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Yuki Y, Kurokawa S, Sugiura K, Kashima K, Maruyama S, Yamanoue T, Honma A, Mejima M, Takeyama N, Kuroda M, Kozuka-Hata H, Oyama M, Masumura T, Nakahashi-Ouchida R, Fujihashi K, Hiraizumi T, Goto E, Kiyono H. MucoRice-CTB line 19A, a new marker-free transgenic rice-based cholera vaccine produced in an LED-based hydroponic system. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1342662. [PMID: 38559768 PMCID: PMC10978600 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1342662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We previously established the selection-marker-free rice-based oral cholera vaccine (MucoRice-CTB) line 51A for human use by Agrobacterium-mediated co-transformation and conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase I trial in Japan and the United States. Although MucoRice-CTB 51A was acceptably safe and well tolerated by healthy Japanese and U.S. subjects and induced CTB-specific antibodies neutralizing cholera toxin secreted by Vibrio cholerae, we were limited to a 6-g cohort in the U.S. trial because of insufficient production of MucoRice-CTB. Since MucoRice-CTB 51A did not grow in sunlight, we re-examined the previously established marker-free lines and selected MucoRice-CTB line 19A. Southern blot analysis of line 19A showed a single copy of the CTB gene. We resequenced the whole genome and detected the transgene in an intergenic region in chromosome 1. After establishing a master seed bank of MucoRice-CTB line 19A, we established a hydroponic production facility with LED lighting to reduce electricity consumption and to increase production capacity for clinical trials. Shotgun MS/MS proteomics analysis of MucoRice-CTB 19A showed low levels of α-amylase/trypsin inhibitor-like proteins (major rice allergens), which was consistent with the data for line 51A. We also demonstrated that MucoRice-CTB 19A had high oral immunogenicity and induced protective immunity against cholera toxin challenge in mice. These results indicate that MucoRice-CTB 19A is a suitable oral cholera vaccine candidate for Phase I and II clinical trials in humans, including a V. cholerae challenge study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Yuki
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- R&D department, HanaVax Inc., Chiba, Japan
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shiho Kurokawa
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kotomi Sugiura
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koji Kashima
- Technical Research Institute, Asahi Kogyosha Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Maruyama
- Technical Research Institute, Asahi Kogyosha Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamanoue
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayaka Honma
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mio Mejima
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsumi Takeyama
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Department, Nisseiken Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kuroda
- Division of Genome Editing Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kozuka-Hata
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Oyama
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiro Masumura
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rika Nakahashi-Ouchida
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Future Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development Synergy Institute, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Future Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development Synergy Institute, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Takashi Hiraizumi
- Technical Research Institute, Asahi Kogyosha Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Goto
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- R&D department, HanaVax Inc., Chiba, Japan
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Mucosal Immunology and Allergy Therapeutics, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University Future Medicine Education and Research Organization, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccine (cMAV), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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2
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A potential delivery system based on cholera toxin: A macromolecule carrier with multiple activities. J Control Release 2022; 343:551-563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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He W, Baysal C, Lobato Gómez M, Huang X, Alvarez D, Zhu C, Armario‐Najera V, Blanco Perera A, Cerda Bennaser P, Saba‐Mayoral A, Sobrino‐Mengual G, Vargheese A, Abranches R, Alexandra Abreu I, Balamurugan S, Bock R, Buyel JF, da Cunha NB, Daniell H, Faller R, Folgado A, Gowtham I, Häkkinen ST, Kumar S, Sathish Kumar R, Lacorte C, Lomonossoff GP, Luís IM, K.‐C. Ma J, McDonald KA, Murad A, Nandi S, O’Keef B, Parthiban S, Paul MJ, Ponndorf D, Rech E, Rodrigues JC, Ruf S, Schillberg S, Schwestka J, Shah PS, Singh R, Stoger E, Twyman RM, Varghese IP, Vianna GR, Webster G, Wilbers RHP, Christou P, Oksman‐Caldentey K, Capell T. Contributions of the international plant science community to the fight against infectious diseases in humans-part 2: Affordable drugs in edible plants for endemic and re-emerging diseases. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1921-1936. [PMID: 34181810 PMCID: PMC8486237 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The fight against infectious diseases often focuses on epidemics and pandemics, which demand urgent resources and command attention from the health authorities and media. However, the vast majority of deaths caused by infectious diseases occur in endemic zones, particularly in developing countries, placing a disproportionate burden on underfunded health systems and often requiring international interventions. The provision of vaccines and other biologics is hampered not only by the high cost and limited scalability of traditional manufacturing platforms based on microbial and animal cells, but also by challenges caused by distribution and storage, particularly in regions without a complete cold chain. In this review article, we consider the potential of molecular farming to address the challenges of endemic and re-emerging diseases, focusing on edible plants for the development of oral drugs. Key recent developments in this field include successful clinical trials based on orally delivered dried leaves of Artemisia annua against malarial parasite strains resistant to artemisinin combination therapy, the ability to produce clinical-grade protein drugs in leaves to treat infectious diseases and the long-term storage of protein drugs in dried leaves at ambient temperatures. Recent FDA approval of the first orally delivered protein drug encapsulated in plant cells to treat peanut allergy has opened the door for the development of affordable oral drugs that can be manufactured and distributed in remote areas without cold storage infrastructure and that eliminate the need for expensive purification steps and sterile delivery by injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu He
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Can Baysal
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Maria Lobato Gómez
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Derry Alvarez
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Victoria Armario‐Najera
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Aamaya Blanco Perera
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Pedro Cerda Bennaser
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Andrea Saba‐Mayoral
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | | | - Ashwin Vargheese
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Rita Abranches
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - Isabel Alexandra Abreu
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - Shanmugaraj Balamurugan
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityTamil NaduIndia
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Johannes F. Buyel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IMEAachenGermany
- Institute for Molecular BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Nicolau B. da Cunha
- Centro de Análise Proteômicas e Bioquímicas de BrasíliaUniversidade Católica de BrasíliaBrasíliaBrazil
| | - Henry Daniell
- School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Roland Faller
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - André Folgado
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - Iyappan Gowtham
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityTamil NaduIndia
| | - Suvi T. Häkkinen
- Industrial Biotechnology and Food SolutionsVTT Technical Research Centre of Finland LtdEspooFinland
| | - Shashi Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Ramalingam Sathish Kumar
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityTamil NaduIndia
| | - Cristiano Lacorte
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in Biology, Parque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | | | - Ines M. Luís
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de LisboaOeirasPortugal
| | - Julian K.‐C. Ma
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George’s University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Karen A. McDonald
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
- Global HealthShare InitiativeUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Andre Murad
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in Biology, Parque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | - Somen Nandi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
- Global HealthShare InitiativeUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Barry O’Keef
- Division of Cancer Treatment and DiagnosisMolecular Targets ProgramCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, and Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics ProgramNational Cancer Institute, NIHFrederickMDUSA
| | - Subramanian Parthiban
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityTamil NaduIndia
| | - Mathew J. Paul
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George’s University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Daniel Ponndorf
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research Park, NorwichUK
| | - Elibio Rech
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in Biology, Parque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | - Julio C.M. Rodrigues
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in Biology, Parque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | - Stephanie Ruf
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IMEAachenGermany
- Institute for PhytopathologyJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Jennifer Schwestka
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Priya S. Shah
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Rahul Singh
- School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Eva Stoger
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | | | - Inchakalody P. Varghese
- Plant Genetic Engineering LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyBharathiar UniversityTamil NaduIndia
| | - Giovanni R. Vianna
- Brazilian Agriculture Research CorporationEmbrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and National Institute of Science and Technology Synthetic in Biology, Parque Estação BiológicaBrasiliaBrazil
| | - Gina Webster
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George’s University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Ruud H. P. Wilbers
- Laboratory of NematologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
- ICREACatalan Institute for Research and Advanced StudiesBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Teresa Capell
