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Menon I, Patil S, Bagwe P, Vijayanand S, Kale A, Braz Gomes K, Kang SM, D'Souza M. Dissolving Microneedles Loaded with Nanoparticle Formulation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein Virus-like Particles (F-VLPs) Elicits Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040866. [PMID: 37112778 PMCID: PMC10144232 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children ages five years and below. Recent outbreaks of the virus have proven that RSV remains a severe burden on healthcare services. Thus, a vaccine for RSV is a need of the hour. Research on novel vaccine delivery systems for infectious diseases such as RSV can pave the road to more vaccine candidates. Among many novel vaccine delivery systems, a combined system with polymeric nanoparticles loaded in dissolving microneedles holds a lot of potential. In this study, the virus-like particles of the RSV fusion protein (F-VLP) were encapsulated in poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). These NPs were then loaded into dissolving microneedles (MNs) composed of hyaluronic acid and trehalose. To test the in vivo immunogenicity of the nanoparticle-loaded microneedles, Swiss Webster mice were immunized with the F-VLP NPs, both with and without adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) NPs loaded in the MN. The mice immunized with the F-VLP NP + MPL NP MN showed high immunoglobulin (IgG and IgG2a) levels both in the serum and lung homogenates. A subsequent analysis of lung homogenates post-RSV challenge revealed high IgA, indicating the generation of a mucosal immune response upon intradermal immunization. A flowcytometry analysis showed high CD8+ and CD4+ expression in the lymph nodes and spleens of the F-VLP NP + MPL NP MN-immunized mice. Thus, our vaccine elicited a robust humoral and cellular immune response in vivo. Therefore, PLGA nanoparticles loaded in dissolving microneedles could be a suitable novel delivery system for RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipshita Menon
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Smital Patil
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Priyal Bagwe
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Sharon Vijayanand
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Akanksha Kale
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Keegan Braz Gomes
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Sang Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Martin D'Souza
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Virus-like Particle Vaccine Expressing the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pre-Fusion and G Proteins Confers Protection against RSV Challenge Infection. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030782. [PMID: 36986643 PMCID: PMC10051362 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe lower respiratory tract disease in children and the elderly. However, there are no effective antiviral drugs or licensed vaccines available for RSV infection. Here, RSV virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines expressing Pre-F, G, or Pre-F and G proteins on the surface of influenza virus matrix protein 1 (M1) were produced using the baculovirus expression system, and their protective efficacy was evaluated in mice. The morphology and successful assembly of VLPs were confirmed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Western blot. High levels of serum IgG antibody response were detected in VLP-immunized mice, and significantly higher levels of IgG2a and IgG2b were found in the Pre-F+G VLP immunization group compared to the unimmunized control. Serum-neutralizing activity was higher in the VLP immunization groups compared to the naïve group, with Pre-F+G VLPs demonstrating superior neutralizing activity to the single antigen-expressing VLP groups. Pulmonary IgA and IgG responses were generally comparable across the immunization groups, with VLPs expressing the Pre-F antigen eliciting higher IFN-γ in spleens. The frequencies of eosinophils and IL-4-producing CD4+ T cell populations were substantially lower in the lungs of VLP-immunized mice, with the PreF+G vaccine inducing a significant increase in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. VLP immunization significantly decreased the viral titer and inflammation in the lungs of mice, with Pre-F+G VLPs conferring the best protection. In conclusion, our present study suggests that the Pre-F+G VLPs could be a potential vaccine candidate against RSV infection.
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Morimoto S, Saeki K, Takeshita M, Hirano K, Shirakawa M, Yamada Y, Nakamura S, Ozawa F, Okano H. Intranasal Sendai virus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine using a mouse model. Genes Cells 2023; 28:29-41. [PMID: 36401755 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic remains worldwide. The usefulness of the intranasal vaccine and boost immunization against severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has recently received much attention. We developed an intranasal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine by loading the receptor binding domain of the S protein (S-RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 as an antigen into an F-deficient Sendai virus vector. After the S-RBD-Fd antigen with trimer formation ability was intranasally administered to mice, S-RBD-specific IgM, IgG, IgA, and neutralizing antibody titers were increased in serum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for 12 weeks. Furthermore, in mice that received a booster dose at week 8, a marked increase in neutralizing antibodies in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was observed at the final evaluation at week 12, which neutralized the pseudotyped lentivirus expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, indicating the usefulness of the Sendai virus-based SARS-CoV-2 intranasal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Morimoto
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masaru Takeshita
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Shiho Nakamura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Ozawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Luo J, Qin H, Lei L, Lou W, Li R, Pan Z. Virus-like particles containing a prefusion-stabilized F protein induce a balanced immune response and confer protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1054005. [PMID: 36578490 PMCID: PMC9792133 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1054005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a serious respiratory pathogen in infants and young children worldwide. Currently, no licensed RSV vaccines are available. In this study, we explored stable prefusion conformation virus-like particles (Pre-F VLPs) as RSV vaccine candidates. RSV fusion (F) protein mutants were constructed to form stabilized Pre-F or postfusion (Post-F) configurations. VLPs containing Pre-F or Post-F protein were generated using a recombinant baculovirus (rBV)-insect cell expression system. The assembly and immunological properties of Pre-F or Post-F VLPs were investigated. Pre-F and Post-F VLPs contained antigenic sites Ø and I of pre- and postfusion conformations, respectively. Compared with Post-F VLPs, immunization with Pre-F VLPs elicited upregulation of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-10 and downregulation of IL-4 and IL-5 cytokine production in mice. A high percentage of CD25+ Foxp3+ cells or a low percentage of IL-17A-producing cells among CD4+ T cells was observed in the lungs of mice vaccinated with Pre-F VLPs. Importantly, immunization with Pre-F VLPs induced a high level of RSV neutralizing antibody and a balanced immune response, which protected mice against RSV infection without evidence of immunopathology. Our results suggested that Pre-F VLPs generated from rBV-insect cells represent promising RSV vaccine candidates.
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Sendai Virus-Vectored Vaccines That Express Envelope Glycoproteins of Respiratory Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061023. [PMID: 34072332 PMCID: PMC8230104 DOI: 10.3390/v13061023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are leading causes of respiratory disease in young children, the elderly, and individuals of all ages with immunosuppression. Vaccination strategies against these pneumoviruses and paramyxoviruses are vast in number, yet no licensed vaccines are available. Here, we review development of Sendai virus (SeV), a versatile pediatric vaccine that can (a) serve as a Jennerian vaccine against HPIV1, (b) serve as a recombinant vaccine against HRSV, HPIV2, HPIV3, and HMPV, (c) accommodate foreign genes for viral glycoproteins in multiple intergenic positions, (d) induce durable, mucosal, B-cell, and T-cell immune responses without enhanced immunopathology, (e) protect cotton rats, African green monkeys, and chimpanzees from infection, and (f) be formulated into a vaccine cocktail. Clinical phase I safety trials of SeV have been completed in adults and 3–6-year-old children. Clinical testing of SeVRSV, an HRSV fusion (F) glycoprotein gene recombinant, has also been completed in adults. Positive results from these studies, and collaborative efforts with the National Institutes of Health and the Serum Institute of India assist advanced development of SeV-based vaccines. Prospects are now good for vaccine successes in infants and consequent protection against serious viral disease.
