicin treatment in both cell lines shows an inhibitory effect in cell proliferation and an alteration in expression of the EMT-related genes. The obtained results provide valuable information for revealing the link between Doxorubicin, phenotypic changes, and proliferation dynamics in canine mammary tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Luciana Gherman
- Experimental Center, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.Z.); (L.B.); (I.B.-N.)
| | - Oana Zanoaga
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.Z.); (L.B.); (I.B.-N.)
| | - Liviuta Budisan
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.Z.); (L.B.); (I.B.-N.)
| | - Lajos Raduly
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.Z.); (L.B.); (I.B.-N.)
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.Z.); (L.B.); (I.B.-N.)
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Nakamura H, Arihara Y, Takada K. Targeting STEAP1 as an anticancer strategy. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1285661. [PMID: 37909017 PMCID: PMC10613890 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1285661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 1 (STEAP1) was first identified in advanced prostate cancer, its overexpression is recognized in multiple types of cancer and associated with a poor prognosis. STEAP1 is now drawing attention as a promising therapeutic target because of its tumor specificity and membrane-bound localization. The clinical efficacy of an antibody-drug conjugate targeting STEAP1 in metastatic, castration-resistant, prostate cancer was demonstrated in a phase 1 trial. Furthermore, growing evidence suggests that STEAP1 is an attractive target for immunotherapies such as chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy. In this review, we summarize the oncogenic functions of STEAP1 by cancer type. This review also provides new insights into the development of new anticancer strategies targeting STEAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kohichi Takada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Rocha SM, Santos FM, Socorro S, Passarinha LA, Maia CJ. Proteomic analysis of STEAP1 knockdown in human LNCaP prostate cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119522. [PMID: 37315586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) continues to be one of the most common cancers in men worldwide. The six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1) protein is overexpressed in several types of human tumors, particularly in PCa. Our research group has demonstrated that STEAP1 overexpression is associated with PCa progression and aggressiveness. Therefore, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms triggered by STEAP1 overexpression will provide important insights to delineate new strategies for PCa treatment. In the present work, a proteomic strategy was used to characterize the intracellular signaling pathways and the molecular targets downstream of STEAP1 in PCa cells. A label-free approach was applied using an Orbitrap LC-MS/MS system to characterize the proteome of STEAP1-knockdown PCa cells. More than 6700 proteins were identified, of which a total of 526 proteins were found differentially expressed in scramble siRNA versus STEAP1 siRNA (234 proteins up-regulated and 292 proteins down-regulated). Bioinformatics analysis allowed us to explore the mechanism through which STEAP1 exerts influence on PCa, revealing that endocytosis, RNA transport, apoptosis, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and metabolic pathways are the main biological processes where STEAP1 is involved. By immunoblotting, it was confirmed that STEAP1 silencing induced the up-regulation of cathepsin B, intersectin-1, and syntaxin 4, and the down-regulation of HRas, PIK3C2A, and DIS3. These findings suggested that blocking STEAP1 might be a suitable strategy to activate apoptosis and endocytosis, and diminish cellular metabolism and intercellular communication, leading to inhibition of PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Rocha
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Center, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Fátima M Santos
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Center, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sílvia Socorro
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Center, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luís A Passarinha
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Center, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cláudio J Maia
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Center, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Bhatia V, Kamat NV, Pariva TE, Wu LT, Tsao A, Sasaki K, Sun H, Javier G, Nutt S, Coleman I, Hitchcock L, Zhang A, Rudoy D, Gulati R, Patel RA, Roudier MP, True LD, Srivastava S, Morrissey CM, Haffner MC, Nelson PS, Priceman SJ, Ishihara J, Lee JK. Targeting advanced prostate cancer with STEAP1 chimeric antigen receptor T cell and tumor-localized IL-12 immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2041. [PMID: 37041154 PMCID: PMC10090190 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1) is a cell surface antigen for therapeutic targeting in prostate cancer. Here, we report broad expression of STEAP1 relative to prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in lethal metastatic prostate cancers and the development of a STEAP1-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. STEAP1 CAR T cells demonstrate reactivity in low antigen density, antitumor activity across metastatic prostate cancer models, and safety in a human STEAP1 knock-in mouse model. STEAP1 antigen escape is a recurrent mechanism of treatment resistance and is associated with diminished tumor antigen processing and presentation. The application of tumor-localized interleukin-12 (IL-12) therapy in the form of a collagen binding domain (CBD)-IL-12 fusion protein combined with STEAP1 CAR T cell therapy enhances antitumor efficacy by remodeling the immunologically cold tumor microenvironment of prostate cancer and combating STEAP1 antigen escape through the engagement of host immunity and epitope spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Bhatia
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Nikhil V Kamat
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tiffany E Pariva
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Li-Ting Wu
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Annabelle Tsao
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Koichi Sasaki
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Huiyun Sun
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Gerardo Javier
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Sam Nutt
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ilsa Coleman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Lauren Hitchcock
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ailin Zhang
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Dmytro Rudoy
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Roman Gulati
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Radhika A Patel
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Martine P Roudier
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lawrence D True
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Shivani Srivastava
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Colm M Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Michael C Haffner
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Saul J Priceman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Jun Ishihara
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - John K Lee
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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6
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Li P, Wu X, Chen P, Gu Z. Prognostic Significance of Iron Metabolism Related Genes in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2023; 15:203-216. [PMID: 36860893 PMCID: PMC9968870 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s398982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Iron metabolism related genes participate in cell proliferation, cell growth, and redox cycling in multiple cancers. Limited studies have revealed the roles and clinical significance of iron metabolism in the pathogenesis and prognosis of lung cancer. Methods A total of 119 iron metabolism related genes were extracted from MSigDB database and their prognostic values were determined in The Cancer Genome Atlas lung adenocarcinoma (TCGA-LUAD) dataset and the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA 2) database. Immunohistochemistry technique and correlations with immune cell infiltration, gene mutation and drug resistance were used to identify the potential and underlying mechanisms of STEAP1 and STEAP2 as prognostic biomarkers of LUAD. Results The expression of STEAP1 and STEAP2 are negatively associated with the prognosis of LUAD patients both at the mRNA and protein level. The expression of STEAP1 and STEAP2 was not only negatively correlated with the trafficking degree of CD4+ T immune cells and positively related to most immune cells' trafficking degree, but also significantly associated with gene mutation status, particularly with mutations on TP53 and STK11. Four types of drug resistance showed significant correlation with the expression level of STEAP1 while 13 types of drug resistance were associated with the expression level of STEAP2. Conclusion Multiple iron metabolism related genes including STEAP1 and STEAP2 are significantly associated with the prognosis of LUAD patients. STEAP1 and STEAP2 might affect the prognosis of LUAD patients partially through immune cell infiltration, gene mutation and drug resistance, which indicated they were independent prognostic factors for LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiong Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peizhan Chen
- Clinical Research Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201821, People’s Republic of China,Peizhan Chen, Clinical Research Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201821, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13918550745, Email
| | - Zhidong Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin-Hainan Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Hainan Boao Research Hospital), Hainan, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Zhidong Gu, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201821, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13801653534, Email
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7
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Development of a TGFβ-IL-2/15 Switch Receptor for Use in Adoptive Cell Therapy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020459. [PMID: 36830995 PMCID: PMC9953633 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapy employing T cells modified with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) is effective in hematological malignancies but not yet in solid cancers. CAR T cell activity in solid tumors is limited by immunosuppressive factors, including transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). Here, we describe the development of a switch receptor (SwR), in which the extracellular domains of the TGFβ receptor are fused to the intracellular domains from the IL-2/15 receptor. We evaluated the SwR in tandem with two variants of a CAR that we have developed against STEAP1, a protein highly expressed in prostate cancer. The SwR-CAR T cell activity was assessed against a panel of STEAP1+/- prostate cancer cell lines with or without over-expression of TGFβ, or with added TGFβ, by use of flow cytometry cytokine and killing assays, Luminex cytokine profiling, cell counts, and flow cytometry phenotyping. The results showed that the SwR-CAR constructs improved the functionality of CAR T cells in TGFβ-rich environments, as measured by T cell proliferation and survival, cytokine response, and cytotoxicity. In assays with four repeated target-cell stimulations, the SwR-CAR T cells developed an activated effector memory phenotype with retained STEAP1-specific activity. In conclusion, the SwR confers CAR T cells with potent and durable in vitro functionality in TGFβ-rich environments. The SwR may be used as an add-on construct for CAR T cells or other forms of adoptive cell therapy.
