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Zhang J, Zeng J, Yuan Z, Huang X, Wu J, Yu Q, Chen T, Den G, Zhu C, Zhang B. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant adenovirus containing the fusion protein of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 genotype C in mice. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106444. [PMID: 37951410 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) is a viral respiratory pathogen of cattle that causes substantial economic losses. A replicating-defective recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (HAd5), carrying a fusion protein of BPIV3 genotype C (HAd5-F), was constructed and evaluated for its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice. After intramuscular injection with the HAd5-F, the IgG titers against F proteins increased to 1:102,400, and virus-neutralizing titers increased to 1:256, significantly higher than those in the group injected with inactivated BPIV3C in mice (p<0.05). The splenic CD4+/CD8+T lymphocytes and IFN-γ+/IL-4+ cytokine percentages were more significant in the HAd5-F group than those in the control group. A BPIV3C challenge in a mouse model was used to assess protective efficacy of the HAd5-F. The viral loads in the lungs and tracheas of mice immunized with the HAd5-F were significantly lower than those in the control group (p<0.0001). There were no significant histopathological alterations in the lungs of mice vaccinated with the HAd5-F. These findings suggested that the HAd5-F elicited excellent immunity against BPIV3C infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiangyong Zeng
- Tibet Livestock Research Institute, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 850009, China
| | - Zhenjie Yuan
- Tibet Livestock Research Institute, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 850009, China
| | - Xiangyue Huang
- Animal Husbandry Science Institute of ABa Autonomous Prefecture, Hongyuan, China
| | - Jinbo Wu
- Animal Husbandry Science Institute of ABa Autonomous Prefecture, Hongyuan, China
| | - Qisheng Yu
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Taoyun Chen
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Gunan Den
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chenxi Zhu
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Sendai Virus-Vectored Vaccines That Express Envelope Glycoproteins of Respiratory Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061023. [PMID: 34072332 PMCID: PMC8230104 DOI: 10.3390/v13061023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are leading causes of respiratory disease in young children, the elderly, and individuals of all ages with immunosuppression. Vaccination strategies against these pneumoviruses and paramyxoviruses are vast in number, yet no licensed vaccines are available. Here, we review development of Sendai virus (SeV), a versatile pediatric vaccine that can (a) serve as a Jennerian vaccine against HPIV1, (b) serve as a recombinant vaccine against HRSV, HPIV2, HPIV3, and HMPV, (c) accommodate foreign genes for viral glycoproteins in multiple intergenic positions, (d) induce durable, mucosal, B-cell, and T-cell immune responses without enhanced immunopathology, (e) protect cotton rats, African green monkeys, and chimpanzees from infection, and (f) be formulated into a vaccine cocktail. Clinical phase I safety trials of SeV have been completed in adults and 3–6-year-old children. Clinical testing of SeVRSV, an HRSV fusion (F) glycoprotein gene recombinant, has also been completed in adults. Positive results from these studies, and collaborative efforts with the National Institutes of Health and the Serum Institute of India assist advanced development of SeV-based vaccines. Prospects are now good for vaccine successes in infants and consequent protection against serious viral disease.
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Ogonczyk Makowska D, Hamelin MÈ, Boivin G. Engineering of Live Chimeric Vaccines against Human Metapneumovirus. Pathogens 2020; 9:E135. [PMID: 32093057 PMCID: PMC7168645 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important human pathogen that, along with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), is a major cause of respiratory tract infections in young infants. Development of an effective vaccine against Pneumoviruses has proven to be particularly difficult; despite over 50 years of research in this field, no vaccine against HMPV or RSV is currently available. Recombinant chimeric viruses expressing antigens of other viruses can be generated by reverse genetics and used for simultaneous immunization against more than one pathogen. This approach can result in the development of promising vaccine candidates against HMPV, and several studies have indeed validated viral vectors expressing HMPV antigens. In this review, we summarize current efforts in generating recombinant chimeric vaccines against HMPV, and we discuss their potential optimization based on the correspondence with RSV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (D.O.M.); (M.-È.H.)
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Sealy RE, Jones BG, Surman SL, Penkert RR, Pelletier S, Neale G, Hurwitz JL. Will Attention by Vaccine Developers to the Host's Nuclear Hormone Levels and Immunocompetence Improve Vaccine Success? Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010026. [PMID: 30818795 PMCID: PMC6466149 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extraordinary advances in fields of immunology and infectious diseases, vaccine development remains a challenge. The development of a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, for example, has spanned more than 50 years of research with studies of more than 100 vaccine candidates. Dozens of attractive vaccine products have entered clinical trials, but none have completed the path to licensing. Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine development has proven equally difficult, as there is no licensed product after more than 30 years of pre-clinical and clinical research. Here, we examine vaccine development with attention to the host. We discuss how nuclear hormones, including vitamins and sex hormones, can influence responses to vaccines. We show how nuclear hormones interact with regulatory elements of immunoglobulin gene loci and how the deletion of estrogen response elements from gene enhancers will alter patterns of antibody isotype expression. Based on these findings, and findings that nuclear hormone levels are often insufficient or deficient among individuals in both developed and developing countries, we suggest that failed vaccine studies may in some cases reflect weaknesses of the host rather than the product. We encourage analyses of nuclear hormone levels and immunocompetence among study participants in clinical trials to ensure the success of future vaccine programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Bart G Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Sherri L Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Rhiannon R Penkert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Stephane Pelletier
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Geoff Neale
- The Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Julia L Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Abstract
Sendai virus (SeV) is a non-segment negative-sense RNA virus that naturally infects and causes pneumonia in mice. As a prototypic member of the family Paramyxoviridae, SeV has been characterized well, and these studies revealed numerous traits of paramyxovirus biology. The reverse genetics system to rescue SeV was first established in 1995. The virus was rescued from a cloned cDNA that contains full genome sequence flanked by T7 promoter and hepatitis delta virus ribozyme. To rescue SeV, it is necessary to infect cells with a recombinant vaccinia virus vTF7.3 that expresses T7 RNA polymerase, and transfect with the SeV full genome cDNAs together with supporting plasmids encoding NP, P, and L genes under the T7 promoter. Synthesized viral RNA by T7 RNA polymerase will be encapsidated with NP and associated with a polymerase complex composed of P and L. The polymerase complex transcribes and replicates the genome, and produces progeny virions. Rescued SeV needs to be plaque purified to exclude vTF7.3 from viral stock. Reverse genetics system of SeV is relatively efficient compared to other paramyxoviruses, but alternative approaches to rescue poorly growing mutant viruses are also available.