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Scaggs Huang F, Bernstein DI, Slobod KS, Portner A, Takimoto T, Russell CJ, Meagher M, Jones BG, Sealy RE, Coleclough C, Branum K, Dickey M, Buschle K, McNeal M, Makowski M, Nakamura A, Hurwitz JL. Safety and immunogenicity of an intranasal sendai virus-based vaccine for human parainfluenza virus type I and respiratory syncytial virus (SeVRSV) in adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:554-559. [PMID: 32750273 PMCID: PMC7899675 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1779517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SeVRSV is a replication-competent Sendai virus (SeV)-based vaccine carrying the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein (F) gene. Unmanipulated, non-recombinant SeV is a murine parainfluenza virus type 1 (PIV-1) and serves as a Jennerian vaccine for human PIV-1 (hPIV-1). SeV protects African green monkeys (AGM) from infection after hPIV-1 challenge. The recombinant SeVRSV additionally targets RSV and protects AGM from lower respiratory infections after RSV challenge. The present study is the first to report on the safety, viral genome detection, and immunogenicity following SeVRSV vaccination of healthy adults. Seventeen and four healthy adults received intranasal SeVRSV and PBS, respectively, followed by six months of safety monitoring. Virus genome (in nasal wash) and vaccine-specific antibodies (in sera) were monitored for two and four weeks, respectively, post-vaccination. The vaccine was well-tolerated with only mild to moderate reactions that were also present in the placebo group. No severe reactions occurred. As expected, due to preexisting immunity toward hPIV-1 and RSV in adults, vaccine genome detection was transient. There were minimal antibody responses to SeV and negligible responses to RSV F. Results encourage further studies of SeVRSV with progression toward a clinical trial in seronegative children. Abbreviations: AE-adverse event; SAE-serious adverse event; SeV-Sendai virus; RSV-respiratory syncytial virus; PIV-1-parainfluenza virus-type 1; hPIV-1-human parainfluenza virus-type 1; F-RSV fusion protein; SeVRSV-recombinant SeV carrying the RSV F gene; Ab-antibody; MSW-medically significant wheezing; NOCMC-new onset chronic medical condition, mITT-modified Intent to Treat; ALRI-acute lower respiratory tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Scaggs Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - David I. Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Karen S. Slobod
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Allen Portner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Toru Takimoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Charles J. Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Bart G. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert E. Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Kristen Branum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michelle Dickey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kristen Buschle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Monica McNeal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Penkert RR, Hankins JS, Young NS, Hurwitz JL. Vaccine Design Informed by Virus-Induced Immunity. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:342-350. [PMID: 32366204 PMCID: PMC7247049 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
When an individual is exposed to a viral pathogen for the first time, the adaptive immune system is naive and cannot prevent virus replication. The consequence may be severe disease. At the same time, the host may rapidly generate a pathogen-specific immune response that will prevent disease if the virus is encountered again. Parvovirus B19 provides one such example. Children with sickle cell disease can experience life-threatening transient aplastic crisis when first exposed to parvovirus B19, but an effective immune response confers lifelong protection. We briefly examine the induction and benefits of virus-induced immunity. We focus on three human viruses for which there are no licensed vaccines (respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and parvovirus B19) and consider how virus-induced immunity may inform successful vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon R. Penkert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jane S. Hankins
- Pathology Department, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Neal S. Young
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Ogonczyk Makowska D, Hamelin MÈ, Boivin G. Engineering of Live Chimeric Vaccines against Human Metapneumovirus. Pathogens 2020; 9:E135. [PMID: 32093057 PMCID: PMC7168645 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important human pathogen that, along with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), is a major cause of respiratory tract infections in young infants. Development of an effective vaccine against Pneumoviruses has proven to be particularly difficult; despite over 50 years of research in this field, no vaccine against HMPV or RSV is currently available. Recombinant chimeric viruses expressing antigens of other viruses can be generated by reverse genetics and used for simultaneous immunization against more than one pathogen. This approach can result in the development of promising vaccine candidates against HMPV, and several studies have indeed validated viral vectors expressing HMPV antigens. In this review, we summarize current efforts in generating recombinant chimeric vaccines against HMPV, and we discuss their potential optimization based on the correspondence with RSV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (D.O.M.); (M.-È.H.)
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Original Antigenic Sin and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030107. [PMID: 31500131 PMCID: PMC6789633 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The original antigenic sin (OAS) theory considers the outcome of the first encounter with an antigen. It favors a memory response to the original antigen upon exposure to a similar or related antigen, and includes both positive and negative impacts of past exposure on the memory response to challenge, and, in particular, on vaccine efficacy. This phenomenon is closely linked with imprinting and the hierarchical nature of immune responses to previously encountered antigens. The focus of this commentary centers on the potential role of OAS or immunological imprinting on respiratory syncytial virus memory responses.
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Sealy RE, Jones BG, Surman SL, Penkert RR, Pelletier S, Neale G, Hurwitz JL. Will Attention by Vaccine Developers to the Host's Nuclear Hormone Levels and Immunocompetence Improve Vaccine Success? Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010026. [PMID: 30818795 PMCID: PMC6466149 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extraordinary advances in fields of immunology and infectious diseases, vaccine development remains a challenge. The development of a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, for example, has spanned more than 50 years of research with studies of more than 100 vaccine candidates. Dozens of attractive vaccine products have entered clinical trials, but none have completed the path to licensing. Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine development has proven equally difficult, as there is no licensed product after more than 30 years of pre-clinical and clinical research. Here, we examine vaccine development with attention to the host. We discuss how nuclear hormones, including vitamins and sex hormones, can influence responses to vaccines. We show how nuclear hormones interact with regulatory elements of immunoglobulin gene loci and how the deletion of estrogen response elements from gene enhancers will alter patterns of antibody isotype expression. Based on these findings, and findings that nuclear hormone levels are often insufficient or deficient among individuals in both developed and developing countries, we suggest that failed vaccine studies may in some cases reflect weaknesses of the host rather than the product. We encourage analyses of nuclear hormone levels and immunocompetence among study participants in clinical trials to ensure the success of future vaccine programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Bart G Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Sherri L Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Rhiannon R Penkert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Stephane Pelletier
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Geoff Neale
- The Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Julia L Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Russell CJ, Simões EAF, Hurwitz JL. Vaccines for the Paramyxoviruses and Pneumoviruses: Successes, Candidates, and Hurdles. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:133-141. [PMID: 29323621 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (family Paramyxoviridae), human metapneumovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (family Pneumoviridae) infect most infants and children within the first few years of life and are the etiologic agents for many serious acute respiratory illnesses. These virus infections are also associated with long-term diseases that impact quality of life, including asthma. Despite over a half-century of vaccine research, development, and clinical trials, no vaccine has been licensed to date for the paramyxoviruses or pneumoviruses for the youngest infants. In this study, we describe the recent reclassification of paramyxoviruses and pneumoviruses into distinct families by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. We also discuss some past unsuccessful vaccine trials and some currently preferred vaccine strategies. Finally, we discuss hurdles that must be overcome to support successful respiratory virus vaccine development for the youngest children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Russell
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee.,2 Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Eric A F Simões
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Section of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Julia L Hurwitz
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee.,2 Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
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Wollmeister E, Alvarez AE, Bastos JCS, Marson FAL, Ribeiro JD, Baracat ECE, Arns CW, Riccetto AGL. Respiratory syncytial virus in Brazilian infants - Ten years, two cohorts. J Clin Virol 2017; 98:33-36. [PMID: 29227860 PMCID: PMC7106499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There was 33.1% and 70.3% of RSV patients, respectively, in 2004 and 2014. The month of incidence was different between the cohorts. First cohort: higher age at attendance and number of co-morbidities. Second cohort: lower birth weight and gestational age.
