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Di Lorenzo A, Bianchi FP, Martinelli A, Lattanzio S, Carbonara A, Diella G, Tafuri S, Stefanizzi P. Safety Profile of Recommended Vaccinations in Adolescents: Data from Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Immunization in Puglia (Italy), 2016-2020. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111302. [PMID: 34835232 PMCID: PMC8625412 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical period for immunization, in which the adhesion rate to recommended vaccinations is often lower than desired. Since the safety of new vaccines is one of the most important factors determining vaccination hesitancy, post-marketing surveillance of adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to better understand the safety of these drugs. This report describes AEFIs notified in Puglia (Italy) after recommended vaccinations in adolescents aged 12 to 18 years in 2016–2020 to determine the safety profile of these products in a real-life scenario. This is a retrospective observational study. Data were gathered from the list of AEFIs notified in subjects between 12 and 18 years of age following administration of recommended vaccines in Puglia in 2016–2020. AEFIs were classified according to the WHO’s decisional algorithm, and causality assessment was carried out for serious AEFIs. From 2016 to 2020, 323,627 doses of vaccine were administered to adolescents in Puglia and 50 AEFIs were reported (reporting rate: 15.4 × 100,000 doses). Of these, 17 (34.0%) were classified as serious, and causality assessment identified 13 of them (76.5%) as vaccine related. The most common symptoms were local reactions, fever and neurological symptoms. No deaths were notified. The benefits of immunization in adolescents appear to be greater than the risk of AEFIs for all studied vaccines; in fact, AEFIs occur in less than 0.1‰ of patients and are generally mild and self-limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Silvio Tafuri
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0805594275; Fax: +39-0805478472
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Lee J, Choi JH, Wie SH, Park SH, Choi SM, Lee MS, Kim TH, Lee HJ, Kang JH. A Phase III Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of GC1107 (Adult Tetanus Diphtheria Vaccine) in Healthy Adults. J Korean Med Sci 2019; 34:e31. [PMID: 30686952 PMCID: PMC6345633 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to assess the immunogenicity and safety of GC1107 (adult tetanus diphtheria [Td] vaccine). The primary goal was to evaluate the non-inferiority of the immunogenicity of GC1107 compared to the control vaccine. Additionally, the safety profiles of GC1107 and the control vaccine were compared. METHODS The subjects were adults ≥ 18 years old who were not injected with Td or adult tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis (TdaP) vaccine within the recent 5 years. A total of 253 subjects were enrolled and randomized to either the GC1107 group or the control group. For immunogenicity assessment, blood samples were collected at baseline and 28 days after vaccination and antibody titer of diphtheria and tetanus were assessed. RESULTS The seroprotection rates of diphtheria and tetanus were 89.76% and 91.34%, respectively, in the GC1107 group, and 87.80% and 86.99% in the control group. The geometric mean titer (GMT) of the anti-diphtheria antibody increased after vaccination in both groups, showing no significant difference between the groups (P = 0.139). The anti-tetanus GMTs after vaccination also showed comparable increases in both groups, and showed no significant difference (P = 0.860). In the safety evaluation, solicited local adverse reactions occurred in 81.2% of the subjects in the GC1107 group and in 86.4% of the subjects in the control group. Solicited systemic adverse events occurred in 33.2% of the subjects in the GC1107 group and in 47.2% of the subjects in the control group, which did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION This phase III study demonstrated non-inferiority in immunogenicity and comparable safety of GC1107 compared with the control Td vaccine. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02361866.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seong-Heon Wie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Su-Mi Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Suk Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Hyong Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Jin Han Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul St. Mary's Hosptial, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Han SB, Rhim JW, Shin HJ, Kim SY, Kim JH, Kim HH, Lee KY, Kim HM, Choi YY, Ma SH, Kim CS, Kim DH, Ahn DH, Kang JH. Immunogenicity and safety of the new reduced-dose tetanus-diphtheria vaccine in healthy Korean adolescents: A comparative active control, double-blind, randomized, multicenter phase III study. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2015; 50:207-213. [PMID: 26055693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE A new reduced-dose tetanus-diphtheria (Td) vaccine was developed in Korea, and phase I and II clinical trials were successfully undertaken. We conducted this double-blind, randomized, multicenter phase III clinical trial to assess the immunogenicity and safety of the new Td vaccine. METHODS Healthy adolescents 11-12 years of age were enrolled and randomized to receive the new Td vaccine (study group) or a commercially available Td vaccine (control group). Blood samples were collected prior to and 4 weeks after the vaccination. Between the study and control groups, seroprotection rate, booster response, and geometric mean titer of antibodies against diphtheria and tetanus toxoids were compared after the vaccination. All solicited and unsolicited adverse events and serious adverse events during the 6-week study period were monitored. RESULTS A total of 164 adolescents received vaccination, and 156 of them were evaluated to assess immunogenicity. The seroprotection rate and geometric mean titer for antibodies against diphtheria were significantly higher in the study group, whereas those against tetanus were significantly higher in the control group. However, all seroprotection rates against diphtheria and tetanus in the study and control groups were high: 100% against diphtheria and tetanus in the study group, and 98.7% against diphtheria and 100% against tetanus in the control group. No significant differences in the frequency of solicited and unsolicited adverse events were observed between the two vaccine groups. CONCLUSION The new Td vaccine is highly immunogenic and safe, and this new Td vaccine can be effectively used for preventing diphtheria and tetanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Beom Han
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Rhim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jo Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Yil Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwang Min Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Youn Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyuk Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Changwon Fatima Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Soo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Ahn
- Research Center, Green Cross Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Han Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Rhim JW, Lee KY, Kim SY, Kim JH, Kim HH, Kim HM, Choi YY, Ma SH, Kim DH, Ahn DH, Kang JH. Evaluation of immunogenicity and safety of the new tetanus-reduced diphtheria (Td) vaccines (GC1107) in healthy Korean adolescents: a phase II, double-blind, randomized, multicenter clinical trial. J Korean Med Sci 2013; 28:586-92. [PMID: 23579367 PMCID: PMC3617313 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.4.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This phase II clinical trial was conducted to compare the immunogenicity and safety of a newly developed tetanus-reduced diphtheria (Td) vaccine (GC1107-T5.0 and GC1107-T7.5) and control vaccine. This study was also performed to select the proper dose of tetanus toxoid in the new Td vaccines. Healthy adolescents aged between 11 and 12 yr participated in this study. A total of 130 subjects (44 GC1107-T5.0, 42 GC1107-T7.5 and 44 control vaccine) completed a single dose of vaccination. Blood samples were collected from the subjects before and 4 weeks after the vaccination. In this study, all subjects (100%) in both GC1107-T5.0 and GC1107-T7.5 groups showed seroprotective antibody levels (≥ 0.1 U/mL) against diphtheria or tetanus toxoids. After the vaccination, the geometric mean titer (GMT) against diphtheria was significantly higher in Group GC1107-T5.0 (6.53) and GC1107-T7.5 (6.11) than in the control group (3.96). The GMT against tetanus was 18.6 in Group GC1107-T5.0, 19.94 in GC1107-T7.5 and 19.01 in the control group after the vaccination. In this study, the rates of local adverse reactions were 67.3% and 59.1% in GC1107-T5.0 and GC1107-7.5, respectively. No significant differences in the number of adverse reactions, prevalence and degree of severity of the solicited and unsolicited adverse reactions were observed among the three groups. Thus, both newly developed Td vaccines appear to be safe and show good immunogenicity. GC1107-T5.0, which contains relatively small amounts of tetanus toxoid, has been selected for a phase III clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woo Rhim
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Yil Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Yong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwang Min Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Young-Youn Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Changwon Fatima Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Ahn
