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Chong S, Chen G, Dang Z, Niu F, Zhang L, Ma H, Zhao Y. Echinococcus multilocularis drives the polarization of macrophages by regulating the RhoA-MAPK signaling pathway and thus affects liver fibrosis. Bioengineered 2022; 13:8747-8758. [PMID: 35324411 PMCID: PMC9161885 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2056690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis is a small parasite that causes alveolar echinococcosis. It primarily induces liver disorder, such as liver fibrosis and even liver cancer, which severely endangers human lives. This study aims to explore the efficacy of Echinococcus multilocularis soluble antigen in preventing and alleviating alveolar echinococcosis-induced liver fibrosis and determine the underlying mechanism. We first identified the optimal dose and time of Echinococcus multilocularis soluble antigen. The protein levels of key genes in the RhoA-MAPK signaling pathway were remarkably upregulated in RAW264.7 and Ana-1 cells induced with 80 μg/mL Echinococcus multilocularis soluble antigen for 8 h. Interestingly, the upregulated expression levels were remarkably reversed by the RhoA, JNK, ERK, or p38 inhibitor, confirming the significance of the RhoA-MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, the relative contents of M2 polarization markers IL-10 and Arg-1 in macrophages induced with 80 μg/mL Echinococcus multilocularis soluble antigen for 8 h increased, whereas those of M1 polarization markers IL-12 and NOS-2 decreased. Mouse hepatic stellate cells were the key components of the hepatocellular carcinoma tumor microenvironment. Hepatic stellate cells were activated by Echinococcus multilocularis soluble antigen and transformed into the morphology of myofibroblasts in response to liver disorders. By detecting the marker of myofibroblast formation, RhoA inhibitor remarkably reduced the positive expression of α-SMA in mouse hepatic stellate cells induced with Echinococcus multilocularis soluble antigen. Therefore, Echinococcus multilocularis soluble antigen remarkably activated the RhoA-MAPK pathways in macrophages, further inducing the polarization of macrophages and ultimately causing liver fibrosis. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that infection with Echinococcus multilocularis activates the RhoA-MAPK signaling pathway and subsequently induces macrophage polarization to promote hepatic stellate cells activation leading to liver fibrosis. Aims: To investigate the mechanism by which soluble antigen of Echinococcus multilocularis affects liver fibrosis through the RhoA-MAPK pathway driving polarization of macrophages. Goals: To identify new pathways of intervention and drug targets for the regulation of macrophage polarity phenotype switching and the attenuation or inhibition of the development and treatment of liver fibrosis caused by Echinococcus multilocularis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigui Chong
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Gansu Medical University, Gansu, China.,Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Gen Chen
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhisheng Dang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Fuqiu Niu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Linghui Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Hui Ma
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yumin Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Gansu Medical University, Gansu, China.,Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, P.R. China
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The prospects of nanotherapeutic approaches for targeting tumor-associated macrophages in oral cancer. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 34:102371. [PMID: 33662592 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OSCC (oral squamous cell carcinoma) is currently one of the most formidable cancers plagued by challenges like low overall survivability, lymph node associated metastasis, drug resistance, and poor diagnostics. The tumor microenvironment (TME) and its constituent stromal elements are crucial modulators of tumor growth and treatment response, more specifically so with regards to resident tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and their liaison with the different stromal elements in the tumor niche (Figure 1). Interestingly, there isn't much information on TAM-targeted nanotherapy in OSCC where the first line of therapeutics for oral cancer is surgery with other therapeutics such as chemo- and radiotherapy acting only as adjuvant therapy for oral cancer. In the face of this real time situation, there have been some successful attempts at targeted therapy for OSCC cells and we believe they might elicit favorable responses against TAMs as well. Demanding our immediate attention, this review intends to provide a glimpse of the prevailing anti-TAM treatment strategies, which present great prospect for an uncharted territory like OSCC.
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Abstract
Bladder cancer has been successfully treated with immunotherapy, whereas prostate cancer is a cold tumor with inadequate immune-related treatment response. A greater understanding of the tumor microenvironment and methods for harnessing the immune system to address tumor growth will be needed to improve immunotherapies for both prostate and bladder cancer. Here, we provide an overview of prostate and bladder cancer, including fundamental aspects of the disease and treatment, the elaborate cellular makeup of the tumor microenvironment, and methods for exploiting relevant pathways to develop more effective treatments.