Background Each year, a considerable amount of children will experience at least one episode of acute viral bronchiolitis (AVB) during their first year of life. About 10% of them will be hospitalized, with significant physical and economic burdens. Objectives To compare two cohorts of infants with AVB, from same region, in a ten-year interval, regarding epidemiologic factors and viral etiology. Study design Cohorts: 142 (2004) and 172 (2014) infants at ages zero to 12 months; clinical diagnosis of AVB; medical care in hospital and genetic screening of nasopharyngeal secretion for respiratory viruses. Results The comparative analysis showed a difference in the percentage of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) positive patients [2004 (33.1%); 2014 (70.3%)] (p < 0.01). No differences were noted regarding gender, breastfeeding, tobacco exposure, crowding and maternal education. There was a difference as to the month of incidence (seasonality) of AVB (higher in April 2014). There was a higher age at attendance in the first cohort, and lower birth weight and gestational age ratios in the second cohort (p < 0.05). There were no differences in hospitalization time, need of mechanical ventilation and number of deaths, however a difference regarding co-morbidities was noted (higher in 2004) (p < 0.001). Conclusion None of the analyzed variables had an impact on severity features. Virology and immunology must be considered in this kind of situation, by studying genetic variants and the maturation of the immune system in AVB by RSV or other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinara Wollmeister
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - Unicamp, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Alfonso Eduardo Alvarez
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - Unicamp, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Research in Pediatrics (CIPED), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - Unicamp, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Fernando Augusto Lima Marson
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - Unicamp, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Research in Pediatrics (CIPED), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - Unicamp, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - Unicamp, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - José Dirceu Ribeiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - Unicamp, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Research in Pediatrics (CIPED), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - Unicamp, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Clarice Weis Arns
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Biology Institute, University of Campinas - Unicamp, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Gut Lopes Riccetto
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - Unicamp, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Hurwitz JL, Jones BG, Penkert RR, Gansebom S, Sun Y, Tang L, Bramley AM, Jain S, McCullers JA, Arnold SR. Low Retinol-Binding Protein and Vitamin D Levels Are Associated with Severe Outcomes in Children Hospitalized with Lower Respiratory Tract Infection and Respiratory Syncytial Virus or Human Metapneumovirus Detection. J Pediatr 2017; 187:323-327. [PMID: 28578159 PMCID: PMC5588918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinol binding protein and vitamin D were measured in children aged <5 years hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infection and respiratory syncytial virus and/or human metapneumovirus detections. Low vitamin levels were observed in 50% of the children and were associated with significantly elevated risk of the need for intensive care unit admission and invasive mechanical ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN
| | - Bart G Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Rhiannon R Penkert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Shane Gansebom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Yilun Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Anna M Bramley
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Seema Jain
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jonathan A McCullers
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Department of Pediatrics, UTHSC, Memphis, TN; Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Sandra R Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, UTHSC, Memphis, TN; Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN
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14
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A rapid, simple, and accurate plaque assay for human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). J Immunol Methods 2017; 446:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Russell CJ, Jones BG, Sealy RE, Surman SL, Mason JN, Hayden RT, Tripp RA, Takimoto T, Hurwitz JL. A Sendai virus recombinant vaccine expressing a gene for truncated human metapneumovirus (hMPV) fusion protein protects cotton rats from hMPV challenge. Virology 2017; 509:60-66. [PMID: 28605636 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections pose a serious health risk to young children, particularly in cases of premature birth. No licensed vaccine exists and there is no standard treatment for hMPV infections apart from supportive hospital care. We describe the production of a Sendai virus (SeV) recombinant that carries a gene for a truncated hMPV fusion (F) protein (SeV-MPV-Ft). The vaccine induces binding and neutralizing antibody responses toward hMPV and protection against challenge with hMPV in a cotton rat system. Results encourage advanced development of SeV-MPV-Ft to prevent the morbidity and mortality caused by hMPV infections in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bart G Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert E Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sherri L Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John N Mason
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Randall T Hayden
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Julia L Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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16
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Wiegand MA, Gori-Savellini G, Gandolfo C, Papa G, Kaufmann C, Felder E, Ginori A, Disanto MG, Spina D, Cusi MG. A Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Vectored by a Stable Chimeric and Replication-Deficient Sendai Virus Protects Mice without Inducing Enhanced Disease. J Virol 2017; 91:e02298-16. [PMID: 28250126 PMCID: PMC5411584 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02298-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe respiratory infections in children and elderly people, and no marketed vaccine exists. In this study, we generated and analyzed a subunit vaccine against RSV based on a novel genome replication-deficient Sendai virus (SeV) vector. We inserted the RSV F protein, known to be a genetically stable antigen, into our vector in a specific way to optimize the vaccine features. By exchanging the ectodomain of the SeV F protein for its counterpart from RSV, we created a chimeric vectored vaccine that contains the RSV F protein as an essential structural component. In this way, the antigen is actively expressed on the surfaces of vaccine particles in its prefusion conformation, and as recently reported for other vectored vaccines, the occurrence of silencing mutations of the transgene in the vaccine genome can be prevented. In addition, its active gene expression contributes to further stimulation of the immune response. In order to understand the best route of immunization, we compared vaccine efficacies after intranasal (i.n.) or intramuscular (i.m.) immunization of BALB/c mice. Via both routes, substantial RSV-specific immune responses were induced, consisting of serum IgG and neutralizing antibodies, as well as cytotoxic T cells. Moreover, i.n. immunization was also able to stimulate specific mucosal IgA in the upper and lower respiratory tract. In virus challenge experiments, animals were protected against RSV infection after both i.n. and i.m. immunization without inducing vaccine-enhanced disease. Above all, the replication-deficient SeV appeared to be safe and well tolerated.IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory diseases in young children and elderly people worldwide. There is a great demand for a licensed vaccine. Promising existing vaccine approaches based on live-attenuated vaccines or viral vectors have suffered from unforeseen drawbacks related to immunogenicity and attenuation. We provide a novel RSV vaccine concept based on a genome replication-deficient Sendai vector that has many favorable vaccine characteristics. The specific vaccine design guarantees genetic stability of the transgene; furthermore, it supports a favorable presentation of the antigen, activating the adaptive response, features that other vectored vaccine approaches have often had difficulties with. Wide immunological and pathological analyses in mice confirmed the validity and efficacy of this approach after both parenteral and mucosal administration. Above all, this concept is suitable for initiating clinical studies, and it could also be applied to other infectious diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/chemistry
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/physiology
- Sendai virus/genetics
- Sendai virus/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gianni Gori-Savellini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Microbiology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Gandolfo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Microbiology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Papa
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Microbiology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Eva Felder
- AmVac Research GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alessandro Ginori
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Disanto
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Donatella Spina
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cusi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Microbiology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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17
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Lee DH, Kim AR, Lee SH, Quan FS. Cross-protection induced by Toxoplasma gondii virus-like particle vaccine upon intraperitoneal route challenge. Acta Trop 2016; 164:77-83. [PMID: 27586039 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The inner membrane complex sub-compartment has a critical role in Toxoplasma gondii endodyogeny. In this study, we investigated the protection upon intraperitoneal route (IP) challenge induced by the virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccine containing Toxoplasma gondii IMC ISP (RH strain) (Type I). Intranasal immunization with the VLPs in mice elicited enhanced systemic and mucosal Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and IgA antibody responses, and CD4+ and CD8+ responses. Immunized mice significantly reduced T. gondii cyst burden and size in brain, resulting in cross-protection upon T. gondii (ME49) (Type II) challenge infection. These results indicate that the IP route challenge infection induced by T. gondii IMC ISP VLPs might be a very good target for vaccination representing novel approach to reduce infection.