- Research Center, Green Cross Corporation, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jin-Han Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Shin J, Kim J, Song K. Influences on formation of tetanus antibody after simultaneous injection of tetanus immunoglobulin with tetanus vaccine. J Korean Med Sci 2012; 27:934-8. [PMID: 22876062 PMCID: PMC3410243 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.8.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine how much the formation of tetanus antibody is influenced after a single injection of tetanus vaccine (Td) and the simultaneous injection of tetanus vaccine with tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG). All of the healthy adult volunteers were divided into two groups: group 1 (Td only) and group 2 (Td plus TIG). Two hundred thirty seven volunteers were enrolled. When the baseline antibody titer, gender and age were adjusted, the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of the tetanus antibody (group 1 vs group 2) was 0.8438 IU/mL vs 0.5684 IU/mL at 4 weeks (P = 0.002), 0.4074 IU/mL vs 0.3217 IU/mL at 6 months (P = 0.072) and 0.3398 IU/mL vs 0.2761 IU/mL at 12 months (P = 0.140) after injection, respectively. The formation of tetanus antibody after tetanus vaccination is not influenced by TIG at the late period and in adults below the age of 50 yr, but there are significant differences between the two groups at the early period of 4 weeks after vaccination and for the patients over 60 yr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwan Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
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Lee S, Park WB, Shin KH, Ahn DH, Yoon SH, Cho JY, Shin SG, Jang IJ, Yu KS. Immunogenicity and safety of a single intramuscular dose of a diphtheria–tetanus toxoid (Td) vaccine (GC1107) in Korean adults. Vaccine 2011; 29:7638-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Bavaro SL, Kanduc D. Pentapeptide commonality between Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin and the Homo sapiens proteome. Immunotherapy 2010; 3:49-58. [PMID: 21174557 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-reactivity may affect diagnostic tests and cause harmful autoimmune reactions following immunotherapy. To predict potential cross-reactivity and search for safe immunotherapeutic approaches, we analyzed sequence identity between microbial antigens and the human proteome. Using diphtheria toxin (DT) as a model, we examined its patterns of identity with human proteins at the pentapeptide level. DT shares 503 pentapeptides with the human proteome, while only 31 pentapeptides are unique to the toxin. DT pentapeptide identity involves multiple/repeated matches in human proteins (a total of 4966 occurrences). Human proteins containing bacterial peptide matches include antigens linked to fundamental cellular functions, such as cell cycle control, proliferation, development and differentiation. The data presented in this article offer a rational basis for designing peptide-based vaccines that specifically target DT and thus eliminate the potential risk of cross-reactivity with human proteins. More generally, this study proposes a methodological approach for avoiding cross-reactivity in immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Lucia Bavaro
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Bari 70126, Italy
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Choi JH, Choo EJ, Huh A, Choi SM, Eom JS, Lee JS, Park SH, Kang JH. Immunogenicity and safety of diphtheria-tetanus vaccine in adults. J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25:1727-32. [PMID: 21165286 PMCID: PMC2995225 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.12.1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of diphtheria-tetanus (Td) vaccine in adults over 40 yr old who had never received a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccination. A total of 242 subject completed three-doses of Td vaccination and subsequent assays for immunogenicity. Before vaccination, 33.9% and 96.7% participants showed antibody levels of diphtheria and tetanus, respectively, which were below protective level (<0.1 U/mL). After the first dose of Td vaccine, 92.6% and 77.6% of subjects gained protective antibody concentrations (≥ 0.1 U/mL) for diphtheria and tetanus, with an increase to 99.6% and 100% after the third dose. Local and systemic adverse events occurred in 37.9% and 15.5% of the subjects. No serious adverse event requiring an unscheduled hospital visit occurred. In conclusion, three-doses of Td vaccination to unimmunized adults are safe and effective in inducing protective immunity against diphtheria and tetanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Choo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Aejung Huh
- National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hostpital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Su-Mi Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong Sik Eom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical College, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jin Seo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical College, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Han Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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