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Mata-Espinosa D, Lara-Espinosa JV, Barrios-Payán J, Hernández-Pando R. The Use of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy and Vaccination in Tuberculosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1475. [PMID: 37895946 PMCID: PMC10610538 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is one of the primary causes of death globally. The treatment of TB is long and based on several drugs, producing problems in compliance and toxicity, increasing Mtb resistance to first-line antibiotics that result in multidrug-resistant TB and extensively drug-resistant TB. Thus, the need for new anti-TB treatments has increased. Here, we review some model strategies to study gene therapy based on the administration of a recombinant adenovirus that encodes diverse cytokines, such as IFNγ, IL12, GM/CSF, OPN, TNFα, and antimicrobial peptides to enhance the protective immune response against Mtb. These models include a model of progressive pulmonary TB, a model of chronic infection similar to latent TB, and a murine model of pulmonary Mtb transmission to close contacts. We also review new vaccines that deliver Mtb antigens via particle- or virus-based vectors and trigger protective immune responses. The results obtained in this type of research suggest that this is an alternative therapy that has the potential to treat active TB as an adjuvant to conventional antibiotics and a promising preventive treatment for latent TB reactivation and Mtb transmission. Moreover, Ad vector vaccines are adequate for preventing infectious diseases, including TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Sección 16, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.V.L.-E.); (J.B.-P.)
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Ivanyi J. Tuberculosis vaccination needs to avoid 'decoy' immune reactions. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 126:102021. [PMID: 33254012 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current search for a new effective vaccine against tuberculosis involves selected antigens, vectors and adjuvants. These are being evaluated usually by their booster inoculation following priming with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. The purpose of this article is to point out, that despite being attenuated of virulence, priming with BCG may still involve immune mechanisms, which are not favourable for protection against active disease. It is postulated, that the responsible 'decoy' constituents selected during the evolution of pathogenic tubercle bacilli may be involved in the evasion from bactericidal host resistance and stimulate immune responses of a cytokine phenotype, which lead to the transition from latent closed granulomas to reactivation with infectious lung cavities. The decoy mechanisms appear as favourable for most infected subjects but leading in a minority of cases to pathology which can effectively transmit the infection. It is proposed that construction and development of new vaccine candidates could benefit from avoiding decoy-type immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Ivanyi
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Guy's Campus of Kings College London, SE1, 1UL, United kingdom.
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Ren D, Almudevar AL, Pichichero ME. Synchrony in serum antibody response to conserved proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae in young children. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:489-97. [PMID: 25692218 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.990861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conserved Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) proteins are currently under investigation as vaccine candidates. We recently identified a subset of children prone to frequent acute otitis media (AOM) that we refer to as stringently-defined otitis prone (sOP). We investigated the synchrony of serum antibody responses against 5 Spn protein vaccine antigens, PhtD, LytB, PcpA, PhtE, and PlyD1 resulting from nasopharyngeal colonization and AOM in sOP children (49 observations) and non-otitis prone (NOP) children (771 observations). Changes in serum IgG and IgM were quantitated with ELISA. IgG antibody concentrations against PhtD, PcpA, and PlyD1 rose in synchrony in sOP and NOP children; that is, the proteins appeared equally and highly immunogenic in children at age 6 to 15 months and then leveled off in their rise at 15 to 25 months. In contrast, rises in concentrations to PhtE and LytB were significantly slower and had not peaked in children even at 25 months of age, consistent with lower immunogenicity. Serum IgM responses against PhtD and PlyD1 were in synchrony in children at age 6-25 months old. PcpA did not induce a significant increase of serum IgM response in children, suggesting that primary responses to PcpA occurred prior to children attaining age 6 months old. PhtD, PcpA, and Ply elicit a synchronous natural acquisition of serum antibody in young children suggesting that a trivalent Spn protein vaccine combining PhtD, PcpA, and PlyD1 would be less likely to display antigen competition when administered as a combination vaccine in young children.
