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Peng M, Chu X, Peng Y, Li D, Zhang Z, Wang W, Zhou X, Xiao D, Yang X. Targeted therapies in bladder cancer: signaling pathways, applications, and challenges. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e455. [PMID: 38107059 PMCID: PMC10724512 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies in men. Understanding molecular characteristics via studying signaling pathways has made tremendous breakthroughs in BC therapies. Thus, targeted therapies including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) have markedly improved advanced BC outcomes over the last few years. However, the considerable patients still progress after a period of treatment with current therapeutic regimens. Therefore, it is crucial to guide future drug development to improve BC survival, based on the molecular characteristics of BC and clinical outcomes of existing drugs. In this perspective, we summarize the applications and benefits of these targeted drugs and highlight our understanding of mechanisms of low response rates and immune escape of ICIs, ADCs toxicity, and TKI resistance. We also discuss potential solutions to these problems. In addition, we underscore the future drug development of targeting metabolic reprogramming and cancer stem cells (CSCs) with a deep understanding of their signaling pathways features. We expect that finding biomarkers, developing novo drugs and designing clinical trials with precisely selected patients and rationalized drugs will dramatically improve the quality of life and survival of patients with advanced BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Peng
- Department of PharmacyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan ProvinceThe Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PharmacySchool of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Xuetong Chu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan ProvinceThe Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PharmacySchool of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Yan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan ProvinceThe Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PharmacySchool of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Duo Li
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan ProvinceThe Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PharmacySchool of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan ProvinceThe Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PharmacySchool of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Weifan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan ProvinceThe Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PharmacySchool of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Xiaochen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan ProvinceThe Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PharmacySchool of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Di Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan ProvinceThe Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PharmacySchool of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan ProvinceThe Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of EducationDepartment of PharmacySchool of MedicineHunan Normal UniversityChangshaHunanChina
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Sihombing UHM, Andrijono, Purwoto G, Gandamihardja S, Harahap AR, Rustamadji P, Kekalih A, Widyawati R, Fuady DR. Expression of CD44+/CD24-, RAD6 and DDB2 on chemotherapy response in ovarian Cancer: A prospective flow cytometry study. Gynecol Oncol Rep 2022; 42:101005. [PMID: 35707599 PMCID: PMC9189034 DOI: 10.1016/j.gore.2022.101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dear editor of Gynecologic Oncology Reports, these are the research highlights: CD44+/CD24- overexpression in blood circulation is associated with ovarian cancer chemoresistance. RAD6 overexpression in blood circulation is associated with ovarian cancer chemoresistance. CD44+/CD24- expression in blood circulation is a good predictor of ovarian cancer chemoresistance.
Backgrounds Ovarian cancer is the 8th deadliest common cancer in women around the world. Almost all ovarian cancer patients would experience chemoresistance, recurrence, and poor prognosis after cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy. Chemoresistant cancer cells have characteristic expressions of cancer stem cell proteins (CSCs) CD44+/CD24-, RAD6 and DDB2. The increased expression of CD44+/CD24-, RAD6, and decreased DDB2 are believed to be associated with chemoresistance, recurrence, and poor prognosis of the disease. Thus, this study’s objective is to analyze the correlation between the expression of CD44+/CD24-, RAD6 and DDB2 with ovarian cancer chemoresistance. Materials and methods This study was conducted with a prospective cohort of 64 patients who is divided into two groups (32 patients in each group) at the Obstetrics-gynecology and pathology department of Cipto Mangunkusumo, Tarakan, Dharmais, and Fatmawati Hospital. All suspected ovarian cancer patients underwent cytoreductive debulking and histopathological examination. Chemotherapy was given for six series followed by six months of observation. After the observation, we determined the therapy’s response with the RECIST Criteria (Response Criteria in Solid Tumors) and then classified the results into chemoresistant or chemosensitive groups. Flow cytometry blood tests were then performed to examine the expression of CD44+/CD24-, RAD6 and DDB2. Results There was a significant relationship between increased levels of CD44+/CD24-, and RAD6 (p < 0.05) levels with the chemoresistance of ovarian cancer. The logistic regression test showed that the CD44+/CD24– was better marker. Conclusions These results indicate that CD44+/CD24 and RAD6 expressions are significantly associated with ovarian cancer chemoresistance, and CD44+/CD24- is the better marker to predict ovarian cancer chemoresistance.
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Wei Y, Amend B, Todenhöfer T, Lipke N, Aicher WK, Fend F, Stenzl A, Harland N. Urinary Tract Tumor Organoids Reveal Eminent Differences in Drug Sensitivities When Compared to 2-Dimensional Culture Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116305. [PMID: 35682984 PMCID: PMC9181330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of organoids from urinary tract tumor samples was pioneered a few years ago. We generated organoids from two upper tract urothelial carcinomas and from one bladder cancer sample, and confirmed the expression of cytokeratins as urothelial antigens, vimentin as a mesenchymal marker, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 by immunohistochemistry. We investigated the dose response curves of two novel components, venetoclax versus S63845, in comparison to the clinical standard cisplatin in organoids in comparison to the corresponding two-dimensional cultures. Normal urothelial cells and tumor lines RT4 and HT1197 served as controls. We report that upper tract urothelial carcinoma cells and bladder cancer cells in two-dimensional cultures yielded clearly different sensitivities towards venetoclax, S63845, and cisplatin. Two-dimensional cultures were more sensitive at low drug concentrations, while organoids yielded higher drug efficacies at higher doses. In some two-dimensional cell viability experiments, colorimetric assays yielded different IC50 toxicity levels when compared to chemiluminescence assays. Organoids exhibited distinct sensitivities towards cisplatin and to a somewhat lesser extent towards venetoclax or S63845, respectively, and significantly different sensitivities towards the three drugs investigated when compared to the corresponding two-dimensional cultures. We conclude that organoids maintained inter-individual sensitivities towards venetoclax, S63845, and cisplatin. The preclinical models and test systems employed may bias the results of cytotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wei
- Center for Medicine Research, Eberhard Karls University, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany; (Y.W.); (N.L.); (W.K.A.)
| | - Bastian Amend
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (B.A.); (T.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Tilman Todenhöfer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (B.A.); (T.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Nizar Lipke
- Center for Medicine Research, Eberhard Karls University, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany; (Y.W.); (N.L.); (W.K.A.)
| | - Wilhelm K. Aicher
- Center for Medicine Research, Eberhard Karls University, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany; (Y.W.); (N.L.); (W.K.A.)
