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Flores JEM, Terrazas A, Lara Sagahon AV, Aleman M. Parasympathetic tone activity, heart rate, and grimace scale in conscious horses of 3 breeds before, during, and after nociceptive mechanical stimulation. J Vet Intern Med 2024. [PMID: 39150630 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasympathetic tone activity (PTA) in response to nociceptive stimulus in conscious non-sedated horses is unknown. OBJECTIVES Study PTA, heart rate (HR), and horse grimace scale (HGS) at rest and during mechanical nociceptive stimulation. ANIMALS Ninety healthy young adult horses (females, males): 30 each of Friesians, Quarter Horses, and Warmbloods. METHODS Prospective control study. The study consisted of habituation to equipment (Day 1), baseline recordings (Days 2 and 3), and nociceptive testing applying mild pressure to the metacarpus (Day 4). Parasympathetic tone, HR, and HGS were recorded simultaneously on Days 2 to 4. Each study lasted 30 minutes and was done in triplicate at 3 different time points per day. RESULTS Baseline PTA was not different among breeds. It decreased in Warmbloods and Quarter Horses during placement of the stimulus device without stimulation (P < .01). A significant decrease in PTA (P < .001) occurred during nociceptive stimulus (marked in Quarter Horses, intermediate in Warmbloods, and mild in Friesians). Heart rate and HGS increased significantly (P < .001) during the stimulus in all breeds but returned to baseline poststimulation. Friesians required higher pressure (P < .05) to elicit an aversive response to the stimulus. CONCLUSIONS Horses' PTA, HR, and HGS change in response to a mild mechanical nociceptive stimulus with Friesians showing less variation. Stress induced a decrease in PTA in Quarter Horses and Warmbloods but not in Friesians. Friesians appeared to be more tolerant to pain based on PTA, HR, and HGS findings compared with other breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Eduardo Mendoza Flores
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Faculty of Higher Studies, Cuautitlan, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Doctorate in Animal Production and Health Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angelica Terrazas
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Faculty of Higher Studies, Cuautitlan, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alma V Lara Sagahon
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Faculty of Higher Studies, Cuautitlan, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Monica Aleman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Martins J, Eliseu A, Campos S, Ribeiro L, Otero P, Cabral P, Colaço B, dos-Santos JD. Can a Sacrococcygeal Epidural of 0.25% Bupivacaine Prevent the Activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System during Feline Ovariectomy? Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1732. [PMID: 38929350 PMCID: PMC11200459 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The ovariectomy (OVE) procedure can trigger somatosensory and visceral peritoneal nociception. Sacrococcygeal epidural (ScE) anesthesia may complement or replace systemic analgesia used for feline OVE, reducing opioid consumption and their related undesirable adverse effects and consequently reducing or completely blocking the sympathetic nervous system activation during this procedure. The present study aimed to evaluate the activation of the sympathetic nervous system resulting from adding an ScE injection of bupivacaine 0.25% (0.3 mL kg-1) in feline OVE and identify whether this translates to hemodynamic variables stability. A Parasympathetic Tone Activity (PTA) monitor was applied given that it performs analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) detecting changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic tone, making it a good tool for detecting activation of the sympathetic nervous system during the study. Two groups of animals were evaluated in five perioperative times, namely, the control group (CG) (n = 18) with systemic analgesia alone and the sacrococcygeal epidural group (ScEG) (n = 20) with 0.25% bupivacaine combined with systemic analgesia. Thirty-eight female cats were selected. All animals assigned to CG and ScEG were premedicated with dexmedetomidine (20 μg kg-1 IM) and methadone (0.2 mg kg-1 IM). General anesthesia was induced with propofol IV ad effectum and maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Heart rate, non-invasive systolic and median blood pressure, respiratory rate, and instantaneous parasympathetic tone activity were recorded. Compared to systemic analgesia alone (CG), sacrococcygeal epidural (ScEG) reduced the rise of common hemodynamic variables but did not prevent sympathetic nervous system activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Martins
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Lisbon, Lusófona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.E.); (S.C.); (L.R.); (P.C.); (J.D.d.-S.)
- Veterinary and Animal Research Center (CECAV), Lusófona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - António Eliseu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Lisbon, Lusófona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.E.); (S.C.); (L.R.); (P.C.); (J.D.d.-S.)
| | - Sónia Campos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Lisbon, Lusófona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.E.); (S.C.); (L.R.); (P.C.); (J.D.d.-S.)
