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Bae C, Katoh H, Wakata A, Sakata M, Kato F, Takeda M. Demonstration of bacterium-free very rapid reverse genetics system using mumps virus. Microbiol Immunol 2023; 67:44-47. [PMID: 36259144 PMCID: PMC10092663 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The reverse genetics system is a very powerful tool for analyzing the molecular mechanisms of viral propagation and pathogenesis. However, full-length genome plasmid construction is highly time-consuming and laborious, and undesired mutations may be introduced by Escherichia coli. This study shows a very rapid E. coli-free method of full-genome construction using the mumps virus as an example. This method was able to reduce dramatically the time for full-genome construction, which was used very efficiently for virus rescue, from several days or more to ~2 days, with a similar accuracy and yield to the conventional method using E. coli/plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaewon Bae
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katoh
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aika Wakata
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Sakata
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Kato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Malik T, Ngo L, Bosma T, Rubin S. A Single Point Mutation in the Mumps V Protein Alters Targeting of the Cellular STAT Pathways Resulting in Virus Attenuation. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111016. [PMID: 31683999 PMCID: PMC6893744 DOI: 10.3390/v11111016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) is a neurotropic non-segmented, negative-stranded, enveloped RNA virus in the Paramyxovirus family. The 15.4 kb genome encodes seven genes, including the V/P, which encodes, among other proteins, the V protein. The MuV V protein has been shown to target the cellular signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins STAT1 and STAT3 for proteasome-mediated degradation. While MuV V protein targeting of STAT1 is generally accepted as a means of limiting innate antiviral responses, the consequence of V protein targeting of STAT3 is less clear. Further, since the MuV V protein targets both STAT1 and STAT3, specifically investigating viral antagonism of STAT3 targeting is challenging. However, a previous study reported that a single amino acid substitution in the MuV V protein (E95D) inhibits targeting of STAT3, but not STAT1. This provided us with a unique opportunity to examine the specific role of STAT 3 in MuV virulence in an in vivo model. Here, using a clone of a wild type MuV strain expressing the E95D mutant V protein, we present data linking inhibition of STAT3 targeting with the accelerated clearance of the virus and reduced neurovirulence in vivo, suggesting its role in promoting antiviral responses. These data suggest a rational approach to virus attenuation that could be exploited for future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Malik
- DVP/Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Laurie Ngo
- DVP/Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Trent Bosma
- DVP/Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Steven Rubin
- GlaxoSmithKline, 14200 Shady Grove Rd, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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Wright WF, Pinto CN, Palisoc K, Baghli S. Viral (aseptic) meningitis: A review. J Neurol Sci 2019; 398:176-183. [PMID: 30731305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Viral meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges associated with acute onset of meningeal symptoms and fever, pleocytosis of the cerebrospinal fluid, and no growth on routine bacterial culture. It is sometimes associated with viral encephalitis and meningoencephalitis. Viruses reach the central nervous system (CNS) hematogenously or in a retrograde manner from nerve endings. The viral etiology varies according to age and country. Molecular diagnostics technology has helped improve the rate of pathogen detection reducing unnecessary antibiotic use and length of hospitalization. Most of the viral infections detailed in this article have no specific treatment other than supportive care. Many of the viruses discussed are preventable by vaccination and proper skin protection against transmitting vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Wright
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pinnacle, United States.
| | - Casey N Pinto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pinnacle, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, United States.
| | - Kathryn Palisoc
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pinnacle, United States
| | - Salim Baghli
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pinnacle, United States
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Evidence that a polyhexameric genome length is preferred, but not strictly required, for efficient mumps virus replication. Virology 2016; 493:173-88. [PMID: 27058764 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) is postulated to adhere to the "rule of six" for efficient replication. To examine the requirement for MuV, minigenomes of nonpolyhexameric length (6n-1 and 6n+1) were analyzed. Expression of the reporter gene CAT was significantly reduced with minigenomes of nonpolyhexameric length compared to the wild type 6n genome, and reduction was more pronounced for the 6n-1 than for the 6n+1 minigenome. That 6n-1 genomes are impacted by nonconformance with the rule of six to a greater degree as compared to 6n+1 genomes was also suggested with MuV derived from cDNA coding for 6n+1 or 6n-1 genomes. While viruses recovered from 6n+1 cDNAs maintained a nonpolyhexameric genome length over multiple replication cycles, viruses rescued from the 6n-1 cDNAs acquired length correcting mutations rapidly following rescue. Our data indicate that polyhexameric genomes are the preferred template for the MuV RNA polymerase, but that this requirement is not absolute.