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute for Pathology, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (B.A.); (T.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Niklas Harland
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (B.A.); (T.T.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7071-298-6613
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Geng R, Harland N, Montes-Mojarro IA, Fend F, Aicher WK, Stenzl A, Amend B. CD24: A Marker for an Extended Expansion Potential of Urothelial Cancer Cell Organoids In Vitro? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5453. [PMID: 35628262 PMCID: PMC9141653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer is the most cost-intensive cancer due to high recurrence rates and long follow-up times. Bladder cancer organoids were considered interesting tools for investigating better methods for the detection and treatment of this cancer. METHODS Organoids were generated from urothelial carcinoma tissue samples, then expanded and characterized; the expression of immune modulatory antigens and tumor stem cells markers CD24 and CD44 was explored in early (P ≤ 3) and later (P ≥ 5) passages (P) by immunofluorescence and by quantitative PCR of cDNA. The expression of these factors was investigated in the corresponding cancer tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The expression of the PD-L1 was detected on some but not all organoids. CD276 and CD47 were observed on organoids in all passages investigated. Organoids growing beyond passage 8 expressed both CD24 and CD44 at elevated levels in early and late cultures. Organoids proliferating to the eighth passage initially expressed both CD24 and CD44, but lost CD24 expression over time, while CD44 remained. Organoids growing only up to the 6th passage failed to express CD24 but expressed CD44. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that the expression of CD24 in urothelial cancer cell organoids may serve as an indicator for the prolonged proliferation potential of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Geng
- Center for Medical Research, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, 72074 72072 Tuebingen, Germany; (R.G.); (W.K.A.)
| | - Niklas Harland
- Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (N.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Ivonne A. Montes-Mojarro
- Institute for Pathology, Eberhard Karls University, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany; (I.A.M.-M.); (F.F.)
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute for Pathology, Eberhard Karls University, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany; (I.A.M.-M.); (F.F.)
| | - Wilhelm K. Aicher
- Center for Medical Research, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, 72074 72072 Tuebingen, Germany; (R.G.); (W.K.A.)
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (N.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Bastian Amend
- Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (N.H.); (A.S.)
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Therapeutic Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells in Lung, Head and Neck, and Bladder Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205098. [PMID: 34680249 PMCID: PMC8534162 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Effective cancer treatment hinges upon overcoming therapeutic resistance mechanisms that allow for the continued proliferation of cancer cell subpopulations. Exposure to pharmacotherapy invariably leads to resistance as tumor cells with selected advantageous features evade destruction and alter the tumor composition. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) with features of plasticity that allow for regeneration and differentiation are particularly responsible for this phenomenon. Advances in tumor biology and molecular signaling have highlighted their role in neoplastic initiation, invasion, and maintenance. Novel strategies to direct therapy against these tumor cell subpopulations have the potential to dramatically alter tumor response and change the course of cancer care. Abstract Resistance to cancer therapy remains a significant obstacle in treating patients with various solid malignancies. Exposure to current chemotherapeutics and targeted agents invariably leads to therapy resistance, heralding the need for novel agents. Cancer stem cells (CSCs)—a subpopulation of tumor cells with capacities for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation—represent a pool of therapeutically resistant cells. CSCs often share physical and molecular characteristics with the stem cell population of the human body. It remains challenging to selectively target CSCs in therapeutically resistant tumors. The generation of CSCs and induction of therapeutic resistance can be attributed to several deregulated critical growth regulatory signaling pathways such as WNT/β-catenin, Notch, Hippo, and Hedgehog. Beyond growth regulatory pathways, CSCs also change the tumor microenvironment and resist endogenous immune attack. Thus, CSCs can interfere with each stage of carcinogenesis from malignant transformation to the onset of metastasis to tumor recurrence. A thorough review of novel targeted agents to act against CSCs is fundamental for advancing cancer treatment in the setting of both intrinsic and acquired resistance.
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Pham QT, Taniyama D, Akabane S, Harada K, Babasaki T, Sekino Y, Hayashi T, Sakamoto N, Sentani K, Oue N, Yasui W. TDO2 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis, cancer stemness, and resistance to cetuximab in bladder cancer. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2021; 4:e1417. [PMID: 34101386 PMCID: PMC8714553 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BC) is the 10th most common cancer in the world. BC with muscle invasion results in a poor prognosis and is usually fatal. Cancer cell metabolism has an essential role in the development and progression of tumors. Expression of tryptophan 2,3‐dioxygenase (TDO2) is associated with tumor progression and worse survival in some other cancers. However, no studies have been performed to uncover the biofunctional roles of TDO2 in BC. Aim This study aim to investigate the clinicopathologic significance of TDO2 in BC. Methods and results TDO2 expression was evaluated by qRT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry in an integrated analysis with the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and other published datasets. TDO2 overexpression was significantly associated with T classification, N classification, and M classification, tumor stage, recurrence, and basal type, and with the expression of CD44 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) in BC. High TDO2 expression correlated with poor outcome of BC patients. Using BC cell lines with knockdown and forced expression of TDO2, we found that TDO2 was involved in the growth, migration, and invasiveness of BC cells. Moreover, TDO2 was found to be crucial for spheroid formation in BC cells. Importantly, TDO2 promoted BC cells resistance to cetuximab through integration of the EGFR pathway. Conclusion Our results indicate that TDO2 might take an essential part in BC progression and could be a potential marker for targeted therapy in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc Thang Pham
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Daiki Taniyama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shintaro Akabane
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Harada
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Babasaki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yohei Sekino
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tetsuraro Hayashi
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sentani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naohide Oue
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Wataru Yasui
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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Hu Y, Zhang Y, Gao J, Lian X, Wang Y. The clinicopathological and prognostic value of CD44 expression in bladder cancer: a study based on meta-analysis and TCGA data. Bioengineered 2021; 11:572-581. [PMID: 32434417 PMCID: PMC7250188 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1765500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is reported to be involved in tumor invasion and metastasis. However, the role of cancer stem cell marker CD44 in bladder cancer still remains controversial. Hence, the correlations between CD44 expression and the clinicopathological features and the prognosis of bladder cancer were investigated. Publications using immunohistochemical methods were identified. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data were also analyzed. The odds ratios (ORs) or hazard ratios (HRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. 14 studies involving 1107 tissue samples were included. CD44 expression in bladder cancer was lower than in non-tumor tissue samples (OR = 0.14, P = 0.005), which was consistent with TCGA data. CD44 expression was correlated with advanced T stage (OR = 1.76, P = 0.029) and lymph node metastasis (OR = 4.09, P < 0.001). Multivariate survival analysis showed that CD44 expression was not linked to tumor-specific survival, overall survival, and recurrence/relapse-free survival, but was associated with disease failure (HR = 2.912, 95% CI = 1.51-5.61). No relationships of CD44 expression with the clinicopathological features and overall survival were found from TCGA data. Our finding suggested that CD44 expression may be correlated with progression, metastasis, and disease failure of bladder cancer. However, further large-scale studies are needed.Abbreviations: CD44: Cluster of Differentiation 44; CIs: Confidence Intervals; CSCs: Cancer Stem Cells; EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition; HRs: Hazard Ratios; ORs: Odds Ratios; TCGA: The Cancer Genome Atlas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hu