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Key Words
- AOM, acute otitis media
- ELISA, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
- GAM, generalized additive model
- GAMM, generalized additive mixed model
- LC, log10 Concentration
- LME, linear mixed effects
- NOP, non-otitis prone
- NP, nasopharyngeal
- OP, otitis prone
- PCV, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
- PcpA, pneumococcal choline binding protein A
- PhtD, pneumococcal histidine triad protein D
- PhtE, pneumococcal histidine triad protein E
- Ply, pneumolysin
- PlyD1, pneumolysin derivative 1
- Spn, Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- generalized additive mixed model
- generalized additive model
- nasopharynx
- pneumococcal choline binding protein A
- pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
- pneumococcal histidine triad protein D
- pneumococcal histidine triad protein E
- pneumolysin
- sOP, stringently-defined otitis prone
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabin Ren
- a Rochester General Hospital Research Institute ; Rochester , NY USA
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Parra M, Liu X, Derrick SC, Yang A, Molina-Cruz A, Barillas-Mury C, Zheng H, Thao Pham P, Sedegah M, Belmonte A, Litilit DD, Waldmann TA, Kumar S, Morris SL, Perera LP. Co-expression of Interleukin-15 Enhances the Protective Immune Responses Induced by Immunization with a Murine Malaria MVA-Based Vaccine Encoding the Circumsporozoite Protein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141141. [PMID: 26505634 PMCID: PMC4624717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major global public health problem with an estimated 200 million cases detected in 2012. Although the most advanced candidate malaria vaccine (RTS,S) has shown promise in clinical trials, its modest efficacy and durability have created uncertainty about the impact of RTS,S immunization (when used alone) on global malaria transmission. Here we describe the development and characterization of a novel modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)–based malaria vaccine which co-expresses the Plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and IL-15. Vaccination/challenge studies showed that C57BL/6 mice immunized with the MVA-CSP/IL15 vaccine were protected significantly better against a P. yoelii 17XNL sporozoite challenge than either mice immunized with an MVA vaccine expressing only CSP or naïve controls. Importantly, the levels of total anti-CSP IgG were elevated about 100-fold for the MVA-CSP/IL15 immunized group compared to mice immunized with the MVA-CSP construct that does not express IL-15. Among the IgG subtypes, the IL-15 expressing MVA-CSP vaccine induced levels of IgG1 (8 fold) and IgG2b (80 fold) higher than the MVA-CSP construct. The significantly enhanced humoral responses and protection detected after immunization with the MVA-CSP/IL15 vaccine suggest that this IL-15 expressing MVA construct could be considered in the development of future malaria immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Parra
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Xia Liu
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Steven C. Derrick
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Amy Yang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Alvaro Molina-Cruz
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, 20852, United States of America
| | - Carolina Barillas-Mury
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, 20852, United States of America
| | - Hong Zheng
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Phuong Thao Pham
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, United States of America
| | - Martha Sedegah
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, United States of America
| | - Arnel Belmonte
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, United States of America
| | - Dianne D. Litilit
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Waldmann
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Sanjai Kumar
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Sheldon L. Morris
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States of America
| | - Liyanage P. Perera
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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García-Arriaza J, Esteban M. Enhancing poxvirus vectors vaccine immunogenicity. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2235-44. [PMID: 25424927 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuated recombinant poxvirus vectors expressing heterologous antigens from pathogens are currently at various stages in clinical trials with the aim to establish their efficacy. This is because these vectors have shown excellent safety profiles, significant immunogenicity against foreign expressed antigens and are able to induce protective immune responses. In view of the limited efficacy triggered by some poxvirus strains used in clinical trials (i.e, ALVAC in the RV144 phase III clinical trial for HIV), and of the restrictive replication capacity of the highly attenuated vectors like MVA and NYVAC, there is a consensus that further improvements of these vectors should be pursuit. In this review we considered several strategies that are currently being implemented, as well as new approaches, to improve the immunogenicity of the poxvirus vectors. This includes heterologous prime/boost protocols, use of co-stimulatory molecules, deletion of viral immunomodulatory genes still present in the poxvirus genome, enhancing virus promoter strength, enhancing vector replication capacity, optimizing expression of foreign heterologous sequences, and the combined use of adjuvants. An optimized poxvirus vector triggering long-lasting immunity with a high protective efficacy against a selective disease should be sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-Arriaza