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18
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Qiao L, Zhang Y, Chai F, Tan Y, Huo C, Pan Z. Chimeric virus-like particles containing a conserved region of the G protein in combination with a single peptide of the M2 protein confer protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection. Antiviral Res 2016; 131:131-40. [PMID: 27154395 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine composed of the conserved antigenic epitopes of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the chimeric RSV VLPs HBcΔ-tG and HBcΔ-tG/M282-90 were generated based on the truncated hepatitis B virus core protein (HBcΔ). HBcΔ-tG consisted of HBcΔ, the conserved region (aa 144-204) of the RSV G protein. HBcΔ-tG was combined with a single peptide (aa 82-90) of the M2 protein to generate HBcΔ-tG/M282-90. Immunization of mice with the HBcΔ-tG or HBcΔ-tG/M282-90 VLPs elicited RSV-specific IgG and neutralizing antibody production and conferred protection against RSV infection. Compared with HBcΔ-tG, HBcΔ-tG/M282-90 induced decreased Th2 cytokine production (IL-4 and IL-5), increased Th1 cytokine response (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2), and increased ratios of IgG2a/IgG1 antibodies, thereby relieving pulmonary pathology upon subsequent RSV infection. Our results demonstrated that chimeric HBcΔ-tG/M282-90 VLPs represented an effective RSV subunit vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Feng Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yiluo Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chunling Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zishu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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19
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Russell CJ, Hurwitz JL. Sendai virus as a backbone for vaccines against RSV and other human paramyxoviruses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 15:189-200. [PMID: 26648515 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1114418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human paramyxoviruses are the etiological agents for life-threatening respiratory virus infections of infants and young children. These viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the human parainfluenza viruses (hPIV1-4) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV), are responsible for millions of serious lower respiratory tract infections each year worldwide. There are currently no standard treatments and no licensed vaccines for any of these pathogens. Here we review research with which Sendai virus, a mouse parainfluenza virus type 1, is being advanced as a Jennerian vaccine for hPIV1 and as a backbone for RSV, hMPV and other hPIV vaccines for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Russell
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA.,b Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Julia L Hurwitz
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA.,b Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
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20
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Rivera CA, Gómez RS, Díaz RA, Céspedes PF, Espinoza JA, González PA, Riedel CA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Novel therapies and vaccines against the human respiratory syncytial virus. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:1613-30. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1099626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Relationships among dissemination of primary parainfluenza virus infection in the respiratory tract, mucosal and peripheral immune responses, and protection from reinfection: a noninvasive bioluminescence-imaging study. J Virol 2015; 89:3568-83. [PMID: 25589649 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03581-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Respiratory paramyxoviruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) to HPIV4 infect virtually all children by the age of 2 to 5 years, leading to partial but incomplete protection from reinfection. Here, we used luciferase-expressing reporter Sendai viruses (the murine counterpart of HPIV1) to noninvasively measure primary infection, immune responses, and protection from reinfection by either a lethal challenge or natural transmission in living mice. Both nonattenuated and attenuated reporter Sendai viruses were used, and three inoculation strategies were employed: intramuscular (i.m.), intranasal (i.n.) at a low dose and low volume, and i.n. at a high dose and high volume. High-dose, high-volume i.n. inoculation resulted in the highest levels of antibody responses and protection from reinfection. Low-dose, low-volume i.n. inoculation afforded complete protection from contact transmission and protection from morbidity, mortality, and viral growth during lethal challenge. i.m. inoculation was inferior to i.n. inoculation at inducing antibody responses and protection from challenge. For individual mice and across groups, the levels of serum binding and neutralizing antibody responses correlated with primary infection and protection from reinfection in the lungs. Contact transmission, the predominant mode of parainfluenza virus transmission, was modeled accurately by direct i.n. inoculation of Sendai virus at a low dose and low volume and was completely preventable by i.n. vaccination of an attenuated virus at a low dose and low volume. The data highlight differences in infection and protection from challenge in the upper versus lower respiratory tract and bear upon live attenuated vaccine development. IMPORTANCE There are currently no licensed vaccines against HPIVs and human RSV (HRSV), important respiratory pathogens of infants and children. Natural infection leads to partial but incomplete protective immunity, resulting in subsequent reinfections even in the absence of antigenic drift. Here, we used noninvasive bioluminescence imaging in a mouse model to dissect relationships among (i) the mode of inoculation, (ii) the dynamics of primary infection, (iii) consequent immune responses, and (iv) protection from high-dose, high-volume lethal challenge and contact transmission, which we find here to be similar to that of a mild low-dose, low-volume upper respiratory tract (URT)-biased infection. Our studies demonstrate the superiority of i.n. versus i.m. vaccination in protection against both lethal challenge and contact transmission. In addition to providing correlates of protection that will assist respiratory virus vaccine development, these studies extend the development of an increasingly used technique for the study of viral infection and immunity, noninvasive bioluminescence imaging.
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22
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Safety and immunogenicity of an intranasal Sendai virus-based human parainfluenza virus type 1 vaccine in 3- to 6-year-old children. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 22:298-303. [PMID: 25552633 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00618-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV-1) is the most common cause of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup), resulting in tens of thousands of hospitalizations each year in the United States alone. No licensed vaccine is yet available. We have developed murine PIV-1 (Sendai virus [SeV]) as a live Jennerian vaccine for hPIV-1. Here, we describe vaccine testing in healthy 3- to 6-year-old hPIV-1-seropositive children in a dose escalation study. One dose of the vaccine (5 × 10(5), 5 × 10(6), or 5 × 10(7) 50% egg infectious doses) was delivered by the intranasal route to each study participant. The vaccine was well tolerated by all the study participants. There was no sign of vaccine virus replication in the airway in any participant. Most children exhibited an increase in antibody binding and neutralizing responses toward hPIV-1 within 4 weeks from the time of vaccination. In several children, antibody responses remained above incoming levels for at least 6 months after vaccination. Data suggest that SeV may provide a benefit to 3- to 6-year-old children, even when vaccine recipients have preexisting cross-reactive antibodies due to previous exposures to hPIV-1. Results encourage the testing of SeV administration in young seronegative children to protect against the serious respiratory tract diseases caused by hPIV-1 infections.
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23
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Zhan X, Slobod KS, Jones BG, Sealy RE, Takimoto T, Boyd K, Surman S, Russell CJ, Portner A, Hurwitz JL. Sendai virus recombinant vaccine expressing a secreted, unconstrained respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein protects against RSV in cotton rats. Int Immunol 2014; 27:229-36. [PMID: 25477211 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is responsible for as many as 199000 annual deaths worldwide. Currently, there is no standard treatment for RSV disease and no vaccine. Sendai virus (SeV) is an attractive pediatric vaccine candidate because it elicits robust and long-lasting virus-specific B cell and T cell activities in systemic and mucosal tissues. The virus serves as a gene delivery system as well as a Jennerian vaccine against its close cousin, human parainfluenza virus type 1. Here we describe the testing of a recombinant SeV (SeVRSV-Fs) that expresses an unconstrained, secreted RSV-F protein as a vaccine against RSV in cotton rats. After a single intranasal immunization of cotton rats with SeVRSV-Fs, RSV-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies were generated. These antibodies exhibited cross-reactivity with both RSV A and B isolates. RSV-F-specific IFN-γ-producing T cells were also activated. The SeVRSV-Fs vaccine conferred protection against RSV challenge without enhanced immunopathology. In total, results showed that an SeV recombinant that expresses RSV F in an unconstrained, soluble form can induce humoral and cellular immunity that protects against infection with RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA Present Address: Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Karen S Slobod
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA Present Address: Department of Technical Development, Novartis Vaccines, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bart G Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert E Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Toru Takimoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA Present Address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Kelli Boyd
- Animal Resource Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA Present Address: Division of Animal Care, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sherri Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Allen Portner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Julia L Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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24
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Abstract
The advent of reverse genetic approaches to manipulate the genomes of both positive (+) and negative (-) sense RNA viruses allowed researchers to harness these genomes for basic research. Manipulation of positive sense RNA virus genomes occurred first largely because infectious RNA could be transcribed directly from cDNA versions of the RNA genomes. Manipulation of negative strand RNA virus genomes rapidly followed as more sophisticated approaches to provide RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complexes coupled with negative-strand RNA templates were developed. These advances have driven an explosion of RNA virus vaccine vector development. That is, development of approaches to exploit the basic replication and expression strategies of RNA viruses to produce vaccine antigens that have been engineered into their genomes. This study has led to significant preclinical testing of many RNA virus vectors against a wide range of pathogens as well as cancer targets. Multiple RNA virus vectors have advanced through preclinical testing to human clinical evaluation. This review will focus on RNA virus vectors designed to express heterologous genes that are packaged into viral particles and have progressed to clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Mogler
- Harrisvaccines, Inc., 1102 Southern Hills Drive, Suite 101, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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25
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Yang K, Varga SM. Mucosal vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 6:78-84. [PMID: 24794644 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe respiratory disease in infants, young children, immune-compromised and elderly populations worldwide. Natural RSV infection in young children does not elicit long-lasting immunity and individuals remain susceptible to repeated RSV infections throughout life. Because RSV infection is restricted to the respiratory tract, an RSV vaccine should elicit mucosal immunity at upper and lower respiratory tracts in order to most effectively prevent RSV reinfection. Although there is no safe and effective RSV vaccine available, significant progress has been recently made in basic RSV research and vaccine development. This review will discuss recent advances in the identification of a new neutralizing antigenic site within the RSV fusion (F) protein, understanding the importance of mucosal immune responses against RSV infection, and the development of novel mucosal vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejian Yang
- Biomedical Research Models Inc., 10 New Bond Street, Worcester, MA 01606, USA.