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yongrui Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jialin Gao
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Lian
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuantao Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Pasquale V, Ducci G, Campioni G, Ventrici A, Assalini C, Busti S, Vanoni M, Vago R, Sacco E. Profiling and Targeting of Energy and Redox Metabolism in Grade 2 Bladder Cancer Cells with Different Invasiveness Properties. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122669. [PMID: 33322565 PMCID: PMC7764708 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most prevalent deadly diseases worldwide. Grade 2 tumors represent a good window of therapeutic intervention, whose optimization requires high resolution biomarker identification. Here we characterize energy metabolism and cellular properties associated with spreading and tumor progression of RT112 and 5637, two Grade 2 cancer cell lines derived from human bladder, representative of luminal-like and basal-like tumors, respectively. The two cell lines have similar proliferation rates, but only 5637 cells show efficient lateral migration. In contrast, RT112 cells are more prone to form spheroids. RT112 cells produce more ATP by glycolysis and OXPHOS, present overall higher metabolic plasticity and are less sensitive than 5637 to nutritional perturbation of cell proliferation and migration induced by treatment with 2-deoxyglucose and metformin. On the contrary, spheroid formation is less sensitive to metabolic perturbations in 5637 than RT112 cells. The ability of metformin to reduce, although with different efficiency, cell proliferation, sphere formation and migration in both cell lines, suggests that OXPHOS targeting could be an effective strategy to reduce the invasiveness of Grade 2 bladder cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pasquale
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (V.P.); (G.D.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (S.B.)
- SYSBIO-ISBE-IT-Candidate National Node of Italy for ISBE, Research Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Ducci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (V.P.); (G.D.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (S.B.)
- SYSBIO-ISBE-IT-Candidate National Node of Italy for ISBE, Research Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Campioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (V.P.); (G.D.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (S.B.)
- SYSBIO-ISBE-IT-Candidate National Node of Italy for ISBE, Research Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Adria Ventrici
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (V.P.); (G.D.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (S.B.)
| | - Chiara Assalini
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Stefano Busti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (V.P.); (G.D.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (S.B.)
- SYSBIO-ISBE-IT-Candidate National Node of Italy for ISBE, Research Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Vanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (V.P.); (G.D.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (S.B.)
- SYSBIO-ISBE-IT-Candidate National Node of Italy for ISBE, Research Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (R.V.); (E.S.); Tel.: +39-02-6448-3525 (M.V.); +39-02-2643-5664 (R.V.); +39-02-6448-3379 (E.S.)
| | - Riccardo Vago
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (R.V.); (E.S.); Tel.: +39-02-6448-3525 (M.V.); +39-02-2643-5664 (R.V.); +39-02-6448-3379 (E.S.)
| | - Elena Sacco
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; (V.P.); (G.D.); (G.C.); (A.V.); (S.B.)
- SYSBIO-ISBE-IT-Candidate National Node of Italy for ISBE, Research Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (R.V.); (E.S.); Tel.: +39-02-6448-3525 (M.V.); +39-02-2643-5664 (R.V.); +39-02-6448-3379 (E.S.)
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Liu Q, Gu J, Zhang E, He L, Yuan ZX. Targeted Delivery of Therapeutics to Urological Cancer Stem Cells. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2038-2056. [PMID: 32250210 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200403131514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Urological cancer refers to cancer in organs of the urinary system and the male reproductive system. It mainly includes prostate cancer, bladder cancer, renal cancer, etc., seriously threatening patients' survival. Although there are many advances in the treatment of urological cancer, approved targeted therapies often result in tumor recurrence and therapy failure. An increasing amount of evidence indicated that cancer stem cells (CSCs) with tumor-initiating ability were the source of treatment failure in urological cancer. The development of CSCstargeted strategy can provide a possibility for the complete elimination of urological cancer. This review is based on a search of PubMed, Google scholar and NIH database (http://ClinicalTrials.gov/) for English language articles containing the terms: "biomarkers", "cancer stem cells", "targeting/targeted therapy", "prostate cancer", bladder cancer" and "kidney cancer". We summarized the biomarkers and stem cell features of the prostate, bladder and renal CSCs, outlined the targeted strategies for urological CSCs from signaling pathways, cytokines, angiogenesis, surface markers, elimination therapy, differentiation therapy, immunotherapy, microRNA, nanomedicine, etc., and highlighted the prospects and future challenges in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Yaopharma Co., Ltd. Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - E Zhang
- Officers college of PAP, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lili He
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Wang TW, Chern E, Hsu CW, Tseng KC, Chao HM. SIRT1-Mediated Expression of CD24 and Epigenetic Suppression of Novel Tumor Suppressor miR-1185-1 Increases Colorectal Cancer Stemness. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5257-5269. [PMID: 33046442 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is a class III histone deacetylase that positively regulates cancer-related pathways such as proliferation and stress resistance. SIRT1 has been shown to promote progression of colorectal cancer and is associated with cancer stemness, yet the precise mechanism between colorectal cancer stemness and SIRT1 remains to be further clarified. Here we report that SIRT1 signaling regulates colorectal cancer stemness by enhancing expression of CD24, a colorectal cancer stemness promoter. A novel miRNA, miR-1185-1, suppressed the expression of CD24 by targeting its 3'UTR (untranslated region) and could be inhibited by SIRT1 via histone deacetylation. Targeting SIRT1 by RNAi led to elevated H3 lysine 9 acetylation on the promoter region of miR-1185-1, which increased expression of miR-1185-1 and further repressed CD24 translation and colorectal cancer stemness. In a mouse xenograft model, overexpression of miR-1185-1 in colorectal cancer cells substantially reduced tumor growth. In addition, expression of miR-1185-1 was downregulated in human colorectal cancer tissues, whereas expression of CD24 was increased. In conclusion, this study not only demonstrates the essential roles of a SIRT1-miR-1185-1-CD24 axis in both colorectal cancer stemness properties and tumorigenesis but provides a potential therapeutic target for colorectal cancer treatment. SIGNIFICANCE: A novel tumor suppressor miR-1185-1 is involved in molecular regulation of CD24- and SIRT1-related cancer stemness networks, marking it a potential therapeutic target in colorectal cancer. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/23/5257/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teh-Wei Wang
- niChe Lab for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Edward Chern
- niChe Lab for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wei Hsu
- niChe Lab for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chang Tseng
- niChe Lab for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Mei Chao