- Veterinary and Animal Research Center (CECAV), Lusófona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Lénio Ribeiro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Lisbon, Lusófona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.E.); (S.C.); (L.R.); (P.C.); (J.D.d.-S.)
| | - Pablo Otero
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1427CWN, Argentina;
| | - Patrícia Cabral
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Lisbon, Lusófona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.E.); (S.C.); (L.R.); (P.C.); (J.D.d.-S.)
- Veterinary and Animal Research Center (CECAV), Lusófona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Bruno Colaço
- Veterinary and Animal Research Center (CECAV), Lusófona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Diogo dos-Santos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Lisbon, Lusófona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.E.); (S.C.); (L.R.); (P.C.); (J.D.d.-S.)
- Veterinary and Animal Research Center (CECAV), Lusófona University-Lisbon University Center, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Ghezzi MD, Ceriani MC, Domínguez-Oliva A, Lendez PA, Olmos-Hernández A, Casas-Alvarado A, Hernández-Avalos I. Use of Infrared Thermography and Heart Rate Variability to Evaluate Autonomic Activity in Domestic Animals. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1366. [PMID: 38731370 PMCID: PMC11083326 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Most of the responses present in animals when exposed to stressors are mediated by the autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system, known as the one responsible for the "fight or flight" reaction, triggers cardiovascular changes such as tachycardia or vasomotor alterations to restore homeostasis. Increase in body temperature in stressed animals also activates peripheral compensatory mechanisms such as cutaneous vasodilation to increase heat exchange. Since changes in skin blood flow influence the amount of heat dissipation, infrared thermography is suggested as a tool that can detect said changes. The present review aims to analyze the application of infrared thermography as a method to assess stress-related autonomic activity, and their association with the cardiovascular and heart rate variability in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Daniel Ghezzi
- Anatomy Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Ceriani
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Pamela Anahí Lendez
- Anatomy Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Tlalpan, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Avalos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico
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Ruíz-López P, Domínguez JM, Morgaz J, Quirós-Carmona S, Navarrete-Calvo R, Gómez-Villamandos RJ, Fernández-Sarmiento JA, Granados MM. Evaluation of the Averaged Parasympathetic Tone Activity and Its Dynamic Variation to Assess Intraoperative Nociception in Relation to Hemodynamic Changes in Dogs. Vet Q 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37467574 PMCID: PMC10367571 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2239311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the performance of the averaged parasympathetic tone activity (PTAm) and its dynamic variation (ΔPTA) to assess intraoperative nociception in relation to heart rate (HR) and direct mean arterial pressure (MAP) in dogs undergoing laparoscopic ovariectomy. This prospective, observational, clinical study included 32 bitches. The PTAm, HR, MAP, and bispectral index (BIS) were assessed before (pre-stimulus), as well as 1 min and 2 min after, four surgical stimuli: insufflation, introduction of trocars, and removal of the left and right ovaries. A two-way ANOVA was performed to compare PTAm, HR, MAP, and BIS data across surgical stimuli. A ≥20% drop in PTAm or a ≥20% increase in HR and/or MAP regarding the pre-stimulus values was considered a PTAm-drop and/or a hemodynamic response, respectively. The performance of PTAm pre-stimulus, PTAm 1 min, and ΔPTA in predicting the hemodynamic response was assessed by calculation of the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. At insufflation, PTAm decreased after 1 (p = 0.010) and 2 (p = 0.045)min, and ΔPTA was different (p = 0.005) between dogs that presented hemodynamic response and dogs that did not. At PTAm-drop, MAP increased after 1 min (p = 0.001) and 2 min (p = 0.001) with respect to pre-stimulus value, whereas HR and BIS did not change. ROC curves showed a threshold value of PTAm pre-stimulus ≤51 to detect hemodynamic response (sensitivity 69%, specificity 52%). The PTAm and ΔPTA only assessed intraoperative nociception during insufflation. The PTAm pre-stimulus association to the hemodynamic response in anaesthetized dogs showed poor sensitivity and no specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ruíz-López
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Juan Manuel Domínguez
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan Morgaz
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Setefilla Quirós-Carmona
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rocío Navarrete-Calvo
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | | | | | - M M Granados
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
