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Natesan K, Isloor S, Vinayagamurthy B, Ramakrishnaiah S, Doddamane R, Fooks AR. Developments in Rabies Vaccines: The Path Traversed from Pasteur to the Modern Era of Immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040756. [PMID: 37112668 PMCID: PMC10147034 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a disease of antiquity and has a history spanning millennia ever since the first interactions between humans and dogs. The alarming fatalities caused by this disease have triggered rabies prevention strategies since the first century BC. There have been numerous attempts over the past 100 years to develop rabies vaccineswith the goal of preventing rabies in both humans and animals. Thepre-Pasteurian vaccinologists, paved the way for the actual history of rabies vaccines with the development of first generation vaccines. Further improvements for less reactive and more immunogenic vaccines have led to the expansion of embryo vaccines, tissue culture vaccines, cell culture vaccines, modified live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, and adjuvanted vaccines. The adventof recombinant technology and reverse genetics have given insight into the rabies viral genome and facilitated genome manipulations, which in turn led to the emergence of next-generation rabies vaccines, such as recombinant vaccines, viral vector vaccines, genetically modified vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines. These vaccines were very helpful in overcoming the drawbacks of conventional rabies vaccines with increased immunogenicity and clinical efficacies. The path traversed in the development of rabies vaccines from Pasteur to the modern era vaccines, though, faced numerous challenges;these pioneering works have formed the cornerstone for the generation of thecurrent successful vaccines to prevent rabies. In the future, advancements in the scientific technologies and research focus will definitely lay the path for much more sophisticated vaccine candidates for rabies elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithiga Natesan
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-9449992287
| | | | - Sharada Ramakrishnaiah
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Rathnamma Doddamane
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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Galvez-Romero G, Salas-Rojas M, Pompa-Mera EN, Chávez-Rueda K, Aguilar-Setién Á. Addition of C3d-P28 adjuvant to a rabies DNA vaccine encoding the G5 linear epitope enhances the humoral immune response and confers protection. Vaccine 2017; 36:292-298. [PMID: 29191739 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rabies DNA vaccines based on full-length glycoprotein (G) induce virus neutralizing antibody (VNA) responses and protect against the virus challenge. Although conformational epitopes of G are the main target of VNAs, some studies have shown that a polypeptide linear epitope G5 is also able to induce VNAs. However, a G5 DNA vaccine has not been explored. While multiple doses of DNA vaccines are required in order to confer a protective immune response, this could be overcome by the inclusion of C3d-P28, a molecular adjuvant is know to improve the antibody response in several anti-viral vaccine models. To induce and enhance the immune response against rabies in mice, we evaluated two DNA vaccines based on the linear epitope G5 of Rabies Virus (RABV) glycoprotein (pVaxG5 vaccine) and another vaccine consisting of G5 fused to the molecular adjuvant C3d-P28 (pVaxF1 vaccine). VNA responses were measured in mice immunized with both vaccines. The VNA levels from the group immunized with pVaxG5 decreased gradually, while those from the group vaccinated with pVaxF1 remained high throughout the experimental study. After challenge with 22 LD50 of the Challenge Virus Strain (CVS), the survival rate of mice immunized with pVaxG5 and pVaxF1 was increased by 27% and 50% respectively, in comparison to the PBS group. Furthermore, the in vitro proliferation of anti-rabies specific spleen CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from mice immunized with pVaxF1 was observed. Collectively, these results suggest that the linear G5 epitope is a potential candidate vaccine. Furthermore, the addition of a C3d-P28 adjuvant contributed to enhanced protection, the sustained production of VNAs, and a specific T-cell proliferative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Galvez-Romero
- Unidad de de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mónica Salas-Rojas
- Unidad de de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ericka N Pompa-Mera
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Karina Chávez-Rueda
- Unidad de de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Álvaro Aguilar-Setién
- Unidad de de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Rabies vaccine development by expression of recombinant viral glycoprotein. Arch Virol 2016; 162:323-332. [PMID: 27796547 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The rabies virus envelope glycoprotein (RVGP) is the main antigen of rabies virus and is the only viral component present in all new rabies vaccines being proposed. Many approaches have been taken since DNA recombinant technology became available to express an immunogenic recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rRVGP). These attempts are reviewed here, and the relevant results are discussed with respect to the general characteristics of the rRVGP, the expression system used, the expression levels achieved, the similarity of the rRVGP to the native glycoprotein, and the immunogenicity of the vaccine preparation. The most recent studies of rabies vaccine development have concentrated on in vivo expression of rRVGP by viral vector transduction, serving as the biotechnological basis for a new generation of rabies vaccines.
