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Long J, Zhao X, Liang F, Zeng Y, Liu N, Sun Y, Xi Y. An innovative lab-scale production for a novel therapeutic DNA vaccine candidate against rheumatoid arthritis. J Biol Eng 2024; 18:19. [PMID: 38414057 PMCID: PMC10898022 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-024-00411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent therapeutic-plasmid DNA vaccine strategies for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have significantly improved. Our pcDNA-CCOL2A1 vaccine is the most prominent and the first antigen-specific tolerising DNA vaccine with potent therapeutic and prophylactic effects compared with methotrexate (MTX), the current "gold standard" treatment for collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). This study developed a highly efficient, cost-effective, and easy-to-operate system for the lab-scale production of endotoxin-free supercoiled plasmids with high quality and high yield. Based on optimised fermentation culture, we obtained a high yield of pcDNA-CCOL2A1 vaccine by PEG/MgCl2 precipitation and TRION-114. We then established a method for quality control of the pcDNA-CCOL2A1 vaccine. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model rats were subjected to intramuscular injection of the pcDNA-CCOL2A1 vaccine (300 μg/kg) to test its biological activity. RESULTS An average yield of 11.81 ± 1.03 mg purified supercoiled plasmid was obtained from 1 L of fermentation broth at 670.6 ± 57.42 mg/L, which was significantly higher than that obtained using anion exchange column chromatography and a commercial purification kit. Our supercoiled plasmid had high purity, biological activity, and yield, conforming to the international guidelines for DNA vaccines. CONCLUSION The proposed innovative downstream process for the pcDNA-CCOL2A1 vaccine can not only provide a large-scale high-quality supercoiled plasmid DNA for preclinical research but also facilitate further pilot-scale and even industrial-scale production of pcDNA-CCOL2A1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Long
- National Key Laboratory of Blood Science, Senior Department of Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8, Dongda Ave, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Blood Science, Senior Department of Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8, Dongda Ave, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Fei Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Blood Science, Senior Department of Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8, Dongda Ave, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yang Zeng
- National Key Laboratory of Blood Science, Senior Department of Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8, Dongda Ave, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Nan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Blood Science, Senior Department of Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8, Dongda Ave, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yuying Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Blood Science, Senior Department of Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8, Dongda Ave, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Yongzhi Xi
- National Key Laboratory of Blood Science, Senior Department of Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8, Dongda Ave, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
- Forregen (Beijing) Bioscience-Technology Development Centre Co., Ltd, Qingquan Villa Yili of Beijing Fragrant Hill, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Triantafyllou N, Sarkis M, Krassakopoulou A, Shah N, Papathanasiou MM, Kontoravdi C. Uncertainty quantification for gene delivery methods: A roadmap for pDNA manufacturing from phase I clinical trials to commercialization. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300103. [PMID: 37797343 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The fast-growing interest in cell and gene therapy (C>) products has led to a growing demand for the production of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and viral vectors for clinical and commercial use. Manufacturers, regulators, and suppliers need to develop strategies for establishing robust and agile supply chains in the otherwise empirical field of C>. A model-based methodology that has great potential to support the wider adoption of C> is presented, by ensuring efficient timelines, scalability, and cost-effectiveness in the production of key raw materials. Specifically, key process and economic parameters are identified for (1) the production of pDNA for the forward-looking scenario of non-viral-based Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies from clinical (200 doses) to commercial (40,000 doses) scale and (2) the commercial (40,000 doses) production of pDNA and lentiviral vectors for the current state-of-the-art viral vector-based CAR T-cell therapies. By applying a systematic global sensitivity analysis, we quantify uncertainty in the manufacturing process and apportion it to key process and economic parameters, highlighting cost drivers and limitations that steer decision-making. The results underline the cost-efficiency and operational flexibility of non-viral-based therapies in the overall C> supply chain, as well as the importance of economies-of-scale in the production of pDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Triantafyllou