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Costa GL, Leonardi F, Interlandi C, Licata P, Lizarraga I, Macrì F, Macrì D, Ferrantelli V, Spadola F. Tramadol Administered Intravenously Either as a Bolus or a Slow Injection in Pain Management of Romifidine-Sedated Calves Undergoing Umbilical Hernia Repair. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071145. [PMID: 37048401 PMCID: PMC10093555 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Umbilical hernias in calves occur with relative frequency. Most abdominal surgeries can be performed in cattle using standing sedation and local blocks. Romifidine is widely used in calves, alone or in combination with opioids. Tramadol administered as an intravenous slow injection provided better analgesia than an IV bolus in cows. The aim of the present study was to compare the response to surgical stimulus, and sedative effects of tramadol administered intravenously either as a bolus or a slow injection in romifidinesedated calves. Twenty Frisian calves undergoing umbilical hernia repair received romifidine (0.08 mg/kg IM; time 0) followed by tramadol (1 mg/kg IV) 5 min later either as a bolus (n = 10, B group) or a slow injection over 10 min (n = 10, SI group). Surgical area was infiltrated with lidocaine (4 mg/kg). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic, dyastolic and mean arterial pressure (SAP, DAP, MAP), sedation scores and response to surgical stimulus were recorded for up to 55 min. After the calves recovered a standing position, postoperative pain scores were assessed for up to 50 min. Sedation scores were significantly higher in the SI group than in the B group at 55 min (p < 0.05). HR, RR, SAP and response to surgical stimulus were significantly higher in the B group than in the SI group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were recorded in postoperative pain scores between groups (p > 0.05). Romifidine IM followed by intravenous tramadol, as a bolus or slow injection and local infiltration with lidocaine provided adequate sedation and analgesia in calves undergoing umbilical hernia repair.
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Evaluation of the nociception - antinociception balance using the Parasympathetic Tone Activity (PTA) index in dogs anaesthetized for castration. Vet Anaesth Analg 2022; 49:597-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ruíz-López P, Morgaz J, Quirós-Carmona S, Navarrete-Calvo R, Domínguez JM, Gómez-Villamandos RJ, Granados MM. Parasympathetic Tone Changes in Anesthetized Horses after Surgical Stimulation, and Morphine, Ketamine, and Dobutamine Administration. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12081038. [PMID: 35454284 PMCID: PMC9027407 DOI: 10.3390/ani12081038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A parasympathetic tone activity (PTA) monitor has been developed similar to the analgesia nociception index (ANI) used in human medicine to evaluate the changes in the autonomic nervous system based on heart rate variability. The autonomic nervous system acts unconsciously and regulates body functions (autonomic response). Examples of autonomic response are decreases of heart rate or/and blood pressure due to an increase of parasympathetic tone activity. It is important to know how stimuli and medication may affect the autonomic nervous system since they can modify heart rate and blood pressure. This study attempts to find how a surgical nociceptive stimulus, along with the administration of medication frequently used in horses, can affect mean parasympathetic tone activity (PTAm) (one of the values of the PTA monitor), heart rate and blood pressure in clinically anesthetized horses. Values of the PTAm, heart rate, and blood pressure were registered before and after surgical incision and after the administration of morphine, ketamine, and dobutamine at defined time points. No changes were found after the incision or the administration of morphine and dobutamine. It seems that only ketamine affects the autonomic nervous system by decreasing PTAm. Abstract Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity can modify cardiovascular parameters in response to nociceptive stimuli or drugs in anesthetized animals. The aim of this study was to determine if a surgical nociceptive stimulus and morphine, ketamine, and dobutamine administration would modify ANS activity observed as a change in the mean parasympathetic tone activity (PTAm) in anesthetized horses. In 20 anesthetized horses, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and PTAm were monitored before and 1, 3, and 5 min after surgical incision, and before and 10 min after the administration of morphine (0.2 mg/kg IV). If nystagmus or spontaneous ventilation was observed, ketamine (0.5 mg/kg IV) was given, and the three variables were registered before and 3 and 5 min afterward. If MAP reached ≤62 mmHg, a dobutamine infusion was administered, and the three variables were recorded before and 5 min after starting/increasing the infusion (0.25 μg/kg/min IV every 5 min). The three variables were registered before and 1, 3, and 5 min after a PTAm decrease of ≥20%, HR increase of ≥10%, or MAP increase of ≥20%. The PTAm decreased 3 min after the administration of ketamine and 1 min after a PTA event. The surgical incision, dobutamine, and morphine did not modify PTAm. The absence of changes in ANS activity after the nociceptive stimulus and lack of correlation between PTAm and HR or MAP suggest that PTAm is a poor indicator of sympathetic activation under the study conditions. Ketamine seems to affect ANS activity by decreasing PTAm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ruíz-López
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesia of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Correspondence: (P.R.-L.); (J.M.)
| | - Juan Morgaz
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (S.Q.-C.); (R.N.-C.); (J.M.D.); (R.J.G.-V.); (M.M.G.)