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Jin Y, Lorvik KB, Jin Y, Beck C, Sike A, Persiconi I, Kvaløy E, Saatcioglu F, Dunn C, Kyte JA. Development of STEAP1 targeting chimeric antigen receptor for adoptive cell therapy against cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 26:189-206. [PMID: 35860008 PMCID: PMC9278049 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that retarget T cells against CD19 show clinical efficacy against B cell malignancies. Here, we describe the development of a CAR against the six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate-1 (STEAP1), which is expressed in ∼90% of prostate cancers, and subgroups of other malignancies. STEAP1 is an attractive target, as it is associated with tumor invasiveness and progression and only expressed at low levels in normal tissues, apart from the non-vital prostate gland. We identified the antibody coding sequences from a hybridoma and designed a CAR that is efficiently expressed in primary T cells. The T cells acquired the desired anti-STEAP1 specificity, with a polyfunctional response including production of multiple cytokines, proliferation, and the killing of cancer cells. The response was observed for both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and against all STEAP1+ target cell lines tested. We evaluated the in vivo CAR T activity in both subcutaneous and metastatic xenograft mouse models of prostate cancer. Here, the CAR T cells infiltrated tumors and significantly inhibited tumor growth and extended survival in a STEAP1-dependent manner. We conclude that the STEAP1 CAR exhibits potent in vitro and in vivo functionality and can be further developed toward potential clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Jin
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Mail Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristina Berg Lorvik
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Mail Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yang Jin
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carole Beck
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Mail Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Adam Sike
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Mail Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Irene Persiconi
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Mail Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Emilie Kvaløy
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Mail Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Fahri Saatcioglu
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claire Dunn
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Mail Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Amund Kyte
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Mail Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Clinical Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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STEAP1-4 (Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate 1-4) and Their Clinical Implications for Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14164034. [PMID: 36011027 PMCID: PMC9406800 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14164034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite recent therapeutic advances in the treatment of prostate cancer, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality. New research into highly expressed proteins in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer shows that Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate 1–4 (STEAP1–4) are significant drivers of prostate cancer aggressiveness and metastasis. STEAP1, in particular, is highly expressed on the plasma membrane of prostate cancer cells and has received significant attention as a potential therapeutic target. This review highlights what is known about STEAP1–4 and identifies knowledge gaps that require further research. Abstract Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate 1–4 (STEAP1–4) compose a family of metalloproteinases involved in iron and copper homeostasis and other cellular processes. Thus far, five homologs are known: STEAP1, STEAP1B, STEAP2, STEAP3, and STEAP4. In prostate cancer, STEAP1, STEAP2, and STEAP4 are overexpressed, while STEAP3 expression is downregulated. Although the metalloreductase activities of STEAP1–4 are well documented, their other biological functions are not. Furthermore, the properties and expression levels of STEAP heterotrimers, homotrimers, heterodimers, and homodimers are not well understood. Nevertheless, studies over the last few decades have provided sufficient impetus to investigate STEAP1–4 as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for prostate cancer. In particular, STEAP1 is the target of many emerging immunotherapies. Herein, we give an overview of the structure, physiology, and pathophysiology of STEAP1–4 to provide context for past and current efforts to translate STEAP1–4 into the clinic.
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10
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Ongaba T, Ndekezi C, Nakiddu N. A Molecular Docking Study of Human STEAP2 for the Discovery of New Potential Anti-Prostate Cancer Chemotherapeutic Candidates. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 2:869375. [PMID: 36304279 PMCID: PMC9580961 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2022.869375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a rising health concern and accounts for 3.8% of all cancer deaths globally. Uganda has one of the highest incidence rates of the disease in Africa at 5.2% with the majority of diagnosed patients found to have advanced disease. This study aimed to use the STEAP2 protein (prostate cancer-specific biomarker) for the discovery of new targeted therapy. To determine the most likely compound that can bind to the STEAP2 protein, we docked the modeled STEAP2 3D structure against 2466 FDA (Food and Drug Administration)-approved drug candidates using AutoDock Vina. Protein basic local alignment search tool (BLASTp) search, multiple sequence alignment (MSA), and phylogenetics were further carried out to analyze the diversity of this marker and determine its conserved domains as suitable target regions. Six promising drug candidates (ligands) were identified. Triptorelin had the highest binding energy (-12.1 kcal/mol) followed by leuprolide (docking energy: -11.2 kcal/mol). All the top two drug candidates interacted with residues Ser-372 and Gly-369 in close proximity with the iron-binding domain (an important catalyst of metal reduction). The two drugs had earlier been approved for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer with an elusive mode of action. Through this study, further insight into figuring out their interaction with STEAP2 might be important during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Ongaba
- Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolaboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (CoVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christian Ndekezi
- Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolaboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (CoVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Nana Nakiddu
- Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda
- College of Health Sciences (CHS), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Hayashi T, Hinata N. Current status and future prospects of antibody-drug conjugates in urological malignancies. Int J Urol 2022; 29:1100-1108. [PMID: 35581739 DOI: 10.1111/iju.14925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates represent a promising new treatment option that uses the targeting ability of an antibody to deliver cytotoxic drugs directly to tumors. Antibody-drug conjugates provide the opportunity to deliver drugs to antigen-expressing cancer cells while minimizing toxicity to normal tissue, achieving wider therapeutic windows. To date, three antibody-drug conjugates have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, and many antibody-drug conjugates are under clinical development for urological malignancies. In this paper, we review the mechanism, history, and development of antibody-drug conjugates, and review the current landscape of antibody-drug conjugates in urological malignancies including 12 targets and 18 antibody-drug conjugates in prostate cancer, renal cancer, and urothelial cancer. Furthermore, we review the rational combination of antibody-drug conjugates with immune checkpoint inhibitors and consider future prospects to enhance the therapeutic activity of antibody-drug conjugates in urological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsutaro Hayashi
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hinata
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima, Japan
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12
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Comprehensive Landscape of STEAP Family Members Expression in Human Cancers: Unraveling the Potential Usefulness in Clinical Practice Using Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. DATA 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/data7050064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The human Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate (STEAP) family comprises STEAP1-4. Several studies have pointed out STEAP proteins as putative biomarkers, as well as therapeutic targets in several types of human cancers, particularly in prostate cancer. However, the relationships and significance of the expression pattern of STEAP1-4 in cancer cases are barely known. Herein, the Oncomine database and cBioPortal platform were selected to predict the differential expression levels of STEAP members and clinical prognosis. The most common expression pattern observed was the combination of the over- and underexpression of distinct STEAP genes, but cervical and gastric cancer and lymphoma showed overexpression of all STEAP genes. It was also found that STEAP genes’ expression levels were already deregulated in benign lesions. Regarding the prognostic value, it was found that STEAP1 (prostate), STEAP2 (brain and central nervous system), STEAP3 (kidney, leukemia and testicular) and STEAP4 (bladder, cervical, gastric) overexpression correlate with lower patient survival rate. However, in prostate cancer, overexpression of the STEAP4 gene was correlated with a higher survival rate. Overall, this study first showed that the expression levels of STEAP genes are highly variable in human cancers, which may be related to different patients’ outcomes.
