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Fan C, Xiong F, Zhang S, Gong Z, Liao Q, Li G, Guo C, Xiong W, Huang H, Zeng Z. Role of adhesion molecules in cancer and targeted therapy. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:940-957. [PMID: 38212458 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2417-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules mediate cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions and transmit mechanical and chemical signals among them. Various mechanisms deregulate adhesion molecules in cancer, enabling tumor cells to proliferate without restraint, invade through tissue boundaries, escape from immune surveillance, and survive in the tumor microenvironment. Recent studies have revealed that adhesion molecules also drive angiogenesis, reshape metabolism, and are involved in stem cell self-renewal. In this review, we summarize the functions and mechanisms of adhesion molecules in cancer and the tumor microenvironment, as well as the therapeutic strategies targeting adhesion molecules. These studies have implications for furthering our understanding of adhesion molecules in cancer and providing a paradigm for exploring novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Fang Xiong
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Can Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
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Shafaati M, Saidijam M, Soleimani M, Hazrati F, Mirzaei R, Amirheidari B, Tanzadehpanah H, Karampoor S, Kazemi S, Yavari B, Mahaki H, Safaei M, Rahbarizadeh F, Samadi P, Ahmadyousefi Y. A brief review on DNA vaccines in the era of COVID-19. Future Virol 2021; 17:10.2217/fvl-2021-0170. [PMID: 34858516 PMCID: PMC8629371 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a brief overview of DNA vaccines. First, the basic DNA vaccine design strategies are described, then specific issues related to the industrial production of DNA vaccines are discussed, including the production and purification of DNA products such as plasmid DNA, minicircle DNA, minimalistic, immunologically defined gene expression (MIDGE) and Doggybone™. The use of adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines is then discussed. In addition, different delivery routes and several physical and chemical methods to increase the efficacy of DNA delivery into cells are explained. Recent preclinical and clinical trials of DNA vaccines for COVID-19 are then summarized. Lastly, the advantages and obstacles of DNA vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shafaati
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Meysam Soleimani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fereshte Hazrati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Bagher Amirheidari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Extremophile and Productive Microorganisms Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Tanzadehpanah
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Kazemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Bahram Yavari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hanie Mahaki
- Vascular & Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Safaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouria Samadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Ahmadyousefi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Colluru VT, McNeel DG. B lymphocytes as direct antigen-presenting cells for anti-tumor DNA vaccines. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67901-67918. [PMID: 27661128 PMCID: PMC5356528 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of remarkable preclinical efficacy, DNA vaccination has demonstrated low immunogenicity in humans. While efforts have focused on increasing cross-presentation of DNA-encoded antigens, efforts to increase DNA vaccine immunogenicity by targeting direct presentation have remained mostly unexplored. In these studies, we compared the ability of different APCs to present antigen to T cells after simple co-culture with plasmid DNA. We found that human primary peripheral B lymphocytes, and not monocytes or in vitro derived dendritic cells (DCs), were able to efficiently encode antigen mRNA and expand cognate tumor antigen-specific CD8 T cells ex vivo. Similarly, murine B lymphocytes co-cultured with plasmid DNA, and not DCs, were able to prime antigen-specific T cells in vivo. Moreover, B lymphocyte-mediated presentation of plasmid antigen led to greater Th1-biased immunity and was sufficient to elicit an anti-tumor effect in vivo. Surprisingly, increasing plasmid presentation by B cells, and not cross presentation of peptides by DCs, further augmented traditional plasmid vaccination. Together, these data suggest that targeting plasmid DNA to B lymphocytes, for example through transfer of ex vivo plasmidloaded B cells, may be novel means to achieve greater T cell immunity from DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswa Teja Colluru
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Douglas G McNeel
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Abstract