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Miriam Sarkis
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Nilay Shah
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria M Papathanasiou
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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3
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Samuels S, Marijne Heeren A, Zijlmans HJMAA, Welters MJP, van den Berg JH, Philips D, Kvistborg P, Ehsan I, Scholl SME, Nuijen B, Schumacher TNM, van Beurden M, Jordanova ES, Haanen JBAG, van der Burg SH, Kenter GG. HPV16 E7 DNA tattooing: safety, immunogenicity, and clinical response in patients with HPV-positive vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1163-1173. [PMID: 28451790 PMCID: PMC11028457 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Usual type vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (uVIN) is caused by HPV, predominantly type 16. Several forms of HPV immunotherapy have been studied, however, clinical results could be improved. A novel intradermal administration route, termed DNA tattooing, is superior in animal models, and was tested for the first time in humans with a HPV16 E7 DNA vaccine (TTFC-E7SH). METHODS The trial was designed to test safety, immunogenicity, and clinical response of TTFC-E7SH in twelve HPV16+ uVIN patients. Patients received six vaccinations via DNA tattooing. The first six patients received 0.2 mg TTFC-E7SH and the next six 2 mg TTFC-E7SH. Vaccine-specific T-cell immunity was evaluated by IFNγ-ELISPOT and multiparametric flow cytometry. RESULTS Only grade I-II adverse events were observed upon TTFC-E7SH vaccination. The ELISPOT analysis showed in 4/12 patients a response to the peptide pool containing shuffled E7 peptides. Multiparametric flow cytometry showed low CD4+ and/or CD8+ T-cell responses as measured by increased expression of PD-1 (4/12 in both), CTLA-4 (2/12 and 3/12), CD107a (5/12 and 4/12), or the production of IFNγ (2/12 and 1/12), IL-2 (3/12 and 4/12), TNFα (2/12 and 1/12), and MIP1β (3/12 and 6/12). At 3 months follow-up, no clinical response was observed in any of the twelve vaccinated patients. CONCLUSION DNA tattoo vaccination was shown to be safe. A low vaccine-induced immune response and no clinical response were observed in uVIN patients after TTFC-E7SH DNA tattoo vaccination. Therefore, a new phase I/II trial with an improved DNA vaccine format is currently in development for patients with uVIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Samuels
- Department of Gynecology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Marijne Heeren
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center-Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry J M A A Zijlmans
- Department of Gynecology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H van den Berg
- Amsterdam Biotherapeutics Unit (AmBTU), Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daisy Philips
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilina Ehsan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzy M E Scholl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, 25 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Bastiaan Nuijen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ton N M Schumacher
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc van Beurden
- Department of Gynecology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina S Jordanova
- Department of Gynecology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John B A G Haanen
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gemma G Kenter
- Department of Gynecology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Shi X, Wang J. Engineering and characterization of a symbiotic selection-marker-free vector-host system for therapeutic plasmid production. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:4669-4677. [PMID: 26080859 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop a symbiotic selection-marker-free plasmid and host system that would allow successful plasmid maintenance and amplification for use in gene therapy. Initially, the chromosomal aspartate‑semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd) gene was disrupted in DH10B Escherichia coli using Red recombinase‑mediated homologous recombination. This method required the use of linear DNA fragments carrying kan‑kil genes, and/or homologous extensions to the targeted locus. The resultant auxotrophic cell wall‑deficient strain (DH10BΔasd) was evaluated as a symbiotic host for amplification of the marker‑free plasmid, allowing it to supply ASD activity. In order to construct the plasmid, an asd expression cassette was inserted, under the control of the nirB promoter, into a eukaryotic expression vector, and its kanamycin resistance gene was subsequently removed. The symbiotic plasmid and host system was assessed for numerous plasmid production and stability parameters, including structure, yield, plasmid‑retention rate, and bacterial storability, under various conditions. The presence of the plasmid was subsequently confirmed by growth test, restriction enzyme mapping, and sequencing. The plasmid yield and copy number produced in the symbiotic cells, in the absence of antibiotic selection, were shown to be similar to those produced under kanamycin selection, in the cells containing the precursor plasmid and kanamycin resistance gene. Furthermore, the results of the present study demonstrated that when inoculated with <1% inoculant volume, >98% of the cells in the culture retained the plasmid regardless of the number of passages. The strain was stable when stored at ‑70˚C, with negligible viability loss over 12 months. The constructed plasmid is stable and has potential in future gene therapy, while much work is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchang Shi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Junzhi Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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5