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Barroca-Ferreira J, Cruz-Vicente P, Santos MFA, Rocha SM, Santos-Silva T, Maia CJ, Passarinha LA. Enhanced Stability of Detergent-Free Human Native STEAP1 Protein from Neoplastic Prostate Cancer Cells upon an Innovative Isolation Procedure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10012. [PMID: 34576175 PMCID: PMC8472055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The STEAP1 is a cell-surface antigen over-expressed in prostate cancer, which contributes to tumor progression and aggressiveness. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying STEAP1 and its structural determinants remain elusive. METHODS The fraction capacity of Butyl- and Octyl-Sepharose matrices on LNCaP lysates was evaluated by manipulating the ionic strength of binding and elution phases, followed by a Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) polishing. Several potential stabilizing additives were assessed, and the melting temperature (Tm) values ranked the best/worst compounds. The secondary structure of STEAP1 was identified by circular dichroism. RESULTS The STEAP1 was not fully captured with 1.375 M (Butyl), in contrast with interfering heterologous proteins, which were strongly retained and mostly eluted with water. This single step demonstrated higher selectivity of Butyl-Sepharose for host impurities removal from injected crude samples. Co-IP allowed recovering a purified fraction of STEAP1 and contributed to unveil potential physiologically interacting counterparts with the target. A Tm of ~55 °C was determined, confirming STEAP1 stability in the purification buffer. A predominant α-helical structure was identified, ensuring the protein's structural stability. CONCLUSIONS A method for successfully isolating human STEAP1 from LNCaP cells was provided, avoiding the use of detergents to achieve stability, even outside a membrane-mimicking environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Barroca-Ferreira
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.B.-F.); (P.C.-V.); (S.M.R.); (C.J.M.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (M.F.A.S.); (T.S.-S.)
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cruz-Vicente
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.B.-F.); (P.C.-V.); (S.M.R.); (C.J.M.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (M.F.A.S.); (T.S.-S.)
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Marino F. A. Santos
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (M.F.A.S.); (T.S.-S.)
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sandra M. Rocha
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.B.-F.); (P.C.-V.); (S.M.R.); (C.J.M.)
| | - Teresa Santos-Silva
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (M.F.A.S.); (T.S.-S.)
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Cláudio J. Maia
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.B.-F.); (P.C.-V.); (S.M.R.); (C.J.M.)
| | - Luís A. Passarinha
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (J.B.-F.); (P.C.-V.); (S.M.R.); (C.J.M.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (M.F.A.S.); (T.S.-S.)
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, University of Beira Interior, 6201-284 Covilhã, Portugal
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Khanna K, Salmond N, Lynn KS, Leong HS, Williams KC. Clinical significance of STEAP1 extracellular vesicles in prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:802-811. [PMID: 33589770 PMCID: PMC8384631 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived lipid bilayer enclosed structures shed from the plasma membrane by all cell types. Evidence of EV presence in biological fluids has led to considerable efforts focused on identifying their cargo and determining their utility as a non-invasive diagnostic platform for cancer. In this study, we identify circulating STEAP1 (six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1)-positive EVs in the plasma of healthy males and prostate cancer patients and evaluate its diagnostic and prognostic significance. METHODS STEAP1 was identified on EVs in prostate cancer patient plasma. EVs were validated using electron microscopy, Western blot, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and nanoscale flow cytometry. STEAP1-positive EVs were quantified for 121 males with prostate cancer and 55 healthy age-matched control males. An evaluation of STEAP1 in prostate cancer tissue was also performed using established prostate cancer cohort data (TCGA, MSKCC, and SU2C/PCF Dream Team). RESULTS Evaluation of STEAP1-positive EVs by nanoscale flow cytometry identified a significant increase in prostate cancer patient plasma compared to healthy males. However, no association was found between total STEAP1 EV levels and disease recurrence or overall survival. Cohort data from prostate cancer tissue also found STEAP1 to be elevated in prostate cancer while no significant association with recurrence or overall survival was identified. CONCLUSIONS STEAP1 is known to be enriched on the cells of the prostate with potential clinical significance in prostate cancer. Our results identify and quantitate STEAP1-positive EVs in plasma and provide rationale for a STEAP1 EV-based liquid biopsy as a diagnostic strategy in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Khanna
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nikki Salmond
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kalan S Lynn
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Hon S Leong
- Translational Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Karla C Williams
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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15
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Singh J, Thachil T, Eapen MS, Lim A, Sufyan W, Rawson R, Duncan H, De Ieso P, Sohal SS. Immunohistochemical investigation of cytokine expression levels as biomarkers in transrectal ultrasound-guided needle biopsy specimens of prostate adenocarcinoma. Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 15:191. [PMID: 34405051 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines influence the biological behaviour of prostate cancer (PC) and may influence patient outcome and serve as useful prognostic biomarkers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate cytokine expression levels in prostatic needle biopsy specimens and the association with clinicopathological characteristics of patients with PC. A total of 18 patients with PC who underwent transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided prostate biopsy were included in the clinical study. These patients were naïve to radiotherapy (RT) or androgen deprivation therapy prior to TRUS biopsy and clinical follow up data was collected. Cytokine expression levels were analysed by using immunohistochemistry and Spearman's correlation test was used to determine the correlation between cytokine expression and clinicopathological characteristics. Expression levels of pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6 decreased as Gleason score (GS) increased; however, a statistically significant difference was not detected. A statically significant correlation was observed between needle biopsy specimen and pre-RT plasma sample expression levels of pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6 (P=0.01 and P=0.05, respectively) and anti-inflammatory TGF-β1 (P=0.05). However, further studies are needed to confirm these results using a larger sample size to confirm the prognostic value of pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6 and anti-inflammatory TGF-β1 in patients with PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagtar Singh
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory 0810, Australia.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia
| | - Thanuja Thachil
- Ballarat Austin Radiation Oncology Centre, Victoria 3350, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia
| | - Aijye Lim
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital 0810, Australia
| | - Wajiha Sufyan
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital 0810, Australia
| | - Robert Rawson
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital 0810, Australia
| | - Henry Duncan
- Urology Department, Darwin Private Hospital, Northern Territory 0810, Australia
| | - Paolo De Ieso
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia
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Fusion Protein Vaccine Based on Ag85B and STEAP1 Induces a Protective Immune Response against Prostate Cancer. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070786. [PMID: 34358202 PMCID: PMC8310044 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: There are currently limited treatments for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Immunotherapy involving Sipuleucel-T has increasingly drawn attention for prostate cancer management. BCG plays a vital role in treating bladder cancer, mainly by inducing immune activation, but is rarely used for prostate cancer. (2) Methods: The TCGA database, PCR, and Western blotting were used to analyze the expression of STEAP1 in mouse and human tissues. Then, we constructed a fusion protein vaccine with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B and three repeated octapeptide epitopes of a six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1186-193), Ag85B-3×STEAP1186-193. The uptake of the fusion protein vaccine by DCs was evaluated by confocal microscopy, and DC markers were detected using flow cytometry after incubation with the fusion protein. The immune response against prostate cancer was evaluated by the LDH assay and xenografts in vitro and in vivo. Then, the tumor microenvironment was determined using IHC and ELISA. In addition, the epitope was mutated using CRISPR-Cas9 to illustrate that the fusion protein elicited immunization against STEAP1. (3) Results: The TCGA database analysis, PCR, and Western blotting showed that STEAP1 was highly expressed in human and murine prostate cancer. After the uptake of the purified fusion protein vaccine by DCs, CD11c, CD80, CD86, and MHC II were upregulated and triggered a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against TRAMP-C1 and RM1 cells in vitro. Furthermore, the fusion protein vaccine inhibited tumor growth and improved the tumor microenvironment in vivo, with more CD3+ cells and fewer FOXP3+ cells in the tumor. Serum IFN-γ and IL-2 were significantly higher than in the control group, while IL-4 expression was lower, indicating that the fusion protein vaccine activated Th1 immunity. The immune response against prostate cancer was greatly suppressed when the antigen targets were knocked out using CRISPR-Cas9. (4) Conclusion: In summary, our results provide the first evidence that a vaccine based on a fusion protein consisting of Ag85B and a prostate cancer octapeptide epitope with complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA), triggers a robust immune response and inhibits tumor growth in murine prostate cancer.