- Correspondence: (P.R.-L.); (J.M.)
| | - Setefilla Quirós-Carmona
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (S.Q.-C.); (R.N.-C.); (J.M.D.); (R.J.G.-V.); (M.M.G.)
| | - Rocío Navarrete-Calvo
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (S.Q.-C.); (R.N.-C.); (J.M.D.); (R.J.G.-V.); (M.M.G.)
| | - Juan Manuel Domínguez
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (S.Q.-C.); (R.N.-C.); (J.M.D.); (R.J.G.-V.); (M.M.G.)
| | - Rafael Jesús Gómez-Villamandos
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (S.Q.-C.); (R.N.-C.); (J.M.D.); (R.J.G.-V.); (M.M.G.)
| | - M. M. Granados
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (S.Q.-C.); (R.N.-C.); (J.M.D.); (R.J.G.-V.); (M.M.G.)
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Effect of Fentanyl Infusion on Heart Rate Variability and Anaesthetic Requirements in Isoflurane-Anaesthetized Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102922. [PMID: 34679943 PMCID: PMC8532720 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversy continues to surround the use of opioids in equine anaesthesia, with variable effects reported. This blinded clinical study aimed to investigate the influence of a low-dose fentanyl continuous rate infusion (CRI) on isoflurane requirements, parasympathetic tone activity (PTA), and anaesthetic parameters in horses during general anaesthesia. All of the twenty-two horses included in the research underwent a standard anaesthetic protocol. Eleven horses in the fentanyl group (Group F) received a loading dose of fentanyl at 6 µg/kg, followed by a CRI of 0.1 µg/kg/min during anaesthesia. A further 11 horses in the control group (Group C) received equivalent volumes of normal saline. Anaesthetic parameters and PTA index were recorded during anaesthesia. The achieved mean fentanyl plasma concentration was 6.2 ± 0.83 ng/mL. No statistically significant differences between groups were found in isoflurane requirements, MAP values, and mean dobutamine requirements. However, horses in Group F required a significantly lower dose of additional ketamine to maintain a sufficient depth of anaesthesia. Significantly higher PTA values were found in the fentanyl group. Further research is warranted to determine the limitations of PTA monitoring, and the influence of various anaesthetics on its values.
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Nunamaker EA, Davis S, O’Malley CI, Turner PV. Developing Recommendations for Cumulative Endpoints and Lifetime Use for Research Animals. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072031. [PMID: 34359161 PMCID: PMC8300189 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research animals are important for scientific advancement, and therefore, their long-term welfare needs to be monitored to not only minimize suffering, but to provide positive affective states and experiences. Currently, there is limited guidance in countries around the world on cumulative and experimental endpoints. This paper aims to explore current opinions and institutional strategies regarding cumulative use and endpoints through a scoping survey and review of current regulations and welfare assessment tools, and ultimately to provide recommendations for assessment of cumulative and lifetime use of research animals. The survey found that only 36% of respondents indicated that their institution had cumulative use endpoint policies in place, but these policies may be informal and/or vary by species. Most respondents supported more specific guidelines but expressed concerns about formal policies that may limit their ability to make case-by-case decisions. The wide diversity in how research animals are used makes it difficult for specific policies to be implemented. Endpoint decisions should be made in an objective manner using standardized welfare assessment tools. Future research should focus on robust, efficient welfare assessment tools that can be used to support planning and recommendations for cumulative endpoints and lifetime use of research and teaching animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Nunamaker
- Animal Care Services, University of Florida, 1600 Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Shawn Davis
- Animal Care Services, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St Catherines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
| | - Carly I. O’Malley
- Global Animal Welfare and Training, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA 01887, USA
| | - Patricia V. Turner