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Draghici B, Ilies MA. Synthetic Nucleic Acid Delivery Systems: Present and Perspectives. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4091-130. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500330k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Draghici
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Marc A. Ilies
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
- Temple Materials Institute, 1803 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Xenopoulos A, Pattnaik P. Production and purification of plasmid DNA vaccines: is there scope for further innovation? Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:1537-51. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.968556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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van der Heijden I, Gomez-Eerland R, van den Berg JH, Oosterhuis K, Schumacher TN, Haanen JBAG, Beijnen JH, Nuijen B. Transposon leads to contamination of clinical pDNA vaccine. Vaccine 2013; 31:3274-80. [PMID: 23707695 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report an unexpected contamination during clinical manufacture of a Human Papilomavirus (HPV) 16 E6 encoding plasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccine, with a transposon originating from the Escherichia coli DH5 host cell genome. During processing, presence of this transposable element, insertion sequence 2 (IS2) in the plasmid vector was not noticed until quality control of the bulk pDNA vaccine when results of restriction digestion, sequencing, and CGE analysis were clearly indicative for the presence of a contaminant. Due to the very low level of contamination, only an insert-specific PCR method was capable of tracing back the presence of the transposon in the source pDNA and master cell bank (MCB). Based on the presence of an uncontrolled contamination with unknown clinical relevance, the product was rejected for clinical use. In order to prevent costly rejection of clinical material, both in-process controls and quality control methods must be sensitive enough to detect such a contamination as early as possible, i.e. preferably during plasmid DNA source generation, MCB production and ultimately during upstream processing. However, as we have shown that contamination early in the process development pipeline (source pDNA, MCB) can be present below limits of detection of generally applied analytical methods, the introduction of "engineered" or transposon-free host cells seems the only 100% effective solution to avoid contamination with movable elements and should be considered when searching for a suitable host cell-vector combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- I van der Heijden
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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Caramelo-Nunes C, Gabriel M, Almeida P, Marcos J, Tomaz C. Purification of plasmid DNA from clarified and non-clarified Escherichia coli lysates by berenil pseudo-affinity chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 904:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Morefield GL. A rational, systematic approach for the development of vaccine formulations. AAPS J 2011; 13:191-200. [PMID: 21347616 PMCID: PMC3085699 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
With the continuous emergence of new infectious diseases and new strains of current diseases, such as the novel H1N1 influenza in 2009, in combination with expanding competition in the vaccine marketplace, the pressure to develop vaccine formulations right the first time is increasing. As vaccines are complex, costly, and have high risk associated with their development, it is necessary to maximize the potential for development of a successful formulation quickly. To accomplish this goal, the historical empirical approach to formulation development needs to be updated with a rational, systematic approach allowing for more rapid development of safe, efficacious, and stable vaccine formulations. The main components to this approach are biophysical characterization of the antigen, evaluation of stabilizers, investigation of antigen interactions with adjuvants, evaluation of product contact materials, and monitoring stability both in real time and under accelerated conditions. An overview of investigations performed for each of these components of formulation development is discussed. The information gained in these studies is valuable in forming the base of knowledge for the design of a robust formulation. With the use of continually advancing technology in combination with maintaining a rational, systematic approach to formulation development, there is a great increase in the probability of successfully developing a safe, effective, and stable vaccine formulation.
