1
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Leni R, Roscigno M, Barzaghi P, La Croce G, Catellani M, Saccà A, de Angelis M, Montorsi F, Briganti A, Da Pozzo LF. Medium-term follow up of active surveillance for early prostate cancer at a non-academic institution. BJU Int 2024; 133:614-621. [PMID: 38093673 DOI: 10.1111/bju.16259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report oncological outcomes of active surveillance (AS) at a single non-academic institution adopting the standardised Prostate Cancer Research International Active Surveillance (PRIAS) protocol. PATIENTS AND METHODS Competing risk analyses estimated the incidence of overall mortality, metastases, conversion to treatment, and grade reclassification. The incidence of reclassification and adverse pathological findings at radical prostatectomy were compared between patients fulfilling all PRIAS inclusion criteria vs those not fulfilling at least one. RESULTS We analysed 341 men with Grade Group 1 prostate cancer (PCa) followed on AS between 2010 and 2022. There were no PCa deaths, two patients developed distant metastases and were alive at the end of the study period. The 10-year cumulative incidence of metastases was 1.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.33-6.4%). A total of 111 men were reclassified, and 127 underwent definitive treatment. Men not fulfilling at least one PRIAS inclusion criteria (n = 43) had a higher incidence of reclassification (subdistribution hazards ratio 1.73, 95% CI 1.07-2.81; P = 0.03), but similar rates of adverse pathological findings at radical prostatectomy. CONCLUSION Metastases in men on AS at a non-academic institution are as rare as those reported in established international cohorts. Men followed without stringent inclusion criteria should be counselled about the higher incidence of reclassification and reassured they can expect rates of adverse pathological findings comparable to those fulfilling all criteria. Therefore, AS should be proposed to all men with low-grade PCa regardless of whether they are followed at academic institutions or smaller community hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Leni
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Urology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Roscigno
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Department of Urology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Paolo Barzaghi
- Department of Urology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonino Saccà
- Department of Urology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Mario de Angelis
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Urology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Urology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Briganti
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Urology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Filippo Da Pozzo
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Department of Urology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
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2
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Cui F, Qiu Y, Xu W, Zou C, Fan Y. Pretreatment prostate-specific antigen density as a predictor of biochemical recurrence in patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:305. [PMID: 38448818 PMCID: PMC10916317 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A consensus has not been reached on the value of prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) as a predictor of biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association between PSAD and biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after primary treatment. METHODS Two authors systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases (up to August September 10, 2023) to identify studies that assessed the value of pretreatment PSAD in predicting biochemical recurrence after primary treatment (radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy) of prostate cancer. A random effect model was used to pool adjusted hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for biochemical recurrence. RESULTS Nine studies with 4963 patients were eligible for the meta-analysis. The reported prevalence of biochemical recurrence ranged from 4 to 55.1%. For patients with higher PSAD compared to those with low PSAD, the pooled HR of biochemical recurrence was 1.59 (95% CI 1.21-2.10). Subgroup analysis showed that the pooled HR of biochemical recurrence was 1.80 (95% CI 1.34-2.42) for patients who received radical prostatectomy, and 0.98 (95% CI 0.66-1.45) for patients who received radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Elevated pretreatment PSAD may be an independent predictor for biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Determining PSAD could potentially improve the prediction of biochemical recurrence in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilun Cui
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Taizhou Second People's Hospital of Yangzhou University , 225500, Taizhou, China
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University , 212002, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, No. 8 Dianli Road, 225500, Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, No. 8 Dianli Road, 225500, Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chen Zou
- Department of General Surgery, Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School Nanjing University, No. 1 Lijiang Road, 215163, Suzhou, China.
| | - Yu Fan
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, No. 8 Dianli Road, 225500, Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, China.
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3
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Matulevičius A, Žukauskaitė K, Gineikaitė R, Dasevičius D, Trakymas M, Naruševičiūtė I, Ušinskienė J, Ulys A, Jankevičius F, Jarmalaitė S. Combination of DNA methylation biomarkers with multiparametric magnetic resonance and ultrasound imaging fusion biopsy to detect the local spread of prostate cancer. Prostate 2023; 83:1572-1583. [PMID: 37614027 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the extent of field cancerization adjacent to index lesions in prostate cancer (PCa) by measuring DNA methylation of selected tumor suppressor genes in the perifocal tissue of PCa not visible on multiparametric magnetic resonanse imaging (mpMRI) for the safe zone of focal therapy identification. METHODS A total of 272 patients were enrolled in this study, 44 patients' tissue biosamples were included in the field cancerization research, and 272 urine samples were included in the urine-based test development. Targeted biopsies were performed using the mpMRI/ultrasoundimage fusion system. RESULTS Quantitative analysis revealed significantly higher DNA methylation levels of RARB, RASSF1, GSTP1 & APC genes in the index lesion compared with perifocal tissue samples 10 mm away from it (p < 0.0001). Notably, the RARB, GSTP1 & APC and RARB, RASSF1, GSTP1 & APC biomarker combinations exhibited the highest sensitivity and specificity comparing the extent of DNA methylation in index lesions and noncancerous prostate tissues 20 mm away (both area under the curve [AUC] = 0.98; p < 0.0001). The analysis of the potential urinary biomarkers showed that the combination of all four DNA methylation biomarkers with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or PSA density (PSAD) in the blood significantly improves the detection of clinically significant PCa (csPCa). The combination of the four-biomarker test with PSAD allowed the identification of csPCa with ≥90% sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION Thus, this study suggests that for focal therapy by region target hemi-ablation, the safe distance from the index lesion is no less than 10 mm. Noninvasive urine DNA methylation tests in combination with PSAD could be used for further follow-up of the patients, but larger prospective studies with external validation are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustinas Matulevičius
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Žukauskaitė
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Darius Dasevičius
- National Centre of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | | | | | | | - Feliksas Jankevičius
- Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sonata Jarmalaitė
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
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4
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Leni R, Gandaglia G, Stabile A, Mazzone E, Pellegrino F, Scuderi S, Robesti D, Barletta F, Cirulli GO, Cucchiara V, Zaffuto E, Dehò F, Montorsi F, Briganti A. Is Active Surveillance an Option for the Management of Men with Low-grade Prostate Cancer and a Positive Family History? Results from a Large, Single-institution Series. Eur Urol Oncol 2023; 6:493-500. [PMID: 37005213 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family history (FH) of prostate cancer (PCa) is associated with an increased risk of PCa and adverse disease features. However, whether patients with localized PCa and FH could be considered for active surveillance (AS) remains controversial. OBJECTIVE To assess the association between FH and reclassification of AS candidates, and to define predictors of adverse outcomes in men with positive FH. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Overall, 656 patients with grade group (GG) 1 PCa included in an AS protocol at a single institution were identified. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Kaplan-Meier analyses assessed the time to reclassification (GG ≥2 and GG ≥3 at follow-up biopsies) overall and according to FH status. Multivariable Cox regression tested the impact of FH on reclassification and identified the predictors among men with FH. Men treated with delayed radical prostatectomy (n = 197) or external-beam radiation therapy (n = 64) were identified, and the impact of FH on oncologic outcomes was assessed. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Overall, 119 men (18%) had FH. The median follow-up was 54 mo (interquartile range 29-84 mo), and 264 patients experienced reclassification. The 5-yr reclassification-free survival rate was 39% versus 57% for FH versus no FH (p = 0.006), and FH was associated with reclassification to GG ≥2 (hazard ratio [HR] 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19-2.15, p = 0.002). In men with FH, the strongest predictors of reclassification were prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density (PSAD), high-volume GG 1 (≥33% of cores involved or ≥50% of any core involved), and suspicious magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the prostate (HRs 2.87, 3.04, and 3.87, respectively; all p < 0.05). No association between FH, adverse pathologic features, and biochemical recurrence was observed (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patients with FH on AS are at an increased risk of reclassification. Negative MRI, low disease volume, and low PSAD identify men with FH and a low risk of reclassification. Nonetheless, sample size and wide CIs entail caution in drawing conclusions based on these results. PATIENT SUMMARY We tested the impact of family history in men on active surveillance for localized prostate cancer. A significant risk of reclassification, but not adverse oncologic outcomes after deferred treatment, prompts the need for cautious discussion with these patients, without precluding initial expectant management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Leni
- Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, Soldera Prostate Cancer Lab, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gandaglia
- Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, Soldera Prostate Cancer Lab, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Armando Stabile
- Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, Soldera Prostate Cancer Lab, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Mazzone
- Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, Soldera Prostate Cancer Lab, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Pellegrino
- Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, Soldera Prostate Cancer Lab, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Scuderi
- Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, Soldera Prostate Cancer Lab, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Robesti
- Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, Soldera Prostate Cancer Lab, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Barletta
- Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, Soldera Prostate Cancer Lab, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ottone Cirulli
- Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, Soldera Prostate Cancer Lab, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Vito Cucchiara
- Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, Soldera Prostate Cancer Lab, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Zaffuto
- Department of Urology, Circolo and Fondazione Macchi Hospital-ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy; University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Federico Dehò
- Department of Urology, Circolo and Fondazione Macchi Hospital-ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy; University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, Soldera Prostate Cancer Lab, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Briganti
- Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, Soldera Prostate Cancer Lab, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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5
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Gandaglia G, Leni R, Plagakis S, Stabile A, Montorsi F, Briganti A. Active surveillance should not be routinely considered in ISUP grade group 2 prostate cancer. BMC Urol 2023; 23:153. [PMID: 37777767 PMCID: PMC10542696 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-023-01315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Active surveillance has been proposed as a therapeutic option in selected intermediate risk patients with biopsy grade group 2 prostate cancer. However, its oncologic safety in this setting is debated. Therefore, we conducted a non-systematic literature research of contemporary surveillance protocols including patients with grade group 2 disease to collect the most recent evidence in this setting. Although no randomized controlled trial compared curative-intent treatments, namely radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy vs. active surveillance in patients with grade group 2 disease, surgery is associated with a benefit in terms of disease control and survival when compared to expectant management in the intermediate risk setting. Patients with grade group 2 on active surveillance were at higher risk of disease progression and treatment compared to their grade group 1 counterparts. Up to 50% of those patients were eventually treated at 5 years, and the metastases-free survival rate was as low as 85% at 15-years. When considering low- and intermediate risk patients treated with radical prostatectomy, grade group 2 was one of the strongest predictors of grade upgrading and adverse features. Available data is insufficient to support the oncologic safety of active surveillance in all men with grade group 2 prostate cancer. Therefore, those patients should be counselled regarding the oncologic efficacy of upfront active treatment modalities and the lack of robust long-term data supporting the safety of active surveillance in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Gandaglia
- Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology; URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Leni
- Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology; URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Armando Stabile
- Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology; URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology; URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Briganti
- Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology; URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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6
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Hori S, Nakai Y, Tachibana A, Omori C, Nishimura N, Inoue K, Tomizawa M, Shimizu T, Morizawa Y, Gotoh D, Miyake M, Torimoto K, Yoneda T, Fujimoto K, Tanaka N. Clinical significance of limited and extended pelvic lymph node dissection during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy for patients with localized prostate cancer: A retrospective, propensity score matching analysis. Int J Urol 2023; 30:168-175. [PMID: 36305671 DOI: 10.1111/iju.15075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the diagnostic and therapeutic benefits of limited or extended pelvic lymph node dissection during a robot-assisted radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. METHODS Diagnostic and therapeutic benefits were assessed according to the rates of pN1 and biochemical recurrence, respectively. The primary outcome was the biochemical recurrence-free rate, and secondary outcomes included the diagnostic and therapeutic benefits of pelvic lymph node dissection. RESULTS A total of 534 patients were analyzed. Out of the 534 patients, 207 (38.8%) received limited pelvic lymph node dissection while 134 (25.1%) received extended dissection. There were 297 patients with a Briganti index ≥5%. Extended dissections yielded significantly more resected lymph nodes (p < 0.0001), and 72.2% of cases of pN1 were located outside the obturator. The incidence rate of pN1 was 6.1%, and performance of extended lymph node dissection was an independent predictor for pN1 (odds ratio 9.0, 95% confidence interval 2.5-33.1). The rate of biochemical recurrence was 14.9%, and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis of the propensity score matched population revealed that patients with high or very-high risk tended to benefit from limited lymph node dissection (hazard ratio 8.4, 95% confidence interval 0.8-82.3) while the therapeutic benefit of extended dissection was unclear by comparison. CONCLUSIONS Extended pelvic lymph node dissection significantly improves diagnostic accuracy; however, the therapeutic benefit of pelvic lymph node dissection was not observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunta Hori
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nakai
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Chihiro Omori
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Kuniaki Inoue
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Takuto Shimizu
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Gotoh
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Makito Miyake
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuo Yoneda
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Nobumichi Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan.,Department of Prostate Brachytherapy, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
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7
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Fallara G, Fankhauser CD, Martini A. Comment on: "Improving the stratification of intermediate risk prostate cancer". Minerva Urol Nephrol 2022; 74:819-821. [PMID: 36629816 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6051.22.05209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fallara
- Unit of Urology, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Alberto Martini
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA -
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8
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Luzzago S, Piccinelli ML, Marvaso G, Laukhtina E, Miura N, Schuettfort VM, Mori K, Aydh A, Ferro M, Mistretta FA, Fusco N, Petralia G, Jereczek-Fossa BA, Shariat SF, Karakiewicz PI, de Cobelli O, Musi G. Active surveillance for prostate cancer: comparison between incidental tumors vs. tumors diagnosed at prostate biopsies. World J Urol 2021; 40:443-451. [PMID: 34687344 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-021-03864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To test discontinuation rates during Active Surveillance (AS) in patients diagnosed with incidental prostate cancers (IPCa) vs. tumors diagnosed at prostate biopsies (BxPCa). METHODS Retrospective single center analysis of 961 vs. 121 BxPCa vs. IPCa patients (2008-2020). Kaplan-Meier plots and multivariable Cox regression models tested four different outcomes: (1) any-cause discontinuation; (2) discontinuation due to ISUP GG upgrading; (3) biopsy discontinuation due to ISUP GG upgrading or > 3 positive cores; (4) biopsy discontinuation or suspicious extraprostatic extension at surveillance mpMRI. Then, multivariable logistic regression models tested rates of clinically significant PCa (csPCa) (ISUP GG ≥ 3 or pT ≥ 3a or pN1) after radical prostatectomy (RP). RESULTS Median time follow-up was 35 (19-64) months. IPCa patients were at lower risk of any-cause (3-year survival: 79.3 vs. 66%; HR: 0.5, p = 0.001) and biopsy/MRI AS discontinuation (3-year survival: 82.3 vs. 72.7%; HR: 0.5, p = 0.001), compared to BxPCa patients. Conversely, IPCa patients exhibited same rates of biopsy discontinuation and ISUP GG upgrading over time, relative to BxPCa. In multivariable logistic regression models, IPCa patients were associated with higher rates of csPCa at RP (OR: 1.4, p = 0.03), relative to their BxPCa counterparts. CONCLUSION AS represents a safe management strategy for IPCa. Compared to BxPCa, IPCa patients are less prone to experience any-cause and biopsy/MRI AS discontinuation. However, the two mentioned groups present similar rates of biopsy discontinuation and ISUP GG upgrading over time. In consequence, tailored AS protocols with scheduled repeated surveillance biopsies should be offered to all newly diagnosed IPCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Luzzago
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Mattia Luca Piccinelli
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Marvaso
- Department of Radiotherapy, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan, Italy
| | - Ekaterina Laukhtina
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Noriyoshi Miura
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Victor M Schuettfort
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Keiichiro Mori
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Abdulmajeed Aydh
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, King Faisal Medical City, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matteo Ferro
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco A Mistretta
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Department of Pathology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Petralia
- Precision Imaging and Research Unit, Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara A Jereczek-Fossa
- Department of Radiotherapy, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Research Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Urology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology, Vienna, Austria.,European Association of Urology Research Foundation, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre I Karakiewicz