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of Lleida‐Agrotecnio CERCA CenterLleidaSpain
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4
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Fujimoto K, Kawaguchi Y, Shimohigoshi M, Gotoh Y, Nakano Y, Usui Y, Hayashi T, Kimura Y, Uematsu M, Yamamoto T, Akeda Y, Rhee JH, Yuki Y, Ishii KJ, Crowe SE, Ernst PB, Kiyono H, Uematsu S. Antigen-Specific Mucosal Immunity Regulates Development of Intestinal Bacteria-Mediated Diseases. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:1530-1543.e4. [PMID: 31445037 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dysregulation of the microbiome has been associated with development of complex diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. However, no method has been developed to control disease-associated commensal microbes. We investigated whether immunization with microbial antigens, using CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and/or curdlan as adjuvants, induces systemic antigen-specific IgA and IgG production and affects development of diseases in mice. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were given intramuscular injections of antigens (ovalbumin, cholera toxin B-subunit, or pneumococcal surface protein A) combined with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and/or curdlan. Blood and fecal samples were collected weekly and antigen-specific IgG and IgA titers were measured. Lymph nodes and spleens were collected and analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antigen-specific splenic T-helper 1 cells, T-helper 17 cells, and memory B cells. Six weeks after primary immunization, mice were given a oral, nasal, or vaginal boost of ovalbumin; intestinal lamina propria, bronchial lavage, and vaginal swab samples were collected and antibodies and cytokines were measured. Some mice were also given oral cholera toxin or intranasal Streptococcus pneumoniae and the severity of diarrhea or pneumonia was analyzed. Gnotobiotic mice were gavaged with fecal material from obese individuals, which had a high abundance of Clostridium ramosum (a commensal microbe associated with obesity and diabetes), and were placed on a high-fat diet 2 weeks after immunization with C ramosum. Intestinal tissues were collected and analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Serum and fecal samples from mice given injections of antigens in combination with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and curdlan for 3 weeks contained antigen-specific IgA and IgG, and splenocytes produced interferon-gamma and interleukin 17A. Lamina propria, bronchial, and vaginal samples contained antigen-specific IgA after the ovalbumin boost. This immunization regimen prevented development of diarrhea after injection of cholera toxin, and inhibited lung colonization by S pneumoniae. In gnotobiotic mice colonized with C ramosum and placed on a high-fat diet, the mice that had been immunized with C ramosum became less obese than the nonimmunized mice. CONCLUSIONS Injection of mice with microbial antigens and adjuvant induces antigen-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses. Immunization with S pneumoniae antigen prevented lung infection by this bacteria, and immunization with C ramosum reduced obesity in mice colonized with this microbe and placed on a high-fat diet. This immunization approach might be used to protect against microbe-associated disorders of intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Fujimoto
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Division of Innate Immune Regulation
| | - Yunosuke Kawaguchi
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Division of Innate Immune Regulation; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaki Shimohigoshi
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Division of Innate Immune Regulation; Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Gotoh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Division of Mucosal Symbiosis, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nakano
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Division of Innate Immune Regulation
| | - Yuki Usui
- Division of Systems Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Hematology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Kimura
- Division of Systems Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Uematsu
- Division of Mucosal Symbiosis, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoshikazu Yuki
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sheila E Crowe
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, La Jolla, California
| | - Peter B Ernst
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Chiba University-University of California, San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center for Veterinary Sciences and Comparative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Chiba University-University of California, San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Division of Innate Immune Regulation; Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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5