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Ongkudon CM, Danquah MK. Anion exchange chromatography of 4.2kbp plasmid based vaccine (pcDNA3F) from alkaline lysed E. coli lysate using amino functionalised polymethacrylate conical monolith. Sep Purif Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Sousa F, Queiroz J. Supercoiled plasmid quality assessment by analytical arginine-affinity chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:124-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Brito LA, Singh M. COMMENTARY: Acceptable Levels of Endotoxin in Vaccine Formulations During Preclinical Research. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:34-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Blom H, Bennemo M, Berg M, Lemmens R. Flocculate removal after alkaline lysis in plasmid DNA production. Vaccine 2010; 29:6-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Therapeutic strategies for SLE involving cytokines: mechanism-oriented therapies especially IFN-gamma targeting gene therapy. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20827419 PMCID: PMC2933908 DOI: 10.1155/2010/461641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE: lupus) is a chronic complicated autoimmune disease and pathogenesis is still unclear. However, key cytokines have been recognized. Interferon (IFN)-γ and also IFNalpha/beta are of particular importance. Depending on the concept that lupus is a helper T(Th)1 disease and that dendritic cells (DCs) determine the direction of lupus, balance shift of Th1/Th2 and immunogenic/tolerogenic DCs is reviewed for therapy. (IFN)-gamma- and IFN-alpha/beta-targeted (gene) therapies are introduced. These consist of Th1/Th2 balance shift and elimination of IFN-gamma and IFN-gamma-related cytokines such as (interleukin)IL-12 and IL-18. Other approaches include suppression of immunocompetent cells, normalization of abnormal T-cell function, costimulation blockade, B lymphocyte stimulator (Blys) blockade, and suppression of nephritic kidney inflammation. Moreover, balance shift of IFN-alpha/beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha together with regulatory T(Treg) cells are briefly introduced. Clinical application will be discussed.
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Ebrahimpour M, Jahanshahi M, Hosenian AH. Adsorption Strategy of Plasmid DNA Nanoparticulate: Preparative Purification by a Simple Custom Expanded Bed Column. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Guan Y, Fisher D, Sutherland I. Protein separation using toroidal columns by type-J synchronous counter-current chromatography towards preparative separation. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3525-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Quaak SGL, Haanen JBAG, Beijnen JH, Nuijen B. Naked plasmid DNA formulation: effect of different disaccharides on stability after lyophilisation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:344-50. [PMID: 20204715 PMCID: PMC2850488 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since plasmid DNA (pDNA) is unstable in solution, lyophilisation can be used to increase product shelf life. To prevent stress on pDNA molecules during lyophilisation, cryo- and lyoprotectants have to be added to the formulation. This study assessed the effect of disaccharides on naked pDNA stability after lyophilisation using accelerated stability studies. Naked pDNA was lyophilised with sucrose, trehalose, maltose or lactose in an excipient/DNA w/w ratio of 20. To one part of the vials extra residual moisture was introduced by placing the vials half opened in a 25°C/60% RH climate chamber, before placing all vials in climate chambers (25°C/60% RH and 40°C/75% RH) for stability studies. An ex vivo human skin model was used to assess the effect of disaccharides on transfection efficiency. Lyophilisation resulted in amorphous cakes for all disaccharides with a residual water content of 0.8% w/w. Storage at 40°C/75% RH resulted in decreasing supercoiled (SC) purity levels (sucrose and trehalose maintained approximately 80% SC purity), but not in physical collapse. The addition of residual moisture (values between 7.5% and 10% w/w) resulted in rapid collapse except for trehalose and decreasing SC purity for all formulations. In a separate experiment disaccharide formulation solutions show a slight but significant reduction (<3% with sucrose and maltose) in transfection efficiency when compared to pDNA dissolved in water. We demonstrate that disaccharides, like sucrose and trehalose, are effective lyoprotectants for naked pDNA.
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Cai Y, Rodriguez S, Rameswaran R, Draghia-Akli R, Juba RJ, Hebel H. Production of pharmaceutical-grade plasmids at high concentration and high supercoiled percentage. Vaccine 2009; 28:2046-52. [PMID: 19896448 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The increased use of plasmid-based vaccines to replace their more challenging viral counterparts has increased the demand for high purity and high concentration plasmids. Here we report the production of plasmids encoding different transgenes for DNA vaccine candidates at gram scale with an integrated process consisting of batch fermentation and limited steps of purification. Plasmid products encoding for eight smallpox antigens that were combined into a bioterrorism DNA vaccine exhibited high purity with undetectable RNA, protein and endotoxin, concentration of up to 13.6mg/mL and supercoiled percentage of 94.5+/-1.1% after storage at -80 degrees C for over 1 year. The process has been scaled up for the cGMP manufacture of pharmaceutical-grade human papillomavirus and influenza DNA vaccines up to a 50g scale, also demonstrating high purity and high concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cai
- VGX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX 77381, United States
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19
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Abstract
The demand for plasmid DNA in large quantities at high purity and concentration is expected to escalate as more DNA vaccines are entering clinical trial status and becoming closer to market approval. This review outlines different methods for DNA vaccine manufacture and discusses the challenges that hinder large-scale production. Current technologies are summarized, focusing on novel approaches that have the potential to address downstream bottlenecks and adaptability for large-scale application. Product quality in terms of supercoiled percentage and impurity levels are compared at the different production levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cai
- VGX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suite 180, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA.