| | - Steven M Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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26
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Jones BG, Sealy RE, Surman SL, Portner A, Russell CJ, Slobod KS, Dormitzer PR, DeVincenzo J, Hurwitz JL. Sendai virus-based RSV vaccine protects against RSV challenge in an in vivo maternal antibody model. Vaccine 2014; 32:3264-73. [PMID: 24721531 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the cause of significant morbidity and mortality among infants, and despite decades of research there remains no licensed vaccine. SeVRSV is a Sendai virus (SeV)-based live intranasal vaccine that expresses the full length RSV fusion (F) gene. SeV is the murine counterpart of human parainfluenza virus type 1. Given that the target population of SeVRSV is young infants, we questioned whether maternal antibodies typical of this age group would inhibit SeVRSV vaccine efficacy. After measuring SeV- and RSV-specific serum neutralizing antibody titers in human infants, we matched these defined titers in cotton rats by the passive transfer of polyclonal or monoclonal antibody products. Animals were then vaccinated with SeVRSV followed by a 3 month rest period to allow passively transferred antibodies to wane. Animals were finally challenged with RSV to measure the de novo vaccine-induced immune responses. Despite the presence of passively-transferred serum neutralizing antibodies at the time of vaccination, SeVRSV induced immune responses that were protective against RSV challenge. The data encourage advancement of SeVRSV as a candidate vaccine for the protection of children from morbidity and mortality caused by RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart G Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert E Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sherri L Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Allen Portner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | | | - John DeVincenzo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Julia L Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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27
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Phan SI, Chen Z, Xu P, Li Z, Gao X, Foster SL, Teng MN, Tripp RA, Sakamoto K, He B. A respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine based on parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5). Vaccine 2014; 32:3050-7. [PMID: 24717150 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe respiratory disease and hospitalizations in infants and young children. It also causes significant morbidity and mortality in elderly and immune compromised individuals. No licensed vaccine currently exists. Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) is a paramyxovirus that causes no known human illness and has been used as a platform for vector-based vaccine development. To evaluate the efficacy of PIV5 as a RSV vaccine vector, we generated two recombinant PIV5 viruses - one expressing the fusion (F) protein and the other expressing the attachment glycoprotein (G) of RSV strain A2 (RSV A2). The vaccine strains were used separately for single-dose vaccinations in BALB/c mice. The results showed that both vaccines induced RSV antigen-specific antibody responses, with IgG2a/IgG1 ratios similar to those seen in wild-type RSV A2 infection. After challenging the vaccinated mice with RSV A2, histopathology of lung sections showed that the vaccines did not exacerbate lung lesions relative to RSV A2-immunized mice. Importantly, both F and G vaccines induced protective immunity. Therefore, PIV5 presents an attractive platform for vector-based vaccines against RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon I Phan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States; Intercollege Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Xiudan Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Stephanie L Foster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Michael N Teng
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, TampaFL 33612, United States
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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28
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Surman SL, Jones BG, Sealy RE, Rudraraju R, Hurwitz JL. Oral retinyl palmitate or retinoic acid corrects mucosal IgA responses toward an intranasal influenza virus vaccine in vitamin A deficient mice. Vaccine 2014; 32:2521-4. [PMID: 24657715 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases. Recent pre-clinical studies have revealed that VAD impairs mucosal IgA-producing antibody forming cell (AFC) responses toward a paramyxovirus vaccine in the upper respiratory tract (URT), thus impeding a first line of defense at the pathogen's point-of-entry. The studies described here tested the hypothesis that VAD may also impair immune responses after FluMist vaccinations. Results show that (i) IgA-producing antibody forming cells (AFCs) are significantly reduced following FluMist vaccination in VAD mice, and (ii) oral doses of either retinyl palmitate or retinoic acid administered on days 0, 3, and 7 relative to vaccination rescue the response. Data encourage the conduct of clinical studies to determine if there are FluMist vaccine weaknesses in human VAD populations and to test corrective supplementation strategies. Improvements in vaccine efficacy may ultimately reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by influenza virus worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - B G Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - R E Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - R Rudraraju
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - J L Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.
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29
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Green MG, Huey D, Niewiesk S. The cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) as an animal model for respiratory tract infections with human pathogens. Lab Anim (NY) 2013; 42:170-6. [PMID: 23604159 DOI: 10.1038/laban.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infection is a great human health concern, resulting in disease, death and economic losses. Cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) have been particularly useful in the study of the pathogenesis of human respiratory virus infections, including the development and testing of antiviral compounds and vaccines. In this article, the authors outline the advantages of the cotton rat compared with the mouse as a model for infection with measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, human parainfluenza virus and human metapneumovirus. From the literature and their own experience, the authors summarize guidelines for handling, maintaining and breeding cotton rats. In addition, they offer technical tips for carrying out infection experiments and provide information about the large array of immunological assays and reagents available for the study of immune responses (macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, antibodies, chemokines and cytokines) in cotton rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gia Green
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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30
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Rosenberger CM, Podyminogin RL, Askovich PS, Navarro G, Kaiser SM, Sanders CJ, McClaren JL, Tam VC, Dash P, Noonan JG, Jones BG, Surman SL, Peschon JJ, Diercks AH, Hurwitz JL, Doherty PC, Thomas PG, Aderem A. Characterization of innate responses to influenza virus infection in a novel lung type I epithelial cell model. J Gen Virol 2013; 95:350-362. [PMID: 24243730 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.058438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I alveolar epithelial cells are a replicative niche for influenza in vivo, yet their response to infection is not fully understood. To better characterize their cellular responses, we have created an immortalized murine lung epithelial type I cell line (LET1). These cells support spreading influenza virus infection in the absence of exogenous protease and thus permit simultaneous analysis of viral replication dynamics and host cell responses. LET1 cells can be productively infected with human, swine and mouse-adapted strains of influenza virus and exhibit expression of an antiviral transcriptional programme and robust cytokine secretion. We characterized influenza virus replication dynamics and host responses of lung type I epithelial cells and identified the capacity of epithelial cell-derived type I IFN to regulate specific modules of antiviral effectors to establish an effective antiviral state. Together, our results indicate that the type I epithelial cell can play a major role in restricting influenza virus infection without contribution from the haematopoietic compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie M Rosenberger
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rebecca L Podyminogin
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter S Askovich
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Garnet Navarro
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Shari M Kaiser
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Catherine J Sanders
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jennifer L McClaren
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Vincent C Tam
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Pradyot Dash
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jhoanna G Noonan
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bart G Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Sherri L Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Jacques J Peschon
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alan H Diercks
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Julia L Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Peter C Doherty
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Alan Aderem
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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31
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Wiegand M, Gori-Savellini G, Martorelli B, Bossow S, Neubert WJ, Cusi MG. Evaluation of a novel immunogenic vaccine platform based on a genome replication-deficient Sendai vector. Vaccine 2013; 31:3888-93. [PMID: 23831325 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel vaccine platform based on a paramyxoviral, genome replication-deficient Sendai virus vector that can express heterologous genes inserted into the genome. To validate the novel approach in vivo, we generated a combined vaccine candidate against human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3). The present study compares two different methods of displaying heterologous antigens: (i) the RSV fusion (F) protein, encoded as a secretable version in an additional transcription unit, serves as an antigen only after being expressed in infected cells; (ii) PIV3 fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) genes, replacing Sendai counterparts in the vector genome, are also expressed as structural components on the surface of vaccine particles. The efficacy of this prototype vaccine was assessed in a mouse model after mucosal administration. The vaccine candidate was able to elicit specific mucosal, humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses against RSV and PIV3. However, PIV3 antigen display on the vaccine particles' surface induced higher antibody titers than the RSV antigen, being expressed only after cell infection. Consequently, this construct induced an adequate neutralizing antibody response only to PIV3. Finally, replicating virus particles were not detected in the lungs of immunized mice, confirming the genome stability and replication deficiency of this vaccine vector in vivo. Both factors can contribute substantially to the safety profile of vaccine candidates. In conclusion, this replication-deficient Sendai vector represents an efficient platform that can be used for vaccine developments against various viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Wiegand
- Department of Molecular Virology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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32
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Influence of antigen insertion site and vector dose on immunogenicity and protective capacity in Sendai virus-based human parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccines. J Virol 2013; 87:5959-69. [PMID: 23514887 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00227-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Sendai virus (rSeV) was used as a live, attenuated vaccine vector for intranasal inoculation and mucosal expression of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) surface glycoprotein of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3). Two vaccine candidates rSeV-HPIV3HN(P-M) and rSeV-HPIV3(F-HN) were constructed in which the HPIV3 HN open reading frame and an additional gene junction was inserted in the P-M and F-HN gene junctions of rSeV, respectively. The rSeV-HPIV3HN(P-M) virus was attenuated compared to rSeV-HPIV3(F-HN) in LLC-MK2 cells, and yet both vaccine candidates grew to similar extents in NHBE cells and in the respiratory tracts of cotton rats. These results suggest that in vitro vector growth in NHBE cells more accurately predicts virus yield in cotton rats than does growth in LLC-MK2 cells. Both vaccine vectors elicited high levels of serum neutralizing antibodies and conferred protection from HPIV3 challenge in cotton rats. Compared to vaccination with a high dose (2,000,000 PFU), intranasal inoculation with a low dose (200 PFU) resulted in a 10-fold decrease in vector growth in the nasal cavity and trachea and a 50-fold decrease in the lungs. However, low-dose vaccination resulted in only modest decreases in anti-HPIV3 antibodies in sera and was sufficient to confer complete protection from HPIV3 challenge. Varying the HPIV3 antigen insertion site and vector dose allowed fine-tuning of the in vivo growth and immunogenicity of rSeV-based vaccines, but all four vaccination strategies tested resulted in complete protection from HPIV3 challenge. These results highlight the versatility of the rSeV platform for developing intranasally administered respiratory virus vaccines.