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite significant progress, patients with metastatic prostate cancer continue to have poor prognosis. Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer care for many tumor types but has a limited role in the treatment of prostate cancer. This review discusses the promise of immunotherapy in prostate cancer treatment with an emphasis on emerging therapeutic targets. RECENT FINDINGS Most prostate tumors have low tumor mutational burden and lack immunogenicity, representing significant hurdles to induction of anti-tumor immunity. However, recent research centered on deciphering key mechanisms of immune resistance in the prostate tumor microenvironment has led to the discovery of a range of new treatment targets. These discoveries are currently being translated into innovative immunotherapy clinical trials for patients with prostate cancer. Recent progress includes early evidence of activity for these novel approaches and the identification of potential predictive biomarkers of response. Novel treatment strategies using new antigen-directed therapies, drugs targeting the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and combination immunotherapy therapies show great potential and are currently in clinical development. In addition, a deeper understanding of predictors of response and resistance to immunotherapy in prostate cancer is allowing for a more personalized approach to therapy.
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18
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The Usefulness of STEAP Proteins in Prostate Cancer Clinical Practice. Prostate Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.36255/exonpublications.prostatecancer.steap.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
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Tummillo KM, Hazlett KR. Co-Opting Host Receptors for Targeted Delivery of Bioconjugates-From Drugs to Bugs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051479. [PMID: 33803208 PMCID: PMC7963163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioconjugation has allowed scientists to combine multiple functional elements into one biological or biochemical unit. This assembly can result in the production of constructs that are targeted to a specific site or cell type in order to enhance the response to, or activity of, the conjugated moiety. In the case of cancer treatments, selectively targeting chemotherapies to the cells of interest limit harmful side effects and enhance efficacy. Targeting through conjugation is also advantageous in delivering treatments to difficult-to-reach tissues, such as the brain or infections deep in the lung. Bacterial infections can be more selectively treated by conjugating antibiotics to microbe-specific entities; helping to avoid antibiotic resistance across commensal bacterial species. In the case of vaccine development, conjugation is used to enhance efficacy without compromising safety. In this work, we will review the previously mentioned areas in which bioconjugation has created new possibilities and advanced treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M. Tummillo
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA;
- Admera Health, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Karsten R.O. Hazlett
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-518-262-2338
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Yu Z, Zou H, Wang H, Li Q, Yu D. Identification of Key Gene Signatures Associated With Bone Metastasis in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Using Co-Expression Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 10:571524. [PMID: 33604283 PMCID: PMC7884857 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.571524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
About 80–90% of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients would develop bone metastasis. However, the molecular mechanisms of bone metastasis are still not clear. This study aimed to detect the differences between the tumor and normal samples in bone after metastatic colonization. Four transcriptional datasets (GSE32269, GSE101607, GSE29650, and GSE74685) were obtained from the GEO database. 1983 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were first identified between tumor and normal marrow samples in GSE32269. Most of the top 10 up-regulated DEGs are related with prostate cancer, and the top 10 down-regulated DEGs are mainly related with bone development. Seven co-expression modules were then detected based on the 1469 DEGs shared by the four datasets. Three of them were found highly preserved among the four datasets. Enrichment analysis showed that the three modules were respectively enriched in Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), Leukocyte transendothelial migration and cell cycle, which might play significantly important roles in the tumor development in bone marrow. Ten, 17, and 99 hub genes for each module were then identified. And four genes (C3AR1, IL10RA, LY86, and MS4A6A) were detect to be tightly related to progression of bone metastatic CRPC. ROC curve was plotted and AUC was calculated to distinguish tumor and normal bone marrow samples as well as bone and non-bone metastatic CRPCs. The present study identified key genes and modules involved in bone metastatic CRPCs, which may provide new insights and biomarkers for understanding of the molecular mechanisms of bone metastatic CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiang Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanlin Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, Putuo Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihao Wang
- Shi's Center of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Oncology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Yu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Chen WJ, Wu HT, Li CL, Lin YK, Fang ZX, Lin WT, Liu J. Regulatory Roles of Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate Family Members in the Occurrence and Development of Malignant Tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:752426. [PMID: 34778263 PMCID: PMC8586211 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.752426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate (STEAP) proteins, which include STEAP1-4 and atypical STEAP1B, contain six transmembrane domains and are located in the cell membrane. STEAPs are considered archaeal metal oxidoreductases, based on their heme groups and F420H2:NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNO)-like structures, and play an important role in cell metal metabolism. Interestingly, STEAPs not only participate in biological processes, such as molecular transport, cell cycling, immune response, and intracellular and extracellular activities, but also are closely related to the occurrence and development of several diseases, especially malignant tumors. Up to now, the expression patterns of STEAPs have been found to be diverse in different types of tumors, with controversial participation in different aspects of malignancy, such as cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and therapeutic resistance. It is clinically important to explore the potential roles of STEAPs as new immunotherapeutic targets for the treatment of different malignant tumors. Therefore, this review focuses on the molecular mechanism and function of STEAPs in the occurrence and development of different cancers in order to understand the role of STEAPs in cancer and provide a new theoretical basis for the treatment of diverse cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jia Chen
- Changjiang Scholar’s Laboratory/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer/Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hua-Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chun-Lan Li
- Changjiang Scholar’s Laboratory/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer/Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yi-Ke Lin
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ze-Xuan Fang
- Changjiang Scholar’s Laboratory/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer/Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wen-Ting Lin
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Changjiang Scholar’s Laboratory/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer/Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Liu,
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22
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Zhang Z, Hou WB, Zhang C, Tan YE, Zhang DD, An W, Pan SW, Wu WD, Chen QC, Xu HM. A research of STEAP1 regulated gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and in vivos. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:14217-14230. [PMID: 33128353 PMCID: PMC7754049 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Six‐Transmembrane Epithelial Antigene of the Prostate 1 (STEAP1) is associated with the occurrence and development of cancer. This study aimed to clarify the role of STEAP1 in gastric cancer tumour growth and metastasis, as well as its molecular mechanism of action.Statistical methods were used for clinical data analysis. Protein expression was detected using immunohistochemistry(IHC). The mRNA and protein expression in the cell cultures were detected using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction(RT‐PCR) and western blot analysis. Overexpression and silencing models were constructed using plasmid and lentivirus transfection. To detect cell proliferation in vitro, Cell Counting Kit‐8(CCK‐8), flow cytometry and colony formation assays were used; transwell and wound healing assays were used to detect cell migration and invasion;For in vivo experiments, nude BALB/c mice were used for detecting subcutaneous tumorigenesis and intraperitoneal implantation. In the results,we found STEAP1 was overexpressed in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines. Single‐factor and Cox analyses showed that STEAP1 gene expression level correlated with poor prognosis. Up‐regulation of STEAP1 increased cell proliferation, migration and invasion, which decreased after STEAP1 was knocked down. These changes were achieved via the activation of the AKT/FoxO1 pathway and epithelial‐mesenchymal transformation (EMT). The in vivo animal experiments showed that STEAP1 knock down, resulted in a decrease in the subcutaneous tumour and peritoneal tumour formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Oncology surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen-Bin Hou