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Russell CJ, Simões EAF, Hurwitz JL. Vaccines for the Paramyxoviruses and Pneumoviruses: Successes, Candidates, and Hurdles. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:133-141. [PMID: 29323621 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (family Paramyxoviridae), human metapneumovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (family Pneumoviridae) infect most infants and children within the first few years of life and are the etiologic agents for many serious acute respiratory illnesses. These virus infections are also associated with long-term diseases that impact quality of life, including asthma. Despite over a half-century of vaccine research, development, and clinical trials, no vaccine has been licensed to date for the paramyxoviruses or pneumoviruses for the youngest infants. In this study, we describe the recent reclassification of paramyxoviruses and pneumoviruses into distinct families by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. We also discuss some past unsuccessful vaccine trials and some currently preferred vaccine strategies. Finally, we discuss hurdles that must be overcome to support successful respiratory virus vaccine development for the youngest children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Russell
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee.,2 Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Eric A F Simões
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Section of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Julia L Hurwitz
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee.,2 Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
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Russell CJ, Jones BG, Sealy RE, Surman SL, Mason JN, Hayden RT, Tripp RA, Takimoto T, Hurwitz JL. A Sendai virus recombinant vaccine expressing a gene for truncated human metapneumovirus (hMPV) fusion protein protects cotton rats from hMPV challenge. Virology 2017; 509:60-66. [PMID: 28605636 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections pose a serious health risk to young children, particularly in cases of premature birth. No licensed vaccine exists and there is no standard treatment for hMPV infections apart from supportive hospital care. We describe the production of a Sendai virus (SeV) recombinant that carries a gene for a truncated hMPV fusion (F) protein (SeV-MPV-Ft). The vaccine induces binding and neutralizing antibody responses toward hMPV and protection against challenge with hMPV in a cotton rat system. Results encourage advanced development of SeV-MPV-Ft to prevent the morbidity and mortality caused by hMPV infections in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bart G Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert E Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sherri L Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John N Mason
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Randall T Hayden
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Julia L Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Košutić-Gulija T, Slovic A, Ljubin-Sternak S, Mlinarić-Galinović G, Forčić D. Genetic analysis of human parainfluenza virus type 3 obtained in Croatia, 2011-2015. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:502-510. [PMID: 28463659 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the HPIV3 circulating strains in Croatia and whether the other parts of HPIV3 genome (F gene and HN 582 nucleotides fragment) could be equally suitable for genetic and phylogenetic analysis. METHODOLOGY Clinical materials were collected in period 2011-2015 from children suffering from respiratory illnesses. In positive HPIV3 samples viral genome was partially amplified and sequenced for HN and F genes. Obtained sequences were analysed by phylogenetic analysis and genetic characterization was performed. RESULTS All samples from this study belonged to subcluster C and over a short period of time, genetic lineage C3a gained prevalence over the other C genetic lineages, from 39 % in 2011 to more than 90 % in 2013 and 2014. Phylogenetic classifications of HPIV3 based on the entire HN gene, HN 582 nt fragment and entire fusion (F) gene showed identical classification results for Croatian strains and the reference strains. Molecular analysis of the F and HN glycoproteins, showed their similar nucleotide diversity (Fcds P=0.0244 and HNcds P=0.0231) and similar Ka/Ks ratios (F Ka/Ks=0.0553 and HN Ka/Ks=0.0428). Potential N-glycosylation sites, cysteine residues and antigenic sites are generally strongly conserved in HPIV3 glycoproteins from both our and the reference samples. CONCLUSION The HPIV3 subclaster C3 (genetic lineage C3a) became the most detected circulating HPIV3 strain in Croatia. The results indicated that the HN 582 nt and the entire F gene sequences were as good for phylogenetic analysis as the entire HN gene sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Košutić-Gulija
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anamarija Slovic
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sunčanica Ljubin-Sternak
- Andrija Stampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Mlinarić-Galinović
- Department of Virology, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravko Forčić
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
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Bracken MK, Hayes BC, Kandel SR, Scott-Shemon D, Ackerson L, Hoffman MA. Viral protein requirements for assembly and release of human parainfluenza virus type 3 virus-like particles. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1305-1310. [PMID: 26960133 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the roles of human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3) proteins in assembly and release, viral proteins were expressed individually and in combination in 293T cells. Expression of the matrix (M) protein triggered release of enveloped, matrix-containing virus-like particles (VLPs) from cells. When M was co-expressed with the nucleocapsid (N), fusion (F) or haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins, VLPs that contained M+N, M+F and M+HN, respectively, were generated, suggesting that M can independently interact with each protein to facilitate assembly and release. Additionally, expression of N protein enabled incorporation of the phosphoprotein (P) into VLPs, likely due to known N-P interactions. Finally, the HPIV3 C protein did not enhance VLP release, in contrast to observations with the related Sendai virus. These findings reinforce the central importance of the M protein in virus assembly and release, but also illustrate the variable roles of other paramyxovirus proteins during these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Bracken
- Department of Microbiology, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, 1725 State St, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Brandon C Hayes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, 1725 State St, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Suresh R Kandel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, 1725 State St, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Deja Scott-Shemon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, 1725 State St, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Larissa Ackerson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, 1725 State St, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Michael A Hoffman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, 1725 State St, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
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Russell CJ, Hurwitz JL. Sendai virus as a backbone for vaccines against RSV and other human paramyxoviruses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 15:189-200. [PMID: 26648515 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1114418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human paramyxoviruses are the etiological agents for life-threatening respiratory virus infections of infants and young children. These viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the human parainfluenza viruses (hPIV1-4) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV), are responsible for millions of serious lower respiratory tract infections each year worldwide. There are currently no standard treatments and no licensed vaccines for any of these pathogens. Here we review research with which Sendai virus, a mouse parainfluenza virus type 1, is being advanced as a Jennerian vaccine for hPIV1 and as a backbone for RSV, hMPV and other hPIV vaccines for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Russell
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA.,b Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Julia L Hurwitz
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA.,b Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
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Relationships among dissemination of primary parainfluenza virus infection in the respiratory tract, mucosal and peripheral immune responses, and protection from reinfection: a noninvasive bioluminescence-imaging study. J Virol 2015; 89:3568-83. [PMID: 25589649 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03581-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Respiratory paramyxoviruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) to HPIV4 infect virtually all children by the age of 2 to 5 years, leading to partial but incomplete protection from reinfection. Here, we used luciferase-expressing reporter Sendai viruses (the murine counterpart of HPIV1) to noninvasively measure primary infection, immune responses, and protection from reinfection by either a lethal challenge or natural transmission in living mice. Both nonattenuated and attenuated reporter Sendai viruses were used, and three inoculation strategies were employed: intramuscular (i.m.), intranasal (i.n.) at a low dose and low volume, and i.n. at a high dose and high volume. High-dose, high-volume i.n. inoculation resulted in the highest levels of antibody responses and protection from reinfection. Low-dose, low-volume i.n. inoculation afforded complete protection from contact transmission and protection from morbidity, mortality, and viral growth during lethal challenge. i.m. inoculation was inferior to i.n. inoculation at inducing antibody responses and protection from challenge. For individual mice and across groups, the levels of serum binding and neutralizing antibody responses correlated with primary infection and protection from reinfection in the lungs. Contact transmission, the predominant mode of parainfluenza virus transmission, was modeled accurately by direct i.n. inoculation of Sendai virus at a low dose and low volume and was completely preventable by i.n. vaccination of an attenuated virus at a low dose and low volume. The data highlight differences in infection and protection from challenge in the upper versus lower respiratory tract and bear upon live attenuated vaccine development. IMPORTANCE There are currently no licensed vaccines against HPIVs and human RSV (HRSV), important respiratory pathogens of infants and children. Natural infection leads to partial but incomplete protective immunity, resulting in subsequent reinfections even in the absence of antigenic drift. Here, we used noninvasive bioluminescence imaging in a mouse model to dissect relationships among (i) the mode of inoculation, (ii) the dynamics of primary infection, (iii) consequent immune responses, and (iv) protection from high-dose, high-volume lethal challenge and contact transmission, which we find here to be similar to that of a mild low-dose, low-volume upper respiratory tract (URT)-biased infection. Our studies demonstrate the superiority of i.n. versus i.m. vaccination in protection against both lethal challenge and contact transmission. In addition to providing correlates of protection that will assist respiratory virus vaccine development, these studies extend the development of an increasingly used technique for the study of viral infection and immunity, noninvasive bioluminescence imaging.