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Orimo T, Sasaki I, Hemmi H, Ozasa T, Fukuda-Ohta Y, Ohta T, Morinaka M, Kitauchi M, Yamaguchi T, Sato Y, Tanaka T, Hoshino K, Katayama KI, Fukuda S, Miyake K, Yamamoto M, Satoh T, Furukawa K, Kuroda E, Ishii KJ, Takeda K, Kaisho T. Cholera toxin B induces interleukin-1β production from resident peritoneal macrophages through the pyrin inflammasome as well as the NLRP3 inflammasome. Int Immunol 2019; 31:657-668. [PMID: 30689886 PMCID: PMC6749887 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin B (CTB) is a subunit of cholera toxin, a bacterial enterotoxin secreted by Vibrio cholerae and also functions as an immune adjuvant. However, it remains unclear how CTB activates immune cells. We here evaluated whether or how CTB induces production of a pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1β (IL-1β). CTB induced IL-1β production not only from bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) but also from resident peritoneal macrophages in synergy with O111:B4-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS O111:B4) that can bind to CTB. Meanwhile, when prestimulated with O55:B5-derived LPS (LPS O55:B5) that fails to bind to CTB, resident peritoneal macrophages, but not BMMs, produced IL-1β in response to CTB. The CTB-induced IL-1β production in synergy with LPS in both peritoneal macrophages and BMMs was dependent on ganglioside GM1, which is required for internalization of CTB. Notably, not only the NLRP3 inflammasome but also the pyrin inflammasome were involved in CTB-induced IL-1β production from resident peritoneal macrophages, while only the NLRP3 inflammasome was involved in that from BMMs. In response to CTB, a Rho family small GTPase, RhoA, which activates pyrin inflammasome upon various kinds of biochemical modification, increased its phosphorylation at serine-188 in a GM1-dependent manner. This phosphorylation as well as CTB-induced IL-1β productions were dependent on protein kinase A (PKA), indicating critical involvement of PKA-dependent RhoA phosphorylation in CTB-induced IL-1β production. Taken together, these results suggest that CTB, incorporated through GM1, can activate resident peritoneal macrophages to produce IL-1β in synergy with LPS through novel mechanisms in which pyrin as well as NLRP3 inflammasomes are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Orimo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.,Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Izumi Sasaki
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hemmi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Toshiya Ozasa
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuri Fukuda-Ohta
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Ohta
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mio Morinaka
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mariko Kitauchi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takako Yamaguchi
- Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yayoi Sato
- Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Laboratory for Inflammatory Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Hoshino
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Katayama
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan.,Intestinal Microbiota Project, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Satoh
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Furukawa
- Department of Lifelong Sports and Health Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.,Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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6
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Rezaie E, Nekoie H, Miri A, Oulad G, Ahmadi A, Saadati M, Bozorgmehr M, Ebrahimi M, Salimian J. Different frequencies of memory B-cells induced by tetanus, botulinum, and heat-labile toxin binding domains. Microb Pathog 2018; 127:225-232. [PMID: 30528250 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Along with robust immunogenicity, an ideal vaccine candidate should be able to produce a long lasting protection. In this regard, the frequency of memory B-cells is possibly an important factor in memory B-cell persistency and duration of immunological memory. On this basis, binding domains of tetanus toxin (HcT), botulinum type A1 toxin (HcA), and heat-labile toxin (LTB) were selected as antigen models that induced long-term, midterm and short-term immune memory, respectively. In the present study, the frequency of total memory B-cells after immunization with HcT, HcA and LTB antigens after 90 and 180 days, and also after one booster, in 190 days, was evaluated. The results showed a significant correlation between frequency of total memory B-cells and duration of humoral immunity. Compared to other antigens, the HcT antibody titers and HcT total memory B-cell populations were greater and persistent even after 6 months. At 6 months after the final immunization, all HcT- and HcA-immunized mice survived against tetanus and botulinum toxins, and also LT toxin binding to GM1 ganglioside was blocked in LTB-immunized mice. We conclude the frequency of memory B-cells and their duration are likely a key factor for vaccine memory duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Rezaie
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hekmat Nekoie
- Biology Research Center, IH University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Miri
- Human Genetic Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Oulad
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahmood Bozorgmehr
- Department of Immunology, Avicenna Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jafar Salimian
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Tokuhara D. Challenges in developing mucosal vaccines and antibodies against infectious diarrhea in children. Pediatr Int 2018; 60:214-223. [PMID: 29290097 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diarrhea in children can be life-threatening and imposes a large economic burden on healthcare systems, therefore more effective prophylactic and therapeutic drugs are needed urgently. Because most of the pathogens responsible for childhood diarrhea infect the gastrointestinal mucosa, providing protective immunity at the mucosal surface is an ideal way to control pathogen invasion and toxic activity. Mucosal (e.g. oral, nasal) vaccines are superior to systemic (subcutaneous or intramuscular) vaccination for conferring both mucosal and systemic pathogen-specific immune responses. Therefore, great efforts has been focused on the development of cost-effective mucosal vaccines for the past 50 years. Recent progress in plant genetic engineering has revolutionized the production of inexpensive and safe recombinant vaccine antigens. For example, rice plant biotechnology has facilitated the development of a cold-chain-free rice-based oral subunit vaccine against Vibrio cholerae. Furthermore, this technology has led to the creation of a rice-based oral antibody for prophylaxis and treatment of rotavirus gastroenteritis. This review summarizes current perspectives regarding the mucosal immune system and the development of mucosal vaccines and therapeutic antibodies, particularly rice-based products, and discusses future prospects regarding mucosal vaccines for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tokuhara