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ottavio de Cobelli
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Gennaro Musi
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122, Milan, Italy
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9
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Luzzago S, Piccinelli ML, Mistretta FA, Bianchi R, Cozzi G, Di Trapani E, Cioffi A, Catellani M, Fontana M, Jannello LMI, Botticelli FMG, Marvaso G, Alessi S, Pricolo P, Ferro M, Matei DV, Jereczek-Fossa BA, Fusco N, Petralia G, de Cobelli O, Musi G. Repeat MRI during active surveillance: natural history of prostatic lesions and upgrading rates. BJU Int 2021; 129:524-533. [PMID: 34687137 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess upgrading rates in patients on active surveillance (AS) for prostate cancer (PCa) after serial multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of 558 patients. Five different criteria for mpMRI progression were used: 1) a Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score increase; 2) a lesion size increase; 3) an extraprostatic extension score increase; 4) overall mpMRI progression; and 5) the number of criteria met for mpMRI progression (0 vs 1 vs 2-3). In addition, two definitions of PCa upgrading were evaluated: 1) International Society of Urological Pathology Grade Group (ISUP GG) ≥2 with >10% of pattern 4 and 2) ISUP GG ≥ 3. Estimated annual percent changes methodology was used to show the temporal trends of mpMRI progression criteria. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of mpMRI progression criteria were also analysed. Multivariable logistic regression models tested PCa upgrading rates. RESULTS Lower rates over time for all mpMRI progression criteria were observed. The NPV of serial mpMRI scans ranged from 90.5% to 93.5% (ISUP GG≥2 with >10% of pattern 4 PCa upgrading) and from 98% to 99% (ISUP GG≥3 PCa upgrading), depending on the criteria used for mpMRI progression. A prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) threshold of 0.15 ng/mL/mL was used to substratify those patients who would be able to skip a prostate biopsy. In multivariable logistic regression models assessing PCa upgrading rates, all five mpMRI progression criteria achieved independent predictor status. CONCLUSION During AS, approximately 27% of patients experience mpMRI progression at first repeat MRI. However, the rates of mpMRI progression decrease over time at subsequent mpMRI scans. Patients with stable mpMRI findings and with PSAD < 0.15 ng/mL/mL could safely skip surveillance biopsies. Conversely, patients who experience mpMRI progression should undergo a prostate biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Luzzago
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Luca Piccinelli
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Bianchi
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Cozzi
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Di Trapani
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Cioffi
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Catellani
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Fontana
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Maria Ippolita Jannello
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Marvaso
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Radiotherapy, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah Alessi
- Division of Radiology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Pricolo
- Division of Radiology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Ferro
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Deliu-Victor Matei
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara A Jereczek-Fossa
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Radiotherapy, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Petralia
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Precision Imaging and Research Unit, Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ottavio de Cobelli
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gennaro Musi
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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10
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Favorable intermediate risk prostate cancer with biopsy Gleason score of 6. BMC Urol 2021; 21:52. [PMID: 33820533 PMCID: PMC8022526 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-021-00827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify potential prognostic factors among patients with favorable intermediate risk prostate cancer with a biopsy Gleason score 6. METHODS From 2003 to 2019, favorable intermediate risk patients who underwent radical prostatectomy were included in this study. All patients were evaluated preoperatively with MRI. Using PI-RADS scores, patients were divided into two groups, and clinic-pathological outcomes were compared. The impact of preoperative factors on significant pathologic Gleason score upgrading (≥ 4 + 3) and biochemical recurrence were assessed via multivariate analysis. Subgroup analysis was performed in patients with PI-RADS ≤ 2. RESULTS Among the 239 patients, 116 (48.5%) were MRI-negative (PI-RADS ≤ 3) and 123 (51.5%) were MRI-positive (PI-RADS > 3). Six patients in the MRI-negative group (5.2%) were characterized as requiring significant pathologic Gleason score upgrading compared with 34 patients (27.6%) in the MRI-positive group (p < 0.001). PI-RADS score was shown to be a significant predictor of significant pathologic Gleason score upgrading (OR = 6.246, p < 0.001) and biochemical recurrence (HR = 2.595, p = 0.043). 10-years biochemical recurrence-free survival was estimated to be 84.4% and 72.6% in the MRI-negative and MRI-positive groups (p = 0.035). In the 79 patients with PI-RADS ≤ 2, tumor length in biopsy cores was identified as a significant predictor of pathologic Gleason score (OR = 11.336, p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS Among the patients with favorable intermediate risk prostate cancer with a biopsy Gleason score 6, preoperative MRI was capable of predicting significant pathologic Gleason score upgrading and biochemical recurrence. Especially, the patients with PI-RADS ≤ 2 and low biopsy tumor length could be a potential candidate to active surveillance.
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11
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Stolzenbach LF, Rosiello G, Pecoraro A, Palumbo C, Luzzago S, Deuker M, Tian Z, Knipper AS, Pompe R, Zorn KC, Shariat SF, Chun FKH, Graefen M, Saad F, Karakiewicz PI. Prostate Cancer Grade and Stage Misclassification in Active Surveillance Candidates: Black Versus White Patients. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2020; 18:1492-1499. [PMID: 33152695 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2020.7580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Misclassification rates defined as upgrading, upstaging, and upgrading and/or upstaging have not been tested in contemporary Black patients relative to White patients who fulfilled criteria for very-low-risk, low-risk, or favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer. This study aimed to address this void. METHODS Within the SEER database (2010-2015), we focused on patients with very low, low, and favorable intermediate risk for prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy and had available stage and grade information. Descriptive analyses, temporal trend analyses, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used. RESULTS Overall, 4,704 patients with very low risk (701 Black vs 4,003 White), 17,785 with low risk (2,696 Black vs 15,089 White), and 11,040 with favorable intermediate risk (1,693 Black vs 9,347 White) were identified. Rates of upgrading and/or upstaging in Black versus White patients were respectively 42.1% versus 37.7% (absolute Δ = +4.4%; P<.001) in those with very low risk, 48.6% versus 46.0% (absolute Δ = +2.6%; P<.001) in those with low risk, and 33.8% versus 35.3% (absolute Δ = -1.5%; P=.05) in those with favorable intermediate risk. CONCLUSIONS Rates of misclassification were particularly elevated in patients with very low risk and low risk, regardless of race, and ranged from 33.8% to 48.6%. Recalibration of very-low-, low-, and, to a lesser extent, favorable intermediate-risk active surveillance criteria may be required. Finally, our data indicate that Black patients may be given the same consideration as White patients when active surveillance is an option. However, further validations should ideally follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Franziska Stolzenbach
- 1Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,2Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Rosiello
- 1Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,3Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Pecoraro
- 1Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,4Department of Urology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlotta Palumbo
- 1Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,5Urology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Luzzago
- 1Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,6Department of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Deuker
- 1Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,7Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Zhe Tian
- 1Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Knipper
- 2Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Raisa Pompe
- 8Department of Urology, Medical University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kevin C Zorn
- 1Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- 9Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and.,10Institute of Urology and Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Felix K H Chun
- 7Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Graefen
- 2Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fred Saad
- 1Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre I Karakiewicz
- 1Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Lam D, Clark S, Stirzaker C, Pidsley R. Advances in Prognostic Methylation Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2993. [PMID: 33076494 PMCID: PMC7602626 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a major clinical need for accurate biomarkers for prostate cancer prognosis, to better inform treatment strategies and disease monitoring. Current clinically recognised prognostic factors, including prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, lack sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing aggressive from indolent disease, particularly in patients with localised intermediate grade prostate cancer. There has therefore been a major focus on identifying molecular biomarkers that can add prognostic value to existing markers, including investigation of DNA methylation, which has a known role in tumorigenesis. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of DNA methylation biomarker studies in prostate cancer prognosis, and highlight the advances that have been made in this field. We cover the numerous studies into well-established candidate genes, and explore the technological transition that has enabled hypothesis-free genome-wide studies and the subsequent discovery of novel prognostic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilys Lam
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia; (D.L.); (S.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Susan Clark
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia; (D.L.); (S.C.); (C.S.)