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Safety and immunogenicity of an intranasal Sendai virus-based human parainfluenza virus type 1 vaccine in 3- to 6-year-old children. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 22:298-303. [PMID: 25552633 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00618-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV-1) is the most common cause of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup), resulting in tens of thousands of hospitalizations each year in the United States alone. No licensed vaccine is yet available. We have developed murine PIV-1 (Sendai virus [SeV]) as a live Jennerian vaccine for hPIV-1. Here, we describe vaccine testing in healthy 3- to 6-year-old hPIV-1-seropositive children in a dose escalation study. One dose of the vaccine (5 × 10(5), 5 × 10(6), or 5 × 10(7) 50% egg infectious doses) was delivered by the intranasal route to each study participant. The vaccine was well tolerated by all the study participants. There was no sign of vaccine virus replication in the airway in any participant. Most children exhibited an increase in antibody binding and neutralizing responses toward hPIV-1 within 4 weeks from the time of vaccination. In several children, antibody responses remained above incoming levels for at least 6 months after vaccination. Data suggest that SeV may provide a benefit to 3- to 6-year-old children, even when vaccine recipients have preexisting cross-reactive antibodies due to previous exposures to hPIV-1. Results encourage the testing of SeV administration in young seronegative children to protect against the serious respiratory tract diseases caused by hPIV-1 infections.
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13
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Zhan X, Slobod KS, Jones BG, Sealy RE, Takimoto T, Boyd K, Surman S, Russell CJ, Portner A, Hurwitz JL. Sendai virus recombinant vaccine expressing a secreted, unconstrained respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein protects against RSV in cotton rats. Int Immunol 2014; 27:229-36. [PMID: 25477211 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is responsible for as many as 199000 annual deaths worldwide. Currently, there is no standard treatment for RSV disease and no vaccine. Sendai virus (SeV) is an attractive pediatric vaccine candidate because it elicits robust and long-lasting virus-specific B cell and T cell activities in systemic and mucosal tissues. The virus serves as a gene delivery system as well as a Jennerian vaccine against its close cousin, human parainfluenza virus type 1. Here we describe the testing of a recombinant SeV (SeVRSV-Fs) that expresses an unconstrained, secreted RSV-F protein as a vaccine against RSV in cotton rats. After a single intranasal immunization of cotton rats with SeVRSV-Fs, RSV-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies were generated. These antibodies exhibited cross-reactivity with both RSV A and B isolates. RSV-F-specific IFN-γ-producing T cells were also activated. The SeVRSV-Fs vaccine conferred protection against RSV challenge without enhanced immunopathology. In total, results showed that an SeV recombinant that expresses RSV F in an unconstrained, soluble form can induce humoral and cellular immunity that protects against infection with RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA Present Address: Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Karen S Slobod
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA Present Address: Department of Technical Development, Novartis Vaccines, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bart G Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert E Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Toru Takimoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA Present Address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Kelli Boyd
- Animal Resource Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA Present Address: Division of Animal Care, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sherri Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Allen Portner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Julia L Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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14
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Abstract
The advent of reverse genetic approaches to manipulate the genomes of both positive (+) and negative (-) sense RNA viruses allowed researchers to harness these genomes for basic research. Manipulation of positive sense RNA virus genomes occurred first largely because infectious RNA could be transcribed directly from cDNA versions of the RNA genomes. Manipulation of negative strand RNA virus genomes rapidly followed as more sophisticated approaches to provide RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complexes coupled with negative-strand RNA templates were developed. These advances have driven an explosion of RNA virus vaccine vector development. That is, development of approaches to exploit the basic replication and expression strategies of RNA viruses to produce vaccine antigens that have been engineered into their genomes. This study has led to significant preclinical testing of many RNA virus vectors against a wide range of pathogens as well as cancer targets. Multiple RNA virus vectors have advanced through preclinical testing to human clinical evaluation. This review will focus on RNA virus vectors designed to express heterologous genes that are packaged into viral particles and have progressed to clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Mogler
- Harrisvaccines, Inc., 1102 Southern Hills Drive, Suite 101, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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15
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Ohtsuka J, Fukumura M, Tsurudome M, Hara K, Nishio M, Kawano M, Nosaka T. Vero/BC-F: an efficient packaging cell line stably expressing F protein to generate single round-infectious human parainfluenza virus type 2 vector. Gene Ther 2014; 21:775-84. [PMID: 24942630 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A stable packaging cell line (Vero/BC-F) constitutively expressing fusion (F) protein of the human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV2) was established for production of the F-defective and single round-infectious hPIV2 vector in a strategy for recombinant vaccine development. The F gene expression has not evoked cytostatic or cytotoxic effects on the Vero/BC-F cells and the F protein was physiologically active to induce syncytial formation with giant polykaryocytes when transfected with a plasmid expressing hPIV2 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN). Transduction of the F-defective replicon RNA into the Vero/BC-F cells led to the release of the infectious particles that packaged the replicon RNA (named as hPIV2ΔF) without detectable mutations, limiting the infectivity to a single round. The maximal titer of the hPIV2ΔF was 6.0 × 10(8) median tissue culture infections dose per ml. The influenza A virus M2 gene was inserted into hPIV2ΔF, and the M2 protein was found to be highly expressed in a human lung cancer cell line after transduction. Furthermore, in vivo airway infection experiments revealed that the hPIV2ΔF was capable of delivering transgenes to hamster tracheal cells. Thus, non-transmissible or single round-infectious hPIV2 vector will be potentially applicable to human gene therapy or recombinant vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ohtsuka
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan [2] Biocomo Inc., Komono, Komono-cho, Mie, Japan
| | - M Fukumura
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan [2] Biocomo Inc., Komono, Komono-cho, Mie, Japan
| | - M Tsurudome
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - K Hara
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - M Nishio
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - M Kawano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - T Nosaka
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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16