- a Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Madrid, Spain
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Batista-Duharte A, Portuondo D, Pérez O, Carlos IZ. Systemic immunotoxicity reactions induced by adjuvanted vaccines. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 20:170-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Vaccination with tumor cells expressing IL-15 and IL-15Rα inhibits murine breast and prostate cancer. Gene Ther 2014; 21:393-401. [PMID: 24572789 PMCID: PMC3976433 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A number of antitumor vaccines have recently shown promise in upregulating immune responses against tumor antigens and improving patient survival. In this study, we examine the effectiveness of vaccination using interleukin (IL)-15-expressing tumor cells and also examine their ability to upregulate immune responses to tumor antigens. We demonstrated that the coexpression of IL-15 with its receptor, IL-15Rα, increased the cell-surface expression and secretion of IL-15. We show that a gene transfer approach using recombinant adenovirus to express IL-15 and IL-15Rα in murine TRAMP-C2 prostate or TS/A breast tumors induced antitumor immune responses. From this, we developed a vaccine platform, consisting of TRAMP-C2 prostate cancer cells or TS/A breast cancer cells coexpressing IL-15 and IL-15Rα that inhibited tumor formation when mice were challenged with tumor. Inhibition of tumor growth led to improved survival when compared with animals receiving cells expressing IL-15 alone or unmodified tumor cells. Animals vaccinated with tumor cells coexpressing IL-15 and IL-15Rα showed greater tumor infiltration with CD8(+) T and natural killer (NK) cells, as well as increased antitumor CD8(+) T-cell responses. Vaccination with IL-15/IL-15Rα-modified TS/A breast cancer cells provided a survival advantage to mice challenged with unrelated murine TUBO breast cancer cells, indicating the potential for allogeneic IL-15/IL-15Rα-expressing vaccines.
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You Q, Wu Y, Wu Y, Wei W, Wang C, Jiang D, Yu X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Tang Z, Jiang C, Kong W. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of heterologous prime-boost regimens with mycobacterial vaccines and recombinant adenovirus- and poxvirus-vectored vaccines against murine tuberculosis. Int J Infect Dis 2012; 16:e816-25. [PMID: 22921259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate regimens using bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or recombinant BCG (rBCG) overexpressing Ag85B for priming, followed by boosting with a modified vaccinia virus Ankara strain (MVA) and/or adenovirus vector (AD) expressing an Ag85B-ESAT6 fusion protein. METHODS Cellular and humoral immune responses were determined after subcutaneous vaccination, which was employed to trigger systemic immunity against intravenous infection in a mouse model of tuberculosis (TB). Bacterial loads and lung histology were evaluated. RESULTS The relative IgG2a and IgG1 antibody levels indicated that the viral-vectored vaccines generated a T-helper type 1 (Th1)-biased response after two doses of viral boost vaccinations. Boosting BCG-primed mice with viral vaccines induced a Th1 immune response that included both CD4 and CD8 T-cells generating antigen-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and CD8 T cytotoxic activity. Only mice vaccinated with two different viral boosters after BCG priming exhibited a significant reduction in bacterial burden in the lung after challenge. Histology examinations confirmed the attenuation of lung damage and more compact granulomas. After mycobacteria priming, boosting with AD85B-E6 followed by MVA85B-E6 afforded better protection than the reverse order of administration of the viral vectors. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the potential of multiple heterologous viral booster vaccines, although the exact correlates of protection and optimal regimens should be further investigated for the rational design of future vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingrui You
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Gaoxin District Changchun, Jilin, China
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Lousberg EL, Diener KR, Brown MP, Hayball JD. Innate immune recognition of poxviral vaccine vectors. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 10:1435-49. [PMID: 21988308 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The study of poxviruses pioneered the field of vaccinology after Jenner's remarkable discovery that 'vaccination' with the phylogenetically related cowpox virus conferred immunity to the devastating disease of smallpox. The study of poxviruses continues to enrich the field of virology because the global eradication of smallpox provides a unique example of the potency of effective immunization. Other poxviruses have since been developed as vaccine vectors for clinical and veterinary applications and include modified vaccinia virus strains such as modified vaccinia Ankara and NYVAC as well as the avipox viruses, fowlpox virus and canarypox virus. Despite the empirical development of poxvirus-based vectored vaccines, it is only now becoming apparent that we need to better understand how the innate arm of the immune system drives adaptive immunity to poxviruses, and how this information is relevant to vaccine design strategies, which are the topics addressed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Lousberg