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Clare Stirzaker
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia; (D.L.); (S.C.); (C.S.)
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Ruth Pidsley
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia; (D.L.); (S.C.); (C.S.)
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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13
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Luzzago S, de Cobelli O, Cozzi G, Peveri G, Bagnardi V, Catellani M, Di Trapani E, Mistretta FA, Pricolo P, Conti A, Alessi S, Marvaso G, Ferro M, Matei DV, Renne G, Jereczek-Fossa BA, Petralia G, Musi G. A novel nomogram to identify candidates for active surveillance amongst patients with International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Grade Group (GG) 1 or ISUP GG2 prostate cancer, according to multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging findings. BJU Int 2020; 126:104-113. [PMID: 32150328 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a novel nomogram to identify candidates for active surveillance (AS) that combines clinical, biopsy and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) findings; and to compare its predictive accuracy to, respectively: (i) Prostate Cancer Research International: Active Surveillance (PRIAS) criteria, (ii) Johns Hopkins (JH) criteria, (iii) European Association of Urology (EAU) low-risk classification, and (iv) EAU low-risk or low-volume with International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Grade Group (GG) 2 classification. PATIENTS AND METHODS We selected 1837 patients with ISUP GG1 or GG2 prostate cancer (PCa), treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) between 2012 and 2018. The outcome of interest was the presence of unfavourable disease (i.e., clinically significant PCa [csPCa]) at RP, defined as: ISUP GG ≥ 3 and/or pathological T stage (pT) ≥3a and/or pathological N stage (pN) 1. First, logistic regression models including PRIAS, JH, EAU low-risk, and EAU low-risk or low-volume ISUP GG2 binary classifications (not eligible vs eligible) were used. Second, a multivariable logistic regression model including age, prostate-specific antigen density (PSA-D), ISUP GG, and the percentage of positive cores (Model 1) was fitted. Third, Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score (Model 2), extracapsular extension (ECE) score (Model 3) and PI-RADS + ECE score (Model 4) were added to Model 1. Only variables associated with higher csPCa rates in Model 4 were retained in the final simplified Model 5. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration plots and decision curve analyses were used. RESULTS Of the 1837 patients, 775 (42.2%) had csPCa at RP. Overall, 837 (47.5%), 986 (53.7%), 348 (18.9%), and 209 (11.4%) patients were eligible for AS according to, respectively, the EAU low-risk, EAU low-risk or low-volume ISUP GG2, PRIAS, and JH criteria. The proportion of csPCa amongst the EAU low-risk, EAU low-risk or low-volume ISUP GG2, PRIAS and JH candidates was, respectively 28.5%, 29.3%, 25.6% and 17.2%. Model 4 and Model 5 (in which only PSA-D, ISUP GG, PI-RADS and ECE score were retained) had a greater AUC (0.84), compared to the four proposed AS criteria (all P < 0.001). The adoption of a 25% nomogram threshold increased the proportion of AS-eligible patients from 18.9% (PRIAS) and 11.4% (JH) to 44.4%. Moreover, the same 25% nomogram threshold resulted in significantly lower estimated risks of csPCa (11.3%), compared to PRIAS (Δ: -14.3%), JH (Δ: -5.9%), EAU low-risk (Δ: -17.2%), and EAU low-risk or low-volume ISUP GG2 classifications (Δ: -18.0%). CONCLUSION The novel nomogram combining clinical, biopsy and mpMRI findings was able to increase by ~25% and 35% the absolute frequency of patients suitable for AS, compared to, respectively, the PRIAS or JH criteria. Moreover, this nomogram significantly reduced the estimated frequency of csPCa that would be recommended for AS compared to, respectively, the PRIAS, JH, EAU low-risk, and EAU low-risk or low-volume ISUP GG2 classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Luzzago
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ottavio de Cobelli
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Cozzi
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Peveri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Bagnardi
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Catellani
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Di Trapani
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco A Mistretta
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Pricolo
- Department of Radiology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Conti
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah Alessi
- Department of Radiology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Marvaso
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Radiation Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Ferro
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Deliu-Victor Matei
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Renne
- Department of Pathology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Alicja Jereczek-Fossa
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Radiation Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Petralia
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Precision Imaging and Research Unit, Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gennaro Musi
- Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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14
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Confirmatory multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging at recruitment confers prolonged stay in active surveillance and decreases the rate of upgrading at follow-up. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2020; 23:94-101. [PMID: 31249386 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-019-0160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand the value of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and targeted biopsies at recruitment on active surveillance (AS) outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective single-center study enrolled two cohorts of 206 and 310 patients in AS. The latter group was submitted to mpMRI and targeted biopsies at recruitment. Kaplan-meier curves quantified progression-free survival (PFS) and Bioptic-PFS (B-PFS: no upgrading or >3 positive cores) in the two cohorts. Cox-regression analyses tested independent predictors of PFS and B-PFS. In patients submitted to radical prostatectomy (RP) after AS, significant cancer (csPCa) was defined as: GS ≥ 4 + 3 and/or pT ≥ 3a and/or pN+ . Logistic-regression analyses predicted csPCa at RP. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Median time follow-up and median time of persistence in AS were 46 (24-70) and 36 (23-58) months, respectively. Patients submitted to mpMRI at AS begin, showed greater PFS at 1- (98% vs. 91%), 3- (80% vs. 57%), and 5-years (70% vs. 35%) follow-up, respectively (all p < 0.01). At Cox-regression analysis only confirmatory mpMRI± targeted biopsy (HR: 0.3; 95% CI 0.2-0.5; p < 0.01) at AS begin was an independent predictor of PFS. Globally, 50 (16%) vs. 128 (62%) and 26 (8.5%) vs. 64 (31%) [all p < 0.01] men in the two groups experienced any-cause and bioptic AS discontinuation, respectively. Patients submitted to confirmatory mpMRI experienced greater 1-(98% vs. 93%), 3-(90% vs. 75%), and 5-years (83% vs. 56%) B-PFS, respectively (all p < 0.01). At Cox-regression analysis, mpMRI±-targeted biopsy at AS begin was associated with B-PFS (HR: 0.3; 95% CI 0.2-0.6; p < 0.01). No differences were recorded in csPCa rates between the two groups (22% vs. 28%; p = 0.47). Limitations of the study are the single-center retrospective nature and the absence of long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Confirmatory mpMRI±-targeted biopsies are associated with higher PFS and B-PFS during AS. However, a non-negligible percentage of patients experience csPCa after switching to active treatment.