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Wiegand M, Gori-Savellini G, Martorelli B, Bossow S, Neubert WJ, Cusi MG. Evaluation of a novel immunogenic vaccine platform based on a genome replication-deficient Sendai vector. Vaccine 2013; 31:3888-93. [PMID: 23831325 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel vaccine platform based on a paramyxoviral, genome replication-deficient Sendai virus vector that can express heterologous genes inserted into the genome. To validate the novel approach in vivo, we generated a combined vaccine candidate against human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3). The present study compares two different methods of displaying heterologous antigens: (i) the RSV fusion (F) protein, encoded as a secretable version in an additional transcription unit, serves as an antigen only after being expressed in infected cells; (ii) PIV3 fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) genes, replacing Sendai counterparts in the vector genome, are also expressed as structural components on the surface of vaccine particles. The efficacy of this prototype vaccine was assessed in a mouse model after mucosal administration. The vaccine candidate was able to elicit specific mucosal, humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses against RSV and PIV3. However, PIV3 antigen display on the vaccine particles' surface induced higher antibody titers than the RSV antigen, being expressed only after cell infection. Consequently, this construct induced an adequate neutralizing antibody response only to PIV3. Finally, replicating virus particles were not detected in the lungs of immunized mice, confirming the genome stability and replication deficiency of this vaccine vector in vivo. Both factors can contribute substantially to the safety profile of vaccine candidates. In conclusion, this replication-deficient Sendai vector represents an efficient platform that can be used for vaccine developments against various viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Wiegand
- Department of Molecular Virology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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17
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Stone R, Takimoto T. Critical role of the fusion protein cytoplasmic tail sequence in parainfluenza virus assembly. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61281. [PMID: 23593451 PMCID: PMC3625212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between viral glycoproteins, matrix protein and nucleocapsid sustain assembly of parainfluenza viruses at the plasma membrane. Although the protein interactions required for virion formation are considered to be highly specific, virions lacking envelope glycoprotein(s) can be produced, thus the molecular interactions driving viral assembly and production are still unclear. Sendai virus (SeV) and human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV1) are highly similar in structure, however, the cytoplasmic tail sequences of the envelope glycoproteins (HN and F) are relatively less conserved. To unveil the specific role of the envelope glycoproteins in viral assembly, we created chimeric SeVs whose HN (rSeVhHN) or HN and F (rSeVh(HN+F)) were replaced with those of hPIV1. rSeVhHN grew as efficiently as wt SeV or hPIV1, suggesting that the sequence difference in HN does not have a significant impact on SeV replication and virion production. In sharp contrast, the growth of rSeVh(HN+F) was significantly impaired compared to rSeVhHN. rSeVh(HN+Fstail) which expresses a chimeric hPIV1 F with the SeV cytoplasmic tail sequence grew similar to wt SeV or rSeVhHN. Further analysis indicated that the F cytoplasmic tail plays a critical role in cell surface expression/accumulation of HN and F, as well as NP and M association at the plasma membrane. Trafficking of nucelocapsids in infected cells was not significantly affected by the origin of F, suggesting that F cytoplasmic tail is not involved in intracellular movement. These results demonstrate the role of the F cytoplasmic tail in accumulation of structural components at the plasma membrane assembly sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raychel Stone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Toru Takimoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Chu FL, Wen HL, Hou GH, Lin B, Zhang WQ, Song YY, Ren GJ, Sun CX, Li ZM, Wang Z. Role of N-linked glycosylation of the human parainfluenza virus type 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein. Virus Res 2013; 174:137-47. [PMID: 23562646 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hPIV-3) is a major respiratory tract pathogen that affects infants and young children. The hPIV-3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein is a multifunctional protein mediating hemadsorption (HAD), neuraminidase (NA), and fusion promotion activities, each of which affects the ability of HN to promote viral fusion and entry. The hPIV-3 HN protein contains four potential sites (N308, N351, N485 and N523) for N-linked glycosylation. Electrophoretic mobility analysis of mutated HN proteins indicated that N308, N351 and N523 sites, but not the N485 site in HN protein, were targeted for the addition of glycans in BHK-21 cells. These functional glycosylation sites were systematically eliminated in various combinations from HN to form a panel of mutants in which the roles of individual carbohydrate chains and groups of carbohydrate chains could be analyzed. Removal of individual or multiple N-glycans on the hPIV-3 HN protein had no effects on transport to the cell surface, expression and NA activity. Single glycosylation site mutants (G1, G2 and G4) not only impaired fusion promotion activity but also reduced HAD activity of HN protein, which was even more obvious for all three double mutants (G12, G14 and G24) and the triple mutant (G124). In addition, every mutant protein retained F-interactive capability that was equal to the wild-type protein capability. Interestingly, the F protein that could be co-immunoprecipitated with the G12 mutated protein or immunoprecipitated with anti-F antibody was not efficiently cleaved. For G14, G24 and G124, little cleaved F protein was detected in co-immuoprecipitation F protein assay and its total amounts where in the cell lysates. The mechanism underlying hPIV-3 HN and F protein remained associated before and after receptor engagement and the strength of the HN-receptor interaction modulated the activation of F the protein which could determine the extent of fusion. Finally, we demonstrated that single or multiple N-glycosylation site mutations inhibited fusion at the earliest stages. Taken together, these results indicated that N-glycosylation of hPIV-3 HN is critical to its receptor recognition activity, cleavage of the F protein, and fusion promotion activity, but had no influence on its interaction with the homologous F protein and NA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Lu Chu
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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19
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Influence of antigen insertion site and vector dose on immunogenicity and protective capacity in Sendai virus-based human parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccines. J Virol 2013; 87:5959-69. [PMID: 23514887 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00227-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Sendai virus (rSeV) was used as a live, attenuated vaccine vector for intranasal inoculation and mucosal expression of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) surface glycoprotein of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3). Two vaccine candidates rSeV-HPIV3HN(P-M) and rSeV-HPIV3(F-HN) were constructed in which the HPIV3 HN open reading frame and an additional gene junction was inserted in the P-M and F-HN gene junctions of rSeV, respectively. The rSeV-HPIV3HN(P-M) virus was attenuated compared to rSeV-HPIV3(F-HN) in LLC-MK2 cells, and yet both vaccine candidates grew to similar extents in NHBE cells and in the respiratory tracts of cotton rats. These results suggest that in vitro vector growth in NHBE cells more accurately predicts virus yield in cotton rats than does growth in LLC-MK2 cells. Both vaccine vectors elicited high levels of serum neutralizing antibodies and conferred protection from HPIV3 challenge in cotton rats. Compared to vaccination with a high dose (2,000,000 PFU), intranasal inoculation with a low dose (200 PFU) resulted in a 10-fold decrease in vector growth in the nasal cavity and trachea and a 50-fold decrease in the lungs. However, low-dose vaccination resulted in only modest decreases in anti-HPIV3 antibodies in sera and was sufficient to confer complete protection from HPIV3 challenge. Varying the HPIV3 antigen insertion site and vector dose allowed fine-tuning of the in vivo growth and immunogenicity of rSeV-based vaccines, but all four vaccination strategies tested resulted in complete protection from HPIV3 challenge. These results highlight the versatility of the rSeV platform for developing intranasally administered respiratory virus vaccines.