- Global Animal Welfare and Training, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA 01887, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Mansour C, Mocci R, Santangelo B, Sredensek J, Chaaya R, Allaouchiche B, Bonnet-Garin JM, Boselli E, Junot S. Performance of the Parasympathetic Tone Activity (PTA) index to predict changes in mean arterial pressure in anaesthetized horses with different health conditions. Res Vet Sci 2021; 139:43-50. [PMID: 34246942 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The parasympathetic tone activity (PTA) index is based on heart rate variability and has been developed recently in animals to assess their relative parasympathetic tone. This study aimed to evaluate PTA index in anaesthetized horses with different health conditions and the performance of PTA variations (∆PTA) to predict changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP). Thirty-nine client-horses were anaesthetized for elective or colic surgery and divided into "Elective" and "Colic" groups. During anaesthesia, dobutamine was administered as treatment of hypotension (MAP <60 mmHg). In both groups, no significant variation of PTA and MAP were detected immediately before and after cutaneous incision. The PTA index increased 5 min before each hypotension, whereas it decreased 1 min after dobutamine administration. Horses of the Colic group had lower PTA values than those of the Elective group, whereas MAP did not differ between groups. To predict a 10% decrease in MAP, ΔPTA performance was associated with: AUC ROC [95% CI] =0.80 [0.73 to 0.85] (p < 0.0001), with a sensitivity of 62.5% and a specificity of 94.6% for a threshold value of 25%. The PTA index in anaesthetized horses appears to be influenced by the health condition. The shift toward lower PTA values in colic horses may reflect a sympathetic predominance. An increase in PTA of >25% in 1 min showed an acceptable performance to predict MAP decrease of >10% within 5 min. Even though these results require further evaluation, this index may thus help to predict potential autonomic dysfunctions in sick animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Mocci
- Univ Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Anesthésiologie, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Bruna Santangelo
- Univ Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Anesthésiologie, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Jerneja Sredensek
- Univ Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Anesthésiologie, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Rana Chaaya
- Faculté d'Agronomie et de Médecine Vétérinaire, Pharmacologie, Département de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université Libanaise, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Bernard Allaouchiche
- Univ Lyon, APCSe, VetAgro Sup, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; Univ Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Réanimation Médicale, APCSe, Pierre-Bénite, France.
| | | | - Emmanuel Boselli
- Univ Lyon, APCSe, VetAgro Sup, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; Département d'Anesthésiologie, Centre Hospitalier Pierre Oudot, Bourgoin-Jallieu, France.
| | - Stéphane Junot
- Univ Lyon, APCSe, VetAgro Sup, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; Univ Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Anesthésiologie, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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Clinical Use of The Parasympathetic Tone Activity Index As a Measurement of Postoperative Analgaesia in Dogs Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy. J Vet Res 2021; 65:117-123. [PMID: 33817404 PMCID: PMC8009586 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction While the current tools to assess canine postoperative pain using physiological and behavioural parameters are reliable, an objective method such as the parasympathetic tone activity (PTA) index could improve postoperative care. The aim of the study was to determine the utility of the PTA index in assessing postoperative analgaesia. Material and Methods Thirty healthy bitches of different breeds were randomly allocated into three groups for analgaesic treatment: the paracetamol group (GPARAC, n = 10) received 15 mg/kg b.w., the carprofen group (GCARP, n = 10) 4 mg/kg b.w., and the meloxicam group (GMELOX, n = 10) 0.2 mg/kg b.w. for 48 h after surgery. GPARAC was medicated orally every 8 h, while GCARP and GMELOX were medicated intravenously every 24 h. The PTA index was used to measure the analgaesia–nociception balance 1 h before surgery (baseline), and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, and 48 h after, at which times evaluation on the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) was made. Results The baseline PTA index was 65 ± 8 for GPARAC, 65 ± 7 for GCARP, and 62 ± 5 for GMELOX. Postoperatively, it was 65 ± 9 for GPARAC, 63 ± 8 for GCARP, and 65 ± 8 for GMELOX. No statistically significant difference existed between baseline values or between values directly after treatments (P = 0.99 and P = 0.97, respectively). The PTA index showed a sensitivity of 40%, specificity of 98.46% and a negative predictive value of 99.07%. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the PTA index measures comfort and postoperative analgaesia objectively, since it showed a clinical relationship with the UMPS.