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15
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Erdem S, Verep S, Bagbudar S, Ozluk Y, Sanli O, Ozcan F. The clinical predictive factors and postoperative histopathological parameters associated with upgrading after radical prostatectomy: A contemporary analysis with grade groups. Prostate 2020; 80:225-234. [PMID: 31794085 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Upgrading after radical prostatectomy (RP) is an ongoing problem since first description of Gleason score. In this retrospective study, our aim is to investigate upgrading after RP in grade groups (GG) and clinical predictive, and postoperative histopathological factors associated with GG upgrading (GGU). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 753 patients undergoing RP between January 2006 and June 2019 at our institution were investigated. Overall cohort were divided into two groups according to GGU status after RP as nonupgrading and upgrading. Retrospectively documented preoperative clinical and postoperative histopathological parameters were compared between two groups. Furthermore, we investigated a subgroup of institutional cohort (n = 398) whose prostate biopsy (Pbx) and RP were performed in our institution and we also divided this cohort into two groups according to GGU status. χ2 and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for comparative analyses. The independent preoperative predictive and postoperative histopathological factors associated with GGU were investigated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The total GGU was 55.8% in overall cohort and 45.2% in institutional cohort. The GGU was found as the most common in bioptic GG1 group in both overall (64.0%), and institutional (54.5%) cohorts. In multivariate analyses, the noninstitutional Pbx (odds ratio [OR] = 2.56; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.86-3.51; P < .001), tumor positive core numbers in Pbx (OR = 1.11; 95%CI: 1.04-1.19; P = .003), increased prostate specific antigen (PSA) density (OR = 3.59; 95%CI: 1.03-12.52, P = .045) and age (OR = 1.03; 95%CI: 1.00-1.05, P = .046) were independent clinical predictors of GGU in overall cohort whereas only increased PSA density (OR = 5.94; 95%CI: 1.28-27.50; P = .023) was independent predictor in institutional cohort. Among postoperative histopathological factors, perineural invasion (OR = 1.57; 95%CI: 1.70-3.87; P < .001 and OR = 2.53; 95%CI: 1.46-4.40; P = .001, respectively), increased maximum tumor diameter (OR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.23-1.73; P < .001 and OR = 1.33; 95%CI: 1.07-1.66; P = .010, respectively), and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) existence at tumor surrounding tissue (OR = 1.96; 95%CI: 1.32-2.90; P = .001 and OR = 1.87; 95%CI: 1.10-3.21; P = .022, respectively) were independently associated with GGU after RP, in both of overall and institutional cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Noninstitutional prostate biopsy, increased PSA density, higher tumor positive cores in Pbx and older age are the clinical predictors of upgrading after RP in contemporary GG. Perineural invasion, increased maximum tumor diameter, and HGPIN existence at tumor surrounding tissue are postoperative histopathological factors associated with GGU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selcuk Erdem
- Department of Urology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Samed Verep
- Department of Urology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sidar Bagbudar
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Ozluk
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oner Sanli
- Department of Urology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Faruk Ozcan
- Department of Urology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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16
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Tomisaki I, Ikuta H, Higashijima K, Onishi R, Minato A, Fujimoto N. Oncological Outcome After Radical Prostatectomy without Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Localized Prostate Cancer: Follow-up Results in a Single Institution. Cancer Invest 2019; 37:524-530. [PMID: 31597501 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2019.1675076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The oncological benefit of pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) is still debatable because data on clinical outcomes of radical prostatectomy (RP) without PLND are lacking. In this study, we reported oncological outcome in consecutive 146 patients who underwent RP without PLND. Although 27% of our patients developed biochemical recurrence, the estimated 5-year overall survival rates were 100%, 96.3%, and 95.7% in the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups, respectively. These data in our patients were not inferior to those in previous reports that investigated the survivals in patients who received PLND during RP. The therapeutic significance of PLND should be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikko Tomisaki
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu City, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ikuta
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu City, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Higashijima
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu City, Japan
| | - Rei Onishi
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu City, Japan
| | - Akinori Minato
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu City, Japan
| | - Naohiro Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu City, Japan
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Verep S, Erdem S, Ozluk Y, Kilicaslan I, Sanli O, Ozcan F. The pathological upgrading after radical prostatectomy in low-risk prostate cancer patients who are eligible for active surveillance: How safe is it to depend on bioptic pathology? Prostate 2019; 79:1523-1529. [PMID: 31269285 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active surveillance (AS) is one of the treatment alternatives in low-risk prostate cancer (PCa). The pathological upgrading after radical prostatectomy (RP) were investigated in patients who were eligible for AS in the present study. METHODS Between August 2006 and July 2017, 627 patients underwent RP in our institution. One hundred and thirty-six patients who were eligible for AS at the time of RP were included in this study. The previously defined AS criteria Gleason 3 + 3=6 adenocarcinoma at maximum two biopsy cores, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) < 10 ng/mL and clinical T stage ≤ 2a were used in the study. The demographics, clinical, and histopathological outcomes were retrospectively compared between two groups, which were divided in accordance with the upgrading status at final pathology as Group 1 (n = 67, upgrading) and Group 2 (n = 69, nonupgrading). RESULTS Gleason upgrading (GU) was found in 67 (49.3%) patients, and 17 patients (12.5%) were upstaged to pT3a. The upgrading to Gleason 3 + 4 was reported in 38.7% of patients, however, 7.4%, and 3.7% of the patients were upgraded to Gleason 4 + 3, and Gleason 4 + 4, respectively. The 10.3% of the patients had extraprostatic involvement, and the rate (19.4% vs 1.4%, P = .002) was significantly higher in Group 1. PSA density (P = .001), tumor size (P < .001), tumor percentage (P < .001), apical involvement (P = .013), and perineural invasion (P < .001) in RP specimen were higher in Group 1. Multivariate analysis showed that perineural invasion (OR = 4.26; 95%CI: 1.76-10.33; P = .001) and pathologic T stage (OR = 5.45; 95%CI: 1.08-27.4; P = .04) were independently associated with GU. CONCLUSIONS Since 12.5% of the patients upstaged to pT3a disease, and there is a possible risk of Gleason 4 pattern, upgrading of the tumor should carefully be kept in mind before offering AS to low-risk patients with PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samed Verep
- Department of Urology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Erdem
- Department of Urology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Ozluk
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Isin Kilicaslan
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oner Sanli
- Department of Urology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Faruk Ozcan
- Department of Urology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Bjerre MT, Strand SH, Nørgaard M, Kristensen H, Rasmussen AK, Mortensen MM, Fredsøe J, Mouritzen P, Ulhøi B, Ørntoft T, Borre M, Sørensen KD. Aberrant DOCK2, GRASP, HIF3A and PKFP Hypermethylation has Potential as a Prognostic Biomarker for Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051173. [PMID: 30866497 PMCID: PMC6429171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a clinically heterogeneous disease and currently, accurate diagnostic and prognostic molecular biomarkers are lacking. This study aimed to identify novel DNA hypermethylation markers for PCa with future potential for blood-based testing. Accordingly, to search for genes specifically hypermethylated in PCa tissue samples and not in blood cells or other cancer tissue types, we performed a systematic analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation data (Infinium 450K array) available in the Marmal-aid database for 4072 malignant/normal tissue samples of various types. We identified eight top candidate markers (cg12799885, DOCK2, FBXO30, GRASP, HIF3A, MOB3B, PFKP, and TPM4) that were specifically hypermethylated in PCa tissue samples and hypomethylated in other benign and malignant tissue types, including in peripheral blood cells. Potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers was further assessed by the quantitative methylation specific PCR (qMSP) analysis of 37 nonmalignant and 197 PCa tissue samples from an independent population. Here, all eight hypermethylated candidates showed high sensitivity (75–94%) and specificity (84–100%) for PCa. Furthermore, DOCK2, GRASP, HIF3A and PKFP hypermethylation was significantly associated with biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP; 197 patients), independent of the routine clinicopathological variables. DOCK2 is the most promising single candidate marker (hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval (CI)): 1.96 (1.24–3.10), adjusted p = 0.016; multivariate cox regression). Further validation studies are warranted and should investigate the potential value of these hypermethylation candidate markers for blood-based testing also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne T Bjerre
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Siri H Strand
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Maibritt Nørgaard
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Martin Mørck Mortensen
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Jacob Fredsøe
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Peter Mouritzen
- Exiqon ⁻ a Qiagen company, Skelstedet 16, 2950 Vedbæk, Denmark.