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Oncology surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-En Tan
- Department of Oncology surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong-Dong Zhang
- Department of Oncology surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen An
- Department of Oncology surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Si-Wei Pan
- Department of Oncology surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wan-di Wu
- Department of Operation room, The Second Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing-Chuan Chen
- Department of Oncology surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui-Mian Xu
- Department of Oncology surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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23
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Sklarz LM, Gladbach YS, Ernst M, Hamed M, Roolf C, Sender S, Beck J, Schütz E, Fischer S, Struckmann S, Junghanss C, Fuellen G, Murua Escobar H. Combination of the PI3K inhibitor Idelalisib with the conventional cytostatics cytarabine and dexamethasone leads to changes in pathway activation that induce anti-proliferative effects in B lymphoblastic leukaemia cell lines. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:390. [PMID: 32817744 PMCID: PMC7425054 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction of combined conventional cytostatics and pathway-specific inhibitors has opened new treatment options for several cancer types including hematologic neoplasia such as leukaemias. As the detailed understanding of the combination-induced molecular effects is often lacking, the identification of combination-induced molecular mechanisms bears significant value for the further development of interventional approaches. METHODS Combined application of conventional cytostatic agents (cytarabine and dexamethasone) with the PI3K-inhibitor Idelalisib was analysed on cell-biologic parameters in two acute pro-B lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) cell lines. In particular, for comparative characterisation of the molecular signatures induced by the combined and mono application, whole transcriptome sequencing was performed. Emphasis was placed on pathways and genes exclusively regulated by drug combinations. RESULTS Idelalisib + cytostatics combinations changed pathway activation for, e.g., "Retinoblastoma in cancer", "TGF-b signalling", "Cell cycle" and "DNA-damage response" to a greater extent than the two cytostatics alone. Analyses of the top-20 regulated genes revealed that both combinations induce characteristic gene expression changes. CONCLUSION A specific set of genes was exclusively deregulated by the drug combinations, matching the combination-specific anti-proliferative cell-biologic effects. The addition of Idelalisib suggests minor synergistic effects which are rather to be classified as additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.-M. Sklarz
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology/Oncology/Palliative Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Y. S. Gladbach
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research (IBIMA), Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. Ernst
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research (IBIMA), Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. Hamed
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research (IBIMA), Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - C. Roolf
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology/Oncology/Palliative Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - S. Sender
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology/Oncology/Palliative Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - J. Beck
- Chronix Biomedical GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
| | - E. Schütz
- Chronix Biomedical GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S. Fischer
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research (IBIMA), Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - S. Struckmann
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research (IBIMA), Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - C. Junghanss
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology/Oncology/Palliative Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - G. Fuellen
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology/Oncology/Palliative Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - H. Murua Escobar
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology/Oncology/Palliative Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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24
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Guo Q, Ke XX, Liu Z, Gao WL, Fang SX, Chen C, Song YX, Han H, Lu HL, Xu G. Evaluation of the Prognostic Value of STEAP1 in Lung Adenocarcinoma and Insights Into Its Potential Molecular Pathways via Bioinformatic Analysis. Front Genet 2020; 11:242. [PMID: 32265985 PMCID: PMC7099762 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Upregulation of the six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate-1 (STEAP1) is closely associated with prognosis of numerous malignant cancers. However, its role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the most common type of lung cancer, remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of STEAP1 in the occurrence and progression of LUAD and the potential mechanisms underlying its regulatory effects. Methods STEAP1 mRNA and protein expression were analyzed in 40 LUAD patients via real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. We accessed the clinical data of 522 LUAD patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to investigate the expression and prognostic role of STEAP1 in LUAD. Further, we performed gene ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to elucidate the potential mechanism underlying the role of STEAP1 in LUAD. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of STEAP1 was analyzed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) database, and hub genes with significant positive and negative associations with STEAP1 were identified and their role in LUAD prognosis was predicted. Results STEAP1 was significantly upregulated in LUAD patients and associated with LUAD prognosis. Further, TCGA data indicated that STEAP1 upregulation is correlated with the clinical prognosis of LUAD. GO and KEGG analysis revealed that the genes co-expressed with STEAP1 were primarily involved in cell division, DNA replication, cell cycle, apoptosis, cytokine signaling, NF-kB signaling, and TNF signaling. GSEA revealed that homologous recombination, p53 signaling pathway, cell cycle, DNA replication, apoptosis, and toll-like receptor signaling were highly enriched upon STEAP1 upregulation. Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) analysis revealed that the top 10 hub genes associated with STEAP1 expression were also associated with the LUAD prognosis. Conclusion STEAP1 upregulation potentially influences the occurrence and progression of LUAD and its co-expressed genes via regulation of homologous recombination, p53 signaling, cell cycle, DNA replication, and apoptosis. STEAP1 is a potential prognostic biomarker for LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xi-Xian Ke
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhou Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei-Long Gao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shi-Xu Fang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hao Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hong-Ling Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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25
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Prokhnevska N, Emerson DA, Kissick HT, Redmond WL. Immunological Complexity of the Prostate Cancer Microenvironment Influences the Response to Immunotherapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1210:121-147. [PMID: 31900908 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men and a leading cause of cancer-related death. Recent advances in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, including the use of more potent and selective inhibitors of the androgen signaling pathway, have provided significant clinical benefit for men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, most patients develop progressive lethal disease, highlighting the need for more effective treatments. One such approach is immunotherapy, which harness the power of the patient's immune system to identify and destroy cancer cells through the activation of cytotoxic CD8 T cells specific for tumor antigens. Although immunotherapy, particularly checkpoint blockade, can induce significant clinical responses in patients with solid tumors or hematological malignancies, minimal efficacy has been observed in men with mCRPC. In the current review, we discuss our current understanding of the immunological complexity of the immunosuppressive prostate cancer microenvironment, preclinical models of prostate cancer, and recent advances in immunotherapy clinical trials to improve outcomes for men with mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana A Emerson
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - William L Redmond
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA.