- niChe Lab for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Hacek J, Brisuda A, Babjuk M, Zamecnik J. Expression of cancer stem cells markers in urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma and its precursor lesions. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2020; 165:316-321. [PMID: 32424373 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2020.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells (CSC) and their role in tumorigenesis of various solid tumors have been studied in past decades. Urothelial CSC were first identified 10 years ago and subsequent studies have been performed with the aim to identify reliable markers of CSC. So far, a few studies have investigated a relationship between CSC markers expression in urothelial carcinoma tissue and histopathological characteristics of the tumor. METHODS In our study, we evaluated an immunoexpression of the CSC markers CD24, CD44, CD66 and CD133 in tissue sections of urothelial carcinoma (all tumor grades and stages were included), urothelial carcinoma in situ and non-neoplastic urothelium, totally 218 specimens were enrolled. RESULTS All studied molecules were expressed either in tumor tissue and non-neoplastic urothelium. Urothelial carcinomas of higher tumor grade and stage expressed molecules CD24 and CD133 significantly more frequently whereas molecules CD44 and CD66 did not show significant association with tumor histopathological features. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that studied molecules are not suitable for direct detection of CSC in urothelial carcinoma tissue sections, but an expression of molecules CD24 and CD133 is significantly related to urothelial carcinoma grade and stage, which are both important prognostic indicators and therefore an expression of these markers might have a potential prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Hacek
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Antonin Brisuda
- Department of Urology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Babjuk
- Department of Urology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Zamecnik
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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MicroRNA-200a Promotes Phagocytosis of Macrophages and Suppresses Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by Targeting CD47. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3723781. [PMID: 32149101 PMCID: PMC7054800 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3723781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) causes severe oncogenic lesions in the nasopharynx. CD47, a transmembrane integrin-associated protein, plays a key role in the ability of tumor cells to escape phagocytosis, working as an immune checkpoint in the immune response. Besides this role, CD47 has been reported to regulate cell proliferation and migration. The present study addresses the relationship between CD47 and microRNA-200a and examines their regulatory mechanisms in NPC. Bioinformatics analyses and dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to confirm the putative relationship between miR-200a and CD47, and their interaction was further detected using western blotting and RT-PCR. Further, results showed that miR-200a affect NPC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by regulating CD47. A cell phagocytosis assay showed that miR-200a and a CD47 monoclonal antibody increased the sensitivity of NPC cells to macrophage phagocytosis by inhibiting the functions of CD47. Additionally, miR-200a expression was suppressed and CD47 expression increased in both clinical NPC tissues and cell lines. Taken together, these results show the miR-200a/CD47 combination as a potential therapeutic for treatment of NPC.
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13
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Targeting Cancer Stem Cells: A Strategy for Effective Eradication of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050732. [PMID: 31137841 PMCID: PMC6562442 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are subpopulations of tumor cells with the ability to self-renew, differentiate, and initiate and maintain tumor growth, and they are considered to be the main drivers of intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity. While conventional chemotherapy can eradicate the majority of non-CSC tumor cells, CSCs are often drug-resistant, leading to tumor recurrence and metastasis. The heterogeneity of CSCs is the main challenge in developing CSC-targeting therapy; therefore, we and other investigators have focused on developing novel therapeutic strategies that combine conventional chemotherapy with inhibitors of CSC-regulating pathways. Encouraging preclinical findings have suggested that CSC pathway blockade can indeed enhance cellular sensitivity to non-targeted conventional therapy, and this work has led to several ongoing clinical trials of CSC pathway inhibitors. Our studies in bladder cancer and lung adenocarcinoma have demonstrated a crucial role of YAP1, a transcriptional regulator of genes that promote cell survival and proliferation, in regulating CSC phenotypes. Moreover, using cell lines and patient-derived xenograft models, we showed that inhibition of YAP1 enhances the efficacy of conventional therapies by attenuating CSC stemness features. In this review, we summarize the therapeutic strategies for targeting CSCs in several cancers and discuss the potential and challenges of the approach.
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14
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Zhu J, Huang G, Hua X, Li Y, Yan H, Che X, Tian Z, Liufu H, Huang C, Li J, Xu J, Dai W, Huang H, Huang C. CD44s is a crucial ATG7 downstream regulator for stem-like property, invasion, and lung metastasis of human bladder cancer (BC) cells. Oncogene 2019; 38:3301-3315. [PMID: 30635654 PMCID: PMC7112719 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0664-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over half a million US residents are suffering with bladder cancer (BC), which costs a total $4 billion in treatment annually. Although recent studies report that autophagy-related gene 7 (ATG7) is overexpressed in BCs, the regulatory effects of ATG7 on cancer stem-like phenotypes and invasion have not been explored yet. Current studies demonstrated that the deficiency of ATG7 by its shRNA dramatically reduced sphere formation and invasion in vitro, as well as lung metastasis in vivo in human invasive BC cells. Further studies indicated that the knockdown of ATG7 attenuated the expression of CD44 standard (CD44s), while ectopic introduction of CD44s, was capable of completely restoring sphere formation, invasion, and lung metastasis in T24T(shATG7) cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that ATG7 overexpression stabilized CD44s proteins accompanied with upregulating USP28 proteins. Upregulated USP28 was able to bind to CD44s and remove the ubiquitin group from CD44s' protein, resulting in the stabilization of CD44s protein. Moreover, ATG7 inhibition stabilized AUF1 protein and thereby reduced tet1 mRNA stability and expression, which was able to demethylate usp28 promoter, reduced USP28 expression, finally promoting CD44s degradation. In addition, CD44s was defined to inhibit degradation of RhoGDIβ, which in turn promotes BC invasion. Our results demonstrate that CD44s is a key ATG7 downstream regulator of the sphere formation, invasion, and lung metastasis of BCs, providing significant insight into understanding the BC invasions, metastasis, and stem-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlan Zhu
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Grace Huang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, USA
- Summer Intern from Northern Highlands Regional High School, 298 Hillside Ave, Allendale, NJ, 07401, USA
| | - Xiaohui Hua
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Huiying Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xun Che
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Zhongxian Tian
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Huating Liufu
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, USA
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Jingxia Li
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Jiheng Xu
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Wei Dai
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Haishan Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
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15