| | - Benedicte Ulhøi
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Torben Ørntoft
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Michael Borre
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Karina D Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
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19
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Gandaglia G, van den Bergh RC, Tilki D, Fossati N, Ost P, Surcel CI, Sooriakumaran P, Tsaur I, Valerio M, Kretschmer A, Zaffuto E, Salomon L, Montorsi F, Graefen M, van der Poel H, de la Taille A, Briganti A, Ploussard G. How can we expand active surveillance criteria in patients with low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer without increasing the risk of misclassification? Development of a novel risk calculator. BJU Int 2018; 122:823-830. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.14391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Gandaglia
- Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology; URI; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele; Milan Italy
| | | | - Derya Tilki
- Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center; University-Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
- Department of Urology; University-Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Nicola Fossati
- Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology; URI; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele; Milan Italy
| | - Piet Ost
- Department of Radiotherapy; Ghent University Hospital; Ghent Belgium
| | - Christian I. Surcel
- Centre of Urological Surgery; Dialysis and Renal Transplantation; Fundeni Clinical Institute; Bucharest Romania
| | | | - Igor Tsaur
- Department of Urology; University Medicine Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Massimo Valerio
- Department of Urology; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Alexander Kretschmer
- Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik; Campus Großhadern; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität; Munich Germany
| | - Emanuele Zaffuto
- Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology; URI; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele; Milan Italy
| | - Laurent Salomon
- Department of Urology; Henri Mondor Hospital; Assistance-Publique Hopitaux de Paris; Creteil France
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology; URI; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele; Milan Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; Milan Italy
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center; University-Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Henk van der Poel
- Department of Urology; Netherlands Cancer Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre de la Taille
- Department of Urology; Henri Mondor Hospital; Assistance-Publique Hopitaux de Paris; Creteil France
| | - Alberto Briganti
- Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology; URI; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele; Milan Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; Milan Italy
| | - Guillaume Ploussard
- Department of Urology; Henri Mondor Hospital; Assistance-Publique Hopitaux de Paris; Creteil France
- Department of Urology; Saint Jean Languedoc Hospital; Toulouse France
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Active surveillance is now widely utilized for the management of low-risk prostate cancer (PCa). The limits of surveillance for men with intermediate risk cancer are controversial. While there is a broad consensus that men with low-risk disease can be safely managed with AS, many potential candidates, including those with Gleason 3 + 4 disease, PSA >10, younger men and African-Americans are often excluded. RECENT FINDINGS Outcome data for intermediate-risk patients managed by active surveillance demonstrate reasonable outcomes, but these men clearly are at higher risk for progression to metastatic disease. The use of biomarkers and multiparametric MRI will enable a more precise and personalized risk assessment. Literature describing the effects of young age on outcomes is limited, but the experience reported in prospective series with 15-20 year follow-up suggests it is a safe approach. African-American men are at greater risk for occult co-existent higher-grade disease, but in the absence of this their outcome is favorable. Patients with intermediate-risk PCa should not be excluded from active surveillance based on a single criterion. Treatment decisions should be based on multiple parameters, including percent Gleason 4, PSA density, cancer volume on biopsy, MRI findings, and patient age and co-morbidity. Genetic tissue-based biomarkers are also likely to play a role in enhancing decision making.
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21
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McGinley KF, Sun X, Howard LE, Aronson WJ, Terris MK, Kane CJ, Amling CL, Cooperberg MR, Freedland SJ. Characterization of a "low-risk" cohort of grade group 2 prostate cancer patients: Results from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital database. Int J Urol 2017; 24:611-617. [PMID: 28589550 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine if there is a subset of men with grade group 2 prostate cancer who could be potential candidates for active surveillance. METHODS We used the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital database to identify 776 men undergoing radical prostatectomy from 2006 to 2015 with >8 biopsy cores obtained and complete information. We compared men who fulfilled low-risk disease criteria (clinical stage T1c/T2a; grade group 1; prostate-specific antigen ≤10 ng/mL) with the exception of grade group 2 versus men who met all three low-risk criteria. Logistic regression was used to test the association between grade group and radical prostatectomy pathological features. Biochemical recurrence was examined using Cox models. To examine whether there was a subset of men with low-volume grade group 2 with comparable outcomes to low-risk men, we repeated all analyses limiting the percentage of positive cores in the grade group 2 group to ≤33%, and positive cores to ≤4, ≤3 or ≤2. RESULTS Grade group 2 low-risk men had increased risk of pathological grade group 3 or higher (P < 0.001), extraprostatic extension (P < 0.001), seminal vesicle invasion (P < 0.001) and higher risk of biochemical recurrence (hazard ratio = 1.76, P = 0.006). Using increasingly strict definitions of low-volume disease, at ≤2 positive cores there was no difference in adverse pathology between groups (all P > 0.2), except higher pathological grade group (P = 0.006). Biochemical recurrence was similar in men in grade group 1 and grade group 2 (hazard ratio = 1.24; P = 0.529). CONCLUSIONS Among men with prostate-specific antigen ≤10 ng/mL and clinical stage T1c/T2a, those in grade group 2 with ≤2 total positive cores have similar rates of adverse pathology and biochemical recurrence as men with grade group 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F McGinley
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xizi Sun
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lauren E Howard
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - William J Aronson
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Urology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Martha K Terris
- Section of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Urology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher J Kane
- Urology Department, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Matthew R Cooperberg
- Department of Urology, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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22
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23
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Vilanova J, Catalá V. La resonancia magnética en el nuevo paradigma del diagnóstico del cáncer de próstata. RADIOLOGIA 2017; 59:94-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rx.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Prostate-specific antigen density is predictive of outcome in suboptimal prostate seed brachytherapy. Brachytherapy 2017; 16:348-352. [PMID: 28143764 DOI: 10.1016/j.brachy.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In prostate seed brachytherapy, a D90 of <130 Gy is an accepted predictive factor for biochemical failure (BF). We studied whether there is a subpopulation that does not need additional treatment after a suboptimal permanent seed brachytherapy implantation. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 486 patients who had either BF or a minimum followup of 48 months without BF were identified. BF was defined according to the Phoenix definition (nadir prostate-specific antigen + 2). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed, adjusting for known prognostic factors such as D90 and prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) of ≥0.15 ng/mL/cm3, to evaluate their ability to predict BF. RESULTS Median followup for patients without BF was 72 months (interquartile range 56-96). BF-free recurrence rate at 5 years was 95% and at 8 years 88%. In univariate analysis, PSAD and cancer of the prostate risk assessment score were predictive of BF. On multivariate analysis, none of the factors remained significant. The best prognosis had patients with a low PSAD (<0.15 ng/mL/cm3) and an optimal implant at 30 days after implantation (as defined by D90 ≥ 130 Gy) compared to patients with both factors unfavorable (p = 0.006). A favorable PSAD was associate with a good prognosis, independently of the D90 (<130 Gy vs. ≥130 Gy, p = 0.7). CONCLUSIONS Patients with a PSAD of <0.15 ng/mL/cm3 have little risk of BF, even in the case of a suboptimal implant. These results need to be validated in other patients' cohorts.