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Zhu S, Guo C. Rabies Control and Treatment: From Prophylaxis to Strategies with Curative Potential. Viruses 2016; 8:v8110279. [PMID: 27801824 PMCID: PMC5127009 DOI: 10.3390/v8110279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is an acute, fatal, neurological disease that affects almost all kinds of mammals. Vaccination (using an inactivated rabies vaccine), combined with administration of rabies immune globulin, is the only approved, effective method for post-exposure prophylaxis against rabies in humans. In the search for novel rabies control and treatment strategies, live-attenuated viruses have recently emerged as a practical and promising approach for immunizing and controlling rabies. Unlike the conventional, inactivated rabies vaccine, live-attenuated viruses are genetically modified viruses that are able to replicate in an inoculated recipient without causing adverse effects, while still eliciting robust and effective immune responses against rabies virus infection. A number of viruses with an intrinsic capacity that could be used as putative candidates for live-attenuated rabies vaccine have been intensively evaluated for therapeutic purposes. Additional novel strategies, such as a monoclonal antibody-based approach, nucleic acid-based vaccines, or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) interfering with virus replication, could further add to the arena of strategies to combat rabies. In this review, we highlight current advances in rabies therapy and discuss the role that they might have in the future of rabies treatment. Given the pronounced and complex impact of rabies on a patient, a combination of these novel modalities has the potential to achieve maximal anti-rabies efficacy, or may even have promising curative effects in the future. However, several hurdles regarding clinical safety considerations and public awareness should be overcome before these approaches can ultimately become clinically relevant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimao Zhu
- Shenzhen Weiguang Biological Products Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Caiping Guo
- Shenzhen Weiguang Biological Products Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518107, China.
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Immunogenicity of multi-epitope-based vaccine candidates administered with the adjuvant Gp96 against rabies. Virol Sin 2016; 31:168-75. [PMID: 27068655 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies, a zoonotic disease, causes > 55,000 human deaths globally and results in at least 500 million dollars in losses every year. The currently available rabies vaccines are mainly inactivated and attenuated vaccines, which have been linked with clinical diseases in animals. Thus, a rabies vaccine with high safety and efficacy is urgently needed. Peptide vaccines are known for their low cost, simple production procedures and high safety. Therefore, in this study, we examined the efficacy of multi-epitope-based vaccine candidates against rabies virus. The ability of various peptides to induce epitope-specific responses was examined, and the two peptides that possessed the highest antigenicity and conservation, i.e., AR16 and hPAB, were coated with adjuvant canine-Gp96 and used to prepare vaccines. The peptides were prepared as an emulsion of oil in water (O/W) to create three batches of bivalent vaccine products. The vaccine candidates possessed high safety. Virus neutralizing antibodies were detected on the day 14 after the first immunization in mice and beagles, reaching 5-6 IU/mL in mice and 7-9 IU/mL in beagles by day 28. The protective efficacy of the vaccine candidates was about 70%-80% in mice challenged by a virulent strain of rabies virus. Thus, a novel multi-epitope-based rabies vaccine with Gp96 as an adjuvant was developed and validated in mice and dogs. Our results suggest that synthetic peptides hold promise for the development of novel vaccines against rabies.