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Fackler BM, Portela DA, Romano M, Gatson BJ. Use of distal radial, ulnar, median and musculocutaneous (RUMM) nerve blocks in a Huacaya alpaca undergoing radial fracture repair. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:734-736. [PMID: 32651059 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany M Fackler
- Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Diego A Portela
- Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Marta Romano
- Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bonnie J Gatson
- Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Performance of the Parasympathetic Tone Activity (PTA) index to assess the intraoperative nociception using different premedication drugs in anaesthetised dogs. Int J Vet Sci Med 2020; 8:49-55. [PMID: 32953875 PMCID: PMC7476537 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2020.1783090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic variations of the Parasympathetic Tone Activity (PTA) index were evaluated to assess nociception in dogs undergoing anaesthetic protocols with different premedication drugs. Sixty-six dogs, divided into three groups of 22 dogs each, were given different premedication drugs “morphine” (0.2 mg/kg), “morphine + medetomidine (5 μg/kg)”, “morphine + acepromazine (0.03 mg/kg)”, then similarly induced and maintained under general anaesthesia. The PTA, HR (heart rate) and MAP (mean arterial pressure) were assessed at S (steady-state), Cut (cutaneous incision), PTAE (PTA Event, assessed 1 min before a significant PTA decrease), HDR (Haemodynamic reaction, assessed 5 min before an increase of ≥ 20% in HR and/or MAP). For each group, the dynamic variation of PTA (ΔPTA) was calculated and a Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve was performed to detect if any of the premedication drugs may alter the performance of PTA index to predict intraoperative haemodynamic reactions. In all groups, a haemodynamic reaction was detected after Cut, PTAE and HDR and was preceded with a significant decrease of PTA, except for “morphine + medetomidine” group which showed a significant drop of PTA only at PTAE and HDR. The ΔPTA showed a fair performance in all groups (a mean [95% CI] AUC of 0.73 [0.62–0.82], 0.70 [0.59–0.79] and 0.71 [0.59–0.80] respectively in morphine, morphine + ACP and morphine + medetomidine). Although ΔPTA was rather altered by the premedication drug, it was able to predict, to a certain extent, haemodynamic reactions in all groups.
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14
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Hernandez-Avalos I, Mota-Rojas D, Mora-Medina P, Martínez-Burnes J, Casas Alvarado A, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Lezama-García K, Olmos-Hernandez A. Review of different methods used for clinical recognition and assessment of pain in dogs and cats. Int J Vet Sci Med 2019; 7:43-54. [PMID: 31819890 PMCID: PMC6882480 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2019.1680044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of the need to perform surgical techniques and the importance of animal welfare because of acute pain, the objectives of the veterinary anaesthetists are to manage muscle relaxation and adequate analgesia in order to conserve a balance in the autonomic nervous system, enhance the action of the parasympathetic system in the face of the emerging action of the sympathetic portion provoked by the surgeon, and maintain a balance among them. The aim of the present review is to describe different evaluation criteria for acute pain using unidimensional and multidimensional scales, correlating these findings to parasympathetic tone activity (PTA) and bispectral index (BIS) assessment, to conduct an objective evaluation of pain that patients (dog or cat) perceives, in order to administrate an adequate analgesic treatment in each case. In conclusion, this integral, objective evaluation will allow veterinarians – especially anaesthesiologists – to improve the management of pain in the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Livestock Science Department, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), FESC, Mexico
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Graduate and Research Department, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas Alvarado
- Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza
- Departamento Bioterio y Cirugía Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karina Lezama-García
- Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernandez
- Departamento Bioterio y Cirugía Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City, Mexico
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Ruíz-López P, Domínguez JM, Granados MDM. Intraoperative nociception-antinociception monitors: A review from the veterinary perspective. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 47:152-159. [PMID: 32007442 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review monitors currently available for the assessment of nociception-antinociception in veterinary medicine. DATABASES USED PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar. The results were initially filtered manually based on the title and the abstract. CONCLUSIONS The provision of adequate antinociception is difficult to achieve in veterinary anaesthesia. Currently, heart rate and arterial blood pressure are used to monitor the response to a noxious stimulus during anaesthesia, with minimum alveolar concentration-sparing effect and stress-related hormones used for this purpose in research studies. However, since none of these variables truly assess intraoperative nociception, several alternative monitoring devices have been developed for use in humans. These nociceptive-antinociceptive monitoring systems derive information from variables, such as electroencephalography, parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) response, sympathetic nervous system response and electromyography. Several of these monitoring systems have been investigated in veterinary medicine, although few have been used to assess intraoperative nociception in animals. There is controversy regarding their effectiveness and clinical use in animals. A nociceptive-antinociceptive monitoring system based on the PNS response has been developed for use in cats, dogs and horses. It uses the parasympathetic tone activity index, which is believed to detect inadequate intraoperative nociception-antinociception balance in veterinary anaesthesia. Nonetheless, there are limited published studies to date, and cardiovascular variables remain the gold standard. Consequently, further studies in this area are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ruíz-López
- Anaesthesiology Unit, Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Juan Manuel Domínguez
- Anaesthesiology Unit, Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Del Mar Granados
- Anaesthesiology Unit, Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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