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25
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Fossati N, Willemse PPM, Van den Broeck T, van den Bergh RCN, Yuan CY, Briers E, Bellmunt J, Bolla M, Cornford P, De Santis M, MacPepple E, Henry AM, Mason MD, Matveev VB, van der Poel HG, van der Kwast TH, Rouvière O, Schoots IG, Wiegel T, Lam TB, Mottet N, Joniau S. The Benefits and Harms of Different Extents of Lymph Node Dissection During Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol 2017; 72:84-109. [PMID: 28126351 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is controversy regarding the therapeutic role of pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer (PCa). OBJECTIVE To systematically review the relevant literature assessing the relative benefits and harms of PLND for oncological and non-oncological outcomes in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for PCa. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched up to December 2015. Comparative studies evaluating no PLND, limited, standard, and (super)-extended PLND that reported oncological and non-oncological outcomes were included. Risk-of-bias and confounding assessments were performed. A narrative synthesis was undertaken. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Overall, 66 studies recruiting a total of 275,269 patients were included (44 full-text articles and 22 conference abstracts). Oncological outcomes were addressed by 29 studies, one of which was a randomized clinical trial (RCT). Non-oncological outcomes were addressed by 43 studies, three of which were RCTs. There were high risks of bias and confounding in most studies. Conflicting results emerged when comparing biochemical and clinical recurrence, while no significant differences were observed among groups for survival. Conversely, the majority of studies showed that the more extensive the PLND, the greater the adverse outcomes in terms of operating time, blood loss, length of stay, and postoperative complications. No significant differences were observed in terms of urinary continence and erectile function recovery. CONCLUSIONS Although representing the most accurate staging procedure, PLND and its extension are associated with worse intraoperative and perioperative outcomes, whereas a direct therapeutic effect is still not evident from the current literature. The current poor quality of evidence indicates the need for robust and adequately powered clinical trials. PATIENT SUMMARY Based on a comprehensive review of the literature, this article summarizes the benefits and harms of removing lymph nodes during surgery to remove the prostate because of PCa. Although the quality of the data from the studies was poor, the review suggests that lymph node removal may not have any direct benefit on cancer outcomes and may instead result in more complications. Nevertheless, the procedure remains justified because it enables accurate assessment of cancer spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Fossati
- Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Thomas Van den Broeck
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Cathy Yuhong Yuan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Cochrane UGPD Group, Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michel Bolla
- Department of Radiation Therapy, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Philip Cornford
- Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Ekelechi MacPepple
- Surrey Health Economic Centre, School of Economics, University of Surrey, Guilford, UK
| | - Ann M Henry
- Leeds Cancer Centre, St. James's University Hospital and University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Henk G van der Poel
- Department of Urology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Olivier Rouvière
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Radiology Department, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Ivo G Schoots
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Wiegel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas B Lam
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Department of Urology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Nicolas Mottet
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, St. Etienne, France
| | - Steven Joniau
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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26
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Mizuno K, Inoue T, Kinoshita H, Yano T, Kawanishi H, Kanda H, Terada N, Kobayashi T, Kamba T, Mikami Y, Shiraishi T, Uemura Y, Imai Y, Honjo G, Shirase T, Okumura K, Kawakita M, Ogura K, Sugimura Y, Matsuda T, Ogawa O. Evaluation of predictors of unfavorable pathological features in men eligible for active surveillance using radical prostatectomy specimens: a multi-institutional study. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2016; 46:1156-1161. [PMID: 27744325 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyw130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Active surveillance has emerged as an alternative to immediate treatment in men with favorable-risk prostate cancer; however, consensus about defining the appropriate candidates is still lacking. To examine the factors predicting unfavorable pathology among active surveillance candidates, we assessed low-risk radical prostatectomy specimens. METHODS This retrospective study included 1753 men who had undergone radical prostatectomy at six independent institutions in Japan from 2005 to 2011. Patients who met the active surveillance criteria were categorized depending on the pathological features of the radical prostatectomy specimens. 'Reclassification' was defined as upstaging (≥pT3) or upgrading (radical prostatectomy Gleason score ≥7), and 'adverse pathology' was defined as pathological stage ≥pT3 or radical prostatectomy Gleason score ≥4 + 3. Multivariate analysis was used to analyze the preoperative factors for reclassification and adverse pathology. The rates of reclassification and adverse pathology were evaluated by classifying patients according to biopsy core numbers. RESULTS The active surveillance criteria were met by 284 cases. Reclassification was identified in 154 (54.2%) cases, while adverse pathology in 60 (21.1%) cases. Prostate-specific antigen density and percentage of positive cores were independently associated with reclassification and adverse pathology. The rates of reclassification and adverse pathology were significantly higher among patients with <10 biopsy cores than among others. Thus, focusing on 149 patients with ≥10 biopsy cores, prostate-specific antigen density was the only independent predictor of unfavorable pathological features. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis determines an optimal cut-off value of prostate-specific antigen density as 0.15 ng/ml2. CONCLUSIONS Prostate-specific antigen density is the most important predictor of unfavorable pathological features in active surveillance candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Mizuno
- Department of Urology, Japanese Red Cross Otsu Hospital, Otsu
| | - Takahiro Inoue
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto
| | - Hidefumi Kinoshita
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata
| | - Toshifumi Yano
- Department of Urology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe
| | | | - Hideki Kanda
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu
| | - Naoki Terada
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto
| | - Tomomi Kamba
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto
| | - Yoshiki Mikami
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto
| | - Taizo Shiraishi
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu
| | - Yoshiko Uemura
- Depatment of Clinical Pathology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata
| | - Yukihiro Imai
- Department of Pathology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe
| | - Gen Honjo
- Department of Pathology, Tenri Hospital, Tenri
| | - Tomoyuki Shirase
- Department of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Otsu Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | | | - Mutsushi Kawakita
- Department of Urology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe
| | - Keiji Ogura
- Department of Urology, Japanese Red Cross Otsu Hospital, Otsu
| | - Yoshiki Sugimura
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu
| | - Tadashi Matsuda
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata
| | - Osamu Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto
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27
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Musunuru HB, Yamamoto T, Klotz L, Ghanem G, Mamedov A, Sethukavalan P, Jethava V, Jain S, Zhang L, Vesprini D, Loblaw A. Active Surveillance for Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer: Survival Outcomes in the Sunnybrook Experience. J Urol 2016; 196:1651-1658. [PMID: 27569437 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the applicability of active surveillance in patients with intermediate risk prostate cancer, we compared the survival outcomes of patients with low risk and intermediate risk disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Active surveillance was offered to all patients with low risk (cT1-T2b and Gleason score 6 and prostate specific antigen 10 ng/ml or less) and select intermediate risk disease (age greater than 70 years with cT2c or prostate specific antigen 15 ng/ml or less, or Gleason score 3+4 or less). Data from November 1995 to May 2013 were extracted from a prospectively collected database. The primary outcome was metastasis-free survival, and secondary outcomes were overall survival, cause specific survival and treatment-free survival. RESULTS A total of 213 intermediate risk and 732 low risk cases were identified. Median age was 72 years (IQR 67.3, 76.8) in the intermediate risk cohort and 67 years (IQR 60.6, 71.9) in the low risk group. Median followup was comparable (6.7 years for intermediate risk vs 6.5 years for low risk). Gleason 7 disease comprised 60% of the intermediate risk cohort. The 15-year metastasis-free, overall, cause specific and treatment-free survival rates were inferior in the intermediate risk group (metastasis-free survival HR 3.14, 95% CI 1.51-6.53, p=0.001, 82% for intermediate risk vs 95% for low risk). On further evaluation the estimated 15-year metastasis-free survival for cases of Gleason 6 or less with prostate specific antigen less than 10 ng/ml was 94%, Gleason 6 or less with prostate specific antigen 10 to 20 ng/ml was 94%, Gleason 3+4 with prostate specific antigen 20 ng/ml or less was 84% and Gleason 4+3 with prostate specific antigen 20 ng/ml or less was 63%. CONCLUSIONS These data support the use of active surveillance in low risk and intermediate risk cases of Gleason 6 but not Gleason 7 prostate cancer. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and novel biomarkers might be vital in detecting favorable Gleason 7 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hima Bindu Musunuru
- Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Toshihiro Yamamoto
- Department of Surgical Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurence Klotz