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abenoku, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Takaiwa F, Wakasa Y, Takagi H, Hiroi T. Rice seed for delivery of vaccines to gut mucosal immune tissues. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1041-55. [PMID: 26100952 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is the biggest lymphoid organ in the body. It plays a role in robust immune responses against invading pathogens while maintaining immune tolerance against nonpathogenic antigens such as foods. Oral vaccination can induce mucosal and systemic antigen-specific immune reactions and has several advantages including ease of administration, no requirement for purification and ease of scale-up of antigen. Thus far, taking advantage of these properties, various plant-based oral vaccines have been developed. Seeds provide a superior production platform over other plant tissues for oral vaccines; they offer a suitable delivery vehicle to GALT due to their high stability at room temperature, ample and stable deposition space, high expression level, and protection from digestive enzymes in gut. A rice seed production system for oral vaccines was established by combining stable deposition in protein bodies or protein storage vacuoles and enhanced endosperm-specific expression. Various types of rice-based oral vaccines for infectious and allergic diseases were generated. Efficacy of these rice-based vaccines was evaluated in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Takaiwa
- Functional Crop Research and Development Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuhya Wakasa
- Functional Crop Research and Development Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hidenori Takagi
- Functional Crop Research and Development Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takachika Hiroi
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Streatfield SJ, Kushnir N, Yusibov V. Plant-produced candidate countermeasures against emerging and reemerging infections and bioterror agents. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1136-59. [PMID: 26387510 PMCID: PMC7167919 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite progress in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, they continue to present a major threat to public health. The frequency of emerging and reemerging infections and the risk of bioterrorism warrant significant efforts towards the development of prophylactic and therapeutic countermeasures. Vaccines are the mainstay of infectious disease prophylaxis. Traditional vaccines, however, are failing to satisfy the global demand because of limited scalability of production systems, long production timelines and product safety concerns. Subunit vaccines are a highly promising alternative to traditional vaccines. Subunit vaccines, as well as monoclonal antibodies and other therapeutic proteins, can be produced in heterologous expression systems based on bacteria, yeast, insect cells or mammalian cells, in shorter times and at higher quantities, and are efficacious and safe. However, current recombinant systems have certain limitations associated with production capacity and cost. Plants are emerging as a promising platform for recombinant protein production due to time and cost efficiency, scalability, lack of harboured mammalian pathogens and possession of the machinery for eukaryotic post-translational protein modification. So far, a variety of subunit vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and therapeutic proteins (antivirals) have been produced in plants as candidate countermeasures against emerging, reemerging and bioterrorism-related infections. Many of these have been extensively evaluated in animal models and some have shown safety and immunogenicity in clinical trials. Here, we overview ongoing efforts to producing such plant-based countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natasha Kushnir
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Vidadi Yusibov
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, DE, USA
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10
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Cholera Toxin Subunit B as Adjuvant--An Accelerator in Protective Immunity and a Break in Autoimmunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:579-96. [PMID: 26350596 PMCID: PMC4586468 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) is the nontoxic portion of cholera toxin. Its affinity to the monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) that is broadly distributed in a variety of cell types including epithelial cells of the gut and antigen presenting cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells, allows its optimal access to the immune system. CTB can easily be expressed on its own in a variety of organisms, and several approaches can be used to couple it to antigens, either by genetic fusion or by chemical manipulation, leading to strongly enhanced immune responses to the antigens. In autoimmune diseases, CTB has the capacity to evoke regulatory responses and to thereby dampen autoimmune responses, in several but not all animal models. It remains to be seen whether the latter approach translates to success in the clinic, however, the versatility of CTB to manipulate immune responses in either direction makes this protein a promising adjuvant for vaccine development.