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33
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Rudraraju R, Jones BG, Sealy R, Surman SL, Hurwitz JL. Respiratory syncytial virus: current progress in vaccine development. Viruses 2013; 5:577-94. [PMID: 23385470 PMCID: PMC3640515 DOI: 10.3390/v5020577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the etiological agent for a serious lower respiratory tract disease responsible for close to 200,000 annual deaths worldwide. The first infection is generally most severe, while re-infections usually associate with a milder disease. This observation and the finding that re-infection risks are inversely associated with neutralizing antibody titers suggest that immune responses generated toward a first RSV exposure can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality throughout life. For more than half a century, researchers have endeavored to design a vaccine for RSV that can mimic or improve upon natural protective immunity without adverse events. The virus is herein described together with the hurdles that must be overcome to develop a vaccine and some current vaccine development approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Rudraraju
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; E-Mails: (R.R.); (B.J.); (R.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Bart G. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; E-Mails: (R.R.); (B.J.); (R.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Robert Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; E-Mails: (R.R.); (B.J.); (R.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sherri L. Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; E-Mails: (R.R.); (B.J.); (R.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; E-Mails: (R.R.); (B.J.); (R.S.); (S.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 858 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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34
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Kushnir N, Streatfield SJ, Yusibov V. Virus-like particles as a highly efficient vaccine platform: diversity of targets and production systems and advances in clinical development. Vaccine 2012; 31:58-83. [PMID: 23142589 PMCID: PMC7115575 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a class of subunit vaccines that differentiate themselves from soluble recombinant antigens by stronger protective immunogenicity associated with the VLP structure. Like parental viruses, VLPs can be either non-enveloped or enveloped, and they can form following expression of one or several viral structural proteins in a recombinant heterologous system. Depending on the complexity of the VLP, it can be produced in either a prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression system using target-encoding recombinant vectors, or in some cases can be assembled in cell-free conditions. To date, a wide variety of VLP-based candidate vaccines targeting various viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal pathogens, as well as non-infectious diseases, have been produced in different expression systems. Some VLPs have entered clinical development and a few have been licensed and commercialized. This article reviews VLP-based vaccines produced in different systems, their immunogenicity in animal models and their status in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Kushnir
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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35
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Costello HM, Ray WC, Chaiwatpongsakorn S, Peeples ME. Targeting RSV with vaccines and small molecule drugs. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2012; 12:110-28. [PMID: 22335496 DOI: 10.2174/187152612800100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most significant cause of pediatric respiratory infections. Palivizumab (Synagis®), a humanized monoclonal antibody, has been used successfully for a number of years to prevent severe RSV disease in at-risk infants. However, despite intense efforts, there is no approved vaccine or small molecule drug for RSV. As an enveloped virus, RSV must fuse its envelope with the host cell membrane, which is accomplished through the actions of the fusion (F) glycoprotein, with attachment help from the G glycoprotein. Because of their integral role in initiation of infection and their accessibility outside the lipid bilayer, these proteins have been popular targets in the discovery and development of antiviral compounds and vaccines against RSV. This review examines advances in the development of antiviral compounds and vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Costello
- Center for Vaccines & Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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36
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Bayon JCL, Lina B, Rosa-Calatrava M, Boivin G. Recent developments with live-attenuated recombinant paramyxovirus vaccines. Rev Med Virol 2012; 23:15-34. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Le Bayon
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, VirPath EMR 4610/Equipe VirCell, Université de Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon, Faculté de médecine RTH Laennec; Lyon France
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases; CHUQ-CHUL and Université Laval; Québec City QC Canada
| | - Bruno Lina
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, VirPath EMR 4610/Equipe VirCell, Université de Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon, Faculté de médecine RTH Laennec; Lyon France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Lyon Bron Cedex France
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, VirPath EMR 4610/Equipe VirCell, Université de Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon, Faculté de médecine RTH Laennec; Lyon France
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases; CHUQ-CHUL and Université Laval; Québec City QC Canada
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37
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Reduced frequencies and heightened CD103 expression among virus-induced CD8(+) T cells in the respiratory tract airways of vitamin A-deficient mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:757-65. [PMID: 22398245 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05576-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) has profound effects on immune responses in the gut, but its effect on other mucosal responses is less well understood. Sendai virus (SeV) is a candidate human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV-1) vaccine and a candidate vaccine vector for other respiratory viruses. A single intranasal dose of SeV elicits a protective immune response against hPIV-1 within days after vaccination. To define the effect of VAD on acute responses toward SeV, we monitored both antibodies and CD8(+) T cells in mice. On day 10 following SeV infection, there was a trend toward lower antibody activities in the nasal washes of VAD mice than in those of controls, while bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and serum antibodies were not reduced. In contrast, there was a dramatic reduction of immunodominant CD8(+) T cell frequencies in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) airways of VAD animals. These T cells also showed unusually high CD103 (the αE subunit of αEβ7) expression patterns. In both VAD and control mice, E-cadherin (the ligand for αEβ7) was better expressed among epithelial cells lining the upper respiratory tract (URT) than in LRT airways. The results support a working hypothesis that the high CD103 expression among T cell populations in VAD mice alters mechanisms of T cell cross talk with URT and LRT epithelial cells, thereby inhibiting T cell migration and egress into the lower airway. Our data emphasize that the consequences of VAD are not limited to gut-resident cells and characterize VAD influences on an immune response to a respiratory virus vaccine.