DNA vaccines offer many advantages over other anti-tumor vaccine approaches due to their simplicity, ease of manufacturing, and safety. Results from several clinical trials in patients with cancer have demonstrated that DNA vaccines are safe and can elicit immune responses. However, to date few DNA vaccines have progressed beyond phase I clinical trial evaluation. Studies into the mechanism of action of DNA vaccines in terms of antigen-presenting cell types able to directly present or cross-present DNA-encoded antigens, and the activation of innate immune responses due to DNA itself, have suggested opportunities to increase the immunogenicity of these vaccines. In addition, studies into the mechanisms of tumor resistance to anti-tumor vaccination have suggested combination approaches that can increase the anti-tumor effect of DNA vaccines. This review focuses on these mechanisms of action and mechanisms of resistance using DNA vaccines, and how this information is being used to improve the anti-tumor effect of DNA vaccines. These approaches are then specifically discussed in the context of human prostate cancer, a disease for which DNA vaccines have been and continue to be explored as treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Zahm
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Viswa Teja Colluru
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Douglas G McNeel
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
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Sharma D, Al-Khalidi R, Edgar S, An Q, Wang Y, Young C, Nowis D, Gorecki DC. Co-delivery of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase prevents loss of expression of an antigenic transgene in dystrophic mouse muscles. Gene Ther 2016; 24:113-119. [PMID: 28004656 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A significant problem affecting gene therapy approaches aiming at achieving long-term transgene expression is the immune response against the protein product of the therapeutic gene, which can reduce or eliminate the therapeutic effect. The problem is further exacerbated when therapy involves targeting an immunogenic tissue and/or one with a pre-existing inflammatory phenotype, such as dystrophic muscles. In this proof-of-principle study, we co-expressed a model antigen, bacterial β-galactosidase, with an immunosuppressive factor, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), in muscles of the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This treatment prevented loss of expression of the transgene concomitant with significantly elevated expression of T-regulatory (Treg) markers in the IDO1-expressing muscles. Moreover, co-expression of IDO1 resulted in reduced serum levels of anti-β-gal antibodies. These data indicate that co-expression of genes encoding immunomodulatory enzymes controlling kynurenine pathways provide a viable strategy for preventing loss of transgenes targeted into dystrophic muscles with pre-existing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sharma
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - R Al-Khalidi
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - S Edgar
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Q An
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Y Wang
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - C Young
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - D Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - D C Gorecki
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Tiptiri-Kourpeti A, Spyridopoulou K, Pappa A, Chlichlia K. DNA vaccines to attack cancer: Strategies for improving immunogenicity and efficacy. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:32-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Di Paolo NC, Shafiani S, Day T, Papayannopoulou T, Papayannoupoulou T, Russell DW, Iwakura Y, Sherman D, Urdahl K, Shayakhmetov DM. Interdependence between Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Regulates TNF-Dependent Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Immunity 2016; 43:1125-36. [PMID: 26682985 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin-1 receptor I (IL-1RI) is critical for host resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), yet the mechanisms of IL-1RI-mediated pathogen control remain unclear. Here, we show that without IL-1RI, Mtb-infected newly recruited Ly6G(hi) myeloid cells failed to upregulate tumor necrosis factor receptor I (TNF-RI) and to produce reactive oxygen species, resulting in compromised pathogen control. Furthermore, simultaneous ablation of IL-1RI and TNF-RI signaling on either stroma or hematopoietic cells led to early lethality, indicating non-redundant and synergistic roles of IL-1 and TNF in mediating macrophage-stroma cross-talk that was critical for optimal control of Mtb infection. Finally, we show that even in the presence of functional Mtb-specific adaptive immunity, the lack of IL-1α and not IL-1β led to an exuberant intracellular pathogen replication and progressive non-resolving inflammation. Our study reveals functional interdependence between IL-1 and TNF in enabling Mtb control mechanisms that are critical for host survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson C Di Paolo
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Shahin Shafiani
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tracey Day
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Thalia Papayannoupoulou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David W Russell
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - David Sherman
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kevin Urdahl
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dmitry M Shayakhmetov