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Ideno S, Sakai K, Yunoki M, Kubota-Koketsu R, Inoue Y, Nakamura S, Yasunaga T, Okuno Y, Ikuta K. Immunization of rabbits with synthetic peptides derived from a highly conserved β-sheet epitope region underneath the receptor binding site of influenza A virus. Biologics 2013; 7:233-41. [PMID: 24235814 PMCID: PMC3821756 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s50870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing concern about the speed with which health care providers can administer prophylaxis and treatment in an influenza pandemic. Generally, it takes several months to manufacture an influenza vaccine by propagation of the virus in chicken eggs or cultured cells. Newer, faster protocols for the production of vaccines that induce broad-spectrum immunity are therefore highly desirable. We previously developed human monoclonal antibody B-1 that shows broadly neutralizing activity against influenza A virus H3N2. B-1 recognizes an epitope region that includes an antiparallel β-sheet structure underneath the receptor binding site of influenza hemagglutinin (HA). In this study, the efficacy of a synthetic peptide vaccine derived from this epitope region against influenza A was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two peptides were synthesized, the upper and lower peptides. These peptides comprise amino acid residues 167-187 and 225-241, respectively, of the B-1 epitope region of HA, which is involved in forming the β-sheet structure. Both peptides were then coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and the peptides, alone or in combination, were used to immunize rabbits. The resulting antibody responses were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The upper peptide, but not the lower peptide, elicited antibodies that were reactive to HA. Interestingly, the use of both peptides together could elicit antibodies with a higher reactivity to HA than either peptide alone. The antibodies were found to react to HA at the N-terminus of the upper peptide, which is exposed at the surface of trimeric HA on influenza virions. DISCUSSION The higher production of HA-reactive antibodies following immunization with both peptides suggests that the upper peptide forms the effective epitope structure in the binding state, and the lower peptide enhances the production of HA antibodies. This study could be the first step towards the development of pandemic viral vaccines that can be produced within short time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Ideno
- Infectious Pathogen Research Section, Central Research Laboratory, Research and Development Division, Japan Blood Products Organization, Kobe, Japan ; Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Xinjun L, Xuejun M, Lihua W, Hao L, Xinxin S, Pengcheng Y, Qing T, Guodong L. Confirmation of a new conserved linear epitope of Lyssavirus nucleoprotein. J Virol Methods 2012; 181:182-7. [PMID: 22405880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioinformatics analysis was used to predict potential epitopes of Lyssavirus nucleoprotein and highlighted some distinct differences in the quantity and localization of the epitopes disclosed by epitope analysis of monoclonal antibodies against Lyssavirus nucleoprotein. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the domain containing residues 152-164 of Lyssavirus nucleoprotein was a conserved linear epitope that had not been reported previously. Immunization of two rabbits with the corresponding synthetic peptide conjugated to the Keyhole Limpe hemocyanin (KLH) macromolecule resulted in a titer of anti-peptide antibody above 1:200,000 in rabbit sera as detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Western blot analysis demonstrated that the anti-peptide antibody recognized denatured Lyssavirus nucleoprotein in sodium dodecylsulfonate-polyacrylate gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Affinity chromatography purification and FITC-labeling of the anti-peptide antibody in rabbit sera was performed. FITC-labeled anti-peptide antibody could recognize Lyssavirus nucleoprotein in BSR cells and canine brain tissues even at a 1:200 dilution. Residues 152-164 of Lyssavirus nucleoprotein were verified as a conserved linear epitope in Lyssavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv Xinjun
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Viral Encephalitis, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
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Leclercq SY, dos Santos RMM, Macedo LB, Campos PC, Ferreira TC, de Almeida JG, Seniuk JGT, Serakides R, Silva-Cunha A, Fialho SL. Evaluation of water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsion and microemulsion as potential adjuvants for immunization with rabies antigen. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 43:378-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Batista H, Lima F, Maletich D, Silva A, Vicentini F, Roehe L, Spilki F, Franco A, Roehe P. Immunoperoxidase inhibition assay for rabies antibody detection. J Virol Methods 2011; 174:65-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Song H, Luo W, Chen Y, Du H, Tang J, Yin B, Chen Y, Shih JWK, Zhang J. Induction of cross-reactive antibodies against mimotopes of H5N1 hemagglutinin. Vet Microbiol 2010; 145:17-22. [PMID: 20338700 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A sub-library based on peptide mimic 125 was designed and constructed, and 18 phagotopes specifically binding 8H5mAb were isolated. Antisera against three phagotopes, containing peptide 12MH-1, 12MH-5 and 12MH-8 reacted with 3 different H5N1 virus strains, but not with 2 H1N1 and 2 H3N2 viruses by Dot blots. The affinity of 12MH-8 was approximately eight times more than 12MH-1 or 12MH-5 or parent peptide 125. Furthermore, synthesized 12MH-1 and 12MH-8 could block the 8H5mAb binding with 4 H5N1 virus strains via hemagglutinin inhibition. These results suggest that these 3 mimotopes closely mimics the native 8H5 epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Song
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, The Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhang F, Hu R. Competitive ELISA using a rabies glycoprotein-transformed cell line to semi-quantify rabies neutralizing-related antibodies in dogs. Vaccine 2009; 27:2108-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2008] [Revised: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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