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20
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Rudraraju R, Jones BG, Sealy R, Surman SL, Hurwitz JL. Respiratory syncytial virus: current progress in vaccine development. Viruses 2013; 5:577-94. [PMID: 23385470 PMCID: PMC3640515 DOI: 10.3390/v5020577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the etiological agent for a serious lower respiratory tract disease responsible for close to 200,000 annual deaths worldwide. The first infection is generally most severe, while re-infections usually associate with a milder disease. This observation and the finding that re-infection risks are inversely associated with neutralizing antibody titers suggest that immune responses generated toward a first RSV exposure can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality throughout life. For more than half a century, researchers have endeavored to design a vaccine for RSV that can mimic or improve upon natural protective immunity without adverse events. The virus is herein described together with the hurdles that must be overcome to develop a vaccine and some current vaccine development approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Rudraraju
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; E-Mails: (R.R.); (B.J.); (R.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Bart G. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; E-Mails: (R.R.); (B.J.); (R.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Robert Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; E-Mails: (R.R.); (B.J.); (R.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sherri L. Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; E-Mails: (R.R.); (B.J.); (R.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; E-Mails: (R.R.); (B.J.); (R.S.); (S.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 858 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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21
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Kushnir N, Streatfield SJ, Yusibov V. Virus-like particles as a highly efficient vaccine platform: diversity of targets and production systems and advances in clinical development. Vaccine 2012; 31:58-83. [PMID: 23142589 PMCID: PMC7115575 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a class of subunit vaccines that differentiate themselves from soluble recombinant antigens by stronger protective immunogenicity associated with the VLP structure. Like parental viruses, VLPs can be either non-enveloped or enveloped, and they can form following expression of one or several viral structural proteins in a recombinant heterologous system. Depending on the complexity of the VLP, it can be produced in either a prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression system using target-encoding recombinant vectors, or in some cases can be assembled in cell-free conditions. To date, a wide variety of VLP-based candidate vaccines targeting various viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal pathogens, as well as non-infectious diseases, have been produced in different expression systems. Some VLPs have entered clinical development and a few have been licensed and commercialized. This article reviews VLP-based vaccines produced in different systems, their immunogenicity in animal models and their status in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Kushnir
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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22
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Costello HM, Ray WC, Chaiwatpongsakorn S, Peeples ME. Targeting RSV with vaccines and small molecule drugs. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2012; 12:110-28. [PMID: 22335496 DOI: 10.2174/187152612800100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most significant cause of pediatric respiratory infections. Palivizumab (Synagis®), a humanized monoclonal antibody, has been used successfully for a number of years to prevent severe RSV disease in at-risk infants. However, despite intense efforts, there is no approved vaccine or small molecule drug for RSV. As an enveloped virus, RSV must fuse its envelope with the host cell membrane, which is accomplished through the actions of the fusion (F) glycoprotein, with attachment help from the G glycoprotein. Because of their integral role in initiation of infection and their accessibility outside the lipid bilayer, these proteins have been popular targets in the discovery and development of antiviral compounds and vaccines against RSV. This review examines advances in the development of antiviral compounds and vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Costello
- Center for Vaccines & Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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23
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Bayon JCL, Lina B, Rosa-Calatrava M, Boivin G. Recent developments with live-attenuated recombinant paramyxovirus vaccines. Rev Med Virol 2012; 23:15-34. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Le Bayon
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, VirPath EMR 4610/Equipe VirCell, Université de Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon, Faculté de médecine RTH Laennec; Lyon France
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases; CHUQ-CHUL and Université Laval; Québec City QC Canada
| | - Bruno Lina
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, VirPath EMR 4610/Equipe VirCell, Université de Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon, Faculté de médecine RTH Laennec; Lyon France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Lyon Bron Cedex France
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, VirPath EMR 4610/Equipe VirCell, Université de Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon, Faculté de médecine RTH Laennec; Lyon France
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases; CHUQ-CHUL and Université Laval; Québec City QC Canada
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24
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Reduced frequencies and heightened CD103 expression among virus-induced CD8(+) T cells in the respiratory tract airways of vitamin A-deficient mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:757-65. [PMID: 22398245 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05576-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) has profound effects on immune responses in the gut, but its effect on other mucosal responses is less well understood. Sendai virus (SeV) is a candidate human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV-1) vaccine and a candidate vaccine vector for other respiratory viruses. A single intranasal dose of SeV elicits a protective immune response against hPIV-1 within days after vaccination. To define the effect of VAD on acute responses toward SeV, we monitored both antibodies and CD8(+) T cells in mice. On day 10 following SeV infection, there was a trend toward lower antibody activities in the nasal washes of VAD mice than in those of controls, while bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and serum antibodies were not reduced. In contrast, there was a dramatic reduction of immunodominant CD8(+) T cell frequencies in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) airways of VAD animals. These T cells also showed unusually high CD103 (the αE subunit of αEβ7) expression patterns. In both VAD and control mice, E-cadherin (the ligand for αEβ7) was better expressed among epithelial cells lining the upper respiratory tract (URT) than in LRT airways. The results support a working hypothesis that the high CD103 expression among T cell populations in VAD mice alters mechanisms of T cell cross talk with URT and LRT epithelial cells, thereby inhibiting T cell migration and egress into the lower airway. Our data emphasize that the consequences of VAD are not limited to gut-resident cells and characterize VAD influences on an immune response to a respiratory virus vaccine.