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Bellmunt J. Stem-Like Signature Predicting Disease Progression in Early Stage Bladder Cancer. The Role of E2F3 and SOX4. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6030085. [PMID: 30072631 PMCID: PMC6164884 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of the cancer stem cells (CSC) field, together with powerful genome-wide screening techniques, have provided the basis for the development of future alternative and reliable therapies aimed at targeting tumor-initiating cell populations. Urothelial bladder cancer stem cells (BCSCs) that were identified for the first time in 2009 are heterogenous and originate from multiple cell types; including urothelial stem cells and differentiated cell types—basal, intermediate stratum and umbrella cells Some studies hypothesize that BCSCs do not necessarily arise from normal stem cells but might derive from differentiated progenies following mutational insults and acquisition of tumorigenic properties. Conversely, there is data that normal bladder tissues can generate CSCs through mutations. Prognostic risk stratification by identification of predictive markers is of major importance in the management of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) patients. Several stem cell markers have been linked to recurrence or progression. The CD44v8-10 to standard CD44-ratio (total ratio of all CD44 alternative splicing isoforms) in urothelial cancer has been shown to be closely associated with tumor progression and aggressiveness. ALDH1, has also been reported to be associated with BCSCs and a worse prognosis in a large number of studies. UCC include low-grade and high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and high-grade muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Important genetic defects characterize the distinct pathways in each one of the stages and probably grades. As an example, amplification of chromosome 6p22 is one of the most frequent changes seen in MIBC and might act as an early event in tumor progression. Interestingly, among NMIBC there is a much higher rate of amplification in high-grade NMIBC compared to low grade NMIBC. CDKAL1, E2F3 and SOX4 are highly expressed in patients with the chromosomal 6p22 amplification aside from other six well known genes (ID4, MBOAT1, LINC00340, PRL, and HDGFL1). Based on that, SOX4, E2F3 or 6q22.3 amplifications might represent potential targets in this tumor type. Focusing more in SOX4, it seems to exert its critical regulatory functions upstream of the Snail, Zeb, and Twist family of transcriptional inducers of EMT (epithelial–mesenchymal transition), but without directly affecting their expression as seen in several cell lines of the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) project. SOX4 gene expression correlates with advanced cancer stages and poor survival rate in bladder cancer, supporting a potential role as a regulator of the bladder CSC properties. SOX4 might serve as a biomarker of the aggressive phenotype, also underlying progression from NMIBC to MIBC. The amplicon in chromosome 6 contains SOX4 and E2F3 and is frequently found amplified in bladder cancer. These genes/amplicons might be a potential target for therapy. As an existing hypothesis is that chromatin deregulation through enhancers or super-enhancers might be the underlying mechanism responsible of this deregulation, a potential way to target these transcription factors could be through epigenetic modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Bellmunt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital del Mar, IMIM (PSMAR-Hospital del Mar Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Shinder BM, Shupe A, Lee GT, Stein MN, Kim IY, Singer EA. Role of the androgen signaling axis in genitourinary malignancies. Transl Cancer Res 2018; 7:1135-1142. [PMID: 30701159 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2018.03.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As we learn more about the molecular biology of genitourinary malignancies, novel therapeutic strategies can be developed. This is especially crucial for prostate, renal, and bladder cancer, where mortality rates remain high especially in advanced disease states. The androgen signaling axis and the androgen receptor (AR) are areas that are actively being explored for their role in these diseases. Although long been associated with prostate cancer development and progression, the role of AR in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and bladder cancer is becoming recognized as well. This review will highlight the current research into the role of the androgen signaling axis in genitourinary malignancies and how this pathway is being used to expand our therapeutic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Shinder
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Adam Shupe
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Geun Taek Lee
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Mark N Stein
- Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Isaac Y Kim
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Eric A Singer
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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17
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Glycan affinity magnetic nanoplatforms for urinary glycobiomarkers discovery in bladder cancer. Talanta 2018; 184:347-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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18
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Belgorosky D, Fernández-Cabada T, Peñaherrera-Pazmiño AB, Langle Y, Booth R, Bhansali S, Pérez MS, Eiján AM, Lerner B. Analysis of tumoral spheres growing in a multichamber microfluidic device. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6327-6336. [PMID: 29574936 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lab on a Chip (LOC) farming systems have emerged as a powerful tool for single cell studies combined with a non-adherent cell culture substrate and single cell capture chips for the study of single cell derived tumor spheres. Cancer is characterized by its cellular heterogeneity where only a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for tumor metastases and recurrences. Thus, the in vitro strategy to the formation of a single cell-derived sphere is an attractive alternative to identify CSCs. In this study, we test the effectiveness of microdevices for analysis of heterogeneity within CSC populations and its interaction with different components of the extracellular matrix. CSC could be identify using specific markers related to its pluripotency and self-renewal characteristics such as the transcription factor Oct-4 or the surface protein CD44. The results confirm the usefulness of LOC as an effective method for quantification of CSC, through the formation of spheres under conditions of low adhesion or growing on components of the extracellular matrix. The device used is also a good alternative for evaluating the individual growth of each sphere and further identification of these CSC markers by immunofluorescence. In conclusion, LOC devices have not only the already known advantages, but they are also a promising tool since they use small amounts of reagents and are under specific culture parameters. LOC devices could be considered as a novel technology to be used as a complement or replacement of traditional studies on culture plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Belgorosky
- Instituto de Oncología Angel H. Roffo, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Fellow at Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tamara Fernández-Cabada
- Fellow at Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (UTN), Facultad Regional de Haedo, Paris, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Belén Peñaherrera-Pazmiño
- Fellow at Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (UTN), Facultad Regional de Haedo, Paris, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yanina Langle
- Instituto de Oncología Angel H. Roffo, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ross Booth
- Millipore Sigma Corporation, Hayward, California
| | - Shekhar Bhansali
- Bio-MEMS and Microsystem Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Maximiliano S Pérez
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (UTN), Facultad Regional de Haedo, Paris, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ingeniería Biomédica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires, (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Member at Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana María Eiján
- Instituto de Oncología Angel H. Roffo, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Member at Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Betiana Lerner