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
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Parra M, Derrick SC, Yang A, Tian J, Kolibab K, Oakley M, Perera LP, Jacobs WR, Kumar S, Morris SL. Malaria infections do not compromise vaccine-induced immunity against tuberculosis in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28164. [PMID: 22205939 PMCID: PMC3242757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Given the considerable geographic overlap in the endemic regions for malaria and tuberculosis, it is probable that co-infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium species are prevalent. Thus, it is quite likely that both malaria and TB vaccines may be used in the same populations in endemic areas. While novel vaccines are currently being developed and tested individually against each of these pathogens, the efficacy of these vaccines has not been evaluated in co-infection models. To further assess the effectiveness of these new immunization strategies, we investigated whether co-infection with malaria would impact the anti-tuberculosis protection induced by four different types of TB vaccines in a mouse model of pulmonary tuberculosis. Principal Findings Here we show that the anti-tuberculosis protective immunity induced by four different tuberculosis vaccines was not impacted by a concurrent infection with Plasmodium yoelii NL, a nonlethal form of murine malaria. After an aerogenic challenge with virulent M. tuberculosis, the lung bacterial burdens of vaccinated animals were not statistically different in malaria infected and malaria naïve mice. Multi-parameter flow cytometric analysis showed that the frequency and the median fluorescence intensities (MFI) for specific multifunctional T (MFT) cells expressing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and/or IL-2 were suppressed by the presence of malaria parasites at 2 weeks following the malaria infection but was not affected after parasite clearance at 7 and 10 weeks post-challenge with P. yoelii NL. Conclusions Our data indicate that the effectiveness of novel TB vaccines in protecting against tuberculosis was unaffected by a primary malaria co-infection in a mouse model of pulmonary tuberculosis. While the activities of specific MFT cell subsets were reduced at elevated levels of malaria parasitemia, the T cell suppression was short-lived. Our findings have important relevance in developing strategies for the deployment of new TB vaccines in malaria endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Parra
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, USFDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven C. Derrick
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, USFDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amy Yang
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, USFDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - JinHua Tian
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, USFDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristopher Kolibab
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, USFDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Miranda Oakley
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, USFDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Liyanage P. Perera
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanjai Kumar
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Research and Review, USFDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sheldon L. Morris
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Review, USFDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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You Q, Jiang C, Wu Y, Yu X, Chen Y, Zhang X, Wei W, Wang Y, Tang Z, Jiang D, Wu Y, Wang C, Meng X, Zhao X, Kong W. Subcutaneous Administration of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Expressing an Ag85B-ESAT6 Fusion Protein, but Not an Adenovirus-Based Vaccine, Protects Mice Against Intravenous Challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Scand J Immunol 2011; 75:77-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Chatterjee S, Dwivedi VP, Singh Y, Siddiqui I, Sharma P, Van Kaer L, Chattopadhyay D, Das G. Early secreted antigen ESAT-6 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes protective T helper 17 cell responses in a toll-like receptor-2-dependent manner. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002378. [PMID: 22102818 PMCID: PMC3213116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its relatively poor efficacy, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been used as a tuberculosis (TB) vaccine since its development in 1921. BCG induces robust T helper 1 (Th1) immune responses but, for many individuals, this is not sufficient for host resistance against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection. Here we provide evidence that early secreted antigenic target protein 6 (ESAT-6), expressed by the virulent M. tb strain H37Rv but not by BCG, promotes vaccine-enhancing Th17 cell responses. These activities of ESAT-6 were dependent on TLR-2/MyD88 signalling and involved IL-6 and TGF-β production by dendritic cells. Thus, animals that were previously infected with H37Rv or recombinant BCG containing the RD1 region (BCG::RD1) exhibited improved protection upon re-challenge with virulent H37Rv compared with mice previously infected with BCG or RD1-deficient H37Rv (H37RvΔRD1). However, TLR-2 knockout (TLR-2⁻/⁻) animals neither showed Th17 responses nor exhibited improved protection in response to immunization with H37Rv. Furthermore, H37Rv and BCG::RD1 infection had little effect on the expression of the anti-inflammatory microRNA-146a (miR146a) in dendritic cells (DCs), whereas BCG and H37RvΔRD1 profoundly induced its expression in DCs. Consistent with these findings, ESAT-6 had no effect on miR146a expression in uninfected DCs, but dramatically inhibited its upregulation in BCG-infected or LPS-treated DCs. Collectively, our findings indicate that, in addition to Th1 immunity induced by BCG, RD1/ESAT-6-induced Th17 immune responses are essential for optimal vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samit Chatterjee