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Miyahira AK, Sharp A, Ellis L, Jones J, Kaochar S, Larman HB, Quigley DA, Ye H, Simons JW, Pienta KJ, Soule HR. Prostate cancer research: The next generation; report from the 2019 Coffey-Holden Prostate Cancer Academy Meeting. Prostate 2020; 80:113-132. [PMID: 31825540 PMCID: PMC7301761 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 2019 Coffey-Holden Prostate Cancer Academy (CHPCA) Meeting, "Prostate Cancer Research: The Next Generation," was held 20 to 23 June, 2019, in Los Angeles, California. METHODS The CHPCA Meeting is an annual conference held by the Prostate Cancer Foundation, that is uniquely structured to stimulate intense discussion surrounding topics most critical to accelerating prostate cancer research and the discovery of new life-extending treatments for patients. The 7th Annual CHPCA Meeting was attended by 86 investigators and concentrated on many of the most promising new treatment opportunities and next-generation research technologies. RESULTS The topics of focus at the meeting included: new treatment strategies and novel agents for targeted therapies and precision medicine, new treatment strategies that may synergize with checkpoint immunotherapy, next-generation technologies that visualize tumor microenvironment (TME) and molecular pathology in situ, multi-omics and tumor heterogeneity using single cells, 3D and TME models, and the role of extracellular vesicles in cancer and their potential as biomarkers. DISCUSSION This meeting report provides a comprehensive summary of the talks and discussions held at the 2019 CHPCA Meeting, for the purpose of globally disseminating this knowledge and ultimately accelerating new treatments and diagnostics for patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K. Miyahira
- Science Department, Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California
| | - Adam Sharp
- Division of Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Leigh Ellis
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Womenʼs Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Jones
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Salma Kaochar
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - H. Benjamin Larman
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David A. Quigley
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Huihui Ye
- Department of Pathology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan W. Simons
- Science Department, Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California
| | - Kenneth J. Pienta
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Howard R. Soule
- Science Department, Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California
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Hu G, Guo M, Xu J, Wu F, Fan J, Huang Q, Yang G, Lv Z, Wang X, Jin Y. Nanoparticles Targeting Macrophages as Potential Clinical Therapeutic Agents Against Cancer and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1998. [PMID: 31497026 PMCID: PMC6712945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of nanotechnology, significant progress has been made in the design, and manufacture of nanoparticles (NPs) for use in clinical treatments. Recent increases in our understanding of the central role of macrophages in the context of inflammation and cancer have reinvigorated interest in macrophages as drug targets. Macrophages play an integral role in maintaining the steady state of the immune system and are involved in cancer and inflammation processes. Thus, NPs tailored to accurately target macrophages have the potential to transform disease treatment. Herein, we first present a brief background information of NPs as drug carriers, including but not limited to the types of nanomaterials, their biological properties and their advantages in clinical application. Then, macrophage effector mechanisms and recent NPs-based strategies aimed at targeting macrophages by eliminating or re-educating macrophages in inflammation and cancer are summarized. Additionally, the development of nanocarriers targeting macrophages for disease diagnosis is also discussed. Finally, the significance of macrophage-targeting nanomedicine is highlighted, with the goal of facilitating future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengfei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juanjuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinshuo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanghai Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhilei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Wang X, Brea LT, Yu J. Immune modulatory functions of EZH2 in the tumor microenvironment: implications in cancer immunotherapy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2019; 7:85-91. [PMID: 31139703 PMCID: PMC6526357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polycomb group protein EZH2, a histone methyltransferase, is the enzymatic subunit of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) that catalyzes histone H3 lysine 27 methylation. They are epigenetic modifiers that mediate gene repression, or epigenetic silencing. EZH2 controls developmental regulators in embryonic stem cells and is essential for cell fate determination and transition. In the last two decades, EZH2 was reported upregulated in a variety of solid tumors, including prostate cancer, and mutated in multiple hematological malignancies, such as lymphoma. EZH2 represses the expression of a plethora of tumor suppressor genes in tumor cells, thereby promoting cell cycle, cell proliferation, and cell invasion and driving cancer progression. Recently, evidence is emerging indicating important roles of EZH2 in immune cells. Here, we review EZH2 regulation of various immune cell types, the tumor microenvironment, immune responses, and cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohai Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago, IL, USA
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Lourdes T Brea
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago, IL, USA
| | - Jindan Yu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago, IL, USA
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