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26
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Yang Q, Ji G, Li J. STEAP2 is down-regulated in breast cancer tissue and suppresses PI3K/AKT signaling and breast cancer cell invasion in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Biol Ther 2019; 21:278-291. [PMID: 31696760 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2019.1685290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 2 (STEAP2) protein was identified in advanced prostate cancer, and is highly over-expressed in various types of cancer. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value and the function of STEAP2 in breast cancer. STEAP2 mRNA and protein expressions in breast normal and cancer tissues, breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, BT-549, BT-474, MDA-MB-361, HCC1937, and MDA-MB-468) and normal mammary epithelial cell lines (HBL-100 and MCF-10A) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, real time RT-qPCR and western blotting. The expression of STEAP2 in breast cancer tissues and its value of evaluating the prognosis of breast cancer patients was validated in the Public Databases (Oncomine and Kaplan-Meier plotter database). Lentiviral vectors with STEAP2 cDNA and shRNA were constructed and used to infect breast cancer cell lines and normal mammary epithelial cell line to investigate the effects of STEAP2 up- and down- regulation on the biological behavior of breast cells. The low expression of STEAP2 was detected in breast cancer tissues, which was associated with malignant phenotype and poor prognosis of breast cancer. The public databases analyses were consistent with our findings. STEAP2 up-regulation hindered cellular proliferation, invasion and metastasis abilities by inhibiting EMT process and suppressing PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. On the other hand, STEAP2 down-regulation could promote cell proliferation and invasion by inducing EMT and activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Collectively, STEAP2 acted as an anti-oncogene in breast cancer development, which suggested a new research objective for the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guoxin Ji
- Department of Obstetrics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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27
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Utilisation of the STEAP protein family in a diagnostic setting may provide a more comprehensive prognosis of prostate cancer. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220456. [PMID: 31393902 PMCID: PMC6687176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer diagnosed in men worldwide; however, few patients are affected by clinically significant disease within their lifetime. Unfortunately, the means to discriminate between patients with indolent disease and those who progress to aggressive prostate cancer is currently unavailable, resulting in over-treatment of patients. We therefore aimed to determine biomarkers of prostate cancer that can be used in the clinic to aid the diagnosis and prognosis. Immunohistochemistry analysis was carried out on prostate cancer specimens with a range of Gleason scores. Samples were stained and analysed for intensity of the Seven Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate (STEAP)-1, -2, -3, -4 and the Divalent Metal Transporter 1 (DMT1) proteins to determine suitable biomarkers for classification of patients likely to develop aggressive prostate cancer. Additionally, these proteins were also analysed to determine whether any would be able to predict future relapse using Kaplan Meier analysis. Data generated demonstrated that the protein expression levels of STEAP2 correlated significantly with Gleason score; furthermore, STEAP4 was a significant predictor of relapse. This data indicates that STEAP2 could be potential prognostic candidate for use in combination with the current prostate cancer detection methods and the presence of STEAP4 could be an indicator of possible relapse.
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28
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Sun J, Ji G, Xie J, Jiao Z, Zhang H, Chen J. Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 is associated with tumor invasion and migration in endometrial carcinomas. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11172-11189. [PMID: 30714206 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1), a member of the STEAP family, is a general tumor antigen. However, no information has been available to date regarding the function of STEAP1 in the progression of endometrial carcinoma. In this study, we used in vitro and in vivo strategies to prove that STEAP1 plays an important role in the progression of endometrial carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and Western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of STEAP1 in normal endometrial cells and endometrial cancer cell lines. The progression of the cell cycle, plate clone formation assay, and transwell migration and invasion assays were performed to examine the effects of STEAP1 on cell proliferation, clonogenicity, migration, and their invasive capacity. In addition, we confirmed that STEAP1 was tightly correlated with the development of tumor in vivo. The relationship between epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and STEAP1 expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) zymography assay was used to detect the activities of MMP2 and MMP9. STEAP1 was restrictively expressed in endometrial carcinoma and downregulation of the STEAP1 gene increased proliferation and clonogenicity, as well as promoted cell migration, invasion, and the progress of EMT. STEAP1 is downregulated in endometrial carcinoma and can restrict migration and invasion of endometrial carcinoma cells. Overall, STEAP1 may be an ideal target for tumor therapy and diagnosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Sun
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guoxin Ji
- Department of Obstetrics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Xie
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhi Jiao
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haozheng Zhang
- Research Institute of Pediatrics, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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29
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Ruffalo M, Bar-Joseph Z. Protein interaction disruption in cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:370. [PMID: 31014259 PMCID: PMC6823625 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most methods that integrate network and mutation data to study cancer focus on the effects of genes/proteins, quantifying the effect of mutations or differential expression of a gene and its neighbors, or identifying groups of genes that are significantly up- or down-regulated. However, several mutations are known to disrupt specific protein-protein interactions, and network dynamics are often ignored by such methods. Here we introduce a method that allows for predicting the disruption of specific interactions in cancer patients using somatic mutation data and protein interaction networks. Methods We extend standard network smoothing techniques to assign scores to the edges in a protein interaction network in addition to nodes. We use somatic mutations as input to our modified network smoothing method, producing scores that quantify the proximity of each edge to somatic mutations in individual samples. Results Using breast cancer mutation data, we show that predicted edges are significantly associated with patient survival and known ligand binding site mutations. In-silico analysis of protein binding further supports the ability of the method to infer novel disrupted interactions and provides a mechanistic explanation for the impact of mutations on key pathways. Conclusions Our results show the utility of our method both in identifying disruptions of protein interactions from known ligand binding site mutations, and in selecting novel clinically significant interactions.Supporting website with software and data: https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~mruffalo/mut-edge-disrupt/. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5532-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ruffalo
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ziv Bar-Joseph
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Machine Learning Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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30
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Chen X, Wang R, Chen A, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhou J, Cao R. Inhibition of mouse RM-1 prostate cancer and B16F10 melanoma by the fusion protein of HSP65 & STEAP1 186-193. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:1124-1131. [PMID: 30841425 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The research of tumor vaccine plays a crucial role in tumor immunotherapy. This study has constructed and prepared a fusion protein vaccine of heat shock protein 65 (HSP65) and the octapeptide epitope 186-193 of the six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1 186-193), and investigated the inhibitory effect of the fusion protein on mouse RM-1 prostate cancer and B16F10 melanoma xenografts. The fusion protein His-HSP65-STEAP1 186-193 (HHST1), His-HSP65-2×STEAP1 186-193 (HHST2) and His-HSP65-6×STEAP1 186-193 (HHST6) were obtained by setting different copy number of STEAP1 186-193 and adding His purification tag before HSP65. Firstly the inhibitory effect of fusion protein on mouse RM-1 prostate cancer xenografts has been studied, which could be the basis of the study the inhibitory effect of the best fusion protein on mouse B16F10 melanoma xenografts. All studies compared with the fusion protein His-HSP65 (HHSP65), the fusion proteins HHST1, HHST2 and HHST6 all could significantly inhibit the growth of mouse RM-1 prostate cancer xenografts. In addition, the fusion protein HHST2 was proved to be the best compared with the fusion proteins HHST1 and HHST6 (P<0.05). Apart from this, compared with the fusion protein HHSP65, the fusion protein HHST2 also significantly inhibited the growth of mouse beared B16F10 melanoma. The results above indicate that HSP65 and STEAP1 186-193 can significantly inhibit the growth of mouse RM-1 prostate cancer and B16F10 melanoma xenografts, and the appropriate increase of copy number can effectively improve that the fusion protein has an excellent anti-tumor ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- Microgene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjia Alley, Central Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Microgene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjia Alley, Central Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Anji Chen
- Microgene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjia Alley, Central Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Microgene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjia Alley, Central Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- Microgene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjia Alley, Central Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jialei Zhou
- Microgene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjia Alley, Central Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Rongyue Cao
- Microgene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjia Alley, Central Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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31
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Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 protects against increased oxidative stress via a nuclear erythroid 2-related factor pathway in colorectal cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2018; 26:313-322. [PMID: 30401882 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-018-0056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The over-expression of six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1) underlies the pathogenesis of a large subset of human cancers. Expressed on the cancer cell surface, STEAP1 is an attractive target for antibody-based therapy or immunotherapy. However, its role in modulating the pathophysiology of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains relatively unexplored. In this study, we first demonstrated that the STEAP1 transcript level was significantly higher in CRC tissues than in normal colonic tissues. Of note, STEAP1 expression negatively correlated with overall survival as determined from a publicly accessible gene expression profile data set. A loss-of-function approach in cultured CRC cell lines revealed that STEAP1 silencing suppressed cell growth and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, followed by apoptosis, through an intrinsic pathway. Mechanistically, the inhibition of STEAP1 was associated with decreased expression of antioxidant molecules regulated by the transcription factor, nuclear erythroid 2-related factor (NRF2), in CRC cells. Taken together, we identified high STEAP1 transcript levels leading to reduced ROS production that prevented apoptosis via the NRF2 pathway in CRC cells as a pathological mechanism in CRC. This study highlights the STEAP1-NRF2 axis as a therapeutic target for CRC and its manipulation as a novel strategy to conquer CRC.