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Sauder CJ, Ngo L, Simonyan V, Cong Y, Zhang C, Link M, Malik T, Rubin SA. Generation and propagation of recombinant mumps viruses exhibiting an additional U residue in the homopolymeric U tract of the F gene-end signal. Virus Genes 2015; 51:12-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1204-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Šantak M, Markušić M, Balija ML, Kopač SK, Jug R, Örvell C, Tomac J, Forčić D. Accumulation of defective interfering viral particles in only a few passages in Vero cells attenuates mumps virus neurovirulence. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:228-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cui A, Brown DWG, Xu W, Jin L. Genetic variation in the HN and SH genes of mumps viruses: a comparison of strains from mumps cases with and without neurological symptoms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61791. [PMID: 23637906 PMCID: PMC3634820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is known that mumps virus (MuV) strains may vary in their neurovirulent capacity, and certain MuV strains may be highly neurotropic. In animal models and epidemiological studies, mutations at specific amino acids (aa) have been proposed to be associated with neurovirulence. To assess whether these genetic variations can be observed in clinical samples from patients and if they correlate with neurovirulence as determined by clinical symptoms, 39 mumps patients with or without neurological symptoms were investigated. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Respiratory samples, oral fluids, throat swabs, and neurological and cerebrospinal fluid samples were tested by RT-PCR and products sequenced. Sequences of the entire small hydrophobic (SH) gene and the partial hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene were compared. CONCLUSIONS The results showed there was no significant difference between the samples of the two groups of patients at the aa sites in either the HN protein or the SH protein, which have previously been hypothesized to be associated with neurovirulence or antigenicity. The occurrence of neurological symptoms of mumps does not appear to be due to a single point mutation in either the HN or SH gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Cui
- National Institute of Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Virus Reference Department, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - David W. G. Brown
- Virus Reference Department, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wenbo Xu
- National Institute of Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Jin
- Virus Reference Department, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
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Sauder CJ, Zhang CX, Ngo L, Werner K, Lemon K, Duprex WP, Malik T, Carbone K, Rubin SA. Gene-specific contributions to mumps virus neurovirulence and neuroattenuation. J Virol 2011; 85:7059-69. [PMID: 21543475 PMCID: PMC3126569 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00245-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) is highly neurotropic and was the leading cause of aseptic meningitis in the Western Hemisphere prior to widespread use of live attenuated MuV vaccines. Due to the absence of markers of virus neuroattenuation and neurovirulence, ensuring mumps vaccine safety has proven problematic, as demonstrated by the occurrence of aseptic meningitis in recipients of certain vaccine strains. Here we examined the genetic basis of MuV neuroattenuation and neurovirulence by generating a series of recombinant viruses consisting of combinations of genes derived from a cDNA clone of the neurovirulent wild-type 88-1961 strain (r88) and from a cDNA clone of the highly attenuated Jeryl Lynn vaccine strain (rJL). Testing of these viruses in rats demonstrated the ability of several individual rJL genes and gene combinations to significantly neuroattenuate r88, with the greatest effect imparted by the rJL nucleoprotein/matrix protein combination. Interestingly, no tested combination of r88 genes, including the nucleoprotein/matrix protein combination, was able to convert rJL into a highly neurovirulent virus, highlighting mechanistic differences between processes involved in neuroattenuation and neurovirulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Sauder
- United States Food and Drug Administration, CBER, OVRR, DVP, 8800 Rockville Pike, Building 29A, HFM 460, Room 2C20, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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