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (UTN), Facultad Regional de Haedo, Paris, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ingeniería Biomédica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires, (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Member at Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Amantini C, Morelli MB, Nabissi M, Cardinali C, Santoni M, Gismondi A, Santoni G. Capsaicin triggers autophagic cell survival which drives epithelial mesenchymal transition and chemoresistance in bladder cancer cells in an Hedgehog-dependent manner. Oncotarget 2018; 7:50180-50194. [PMID: 27367032 PMCID: PMC5226576 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a common urologic tumor characterized by high risk of recurrence and mortality. Capsaicin (CPS), used as an intravesical drug for overactive bladder, was demonstrated to induce cell death in different cancer cells including BC cells. Here we found that treatment of high-grade BC cells with high dose of CPS triggers autophagy. Infact, the CPS treatment alters the redox homeostasis by inducing production of radicals, mitochondrial depolarization, alterations of ADP/ATP ratio and activation of AMPK pathway stimulating the autophagic process in BC cells. The inhibition of autophagy, by using the specific inhibitor bafilomycin A or Beclin 1 knock-down, enhanced the CPS-induced cell death, demonstrating that CPS-induced autophagy acts as a pro-survival process in BC cells. By using PCR arrays and FACS analysis, we found that the CPS-treated BC cells displayed typical mesenchymal features of the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) as elongated shape and over-expression of vimentin, α5 and β1 integrin subunits, integrin-like kinase and the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. Moreover, we demonstrated that CPS treatment stimulates upregulation of Dhh/Ptch2/Zeb2 members of the Hedgehog signaling pathway, increases CD24, VEGFA and TIMP1 and decreases CD44 and ALCAM mRNA expression levels. By PTCH2 knock-down we found that the Hedgehog signaling pathway is involved in the CPS-induced autophagy and EMT phenotype. Finally, we also showed that the CPS-resistant EMT-positive BC cells displayed an increased drug-resistance to the cytotoxic effects of mitomycin C, gemcitabine and doxorubicine drugs commonly used in BC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Amantini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Morelli
- School of Pharmacy, Experimental Medicine Section, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Nabissi
- School of Pharmacy, Experimental Medicine Section, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Claudio Cardinali
- School of Pharmacy, Experimental Medicine Section, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Department of Medical Oncology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Angela Gismondi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Santoni
- School of Pharmacy, Experimental Medicine Section, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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20
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Fang D, Kitamura H. Cancer stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in urothelial carcinoma: Possible pathways and potential therapeutic approaches. Int J Urol 2017; 25:7-17. [PMID: 28697535 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence of the presence of cancer stem cells in urothelial carcinoma. Cancer stem cells have the ability to self-renew and to differentiate into all cell types of the original heterogeneous tumor. A panel of diverse cancer stem cell markers might be suitable for simulation studies of urothelial cancer stem cells and for the development of optimized treatment protocols. The present review focuses on the advances in recognizing the markers of urothelial cancer stem cells and possible therapeutic targets. The commonly reported markers and pathways that were evaluated include CD44, CD133, ALDH1, SOX2 & SOX4, BMI1, EZH1, PD-L1, MAGE-A3, COX2/PGE2/STAT3, AR, and autophagy. Studies on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related pathways (Shh, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, PI3K/Akt, TGF-β, miRNA) are also reviewed. Most of these markers were recognized through the expression patterns of cancer stem cell-rich side populations. Their regulative role in the development and differentiation of urothelial cancer stem cells was confirmed in vitro by functional analyses (e.g. cell migration, colony formation, sphere formation), and in vivo in xenograft experiments. Although a small number of these pathways are targeted by currently available drugs or drugs that are the currently being tested in clinical trials, a clear treatment approach has not been developed for most pathways. A greater understanding of the mechanisms that control the proliferation and differentiation of cancer stem cells is expected to lead to improvements in targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Fang
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hiroshi Kitamura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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21
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22
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Seiler R, Oo HZ, Tortora D, Clausen TM, Wang CK, Kumar G, Pereira MA, Ørum-Madsen MS, Agerbæk MØ, Gustavsson T, Nordmaj MA, Rich JR, Lallous N, Fazli L, Lee SS, Douglas J, Todenhöfer T, Esfandnia S, Battsogt D, Babcook JS, Al-Nakouzi N, Crabb SJ, Moskalev I, Kiss B, Davicioni E, Thalmann GN, Rennie PS, Black PC, Salanti A, Daugaard M. An Oncofetal Glycosaminoglycan Modification Provides Therapeutic Access to Cisplatin-resistant Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol 2017; 72:142-150. [PMID: 28408175 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) improves survival of unselected patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), only a minority responds to therapy and chemoresistance remains a major challenge in this disease setting. OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical significance of oncofetal chondroitin sulfate (ofCS) glycosaminoglycan chains in cisplatin-resistant MIBC and to evaluate these as targets for second-line therapy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS An ofCS-binding recombinant VAR2CSA protein derived from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (rVAR2) was used as an in situ, in vitro, and in vivo ofCS-targeting reagent in cisplatin-resistant MIBC. The ofCS expression landscape was analyzed in two independent cohorts of matched pre- and post-NAC-treated MIBC patients. INTERVENTION An rVAR2 protein armed with cytotoxic hemiasterlin compounds (rVAR2 drug conjugate [VDC] 886) was evaluated as a novel therapeutic strategy in a xenograft model of cisplatin-resistant MIBC. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Antineoplastic effects of targeting ofCS. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS In situ, ofCS was significantly overexpressed in residual tumors after NAC in two independent patient cohorts (p<0.02). Global gene-expression profiling and biochemical analysis of primary tumors and cell lines revealed syndican-1 and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 as ofCS-modified proteoglycans in MIBC. In vitro, ofCS was expressed on all MIBC cell lines tested, and VDC886 eliminated these cells in the low-nanomolar IC50 concentration range. In vivo, VDC886 effectively retarded growth of chemoresistant orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts and prolonged survival (p=0.005). The use of cisplatin only for the generation of chemoresistant xenografts are limitations of our animal model design. CONCLUSIONS Targeting ofCS provides a promising second-line treatment strategy in cisplatin-resistant MIBC. PATIENT SUMMARY Cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer overexpresses particular sugar chains compared with chemotherapy-naïve bladder cancer. Using a recombinant protein from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, we can target these sugar chains, and our results showed a significant antitumor effect in cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer. This novel treatment paradigm provides therapeutic access to bladder cancers not responding to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Seiler
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Urology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Htoo Zarni Oo
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Davide Tortora
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Thomas M Clausen
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chris K Wang
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gunjan Kumar
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marina Ayres Pereira
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maj S Ørum-Madsen
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mette Ø Agerbæk
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias Gustavsson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mie A Nordmaj
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Nada Lallous
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sherry S Lee
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James Douglas
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Tilman Todenhöfer
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shaghayegh Esfandnia
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Nader Al-Nakouzi
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Simon J Crabb
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | | | - Bernhard Kiss
- Department of Urology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Paul S Rennie
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter C Black