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Yogesh Singh
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Imran Siddiqui
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Gobardhan Das
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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West NP, Thomson SA, Triccas JA, Medveczky CJ, Ramshaw IA, Britton WJ. Delivery of a multivalent scrambled antigen vaccine induces broad spectrum immunity and protection against tuberculosis. Vaccine 2011; 29:7759-65. [PMID: 21846485 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of effective anti-Tuberculosis (TB) vaccines is an important step towards improved control of TB in high burden countries. Subunit vaccines are advantageous in terms of safety, particularly in the context of high rates of HIV co-infection, but they must contain sufficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens to stimulate immunity in genetically diverse human populations. We have used a novel approach to develop a synthetic scrambled antigen vaccine (TB-SAVINE), comprised of overlapping, recombined peptides from four M. tuberculosis proteins, Ag85B, ESAT-6, PstS3 and Mpt83, each of which is immunogenic and protective against experimental TB. This polyvalent TB-SAVINE construct stimulated CD4 and CD8T cell responses against the individual proteins and M. tuberculosis in C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice, when delivered as DNA, Fowl Pox Virus or Vaccinia Virus vaccines. In addition, the DNA-TBS vaccine induced protective immunity against pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection in C57BL/6 mice. Co-immunization of Balb/c mice with virally expressed TBS and HIV1-SAVINE vaccine stimulated strong T cell responses to both the M. tuberculosis and HIV proteins, indicating no effects of antigenic competition. Further development of this TB-SAVINE vaccine expressing components from multiple M. tuberculosis proteins may prove an effective vaccine candidate against TB, which could potentially form part of a safe, combined preventative strategy together with HIV immunisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P West
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, NSW, 2042, Australia.
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Highly persistent and effective prime/boost regimens against tuberculosis that use a multivalent modified vaccine virus Ankara-based tuberculosis vaccine with interleukin-15 as a molecular adjuvant. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:793-801. [PMID: 20357059 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00006-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel immunization strategies are needed to enhance the global control of tuberculosis (TB). In this study, we assessed the immunizing activity of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) construct (MVA/IL-15/5Mtb) which overexpresses five Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens (antigen 85A, antigen 85B, ESAT6, HSP60, and Mtb39), as well as the molecular adjuvant interleukin-15 (IL-15). Homologous prime/boost studies showed that the MVA/IL-15/5Mtb vaccine induced moderate but highly persistent protective immune responses for at least 16 months after the initial vaccination and that the interval between the prime and boost did not significantly alter vaccine-induced antituberculosis protective immunity. At 16 months, when the Mycobacterium bovis BCG and MVA/IL-15/5Mtb vaccine-induced protection was essentially equivalent, the protective responses after a tuberculous challenge were associated with elevated levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), IL-17F, Cxcl9, and Cxcl10. To amplify the immunizing potential of the MVA/IL-15/5Mtb vaccine, a heterologous prime/boost regimen was tested using an ESAT6-antigen 85B (E6-85) fusion protein formulated in dimethyldiotacylammonium bromide/monophosphoryl lipid A (DDA/MPL) adjuvant as the priming vaccine and the MVA/IL-15/5Mtb recombinant virus as the boosting agent. When MVA/IL-15/5Mtb vaccine boosting was done at 2 or 6 months following the final fusion protein injections, the prime/boost regimen evoked protective responses against an aerogenic M. tuberculosis challenge which was equivalent to that induced by BCG immunization. Long-term memory after immunization with the E6-85-MVA/IL-15/5Mtb combination regimen was associated with the induction of monofunctional CD4 and CD8 IFN-gamma-producing T cells and multifunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells expressing IFN-gamma/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), TNF-alpha/IL-2, and IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha/IL-2. In contrast, BCG-induced protection was characterized by fewer CD4 and CD8 monofunctional T cells expressing IFN-gamma and only IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha/IL-2 expressing multifunctional T (MFT) cells. Taken together, these results suggest that a heterologous prime/boost protocol using an MVA-based tuberculosis vaccines to boost after priming with TB protein/adjuvant preparations should be considered when designing long-lived TB immunization strategies.