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van den Berg JH, Quaak SGL, Beijnen JH, Hennink WE, Storm G, Schumacher TN, Haanen JBAG, Nuijen B. Lipopolysaccharide contamination in intradermal DNA vaccination: toxic impurity or adjuvant? Int J Pharm 2009; 390:32-6. [PMID: 19576975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are known both as potential adjuvants for vaccines and as toxic impurity in pharmaceutical preparations. The aim of this study was to assess the role of LPS in intradermal DNA vaccination administered by DNA tattooing. METHOD Mice were vaccinated with a model DNA vaccine (Luc-NP) with an increasing content of residual LPS. The effect of LPS on systemic toxicity, antigen expression and cellular immunity was studied. RESULTS The presence of LPS in the DNA vaccine neither induced systemic toxicity (as reflected by IL-6 concentration in serum), nor influenced antigen expression (measured by intravital imaging). Higher LPS contents however, appeared to be associated with an elevated cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response but without reaching statistical significance. Interestingly, the DNA tattoo procedure by itself was shown to induce a serum cytokine response that was at least as potent as that induced by parenteral LPS administration. CONCLUSION LPS does not show toxicity in mice vaccinated by DNA tattooing at dose levels well above those encountered in GMP-grade DNA preparations. Thus, residual LPS levels in the pharmaceutical range are not expected to adversely affect clinical outcome of vaccination trials and may in fact have some beneficial adjuvant effect. The observed pro-inflammatory effects of DNA tattoo may help explain the high immunogenicity of this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost H van den Berg
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Plasmid purification by hydrophobic interaction chromatography using sodium citrate in the mobile phase. Sep Purif Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sousa F, Passarinha L, Queiroz J. Biomedical application of plasmid DNA in gene therapy: A new challenge for chromatography. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.5661/bger-26-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Quaak SGL, van den Berg JH, Toebes M, Schumacher TNM, Haanen JBAG, Beijnen JH, Nuijen B. GMP production of pDERMATT for vaccination against melanoma in a phase I clinical trial. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 70:429-38. [PMID: 18606527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
For the treatment of melanoma DNA vaccines are a promising therapeutic approach. In our institute a plasmid encoding a melanoma-associated epitope (MART-1) and an immunostimulatory sequence (tetanus toxin fragment-c) termed pDERMATT was developed. In a phase I study the plasmid will be administered intradermally using a newly developed tattoo strategy to assess the toxicity and efficacy of inducing tumor-specific T-cell immunity. To facilitate this study a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant plasmid manufacturing process was set up and a pharmaceutical dosage form was developed. Each batch resulted in approximately 200mg plasmid DNA of a high purity >90% supercoiled DNA, an A260/280 ratio 1.80-1.95, undetectable or extremely low residual endotoxins, Escherichia coli host cell protein, RNA, and DNA. In the manufacturing process no animal derived enzymes like RNase or potentially harmful organic solvents are used. After sterile filtration the concentration of the plasmid solution is approximately 1.1mg/mL. For the scheduled phase I study a concentration of 5mg/mL is desired, and further concentration of the solution is achieved by lyophilisation. The formulation solution is composed of 1mg/mL pDERMATT and 20mg/mL sucrose in Water for Injections. Upon reconstitution with a five times smaller volume an isotonic sucrose solution containing 5mg/mL pDERMATT is obtained. Lyophilised pDERMATT is sterile with >90% supercoiled DNA, an A260-280 ratio 1.80-1.95, content 90-110% of labeled, and residual water content <2% (w/w). The product yields the predicted profile upon restriction-enzyme digestion, is highly immunogenic as confirmed in an in vivo mouse model, and stable for at least six months at 5 degrees C. We have not only developed a reproducible process to manufacture pharmaceutical grade plasmid DNA but also a stable dosage form for the use in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G L Quaak
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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