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Transplantation and Immuno-mediated Disorders, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Yu X, Pappu R, Ramirez-Carrozzi V, Ota N, Caplazi P, Zhang J, Yan D, Xu M, Lee WP, Grogan JL. TNF superfamily member TL1A elicits type 2 innate lymphoid cells at mucosal barriers. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:730-40. [PMID: 24220298 PMCID: PMC3998636 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses at mucosal barriers are regulated by innate type 2 lymphoid cells (ILC2s) that elaborate effector cytokines interleukins 5 and 13 (IL5 and IL13). IL25 and IL33 are key cytokines that support ILC2s; however, mice deficient in these pathways retain some functional ILC2s. Analysis of human and murine cells revealed that ILC2s highly express tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor superfamily member DR3 (TNFRSF25). Engagement of DR3 with cognate ligand TL1A promoted ILC2 expansion, survival, and function. Exogenous protein or genetic overexpression of TL1A activated ILC2s independent of IL25 or IL33. Dr3(-/-) mice failed to control gut helminthic infections, and failed to mount ILC2 responses in the lung after nasal challenge with papain. Our data demonstrate a key role for TL1A in promoting ILC2s at mucosal barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yu
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - R Pappu
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - V Ramirez-Carrozzi
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - N Ota
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - P Caplazi
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - D Yan
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - M Xu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - W P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - J L Grogan
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA,
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Pandya J, Ortiz L, Ling C, Rivers AE, Aslanidi G. Rationally designed capsid and transgene cassette of AAV6 vectors for dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:116-23. [PMID: 24217810 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy has recently demonstrated a great potential for clinical applications; however, additional progress in the methods of tumor-specific antigen delivery to DCs is necessary for the further development of anti-tumor vaccines. To this end, a capsid-optimized adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (AAV6-T492V+S663V) vector was developed by site-directed mutagenesis of surface-exposed serine (S) and threonine (T) residues, which have a critical role in intracellular trafficking of AAV vectors. This double-mutant AAV6 vector had ∼ 5-fold greater transduction efficiency in monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) compared with wild-type (WT)-AAV6 vectors. The increase in the transduction efficiency correlated with the improved nuclear translocation of AAV6-T492V+S663V over that of the WT-AAV6 vector. Additional studies of the CD11c promoter identified critical regulatory elements that fit into the AAV expression cassette and drive EGFP expression in moDCs. Development of a chimeric promoter (chmCD11c) that contains functional modules of CD11c and a Simian virus (SV40) enhancer element dramatically increased the EGFP expression in moDCs. MoDCs transduced by the capsid-optimized AAV6 vector carrying human prostate-specific antigen (hPSA) driven by CBA (AAV6-T492V+S663V-CBA-hPSA) or chmCd11c (AAV6-T492V+S663V-chmCD11c-hPSA) generated specific T-cell clone proliferation and superior cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) with higher killing capability against human prostate adenocarcinoma cells, LNCaP, compared with WT-AAV6 induced CTLs. Taken together, these studies suggest that optimization of capsid and promoter components of AAV vectors can be a useful approach for efficient targeting of moDCs and may prove to be a promising tool for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jheel Pandya
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Luis Ortiz
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics; University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chen Ling
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics; University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Angela E Rivers
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - George Aslanidi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics; University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Dendritic cells the tumor microenvironment and the challenges for an effective antitumor vaccination. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:425476. [PMID: 22505809 PMCID: PMC3312387 DOI: 10.1155/2012/425476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many clinical trials have been carried out or are in progress to assess the therapeutic potential of dendritic-cell- (DC-) based vaccines on cancer patients, and recently the first DC-based vaccine for human cancer was approved by the FDA. Herewith, we describe the general characteristics of DCs and different strategies to generate effective antitumor DC vaccines. In recent years, the relevance of the tumor microenvironment in the progression of cancer has been highlighted. It has been shown that the tumor microenvironment is capable of inactivating various components of the immune system responsible for tumor clearance. In particular, the effect of the tumor microenvironment on antigen-presenting cells, such as DCs, does not only render these immune cells unable to induce specific immune responses, but also turns them into promoters of tumor growth. We also describe strategies likely to increase the efficacy of DC vaccines by reprogramming the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment.