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract viral disease in infants and young children. Presently, there are no explicit recommendations for RSV treatment apart from supportive care. The virus is therefore responsible for an estimated 160,000 deaths per year worldwide. Despite half a century of dedicated research, there remains no licensed vaccine product. Herein are described past and current efforts to harness innate and adaptive immune potentials to combat RSV. A plethora of candidate vaccine products and strategies are reviewed. The development of a successful RSV vaccine may ultimately stem from attention to historical lessons, in concert with an integral partnering of immunology and virology research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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39
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Jones BG, Sealy R, Rudraraju R, Traina-Dorge V, Finneyfrock B, Cook A, Takimoto T, Portner A, Hurwitz JL. Sendai virus-based RSV vaccine protects African green monkeys from RSV infection. Vaccine 2012; 30:959-68. [PMID: 22119594 PMCID: PMC3256274 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a serious disease of children, responsible for an estimated 160,000 deaths per year worldwide. Despite the ongoing need for global prevention of RSV and decades of research, there remains no licensed vaccine. Sendai virus (SeV) is a mouse parainfluenza virus-type 1 which has been previously shown to confer protection against its human cousin, human parainfluenza virus-type 1 in African green monkeys (AGM). Here is described the study of a RSV vaccine (SeVRSV), produced by reverse genetics technology using SeV as a backbone to carry the full-length gene for RSV F. To test for immunogenicity, efficacy and safety, the vaccine was administered to AGM by intratracheal (i.t.) and intranasal (i.n.) routes. Control animals received the empty SeV vector or PBS. There were no booster immunizations. SeV and SeVRSV were cleared from the URT and LRT of vaccinated animals by day 10. Antibodies with specificities toward SeV and RSV were detected in SeVRSV primed animals as early as day ten after immunizations in both sera and nasal wash samples. One month after immunization all test and control AGM received an i.n. challenge with RSV-A2. SeVRSV-vaccinated animals exhibited reduced RSV in the URT compared to controls, and complete protection against RSV in the LRT. There were no clinically relevant adverse events associated with vaccination either before or after challenge. These data encourage advanced testing of the SeVRSV vaccine candidate in clinical trials for protection against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart G. Jones
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN
| | - Robert Sealy
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN
| | - Rajeev Rudraraju
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | | | - Toru Takimoto
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY
| | - Allen Portner
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN
| | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN
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40
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Quan FS, Kim Y, Lee S, Yi H, Kang SM, Bozja J, Moore ML, Compans RW. Viruslike particle vaccine induces protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:987-95. [PMID: 21881112 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and viral death in infants. Despite decades of research with traditional or subunit vaccine approaches, there are no approved RSV vaccines. New approaches are therefore urgently needed to develop effective RSV vaccines. METHODS We developed viruslike particles (VLPs) consisting of an influenza virus matrix (M1) protein core and RSV-F or -G on the surface. We tested the immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy of these VLPs (RSV-F, RSV-G) in a mouse model. RESULTS Intramuscular vaccination with RSV-F or RSV-G VLPs elicited IgG2a dominant RSV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses against RSV-A2 viruses in both serum and lung extract. Mice immunized with VLPs (RSV-F or RSV-G) showed higher viral neutralizing antibodies in vitro and significantly decreased lung virus loads in vivo after live RSV-A2 challenge. RSV-G VLPs showed better protective efficacy than RSV-F VLPs as determined by the levels of lung virus loads and morbidity postchallenge. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that VLP vaccination provides effective protection against RSV infection. VLPs containing RSV-F and/or RSV-G are potential vaccine candidates against RSV.
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41
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Illumination of parainfluenza virus infection and transmission in living animals reveals a tissue-specific dichotomy. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002134. [PMID: 21750677 PMCID: PMC3131265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The parainfluenza viruses (PIVs) are highly contagious respiratory paramyxoviruses and a leading cause of lower respiratory tract (LRT) disease. Since no vaccines or antivirals exist, non-pharmaceutical interventions are the only means of control for these pathogens. Here we used bioluminescence imaging to visualize the spatial and temporal progression of murine PIV1 (Sendai virus) infection in living mice after intranasal inoculation or exposure by contact. A non-attenuated luciferase reporter virus (rSeV-luc(M-F*)) that expressed high levels of luciferase yet was phenotypically similar to wild-type Sendai virus in vitro and in vivo was generated to allow visualization. After direct intranasal inoculation, we unexpectedly observed that the upper respiratory tract (URT) and trachea supported robust infection under conditions that result in little infection or pathology in the lungs including a low inoculum of virus, an attenuated virus, and strains of mice genetically resistant to lung infection. The high permissivity of the URT and trachea to infection resulted in 100% transmission to naïve contact recipients, even after low-dose (70 PFU) inoculation of genetically resistant BALB/c donor mice. The timing of transmission was consistent with the timing of high viral titers in the URT and trachea of donor animals but was independent of the levels of infection in the lungs of donors. The data therefore reveals a disconnect between transmissibility, which is associated with infection in the URT, and pathogenesis, which arises from infection in the lungs and the immune response. Natural infection after transmission was universally robust in the URT and trachea yet limited in the lungs, inducing protective immunity without weight loss even in genetically susceptible 129/SvJ mice. Overall, these results reveal a dichotomy between PIV infection in the URT and trachea versus the lungs and define a new model for studies of pathogenesis, development of live virus vaccines, and testing of antiviral therapies. Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are a leading cause of pediatric hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infection, yet it is unknown why primary infection typically induces immunity without causing severe pathology. To study the determinants of PIV spread within the respiratory tracts of living animals, we developed a model for non-invasive imaging of living mice infected with Sendai virus, the murine counterpart of HPIV1. This system allowed us to measure the temporal and spatial dynamics of paramyxovirus infection throughout the respiratory tracts of living animals after direct inoculation or transmission. We found that the upper respiratory tract and trachea were highly permissive to infection, even under conditions that limit lower respiratory infection and pathogenesis. The timing of transmission coincided with high virus growth in the upper respiratory tracts and trachea of donor mice independent of the extent of infection in the lungs. After transmission, infection spread preferentially in the upper respiratory tract and trachea, inducing protective immunity without weight loss. Our work reveals a disconnect between Sendai virus transmissibility and pathogenicity, and the experimental model developed here will be instrumental in studying PIV pathogenesis.
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Surman SL, Rudraraju R, Woodland DL, Dash P, Thomas PG, Hurwitz JL. Clonally related CD8+ T cells responsible for rapid population of both diffuse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue and lung after respiratory virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:835-41. [PMID: 21690324 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system has evolved to use sophisticated mechanisms to recruit lymphocytes to sites of pathogen exposure. Trafficking pathways are precise. For example, lymphocytes that are primed by gut pathogens can, in some cases, be imprinted with CCR9 membrane receptors, which can influence migration to the small intestine. Currently, little is known about T cell trafficking to the upper respiratory tract or the relationship between effectors that migrate to the diffuse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (d-NALT), the lower airways, and the lung. To determine whether a T cell primed by Ag from a respiratory pathogen is imprinted for exclusive trafficking to the upper or lower respiratory tract or whether descendents from that cell have the capacity to migrate to both sites, we inoculated mice by the intranasal route with Sendai virus and conducted single-cell-sequencing analyses of CD8(+) T lymphocytes responsive to a K(b)-restricted immunodominant peptide, FAPGNYPAL (Tet(+)). Cells from the d-NALT, lung airways (bronchoalveolar lavage), lung, and mediastinal lymph node were examined 10 d postinfection to determine TCR usage and clonal relationships. We discovered that 1) Tet(+) cells were heterogeneous but preferentially used TCR elements TRAV6, TRAV16, and TRBD1; 2) both N and C termini of Vα and Vβ TCR junctions frequently encompassed charged residues, perhaps facilitating TCR αβ pairing and interactions with a neutral target peptide; and 3) T cells in the d-NALT were often clonally related to cells in the lower respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri L Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Phenotypes and functions of persistent Sendai virus-induced antibody forming cells and CD8+ T cells in diffuse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue typify lymphocyte responses of the gut. Virology 2011; 410:429-436. [PMID: 21227475 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes of the diffuse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (d-NALT) are uniquely positioned to tackle respiratory pathogens at their point-of-entry, yet are rarely examined after intranasal (i.n.) vaccinations or infections. Here we evaluate an i.n. inoculation with Sendai virus (SeV) for elicitation of virus-specific antibody forming cells (AFCs) and CD8(+) T cells in the d-NALT. Virus-specific AFCs and CD8(+) T cells each appeared by day 7 after SeV inoculation and persisted for 8 months, explaining the long-sustained protection against respiratory virus challenge conferred by this vaccine. AFCs produced IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgA, while CD8+ T cells were cytolytic and produced low levels of cytokines. Phenotypic analyses of virus-specific T cells revealed striking similarities with pathogen-specific immune responses in the intestine, highlighting some key features of adaptive immunity at a mucosal site.