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ali Salanti
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Zymeworks Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Prognostic significance of CD24 and CD44 in breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Biol Markers 2017; 32:e75-e82. [PMID: 27470135 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Numerous studies have focused on the prognostic roles of CD24 and CD44 in breast cancer, but the results have been equivocal. The aim of this study was to gain better insight into the relationship between expression of CD24 and of CD44, either alone or in combination, and prognostic parameters in breast cancer. METHODS Publications addressing the associations of CD24 or CD44 expression with survival outcome in breast cancer were selected for the meta-analysis according to defined criteria. Studies were pooled and odds ratios (ORs) or hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated. Publication bias and sensitivity analyses were also conducted. RESULTS Sixteen studies comprising 5,697 breast cancer cases were included in our meta-analysis. Overall, CD24 overexpression was significantly associated with histological grade (OR = 1.52; 95% CI 1.12-2.06, p = 0.007), stage (OR = 1.74; 95% CI 1.27-2.40, p<0.001), shortened overall survival (HR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.21-1.80, p<0.001) and disease-free survival (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.19-1.76, p<0.001), while no such association was observed when we limited our analysis to CD44 and CD44+/CD24- phenotypes. Subgroup analyses for CD24 according to the studies categorized by ethnicity, staining patterns and follow-up period were also conducted, and supported the stability of the prognostic role of CD24. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that the putative stem cell marker CD24 was significantly associated with worse survival based on the obtained data. In particular, CD24 may play a role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. However, further large-scale studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Kobayashi T. Understanding the biology of urothelial cancer metastasis. Asian J Urol 2016; 3:211-222. [PMID: 29264189 PMCID: PMC5730871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of unresectable urothelial cancer (UC) has been a clinical challenge for decades. While drug resistance is a key issue, precise understanding of biology of UC metastasis is another challenge for the improvement of treatment outcome of UC patients. Introduction of the cell biology concepts including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stemness seems to explain UC metastasis. Molecular genetics based on gene expression profiling, next generation sequencing, and explosion of non-coding RNA world has opened the door to intrinsic molecular subtyping of UC. Next steps include, based on the recently accumulated understanding, the establishment of novel disease models representing UC metastasis in various experimental platforms, particularly in vivo animal systems. Indeed, novel knowledge molecular genetics has not been fully linked to the modeling of UC metastasis. Further understanding of bladder carcinogenesis is needed particularly with regard to cell of origin related to tumor characteristics including driver gene alterations, pathological differentiations, and metastatic ability. Then we will be able to establish better disease models, which will consequently lead us to further understanding of biology and eventually the development of novel therapeutic strategies for UC metastasis.
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Garg M. Epithelial plasticity in urothelial carcinoma: Current advancements and future challenges. World J Stem Cells 2016. [PMID: 27621760 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i8.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder is characterized by high recurrence rate where a subset of these cells undergoes transition to deadly muscle invasive disease and later metastasizes. Urothelial cancer stem cells (UroCSCs), a tumor subpopulation derived from transformation of urothelial stem cells, are responsible for heterogeneous tumor formation and resistance to systemic treatment in UC of the bladder. Although the precise reason for pathophysiologic spread of tumor is not clear, transcriptome analysis of microdissected cancer cells expressing multiple progenitor/stem cell markers validates the upregulation of genes that derive epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Experimental studies on human bladder cancer xenografts describe the mechanistic functions and regulation of epithelial plasticity for its cancer-restraining effects. It has been further examined to be associated with the recruitment of a pool of UroCSCs into cell division in response to damages induced by adjuvant therapies. This paper also discusses the various probable therapeutic approaches to attenuate the progressive manifestation of chemoresistance by co-administration of inhibitors of epithelial plasticity and chemotherapeutic drugs by abrogating the early tumor repopulation as well as killing differentiated cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Garg
- Minal Garg, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
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26
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Garg M. Epithelial plasticity in urothelial carcinoma: Current advancements and future challenges. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:260-267. [PMID: 27621760 PMCID: PMC4999653 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i8.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder is characterized by high recurrence rate where a subset of these cells undergoes transition to deadly muscle invasive disease and later metastasizes. Urothelial cancer stem cells (UroCSCs), a tumor subpopulation derived from transformation of urothelial stem cells, are responsible for heterogeneous tumor formation and resistance to systemic treatment in UC of the bladder. Although the precise reason for pathophysiologic spread of tumor is not clear, transcriptome analysis of microdissected cancer cells expressing multiple progenitor/stem cell markers validates the upregulation of genes that derive epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Experimental studies on human bladder cancer xenografts describe the mechanistic functions and regulation of epithelial plasticity for its cancer-restraining effects. It has been further examined to be associated with the recruitment of a pool of UroCSCs into cell division in response to damages induced by adjuvant therapies. This paper also discusses the various probable therapeutic approaches to attenuate the progressive manifestation of chemoresistance by co-administration of inhibitors of epithelial plasticity and chemotherapeutic drugs by abrogating the early tumor repopulation as well as killing differentiated cancer cells.
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27
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Variant isoforms of CD44 expression in upper tract urothelial cancer as a predictive marker for recurrence and mortality. Urol Oncol 2016; 34:337.e19-26. [PMID: 27133224 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The variant isoforms of CD44 (CD44v), which has been associated with treatment resistance and tumor recurrence, are contributed to the feature of some of the new cell surface markers for cancer stem cells. The aim of this study is to address the prognostic significant of CD44v expression in upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC). MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 110 patients treated surgically for≥pT2 UTUC. To determine the biological significance of CD44v in UTUC, we examined the immunohistochemical expression of CD44v9 and its association with clinical features and oncological outcomes. RESULTS During the mean follow-up of 4.8 years, tumor recurrence, including local and distant metastasis, was observed in 57 patients (51.8%), and 42 patients (38.2%) died of the disease. The incidence of ureter cancers was significantly higher in patients expressing CD44v9. In this series, 37 patients in the CD44v9-positive group (45.1%) and 5 (17.9%) in the CD44v9-negative group died of the disease. Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that cancer-specific survival and recurrence-free survival rates were significantly lower in the CD44v9-positive group than in the CD44v9-negative group (P = 0.032 and P = 0.038, respectively). A multivariate analysis identified the expression of CD44v9 as one of the independent risk factors for cancer-specific survival (P = 0.040, hazard ratio = 2.67) in addition to tumor grade G3, and also for recurrence-free survival (P = 0.028, hazard ratio = 2.33), in addition to tumor grade G3 and lymphovascular invasion. CONCLUSIONS The expression of CD44v9 may be a new biomarker of malignant potential in muscle invasive UTUC and provide additional prognostic information in patients with UTUC.