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Zhang X, de Chickera SN, Willert C, Economopoulos V, Noad J, Rohani R, Wang AY, Levings MK, Scheid E, Foley R, Foster PJ, Dekaban GA. Cellular magnetic resonance imaging of monocyte-derived dendritic cell migration from healthy donors and cancer patients as assessed in a scid mouse model. Cytotherapy 2011; 13:1234-48. [PMID: 21923625 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.605349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS. The use of dendritic cells (DC) as an adjuvant in cell-based immunotherapeutic cancer vaccines is a growing field of interest. A reliable and non-invasive method to track the fate of autologous DC following their administration to patients is required in order to confirm that clinically sufficient numbers are reaching the lymph node (LN). We demonstrate that an immunocompromised mouse model can be used to conduct translational studies employing cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Such studies can provide clinically relevant information regarding the migration potential of clinical-grade DC used in cancer immunotherapies. METHODS. Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-DC) were generated from negatively selected monocytes obtained from either healthy donors or cancer patients. DC were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles in order to track them in vivo in a CB17scid mouse model using cellular MRI. SPIO did not have any adverse effects on DC phenotype or function, independent of donor type. Cellular MRI readily detected migration of SPIO-loaded DC in CB17scid mice. No differences in migration were observed between DC obtained from healthy donors and those obtained from donors undergoing autologous stem cell transplant for cancer therapy. CONCLUSIONS. Cellular MRI provided semi-quantitative image data that corresponded with data obtained by digital morphometry, validating cellular MRI's potential to assess DC migration in DC-based cancer immunotherapy clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhong Zhang
- BioTherapeutics Research Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Comparative promoter analysis in vivo: identification of a dendritic cell-specific promoter module. Blood 2011; 118:e40-9. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-03-342261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are important immune cells. This study focused on transcriptional networks active in murine DCs, but DCs are difficult to study using conventional molecular techniques. Therefore, comparative promoter analysis was used to identify evolutionarily conserved features between the murine CD11c and DC-STAMP promoters. A promoter framework consisting of 4 transcription factor binding sites was identified that included signal transducer and activator of transcription, homeodomain transcription factors, and 2 members of the Brn POU domain factors family. This promoter module was functionally verified by in vivo promoter analysis and site-directed mutagenesis. Hematopoietic stem cells were engineered by lentiviral vectors and expression of green fluorescent protein reporter was monitored in primary hematopoietic cell types that develop without further manipulation in irradiated recipient mice. The verified promoter module was then modeled and used in a bioinformatics-based search for other potential coregulated genes in murine DCs. A promoter database search identified 2 additional genes, Ppef2 and Pftk1, which have a similar promoter organization and are preferentially expressed in murine DCs. The results define a regulatory network linked to development of murine DCs.
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Ahsan MF, Gore MM. Comparison of immune response generated against Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein expressed by DNA vaccines under macrophage associated versus ubiquitous expression promoters. Virol J 2011; 8:382. [PMID: 21806845 PMCID: PMC3161000 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the leading cause of viral encephalitis, with ~50,000 cases reported annually worldwide. Vaccination is the only measure for prevention. Recombinant vaccines are an efficient and safe alternative for formalin inactivated or live attenuated vaccines. Nowadays, incorporation of molecular adjuvants has been the main strategy for melioration of vaccines. Our attempt of immunomodulation is based on targeting antigen presenting cells (APC) "majorly macrophages" by using macrosialin promoter. We have compared the immune response of the constructed plasmids expressing JEV envelope (E) protein under the control of aforesaid promoter and cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter in mouse model. Protection of immunized mice from lethal challenge with JEV was also studied. Results The E protein was successfully expressed in the macrophage cell line and was detected using immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blotting. APC expressing promoter showed comparable expression to CMV promoter. Immunization of mice with either of the plasmids exhibited induction of variable JEV neutralizing antibody titres and provided protection from challenge with a lethal dose of JEV. Immune splenocytes showed proliferative response after stimulation with the JEV antigen (Ag), however, it was higher for CMV promoter. The magnitude of immunity provided by APC dominant promoter was non-significantly lower in comparison to CMV promoter. More importantly, immune response directed by APC promoter was skewed towards Th1 type in comparison to CMV promoter, this was evaluated by cytokine secretion profile of immune splenocytes stimulated with JEV Ag. Conclusions Thus, our APC-expressing DNA vaccination approach induces comparable immunity in comparison to ubiquitous promoter construct. The predominant Th1 type immune responses provide opportunities to further test its potency suitable for response in antiviral or anticancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Feraz Ahsan
- National Institute of Virology, Pashan Campus, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, India
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Ahsan MF, Gore MM. Comparative analysis of macrophage associated vectors for use in genetic vaccine. GENETIC VACCINES AND THERAPY 2011; 9:10. [PMID: 21682913 PMCID: PMC3146807 DOI: 10.1186/1479-0556-9-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Antigen presentation by non professional antigen presenting cells (APC) can lead to anergy. In genetic vaccines, targeting the macrophages and APC for efficient antigen presentation might lead to balanced immune response. One such approach is to incorporate APC specific promoter in the vector to be used. Methods Three promoters known to be active in macrophage were selected and cloned in mammalian expressing vector (pAcGFP1-N1) to reconstruct (pAcGFP-MS), (pAcGFP-EMR) and (pAcGFP-B5I) with macrosialin, EmrI and Beta-5 Integrin promoters respectively. As a positive control (pAcGFP-CMV) was used with CMV promoter and promoterless vector (pAcGFP-NIX) which served as a negative control. GFP gene was used as readout under the control of each of the promoter. The expression of GFP was analyzed on macrophage and non-macrophage cell lines using Flow cytometry and qRT-PCR with TaqMan probe chemistries. Results All the promoters in question were dominant to macrophage lineage cell lines as observed by fluorescence, Western blot and quantitative RT-PCR. The activity of macrosialin was significantly higher than other macrophage promoters. CMV promoter showed 1.83 times higher activity in macrophage cell lines. The expression of GFP driven by macrosialin promoter after 24 hours was 4.40 times higher in macrophage derived cell lines in comparison with non macrophage cell lines. Conclusions Based on this study, macrosialin promoter can be utilized for targeting macrophage dominant expression. In vivo study needs to be carried out for its utility as a vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Feraz Ahsan
- National Institute of Virology, Pashan Campus, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India.