- Department of Surgical Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabriella Ghanem
- Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandre Mamedov
- Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peraka Sethukavalan
- Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vibhuti Jethava
- Department of Surgical Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suneil Jain
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Belfast, Ireland
| | - Liying Zhang
- Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danny Vesprini
- Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Loblaw
- Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Measurement and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Leyh-Bannurah SR, Abou-Haidar H, Dell'Oglio P, Schiffmann J, Tian Z, Heinzer H, Huland H, Graefen M, Budäus L, Karakiewicz PI. Primary Gleason pattern upgrading in contemporary patients with D'Amico low-risk prostate cancer: implications for future biomarkers and imaging modalities. BJU Int 2016; 119:692-699. [PMID: 27367469 DOI: 10.1111/bju.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To retrospectively assess the rate of high-grade primary Gleason upgrading (HGPGU) to primary Gleason pattern 4 or 5 in a contemporary cohort of patients with D'Amico low-risk prostate cancer including those who fulfilled Prostate Cancer Research International Active Surveillance (PRIAS) criteria, and to develop a tool for HGPGU prediction. HGPGU is a contraindication in most active surveillance (AS) and focal therapy protocols. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 10 616 patients with localised prostate cancer were treated at a high-volume European tertiary care centre from 2010 to 2015 with radical prostatectomy. Analyses were restricted to 1 819 patients with D'Amico low-risk prostate cancer (17.1%) with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels of <10.0 ng/mL, cT1c-cT2a and Gleason score ≤6, and were repeated within 772 of the men (7.3%) who fulfilled the PRIAS criteria for AS (PSA level of ≤10 ng/mL, T1c-T2, Gleason score ≤6, PSA density (PSAD) of <0.2 ng/mL2 , ≤2 positive cores). Uni- and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted, testing predictors of HGPGU. The final logistic regression model was based on the most informative variables. RESULTS There was HGPGU in 88 (4.8%) patients with D'Amico low-risk prostate cancer and in 32 (4.1%) of the subgroup who were PRIAS eligible. Multivariable analysis predicting HGPGU for the patients with D'Amico low-risk yielded three independent predictors: age, PSAD, and clinical tumour stage (P = 0.008, P = 0.005 and P = 0.021, respectively). Within the same patients, the model using all vs the most informative variables resulted in area under the curves (AUCs) of 69.2% and 68.3%, respectively. Multivariable analysis of those who were PRIAS eligible, yielded age and number of positive cores as independent predictors of HGPGU (P = 0.002 and P = 0.049, respectively; AUC 64.9%). CONCLUSIONS The low accuracy (invariably <70%) for HGPGU prediction in both patients with D'Amico low-risk prostate cancer and PRIAS eligibility indicates that these variables have poor predictive ability in contemporary patients. Despite HGPGU being a rare phenomenon, it may have life threatening implications and consequently alternatives such as biomarkers, genetic markers, or imaging modalities at re-biopsy are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami-Ramzi Leyh-Bannurah
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hiba Abou-Haidar
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Paolo Dell'Oglio
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Jonas Schiffmann
- Department of Urology, Academic Hospital Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Zhe Tian
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hans Heinzer
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartwig Huland
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Budäus
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pierre I Karakiewicz
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
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29
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Prognostic Significance of the Disparity Between Biopsy and Pathologic Gleason Score After Radical Prostatectomy in Clinical Candidates for Active Surveillance According to the Royal Marsden Criteria. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2016; 14:e329-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Leyh-Bannurah SR, Dell’Oglio P, Tian Z, Schiffmann J, Shariat SF, Suardi N, Francesco M, Alberto B, Heinzer H, Huland H, Graefen M, Budäus L, Karakiewicz PI. A proposal of a new nomogram for predicting upstaging in contemporary D’Amico low-risk prostate cancer patients. World J Urol 2016; 35:189-197. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-016-1863-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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31
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De Visschere PJL, Briganti A, Fütterer JJ, Ghadjar P, Isbarn H, Massard C, Ost P, Sooriakumaran P, Surcel CI, Valerio M, van den Bergh RCN, Ploussard G, Giannarini G, Villeirs GM. Role of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in early detection of prostate cancer. Insights Imaging 2016; 7:205-14. [PMID: 26847758 PMCID: PMC4805618 DOI: 10.1007/s13244-016-0466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Most prostate cancers (PC) are currently found on the basis of an elevated PSA, although this biomarker has only moderate accuracy. Histological confirmation is traditionally obtained by random transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy, but this approach may underestimate PC. It is generally accepted that a clinically significant PC requires treatment, but in case of an non-significant PC, deferment of treatment and inclusion in an active surveillance program is a valid option. The implementation of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) into a screening program may reduce the risk of overdetection of non-significant PC and improve the early detection of clinically significant PC. A mpMRI consists of T2-weighted images supplemented with diffusion-weighted imaging, dynamic contrast enhanced imaging, and/or magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging and is preferably performed and reported according to the uniform quality standards of the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PIRADS). International guidelines currently recommend mpMRI in patients with persistently rising PSA and previous negative biopsies, but mpMRI may also be used before first biopsy to improve the biopsy yield by targeting suspicious lesions or to assist in the selection of low-risk patients in whom consideration could be given for surveillance. Teaching Points • MpMRI may be used to detect or exclude significant prostate cancer. • MpMRI can guide targeted rebiopsy in patients with previous negative biopsies. • In patients with negative mpMRI consideration could be given for surveillance. • MpMRI may add valuable information for the optimal treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Briganti
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Institute, Vita-Salute University San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Jurgen J Fütterer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pirus Ghadjar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Isbarn
- Department of Urology, Regio Clinic Wedel, Wedel, Germany.,Department of Urology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christophe Massard
- Department of Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, University of Paris Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Piet Ost
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Prasanna Sooriakumaran
- Surgical Intervention Trials Unit, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Molecular Medicine & Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristian I Surcel
- Centre of Urological Surgery, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Guillaume Ploussard
- Urology Department, Saint Jean Languedoc Hospital, Toulouse, France.,Research Unit INSERM U955, Paris Est University, Team 7, Paris, France
| | - Gianluca Giannarini
- Urology Unit, Academic Medical Centre Hospital «Santa Maria della Misericordia», Udine, Italy
| | - Geert M Villeirs
- Department of Radiology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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32
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Metastatic Prostate Cancer in Men Initially Treated with Active Surveillance. J Urol 2015; 195:1409-1414. [PMID: 26707510 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Active surveillance is an approach to low and low intermediate risk prostate cancer that is designed to decrease overtreatment. Despite close monitoring a small subset of patients progress to metastatic disease. We analyzed the clinical and pathological correlates of surveillance in patients who eventually experienced metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a single center, prospective cohort study. Eligible patients were treated with an expectant approach. The main outcome measure was metastasis-free survival. Predictive factors for metastasis were identified. RESULTS Metastasis developed in 30 of 980 patients, of whom 211 were classified at intermediate risk, including 14 who progressed to metastatic disease. Median followup was 6.3 years, median age was 70 years, median prostate specific antigen was 6.2 ng/ml and median time to metastasis was 8.9 years. Metastases developed in bone in 18 patients (60%) and in lymph nodes in 13 (43%). Prostate specific antigen doubling time less than 3 years (HR 3.7, 95% CI 1.4-9.4, p = 0.0006), Gleason score 7 (HR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2-7.3, p = 0.0018) and a total of 3 or more positive cores (HR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1-6.8, p = 0.0028) were independent predictors of metastasis. Although the intermediate risk group was at higher risk for metastasis, those with Gleason score 6 and prostate specific antigen greater than 10 ng/ml were not at increased risk for metastasis. Metastasis developed in only 2 patients with Gleason score 6 and neither had surgical pathology grading. CONCLUSION Active surveillance appears safe in patients at low risk and in select patients at intermediate risk, particularly those with Gleason score 6 and prostate specific antigen greater than 10 ng/ml. Patients with elements of Gleason pattern 4 on diagnostic biopsy are at increased risk for eventual metastasis when treated with an initial conservative approach.
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33
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Van Bruwaene S, Murphy DG. Case Discussion: Intermediate-risk Prostate Cancer: The Case for Radical Treatment. Eur Urol Focus 2015; 1:210-211. [PMID: 28723437 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siska Van Bruwaene
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Epworth Richmond Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Epworth Richmond Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
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