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Sawada A, Komase K, Nakayama T. AIK-C measles vaccine expressing fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus induces protective antibodies in cotton rats. Vaccine 2010; 29:1481-90. [PMID: 21185852 PMCID: PMC7127509 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of respiratory infection in infants, and no vaccine is available. In this report, recombinant AIK-C measles vaccines, expressing the RSV G or F protein of subgroup A (MVAIK/RSV/G or F), were investigated as a RSV vaccine candidate. MVAIK/RSV/G or F had the original ts phenotype and expressed RSV/G or F protein. Cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against RSV subgroups A and B were detected in cotton rats immunized intramuscularly with MVAIK/RSV/F but not MVAIK/RSV/G. In cotton rats infected with RSV, RSV was recovered and lung histopathological finding was compatible with interstitial pneumonia, demonstrating thickening of alveolar walls and infiltration of mononuclear cells. When cotton rats immunized with MVAIK/RSV/F were challenged with homologous RSV subgroup A, no infectious RSV was recovered and very mild inflammation was noted without RSV antigen expression. When they were challenged with subgroup B, protective efficacy decreased. When cotton rats immunized with MVAIK/RSV/G were challenged with RSV subgroup A, low levels of infectious virus were recovered from lung. When challenged with subgroup B, no protective effects was demonstrated, demonstrating large amounts of RSV antigen in bronchial-epithelial cells. MVAIK/RSV/F is promising candidate and protective effects should be confirmed in monkey model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Sawada
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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Cytopathogenesis of Sendai virus in well-differentiated primary pediatric bronchial epithelial cells. J Virol 2010; 84:11718-28. [PMID: 20810726 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00798-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sendai virus (SeV) is a murine respiratory virus of considerable interest as a gene therapy or vaccine vector, as it is considered nonpathogenic in humans. However, little is known about its interaction with the human respiratory tract. To address this, we developed a model of respiratory virus infection based on well-differentiated primary pediatric bronchial epithelial cells (WD-PBECs). These physiologically authentic cultures are comprised of polarized pseudostratified multilayered epithelium containing ciliated, goblet, and basal cells and intact tight junctions. To facilitate our studies, we rescued a replication-competent recombinant SeV expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (rSeV/eGFP). rSeV/eGFP infected WD-PBECs efficiently and progressively and was restricted to ciliated and nonciliated cells, not goblet cells, on the apical surface. Considerable cytopathology was evident in the rSeV/eGFP-infected cultures postinfection. This manifested itself by ciliostasis, cell sloughing, apoptosis, and extensive degeneration of WD-PBEC cultures. Syncytia were also evident, along with significant basolateral secretion of proinflammatory chemokines, including IP-10, RANTES, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-8. Such deleterious responses are difficult to reconcile with a lack of pathogenesis in humans and suggest that caution may be required in exploiting replication-competent SeV as a vaccine vector. Alternatively, such robust responses might constitute appropriate normal host responses to viral infection and be a prerequisite for the induction of efficient immune responses.
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Sealy R, Jones BG, Surman SL, Hurwitz JL. Robust IgA and IgG-producing antibody forming cells in the diffuse-NALT and lungs of Sendai virus-vaccinated cotton rats associate with rapid protection against human parainfluenza virus-type 1. Vaccine 2010; 28:6749-56. [PMID: 20682364 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sendai virus (SeV), a natural mouse pathogen, shows considerable promise as a candidate vaccine for human parainfluenza virus-type 1 (hPIV-1), and also as a vaccine vector for other serious pathogens of infants including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). In an effort to define correlates of immunity, we examined the virus-specific serum antibody of cotton rats inoculated intranasally (I.N.) with SeV. Virus-specific antibody forming cells (AFCs) were also measured in the bone marrow, because these are considered responsible for durable serum antibody levels in other viral systems. Results showed that a single SeV inoculation was sufficient to induce virus-specific serum antibodies and bone marrow-resident AFCs that persisted for as many as 8 months post-vaccination. Given that the predominant SeV-specific serum antibody isotype was IgG, an isotype that traffics poorly to the upper respiratory tract (URT), we asked if local nasal and lung-associated antibodies and AFCs were also present. Studies showed that: (i) SeV-specific antibodies appeared in the URT and lower respiratory tract (LRT) within 7 days after immunization, (ii) corresponding AFCs were present in the diffuse-NALT (d-NALT) and lung, (iii) AFCs in the d-NALT and lung peaked at approximately 6 weeks and persisted for the lifetime of the animal, reaching a level exceeding that of the bone marrow by an order of magnitude, (iv) IgA was the dominant isotype among AFCs in the d-NALT and lung at 4-weeks post-vaccination and thereafter, and (v) antibody and AFC responses associated with the prevention of lung infection when animals were challenged with hPIV-1 just 1 week after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Roth JP, Li JKK, Barnard DL. Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3): construction and rescue of an infectious, recombinant virus expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2010; Chapter 15:Unit 15F.1. [PMID: 20440682 PMCID: PMC2895816 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc15f01s17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to rescue an infectious, recombinant RNA virus from a cDNA clone has led to new opportunities for measuring viral replication from a viral expressed reporter gene. In this protocol, the process of inserting the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene into the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3) antigenome and rescuing a recombinant, infectious virus is described. The first step in this process includes the generation of a cDNA clone copied from viral RNA isolated from an HPIV-3 wild-type infection. Next, the EGFP gene is inserted into the viral genome so that it is expressed independently during virus replication. Third, the viral support genes that are responsible for viral replication are cloned into T7 expression plasmids. Finally, an infectious, rHPIV3-EGFP virus is rescued from the cDNA clone with assistance from the viral support genes. Ultimately, cells infected with the rHPIV3-EGFP virus will emit green fluorescence that can be photographed and quantitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Roth
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5600, USA
| | - Joseph K.-K. Li
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5305, USA
| | - Dale L. Barnard
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5600, USA
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Abstract
Many RNA and DNA viruses activate serine-threonine kinase AKT to increase virus replication. In contrast, measles virus (MV) infection leads to downregulation of AKT. This is thought to be beneficial for the virus because it correlates with immune suppression. To determine whether this is a sacrifice for the virus, we used a recombinant virus and transfected cells expressing constitutively active AKT and evaluated its effect on virus replication. In vitro, overexpression of AKT did not influence virus replication but did affect (cell-type dependent) virus release. In vivo, the recombinant virus did not abrogate inhibition of proliferation of spleen cells from MV-infected cotton rats.
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Touzelet O, Loukili N, Pelet T, Fairley D, Curran J, Power UF. De novo generation of a non-segmented negative strand RNA virus with a bicistronic gene. Virus Res 2009; 140:40-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dodd J, Riffault S, Kodituwakku JS, Hayday AC, Openshaw PJM. Pulmonary V gamma 4+ gamma delta T cells have proinflammatory and antiviral effects in viral lung disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1174-81. [PMID: 19124761 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Host defenses, while effecting viral clearance, contribute substantially to inflammation and disease. This double action is a substantial obstacle to the development of safe and effective vaccines against many agents, particularly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). RSV is a common cold virus and the major cause of infantile bronchiolitis worldwide. The role of alphabeta T cells in RSV-driven immunopathology is well studied, but little is known about the role of "unconventional" T cells. During primary RSV challenge of BALB/c mice, some Vgamma7+ gammadelta T cells were present; however, immunization with a live vaccinia vector expressing RSV F protein substantially enhanced Vgamma4+ gammadelta T cell influx after RSV infection. Harvested early, these cells produced IFN-gamma, TNF, and RANTES after ex vivo stimulation. By contrast, those recruited 5 days after challenge made IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. Depletion of gammadelta T cells in vivo reduced lung inflammation and disease severity and slightly increased peak viral replication but did not prevent viral clearance. These studies demonstrate a novel role for gammadelta T cells in the development of immunopathology and cellular influx into the lungs after immunization and RSV challenge. Though a minor population, gammadelta T cells have a critical influence on disease and are an attractive interventional target in the alleviation of viral lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Dodd
- Center for Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, UK
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