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Ni J, Galani IE, Cerwenka A, Schirrmacher V, Fournier P. Antitumor vaccination by Newcastle Disease Virus Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase plasmid DNA application: changes in tumor microenvironment and activation of innate anti-tumor immunity. Vaccine 2010; 29:1185-93. [PMID: 21172381 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A plasmid encoding the Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase (HN) protein of Newcastle Disease Virus (pHN) was tested for its capacity to stimulate innate anti-tumor activity in tumor-bearing mice. We observed that application of the pHN plasmid at the ear pinna site (i.e.) of mice induces higher levels of systemic interferon-α and reduced tumor growth in the prophylactic mammary carcinoma DA3 tumor model in comparison to application of a control plasmid not encoding the HN protein. Analysis of the tumor microenvironment revealed a significant increase in NK cell infiltration and decrease in infiltration of CD11b(+)Gr-1(high) myeloid cells bearing the myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) phenotype after vaccination with the pHN DNA compared to a control DNA. Finally, innate immunity and partially type I IFN responses were proved important for the reduction of s.c. RMA-S tumor growth after pHN vaccination, as shown with the use of RAG2(-/-) and RAG2(-/-)IFNAR1(-/-) mice. These data demonstrate that triggering innate immunity by pHN application at the ear pinna of mice modulates the immune cell compartment in the tumor microenvironment and reduces tumor growth. This highlights thus the potential adjuvant activity of the HN gene in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ni
- Division of Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Ni J, Schirrmacher V, Fournier P. The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of Newcastle Disease Virus: a powerful molecular adjuvant for DNA anti-tumor vaccination. Vaccine 2010; 28:6891-900. [PMID: 20709006 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid-encoded DNA vaccine is a novel and potentially powerful tool for cancer therapy. Since the strength of immune responses induced by DNA vaccine is usually rather low, a major goal in DNA vaccine development is to enhance vaccine-induced immunity. In this study, we investigated an approach based on the use of a viral surface protein with pleiotropic function as a potential immune enhancer. To this end, we prepared bicistronic DNA plasmids encoding the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of Newcastle Disease Virus in addition to a tumor target antigen. We demonstrate a higher tumor antigen-specific T cell-mediated immune response and a lower humoral response upon vaccination with a bicistronic DNA plasmid with incorporated HN gene. In a prophylactic immunization tumor model with the surrogate tumor antigen beta-galactosidase (β-gal) and in a therapeutic immunization tumor model with the xenogeneic tumor antigen human Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (hEpCAM), HN gene incorporation into the DNA vaccine led to better survival and tumor regression in mice. There was also cross protection in the therapeutic tumor model against a second challenge by the parental mouse mammary carcinoma cells in mice vaccinated with the bicistronic plasmids. This is the first report describing the HN protein as an immunomodulator for enhanced antigen-specific T cell responses via DNA plasmids. The results show that co-expression of HN with a tumor target antigen through bicistronic vectors ensures precise temporal and spatial co-delivery to direct anti-tumor immune responses preferentially towards Th1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ni
- Tumorimmunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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