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32
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Xie J, Yang Y, Sun J, Jiao Z, Zhang H, Chen J. STEAP1 Inhibits Breast Cancer Metastasis and Is Associated With Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Procession. Clin Breast Cancer 2018; 19:e195-e207. [PMID: 30253922 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 1 (STEAP1) is a cell surface antigen overexpressed in multiple cancers and is associated with malignancy and disease prognosis. The aims of this study were to evaluate STEAP1 expression in breast cancer and to determine the mechanisms involved. METHODS STEAP1 expression was compared in normal breast tissue (n = 40), benign fibroadenoma (n = 52), and primary breast cancer (n = 211) using immunohistochemistry. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry were used to evaluate STEAP1 expression in 3 breast cancer cell lines and in a normal mammary epithelial cell line. STEAP1 expression and its prognostic value in breast cancer were verified using the Oncomine and Kaplan-Meier Plotter databases. Transfection of cells to up-regulate or knock down STEAP1 expression was used to determine the effect of STEAP1 on cell invasion and proliferation, and to evaluate its relationship to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression. RESULTS STEAP1 expression was lower in breast cancers cells, and low expression was associated with a malignant phenotype and poor prognosis. Analysis of public databases supported our conclusions. Knockdown of STEAP1 expression enhanced cellular invasion and migration abilities, increased expression of EMT-related genes MMP2, MMP9, MMP13, VIM, and CDH2, and decreased CDH1 expression. Enhanced STEAP1 expression significantly inhibited cellular invasion and migration abilities, decreased expression of the EMT-related genes, and increased CDH1 expression. Up-regulation or knockdown of STEAP1 had little effect on cellular proliferation. CONCLUSION STEAP1 was down-regulated in breast cancer, inhibited metastasis of breast cancer, and hampered the levels of EMT markers, which thus implicated STEAP1 in the suppression of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xie
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Health Examination Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiali Sun
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhi Jiao
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haozheng Zhang
- Research Institute of Pediatrics, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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33
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Gomes IM, Rocha SM, Gaspar C, Alvelos MI, Santos CR, Socorro S, Maia CJ. Knockdown of STEAP1 inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in LNCaP prostate cancer cells counteracting the effect of androgens. Med Oncol 2018; 35:40. [PMID: 29464393 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-018-1100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1) is overexpressed in numerous types of tumors, especially in prostate cancer. STEAP1 is located in the plasma membrane of epithelial cells and may play an important role in inter- and intracellular communication. Several studies suggest STEAP1 as a potential biomarker and an immunotherapeutic target for prostate cancer. However, the role of STEAP1 in cell proliferation and apoptosis remains unclear. Therefore, the role of STEAP1 in prostate cancer cells proliferation and apoptosis was determined by inducing STEAP1 gene knockdown in LNCaP cells. In addition, the effect of DHT on the proliferation of LNCaP cells knocked down for STEAP1 gene was evaluated. Our results demonstrated that silencing the STEAP1 gene reduces LNCaP cell viability and proliferation, while inducing apoptosis. In addition, we showed that the cellular and molecular effects of STEAP1 gene knockdown may be independent of DHT treatment, and blocking STEAP1 may reveal to be an appropriate strategy to activate apoptosis in cancer cells, as well as to prevent the proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects of DHT in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Margarida Gomes
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sandra Moreira Rocha
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Carlos Gaspar
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Maria Inês Alvelos
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cecília Reis Santos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Socorro
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Jorge Maia
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
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34
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Yu H, Ge Y, Guo L, Huang L. Potential approaches to the treatment of Ewing's sarcoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:5523-5539. [PMID: 27740934 PMCID: PMC5354928 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing’s sarcoma (ES) is a highly aggressive and metastatic tumor in children and young adults caused by a chromosomal fusion between the Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 (EWSR1) gene and the transcription factor FLI1 gene. ES is managed with standard treatments, including chemotherapy, surgery and radiation. Although the 5-year survival rate for primary ES has improved, the survival rate for ES patients with metastases or recurrence remains low. Several novel molecular targets in ES have recently been identified and investigated in preclinical and clinical settings, and targeting the function of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), the fusion protein EWS-FLI1 and mTOR has shown promise. There has also been increasing interest in the immune responses of ES patients. Immunotherapies using T cells, NK cells, cancer vaccines and monoclonal antibodies have been considered for ES, especially for recurrent patients. Because understanding the pathogenesis of ES is extremely important for the development of novel treatments, this review focuses on the mechanisms and functions of targeted therapies and immunotherapies in ES. It is anticipated that integrating the knowledge obtained from basic research and translational and clinical studies will lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiu Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China.,Department of VIP, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yonggui Ge
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Lianying Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
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35
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Shan M, Xia Q, Yan D, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Zhang G, Guo J, Hou J, Chen W, Zhu T, Zhang X, Xu J, Wang J, Ding T, Zheng J. Molecular analyses of prostate tumors for diagnosis of malignancy on fine-needle aspiration biopsies. Oncotarget 2017; 8:104761-104771. [PMID: 29285211 PMCID: PMC5739598 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common cancer and remains the second-leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in men, but diagnosis of PCa remains a main clinical challenge. To investigate the involvement of differentially expressing genes in PCa with deregulated pathways to allow earlier diagnosis of the disease, transcriptomic analyses of differential expression genes in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies helped to discriminate PCa from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We identified 255 genes that were deregulated in prostate tumors compared with BPH tissues. qRT-PCR was conducted to examine the expression levels of the four genes in FNA biopsies and confirmed that ITGBL1 was significantly up-regulated and HOXA7, KRT15 and TGM4 were down-regulated in the PCa compared to the BPH, with a sensitivity of 87.1% and a specificity of 87.8%; the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was estimated at 0.94, which was significantly improved compared with PSA alone (AUC = 0.82). Moreover, the increased expression of ITGBL1 correlated with total cholesterol, triglyceride and PSA. Our results demonstrated that transcriptomic analyses in FNA biopsies could facilitate rapid identification of potential targets for therapy and diagnosis of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Shan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Jinshan, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qianlin Xia
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Jinshan, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Zhu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Yangpu, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Jinshan, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Jinshan, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Yangpu, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jun Hou
- Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Yangpu, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Weiping Chen
- Genomics Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Jinshan, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Jinshan, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Jinshan, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Jinshan, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Tao Ding
- Department of Urology, The Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Fengxian, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jianghua Zheng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Jinshan, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhoupu Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, P.R. China
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36
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Kim K, Mitra S, Wu G, Berka V, Song J, Yu Y, Poget S, Wang DN, Tsai AL, Zhou M. Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of Prostate 1 (STEAP1) Has a Single b Heme and Is Capable of Reducing Metal Ion Complexes and Oxygen. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6673-6684. [PMID: 27792302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