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25
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Mok H, Cheng X, Xu Q, Zengel JR, Parhy B, Zhao J, Wang CK, Jin H. Evaluation of Measles Vaccine Virus as a Vector to Deliver Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein or Epstein-Barr Virus Glycoprotein gp350. Open Virol J 2012; 6:12-22. [PMID: 22383906 PMCID: PMC3286841 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901206010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated recombinant measles vaccine virus (MV) Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ) strain was evaluated as a viral vector to express the ectodomains of fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV F) or glycoprotein 350 of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV gp350) as candidate vaccines for prophylaxis of RSV and EBV. The glycoprotein gene was inserted at the 1st or the 3rd position of the measles virus genome and the recombinant viruses were generated. Insertion of the foreign gene at the 3rd position had a minimal impact on viral replication in vitro. RSV F or EBV gp350 protein was secreted from infected cells. In cotton rats, EZ-RSV F and EZ-EBV gp350 induced MV- and insert-specific antibody responses. In addition, both vaccines also induced insert specific interferon gamma (IFN-γ) secreting T cell response. EZ-RSV F protected cotton rats from pulmonary replication of RSV A2 challenge infection. In rhesus macaques, although both EZ-RSV F and EZ-EBV gp350 induced MV specific neutralizing antibody responses, only RSV F specific antibody response was detected. Thus, the immunogenicity of the foreign antigens delivered by measles vaccine virus is dependent on the nature of the insert and the animal models used for vaccine evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyin Mok
- MedImmune LLC., 319 North Bernardo Ave, Mountain View, California, USA
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26
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract viral disease in infants and young children. Presently, there are no explicit recommendations for RSV treatment apart from supportive care. The virus is therefore responsible for an estimated 160,000 deaths per year worldwide. Despite half a century of dedicated research, there remains no licensed vaccine product. Herein are described past and current efforts to harness innate and adaptive immune potentials to combat RSV. A plethora of candidate vaccine products and strategies are reviewed. The development of a successful RSV vaccine may ultimately stem from attention to historical lessons, in concert with an integral partnering of immunology and virology research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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27
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Jones BG, Sealy R, Rudraraju R, Traina-Dorge V, Finneyfrock B, Cook A, Takimoto T, Portner A, Hurwitz JL. Sendai virus-based RSV vaccine protects African green monkeys from RSV infection. Vaccine 2012; 30:959-68. [PMID: 22119594 PMCID: PMC3256274 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a serious disease of children, responsible for an estimated 160,000 deaths per year worldwide. Despite the ongoing need for global prevention of RSV and decades of research, there remains no licensed vaccine. Sendai virus (SeV) is a mouse parainfluenza virus-type 1 which has been previously shown to confer protection against its human cousin, human parainfluenza virus-type 1 in African green monkeys (AGM). Here is described the study of a RSV vaccine (SeVRSV), produced by reverse genetics technology using SeV as a backbone to carry the full-length gene for RSV F. To test for immunogenicity, efficacy and safety, the vaccine was administered to AGM by intratracheal (i.t.) and intranasal (i.n.) routes. Control animals received the empty SeV vector or PBS. There were no booster immunizations. SeV and SeVRSV were cleared from the URT and LRT of vaccinated animals by day 10. Antibodies with specificities toward SeV and RSV were detected in SeVRSV primed animals as early as day ten after immunizations in both sera and nasal wash samples. One month after immunization all test and control AGM received an i.n. challenge with RSV-A2. SeVRSV-vaccinated animals exhibited reduced RSV in the URT compared to controls, and complete protection against RSV in the LRT. There were no clinically relevant adverse events associated with vaccination either before or after challenge. These data encourage advanced testing of the SeVRSV vaccine candidate in clinical trials for protection against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart G. Jones
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN
| | - Robert Sealy
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN
| | - Rajeev Rudraraju
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | | | - Toru Takimoto
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY
| | - Allen Portner
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN
| | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN
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28
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Hara H, Mouri A, Yonemitsu Y, Nabeshima T, Tabira T. Mucosal immunotherapy in an Alzheimer mouse model by recombinant Sendai virus vector carrying Aβ1-43/IL-10 cDNA. Vaccine 2011; 29:7474-82. [PMID: 21803105 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on the amyloid cascade hypothesis, many reports have indicated that immunotherapy is beneficial for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We developed a mucosal immunotherapy for AD by nasal administration of recombinant Sendai virus vector carrying Aβ1-43 and mouse IL-10 cDNA. Nasal but not intramuscular administration of the vaccine induced good antibody responses to Aβ. When APP transgenic mice (Tg2576) received this vaccine once nasally, the Aβ plaque burden was significantly decreased 8 weeks after without inducing inflammation in the brain. The amount of Aβ measured by ELISA was also reduced in both soluble and insoluble fractions of the brain homogenates, and notably the Aβ oligomer (12-mer) was also apparently decreased. Tg2576 mice showed significant improvement in cognitive functions examined at 3 months after vaccination. Thus, this is an alternative immunotherapy for AD, which has an advantage in non-invasive, safe and relatively long lasting features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
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Illumination of parainfluenza virus infection and transmission in living animals reveals a tissue-specific dichotomy. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002134. [PMID: 21750677 PMCID: PMC3131265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The parainfluenza viruses (PIVs) are highly contagious respiratory paramyxoviruses and a leading cause of lower respiratory tract (LRT) disease. Since no vaccines or antivirals exist, non-pharmaceutical interventions are the only means of control for these pathogens. Here we used bioluminescence imaging to visualize the spatial and temporal progression of murine PIV1 (Sendai virus) infection in living mice after intranasal inoculation or exposure by contact. A non-attenuated luciferase reporter virus (rSeV-luc(M-F*)) that expressed high levels of luciferase yet was phenotypically similar to wild-type Sendai virus in vitro and in vivo was generated to allow visualization. After direct intranasal inoculation, we unexpectedly observed that the upper respiratory tract (URT) and trachea supported robust infection under conditions that result in little infection or pathology in the lungs including a low inoculum of virus, an attenuated virus, and strains of mice genetically resistant to lung infection. The high permissivity of the URT and trachea to infection resulted in 100% transmission to naïve contact recipients, even after low-dose (70 PFU) inoculation of genetically resistant BALB/c donor mice. The timing of transmission was consistent with the timing of high viral titers in the URT and trachea of donor animals but was independent of the levels of infection in the lungs of donors. The data therefore reveals a disconnect between transmissibility, which is associated with infection in the URT, and pathogenesis, which arises from infection in the lungs and the immune response. Natural infection after transmission was universally robust in the URT and trachea yet limited in the lungs, inducing protective immunity without weight loss even in genetically susceptible 129/SvJ mice. Overall, these results reveal a dichotomy between PIV infection in the URT and trachea versus the lungs and define a new model for studies of pathogenesis, development of live virus vaccines, and testing of antiviral therapies. Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are a leading cause of pediatric hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infection, yet it is unknown why primary infection typically induces immunity without causing severe pathology. To study the determinants of PIV spread within the respiratory tracts of living animals, we developed a model for non-invasive imaging of living mice infected with Sendai virus, the murine counterpart of HPIV1. This system allowed us to measure the temporal and spatial dynamics of paramyxovirus infection throughout the respiratory tracts of living animals after direct inoculation or transmission. We found that the upper respiratory tract and trachea were highly permissive to infection, even under conditions that limit lower respiratory infection and pathogenesis. The timing of transmission coincided with high virus growth in the upper respiratory tracts and trachea of donor mice independent of the extent of infection in the lungs. After transmission, infection spread preferentially in the upper respiratory tract and trachea, inducing protective immunity without weight loss. Our work reveals a disconnect between Sendai virus transmissibility and pathogenicity, and the experimental model developed here will be instrumental in studying PIV pathogenesis.