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Abstract
Based on an analysis of a large number of sources of literature, the paper gives general information on the markers for cancer stem cells (CSCs), which allow the detection of this rare cell subpopulation, on the possibilities of estimating their immunohistochemical or immunofluorescent expression in tumors, and on the prognostic and predictive values of these molecules. For their detection, investigators generally use definite molecules, the so-called markers of CSCs, among which there are CD44, CD133, CD24, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and others. The expression of these molecules in the tumor tissue obtained from patients affects survival rates and permits the prediction of a response to therapy. A better insight into the immunophenotype of CSCs, the role of CSC markers in retaining the special properties of this call population, and the clinical significance of the expression of CSC markers will be able to elaborate new approaches to therapy for malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Puchinskaya
- Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
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29
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Ide H, Miyamoto H. Steroid Hormone Receptor Signals as Prognosticators for Urothelial Tumor. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:840640. [PMID: 26770009 PMCID: PMC4685115 DOI: 10.1155/2015/840640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a substantial amount of preclinical or clinical evidence suggesting that steroid hormone receptor-mediated signals play a critical role in urothelial tumorigenesis and tumor progression. These receptors include androgen receptor, estrogen receptors, glucocorticoid receptor, progesterone receptor, vitamin D receptor, retinoid receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and others including orphan receptors. In particular, studies using urothelial cancer tissue specimens have demonstrated that elevated or reduced expression of these receptors as well as alterations of their upstream or downstream pathways correlates with patient outcomes. This review summarizes and discusses available data suggesting that steroid hormone receptors and related signals serve as biomarkers for urothelial carcinoma and are able to predict tumor recurrence or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ide
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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30
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Skowron MA, Niegisch G, Fritz G, Arent T, van Roermund JGH, Romano A, Albers P, Schulz WA, Hoffmann MJ. Phenotype plasticity rather than repopulation from CD90/CK14+ cancer stem cells leads to cisplatin resistance of urothelial carcinoma cell lines. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:144. [PMID: 26606927 PMCID: PMC4660687 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour heterogeneity and resistance to systemic treatment in urothelial carcinoma (UC) may arise from cancer stem cells (CSC). A recent model describes cellular differentiation states within UC based on corresponding expression of surface markers (CD) and cytokeratins (CK) with CD90 and CK14 positive cells representing the least differentiated and most tumourigenic population. Based on the fact that this population is postulated to constitute CSCs and the origin of cisplatin resistance, we enriched urothelial carcinoma cell lines (UCCs) for CD90 and studied the tumour-initiating potential of these separated cells in vitro. METHODS Magnetic- and fluorescence-activated- cell sorting were used for separation of CD90(+) and CD90(-) UCCs. Distribution of cell surface markers CD90, CD44, and CD49f and cytokeratins CK14, CK5, and CK20 as well as the effects of short- and long-term treatment with cisplatin were assessed in vitro and measured by qRT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, reporter assay and flow cytometry in 11 UCCs. RESULTS We observed cell populations with surface markers according to those reported in tumour xenografts. However, expression of cytokeratins did not concord regularly with that of the surface markers. In particular, expression of CD90 and CK14 diverged during enrichment of CD90(+) cells by immunomagnetic sorting or following cisplatin treatment. Enriched CD90(+) cells did not exhibit CSC-like characteristics like enhanced clonogenicity and cisplatin resistance. Moreover, selection of cisplatin-resistant sublines by long-term drug treatment did not result in enrichment of CD90(+) cells. Rather, these sublines displayed significant phenotypic plasticity expressing EMT markers, an altered pattern of CKs, and WNT-pathway target genes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the correspondence between CD surface markers and cytokeratins reported in xenografts is not maintained in commonly used UCCs and that CD90 may not be a stable marker of CSC in UC. Moreover, UCCs cells are capable of substantial phenotypic plasticity that may significantly contribute to the emergence of cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha A Skowron
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Tanja Arent
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Joep G H van Roermund
- Department of Urology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6202, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrea Romano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6202, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Albers
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Magiorkinis E, Diamantis A. The fascinating story of urine examination: From uroscopy to the era of microscopy and beyond. Diagn Cytopathol 2015; 43:1020-36. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Thompson DB, Siref LE, Feloney MP, Hauke RJ, Agrawal DK. Immunological basis in the pathogenesis and treatment of bladder cancer. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:265-79. [PMID: 25391391 PMCID: PMC4637163 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.983082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis and transition of normal urothelium into bladder carcinoma are multifactorial processes. Chronic inflammation causes initiation and progression of the underlying pathophysiology of invasive and metastatic cancer. A dichotomy is observed in the role of immune cells in bladder cancer. While the immune response defends the host by suppressing neoplastic growth, several immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages and T-lymphocytes, promote tumor development and progression. The levels of human neutrophil peptide-1, -2 and -3, produced by neutrophils, increase in bladder cancer and might promote tumor angiogenesis and growth. The effect of macrophages is primarily mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α. In addition, the underlying immunological mechanisms of two treatments, BCG and cytokine gene-modified tumor vaccines, and future directions are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Thompson
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, CRISS II Room 510, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Pors K, Moreb JS. Aldehyde dehydrogenases in cancer: an opportunity for biomarker and drug development? Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1953-63. [PMID: 25256776 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) belong to a superfamily of 19 isozymes that are known to participate in many physiologically important biosynthetic processes including detoxification of specific endogenous and exogenous aldehyde substrates. The high expression levels of an emerging number of ALDHs in various cancer tissues suggest that these enzymes have pivotal roles in cancer cell survival and progression. Mapping out the heterogeneity of tumours and their cancer stem cell (CSC) component will be key to successful design of strategies involving therapeutics that are targeted against specific ALDH isozymes. This review summarises recent progress in ALDH-focused cancer research and discovery of small-molecule-based inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Pors
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
| | - Jan S Moreb
- Hematological Malignancies, PO Box 100278, Gainesville, FL 32610-0277, USA.
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