STEAP1, six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate member 1, is strongly expressed in several types of cancer cells, particularly in prostate cancer, and inhibition of its expression reduces the rate of tumor cell proliferation. However, the physiological function of STEAP1 remains unknown. Here for the first time, we purified a mammalian (rabbit) STEAP1 at a milligram level, permitting its high-quality biochemical and biophysical characterizations. We found that STEAP1 likely assembles as a homotrimer and forms a heterotrimer when co-expressed with STEAP2. Each STEAP1 protomer binds one heme prosthetic group that is mainly low-spin with a pair of histidine axial ligands, with small portions of high-spin and P450-type heme. In its ferrous state, STEAP1 is capable of reducing transition metal ion complexes of Fe3+ and Cu2+. Ferrous STEAP1 also reacts readily with O2 through an outer sphere redox mechanism. Kinetics with all three substrates are biphasic with ∼80 and ∼20% for the fast and slow phases, respectively, in line with its heme heterogeneity. STEAP1 retained a low level of bound FAD during purification, and the binding equilibrium constant, KD, was ∼30 μM. These results highlight STEAP as a novel metal reductase and superoxide synthase and establish a solid basis for further research into understanding how STEAP1 activities may affect cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangsoo Kim
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Sharmistha Mitra
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Gang Wu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas-McGovern Medical School , Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Vladimir Berka
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas-McGovern Medical School , Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jinmei Song
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine , New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Ye Yu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas 77030, United States.,Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Sebastien Poget
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island , Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
| | - Da-Neng Wang
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine , New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Ah-Lim Tsai
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas-McGovern Medical School , Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Ming Zhou
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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37
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The Prognostic Role of STEAP1 Expression Determined via Immunohistochemistry Staining in Predicting Prognosis of Primary Colorectal Cancer: A Survival Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17040592. [PMID: 27104516 PMCID: PMC4849046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
STEAP1 (six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1) is a transmembrane protein that functions as a potential channel or transporter protein. It is overexpressed in certain cancers and is viewed as a promising therapeutic target. However, the prognostic role of STEAP1 is still controversial, and no role for STEAP1 has yet been indicated in colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association of STEAP1 expression with colorectal cancer prognosis. STEAP1 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining of a tissue array of 165 cancer specimens from primary colorectal cancer patients. The mean and medium follow-up times after surgery were 5.1 and 3.9 years, respectively. A total of 139 patients died during the 13 years of follow-up in the survey period. The prognostic value of STEAP1 with respect to overall survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard models. In total, 164 samples displayed detectable STEAP1 expression in the cytoplasm and membrane. Low STEAP1 expression was correlated with poor overall survival (five-year survival: 33.7% vs. 57.0%, low expression vs. high expression, p = 0.020). Accordingly, multivariate analysis identified low STEAP1 expression as an independent risk factor (hazard ratio = 1.500, p = 0.018), especially in elderly patients or those with late stage cancers, late T values, and early N values. We suggest that analysis of STEAP1 expression by immunohistochemical staining could serve as an independent prognostic marker for colorectal patients. This finding should be validated by other investigative groups.
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38
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Immunogenicity and efficacy of the novel cancer vaccine based on simian adenovirus and MVA vectors alone and in combination with PD-1 mAb in a mouse model of prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:701-13. [PMID: 27052571 PMCID: PMC4880633 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer possesses several characteristics that make it a suitable candidate for immunotherapy; however, prostate cancer vaccines to date demonstrate modest efficacy and low immunogenicity. The goal of the present pre-clinical study was to explore the immunogenic properties and protective efficacy of a novel prostate cancer immunotherapy based on the heterologous prime–boost viral-vectored vaccination platform. The simian adenovirus, ChAdOx1, and modified vaccinia Ankara virus, MVA, encoding a prostate cancer-associated antigen, the six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1), induced strong sustained antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in C57BL/6 and BALB/c male mice. Unexpectedly, the high vaccine immunogenicity translated into relatively low protective efficacy in the murine transplantable and spontaneous models of prostate cancer. A combination of the vaccine with PD-1 blocking antibody significantly improved survival of the animals, with 80 % of mice remaining tumour-free. These results indicate that the ChAdOx1–MVA vaccination regime targeting STEAP1 combined with PD-1 therapy might have high therapeutic potential in the clinic.
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Doran MG, Watson PA, Cheal SM, Spratt DE, Wongvipat J, Steckler JM, Carrasquillo JA, Evans MJ, Lewis JS. Annotating STEAP1 regulation in prostate cancer with 89Zr immuno-PET. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:2045-9. [PMID: 25453051 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.145185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates targeting the cell surface protein 6 transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 1 (STEAP1) are in early clinical development for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa). In general, antigen expression directly affects the bioactivity of therapeutic antibodies, and the biologic regulation of STEAP1 is unusually complicated in PCa. Paradoxically, STEAP1 can be induced or repressed by the androgen receptor (AR) in different human PCa models, while also expressed in AR-null PCa. Consequently, there is an urgent need to translate diagnostic strategies to establish which regulatory mechanism predominates in patients to situate the appropriate therapy within standard of care therapies inhibiting AR. METHODS To this end, we prepared and evaluated (89)Zr-labeled MSTP2109A ((89)Zr-2109A), a radiotracer for PET derived from a fully humanized monoclonal antibody to STEAP1 in preclinical PCa models. RESULTS (89)Zr-2109A specifically localized to the STEAP1-positive human PCa models CWR22Pc, 22Rv1, and PC3. Moreover, (89)Zr-2109A sensitively measured treatment-induced changes (∼66% decline) in STEAP1 expression in CWR22PC in vitro and in vivo, a model we showed to express STEAP1 in an AR-dependent manner. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the ability of immuno-PET with (89)Zr-2109A to detect acute changes in STEAP1 expression and argue for an expansion of ongoing efforts to image PCa patients with (89)Zr-2109A to maximize the clinical benefit associated with antibodies or antibody-drug conjugates to STEAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Doran
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Philip A Watson
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sarah M Cheal
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Daniel E Spratt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - John Wongvipat
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey M Steckler
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jorge A Carrasquillo
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael J Evans
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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40
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Yang R, Pagaduan JV, Yu M, Woolley AT. On chip preconcentration and fluorescence labeling of model proteins by use of monolithic columns: device fabrication, optimization, and automation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:737-47. [PMID: 25012353 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems with monolithic columns have been developed for preconcentration and on-chip labeling of model proteins. Monoliths were prepared in microchannels by photopolymerization, and their properties were optimized by varying the composition and concentration of the monomers to improve flow and extraction. On-chip labeling of proteins was achieved by driving solutions through the monolith by use of voltage then incubating fluorescent dye with protein retained on the monolith. Subsequently, the labeled proteins were eluted, by applying voltages to reservoirs on the microdevice, and then detected, by monitoring laser-induced fluorescence. Monoliths prepared from octyl methacrylate combine the best protein retention with the possibility of separate elution of unattached fluorescent label with 50% acetonitrile. Finally, automated on-chip extraction and fluorescence labeling of a model protein were successfully demonstrated. This method involves facile sample pretreatment, and therefore has potential for production of integrated bioanalysis microchips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
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