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Surman SL, Rudraraju R, Woodland DL, Dash P, Thomas PG, Hurwitz JL. Clonally related CD8+ T cells responsible for rapid population of both diffuse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue and lung after respiratory virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:835-41. [PMID: 21690324 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system has evolved to use sophisticated mechanisms to recruit lymphocytes to sites of pathogen exposure. Trafficking pathways are precise. For example, lymphocytes that are primed by gut pathogens can, in some cases, be imprinted with CCR9 membrane receptors, which can influence migration to the small intestine. Currently, little is known about T cell trafficking to the upper respiratory tract or the relationship between effectors that migrate to the diffuse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (d-NALT), the lower airways, and the lung. To determine whether a T cell primed by Ag from a respiratory pathogen is imprinted for exclusive trafficking to the upper or lower respiratory tract or whether descendents from that cell have the capacity to migrate to both sites, we inoculated mice by the intranasal route with Sendai virus and conducted single-cell-sequencing analyses of CD8(+) T lymphocytes responsive to a K(b)-restricted immunodominant peptide, FAPGNYPAL (Tet(+)). Cells from the d-NALT, lung airways (bronchoalveolar lavage), lung, and mediastinal lymph node were examined 10 d postinfection to determine TCR usage and clonal relationships. We discovered that 1) Tet(+) cells were heterogeneous but preferentially used TCR elements TRAV6, TRAV16, and TRBD1; 2) both N and C termini of Vα and Vβ TCR junctions frequently encompassed charged residues, perhaps facilitating TCR αβ pairing and interactions with a neutral target peptide; and 3) T cells in the d-NALT were often clonally related to cells in the lower respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri L Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Phenotypes and functions of persistent Sendai virus-induced antibody forming cells and CD8+ T cells in diffuse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue typify lymphocyte responses of the gut. Virology 2011; 410:429-436. [PMID: 21227475 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes of the diffuse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (d-NALT) are uniquely positioned to tackle respiratory pathogens at their point-of-entry, yet are rarely examined after intranasal (i.n.) vaccinations or infections. Here we evaluate an i.n. inoculation with Sendai virus (SeV) for elicitation of virus-specific antibody forming cells (AFCs) and CD8(+) T cells in the d-NALT. Virus-specific AFCs and CD8(+) T cells each appeared by day 7 after SeV inoculation and persisted for 8 months, explaining the long-sustained protection against respiratory virus challenge conferred by this vaccine. AFCs produced IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgA, while CD8+ T cells were cytolytic and produced low levels of cytokines. Phenotypic analyses of virus-specific T cells revealed striking similarities with pathogen-specific immune responses in the intestine, highlighting some key features of adaptive immunity at a mucosal site.