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Kolibab K, Parra M, Yang AL, Perera LP, Derrick SC, Morris SL. A practical in vitro growth inhibition assay for the evaluation of TB vaccines. Vaccine 2009; 28:317-22. [PMID: 19879231 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
New vaccines and novel immunization strategies are needed to improve the control of the global tuberculosis epidemic. To facilitate vaccine development, we have been creating in vitro mycobacterial intra-macrophage growth inhibition assays. Here we describe the development of an in vitro assay designed for BSL-2 laboratories which measures the capacity of vaccine-induced immune splenocytes to control the growth of isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium bovis BCG (INH(r) BCG). The use of the INH(r) BCG as the infecting organism allows the discrimination of BCG bacilli used in murine vaccinations from BCG used in the in vitro assay. In this study, we showed that protective immune responses evoked by four different types of Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccines [BCG, an ESAT6/Antigen 85B fusion protein formulated in DDA/MPL adjuvant, a DNA vaccine expressing the same fusion protein, and a TB Modified Vaccinia Ankara construct expressing four TB antigens (MVA-4TB)] were detected. Importantly, the levels of vaccine-induced protective immunity seen in the in vitro assay correlated with the results from in vivo protection studies in the mouse model of pulmonary tuberculosis. Furthermore, the growth inhibition data for the INH(r) BCG assay was similar to the previously reported results for a M. tuberculosis infection assay. The cytokine expression profiles at day 7 of the INH(r) BCG growth inhibition studies were also similar but not identical to the cytokine patterns detected in earlier M. tuberculosis co-culture assays. Overall, we have shown that a BSL-2 compatible in vitro growth inhibition assay using INH(r) BCG as the intra-macrophage target organism should be useful in developing and evaluating new TB immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher Kolibab
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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Development of a murine mycobacterial growth inhibition assay for evaluating vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1025-32. [PMID: 19458207 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00067-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The development and characterization of new tuberculosis (TB) vaccines has been impeded by the lack of reproducible and reliable in vitro assays for measuring vaccine activity. In this study, we developed a murine in vitro mycobacterial growth inhibition assay for evaluating TB vaccines that directly assesses the capacity of immune splenocytes to control the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within infected macrophages. Using this in vitro assay, protective immune responses induced by immunization with five different types of TB vaccine preparations (Mycobacterium bovis BCG, an attenuated M. tuberculosis mutant strain, a DNA vaccine, a modified vaccinia virus strain Ankara [MVA] construct expressing four TB antigens, and a TB fusion protein formulated in adjuvant) can be detected. Importantly, the levels of vaccine-induced mycobacterial growth-inhibitory responses seen in vitro after 1 week of coculture correlated with the protective immune responses detected in vivo at 28 days postchallenge in a mouse model of pulmonary tuberculosis. In addition, similar patterns of cytokine expression were evoked at day 7 of the in vitro culture by immune splenocytes taken from animals immunized with the different TB vaccines. Among the consistently upregulated cytokines detected in the immune cocultures are gamma interferon, growth differentiation factor 15, interleukin-21 (IL-21), IL-27, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Overall, we have developed an in vitro functional assay that may be useful for screening and comparing new TB vaccine preparations, investigating vaccine-induced protective mechanisms, and assessing manufacturing issues, including product potency and stability.
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