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Takaguchi M, Takahashi T, Hosokawa C, Ueyama H, Fukushima K, Hayakawa T, Itoh K, Ikeda K, Suzuki T. A single amino acid mutation at position 170 of human parainfluenza virus type 1 fusion glycoprotein induces obvious syncytium formation and caspase-3-dependent cell death. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 149:191-202. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sealy R, Jones BG, Surman SL, Hurwitz JL. Robust IgA and IgG-producing antibody forming cells in the diffuse-NALT and lungs of Sendai virus-vaccinated cotton rats associate with rapid protection against human parainfluenza virus-type 1. Vaccine 2010; 28:6749-56. [PMID: 20682364 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sendai virus (SeV), a natural mouse pathogen, shows considerable promise as a candidate vaccine for human parainfluenza virus-type 1 (hPIV-1), and also as a vaccine vector for other serious pathogens of infants including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). In an effort to define correlates of immunity, we examined the virus-specific serum antibody of cotton rats inoculated intranasally (I.N.) with SeV. Virus-specific antibody forming cells (AFCs) were also measured in the bone marrow, because these are considered responsible for durable serum antibody levels in other viral systems. Results showed that a single SeV inoculation was sufficient to induce virus-specific serum antibodies and bone marrow-resident AFCs that persisted for as many as 8 months post-vaccination. Given that the predominant SeV-specific serum antibody isotype was IgG, an isotype that traffics poorly to the upper respiratory tract (URT), we asked if local nasal and lung-associated antibodies and AFCs were also present. Studies showed that: (i) SeV-specific antibodies appeared in the URT and lower respiratory tract (LRT) within 7 days after immunization, (ii) corresponding AFCs were present in the diffuse-NALT (d-NALT) and lung, (iii) AFCs in the d-NALT and lung peaked at approximately 6 weeks and persisted for the lifetime of the animal, reaching a level exceeding that of the bone marrow by an order of magnitude, (iv) IgA was the dominant isotype among AFCs in the d-NALT and lung at 4-weeks post-vaccination and thereafter, and (v) antibody and AFC responses associated with the prevention of lung infection when animals were challenged with hPIV-1 just 1 week after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Trafficking of Sendai virus nucleocapsids is mediated by intracellular vesicles. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10994. [PMID: 20543880 PMCID: PMC2881874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paramyxoviruses are assembled at the plasma membrane budding sites after synthesis of all the structural components in the cytoplasm. Although viral ribonuclocapsid (vRNP) is an essential component of infectious virions, the process of vRNP translocation to assembly sites is poorly understood. Methodology/Principal Findings To analyze real-time trafficking of vRNPs in live infected cells, we created a recombinant Sendai virus (SeV), rSeVLeGFP, which expresses L protein fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). The rSeVLeGFP showed similar growth kinetics compared to wt SeV, and newly synthesized LeGFP could be detected as early as 8 h postinfection. The majority of LeGFP co-localized with other components of vRNPs, NP and P proteins, suggesting the fluorescent signals of LeGFP represent the locations of vRNPs. Analysis of LeGFP movement using time-lapse digital video microscopy revealed directional and saltatory movement of LeGFP along microtubules. Treatment of the cells with nocodazole restricted vRNP movement and reduced progeny virion production without affecting viral protein synthesis, suggesting the role of microtubules in vRNP trafficking and virus assembly. Further study with an electron microscope showed close association of vRNPs with intracellular vesicles present in infected cells. In addition, the vRNPs co-localized with Rab11a protein, which is known to regulate the recycling endocytosis pathway and Golgi-to-plasma membrane trafficking. Simultaneous movement between LeGFP and Rab11a was also observed in infected cells, which constitutively express mRFP-tagged Rab11a. Involvement of recycling endosomes in vRNP translocation was also suggested by the fact that vRNPs move concomitantly with recycling transferrin labeled with Alexa 594. Conclusions/Significance Collectively, our results strongly suggest a previously unrecognized involvement of the intracellular vesicular trafficking pathway in vRNP translocation and provide new insights into the transport of viral structural components to the assembly sites of enveloped viruses.
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Respiratory syncytial virus engineered to express the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator corrects the bioelectric phenotype of human cystic fibrosis airway epithelium in vitro. J Virol 2010; 84:7770-81. [PMID: 20504917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00346-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal recessive genetic disease in the Caucasian population. It is caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that is normally expressed in ciliated airway epithelial cells and the submucosal glands of the lung. Since the CFTR gene was first characterized in 1989, a major goal has been to develop an effective gene therapy for CF lung disease, which has the potential to ameliorate morbidity and mortality. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) naturally infects the ciliated cells in the human airway epithelium. In addition, the immune response mounted against an RSV infection does not prevent subsequent infections, suggesting that an RSV-based vector might be effectively readministered. To test whether the large 4.5-kb CFTR gene could be expressed by a recombinant RSV and whether infectious virus could be used to deliver CFTR to ciliated airway epithelium derived from CF patients, we inserted the CFTR gene into four sites in a recombinant green fluorescent protein-expressing RSV (rgRSV) genome to generate virus expressing four different levels of CFTR protein. Two of these four rgRSV-CFTR vectors were capable of expressing CFTR with little effect on viral replication. rgRSV-CFTR infection of primary human airway epithelial cultures derived from CF patients resulted in expression of CFTR protein that was properly localized at the luminal surface and corrected the chloride ion channel defect in these cells.
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Recombinant respiratory syncytial virus F protein expression is hindered by inefficient nuclear export and mRNA processing. Virus Genes 2010; 40:212-21. [PMID: 20111897 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the fusion activity of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F protein are significantly hindered by low recombinant expression levels. While infection produces F protein levels detectable by western blot, recombinant expression produces undetectable to low levels of F protein. Identifying the obstacles that hinder recombinant F protein expression may lead to improved expression and facilitate the study of F protein function. We hypothesized that nuclear localization and/or inefficient RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription contribute to poor recombinant F protein expression. This study shows a combination of stalled nuclear export, premature polyadenylation, and low mRNA abundance all contribute to low recombinant F protein expression levels. In addition, this study provides an expression optimization strategy that results in greater F protein expression levels than observed by codon-optimization of the F protein gene, which will be useful for future studies of F protein function.
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Human PIV-2 recombinant Sendai virus (rSeV) elicits durable immunity and combines with two additional rSeVs to protect against hPIV-1, hPIV-2, hPIV-3, and RSV. Vaccine 2009; 27:1848-57. [PMID: 19200447 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The human parainfluenza viruses (hPIVs) and respiratory syncytial viruses (RSVs) are the leading causes of hospitalizations due to respiratory viral disease in infants and young children, but no vaccines are yet available. Here we describe the use of recombinant Sendai viruses (rSeVs) as candidate vaccine vectors for these respiratory viruses in a cotton rat model. Two new Sendai virus (SeV)-based hPIV-2 vaccine constructs were generated by inserting the fusion (F) gene or the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene from hPIV-2 into the rSeV genome. The inoculation of either vaccine into cotton rats elicited neutralizing antibodies toward both homologous and heterologous hPIV-2 virus isolates. The vaccines elicited robust and durable antibodies toward hPIV-2, and cotton rats immunized with individual or mixed vaccines were fully protected against hPIV-2 infections of the lower respiratory tract. The immune responses toward a single inoculation with rSeV vaccines were long-lasting and cotton rats were protected against viral challenge for as long as 11 months after vaccination. One inoculation with a mixture of the hPIV-2-HN-expressing construct and two additional rSeVs (expressing the F protein of RSV and the HN protein of hPIV-3) resulted in protection against challenge viruses hPIV-1, hPIV-2, hPIV-3, and RSV. Results identify SeV vectors as promising vaccine candidates for four different paramyxoviruses, each responsible for serious respiratory infections in children.
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Abstract
Respiratory viruses are the most frequent causative agents of disease in humans, with significant impact on morbidity and mortality worldwide. Common respiratory agents from several virus families are well adapted to efficient person-to-person transmission and circulate in a global scale, and community-based studies conducted over the past five decades or so confirm that these viruses are the predominant etiological agents of acute respiratory infections (ARIs). The respiratory viruses that most commonly circulate in all continents as endemic or epidemic agents are influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, coronaviruses, adenoviruses, and bocaviruses. Although vaccines and effective antiviral drugs are not yet available for most of these viruses, much progress has been made in the understanding of their biology and fundamental issues of host–parasite relationship. This article is a summary of the current knowledge about these viruses.
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