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11
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Mucosal Vaccines from Plant Biotechnology. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [PMCID: PMC7158328 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of plants for production of recombinant proteins has evolved over the past 25 years. The first plant-based vaccines were expressed in stably transgenic plants, with the idea to conveniently deliver “edible vaccines” by ingestion of the antigen-containing plant material. These systems provided a proof of concept that oral delivery of vaccines in crude plant material could stimulate antigen-specific serum and mucosal antibodies. Transgenic grains like rice in particular provide a stable and robust vehicle for antigen delivery. However, some issues exist with stably transgenic plants, including relatively low expression levels and regulatory issues. Thus, many recent studies use transient expression with plant viral vectors to achieve rapid high expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, followed by purification of antigen and intranasal delivery for effective stimulation of mucosal immune responses.
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12
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The mucosal immune system for vaccine development. Vaccine 2014; 32:6711-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Jung M, Shin YJ, Kim J, Cha SB, Lee WJ, Shin MK, Shin SW, Yang MS, Jang YS, Kwon TH, Yoo HS. Induction of immune responses in mice and pigs by oral administration of classical swine fever virus E2 protein expressed in rice calli. Arch Virol 2014; 159:3219-30. [PMID: 25091740 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by the CSF virus (CSFV), is a highly contagious disease in pigs. In Korea, vaccination using a live-attenuated strain (LOM strain) has been used to control the disease. However, parenteral vaccination using a live-attenuated strain still faces a number of problems related to storage, cost, injection stress, and differentiation of CSFV infected and vaccinated pigs. Therefore, two kinds of new candidates for oral vaccination have been developed based on the translation of the E2 gene of the SW03 strain, which was isolated from an outbreak of CSF in 2002 in Korea, in transgenic rice calli (TRCs) from Oriza sativa L. cv. Dongjin to express a recombinant E2 protein (rE2-TRCs). The expression of the recombinant E2 protein (rE2) in rE2-TRCs was confirmed using Northern blot, SDS-PAGE, and Western blot analysis. Immune responses to the rE2-TRC in mice and pigs were investigated after oral administration. The administration of rE2-TRCs increased E2-specific antibodies titers and antibody-secreting cells when compared to animals receiving the vector alone (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). In addition, mice receiving rE2-TRCs had a higher level of CD8+ lymphocytes and Th1 cytokine immune responses to purified rE2 (prE2) in vitro than the controls (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). Pigs receiving rE2-TRCs also showed an increase in IL-8, CCL2, and the CD8+ subpopulation in response to stimulation with prE2. These results suggest that oral administration of rE2-TRCs can induce E2-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myunghwan Jung
- Department of Infectious diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
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14
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Azegami T, Itoh H, Kiyono H, Yuki Y. Novel transgenic rice-based vaccines. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 63:87-99. [PMID: 25027548 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Oral vaccination can induce both systemic and mucosal antigen-specific immune responses. To control rampant mucosal infectious diseases, the development of new effective oral vaccines is needed. Plant-based vaccines are new candidates for oral vaccines, and have some advantages over the traditional vaccines in cost, safety, and scalability. Rice seeds are attractive for vaccine production because of their stability and resistance to digestion in the stomach. The efficacy of some rice-based vaccines for infectious, autoimmune, and other diseases has been already demonstrated in animal models. We reported the efficacy in mice, safety, and stability of a rice-based cholera toxin B subunit vaccine called MucoRice-CTB. To advance MucoRice-CTB for use in humans, we also examined its efficacy and safety in primates. The potential of transgenic rice production as a new mucosal vaccine delivery system is reviewed from the perspective of future development of effective oral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Azegami
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
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15
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Paul M, Ma JKC. Plant-made immunogens and effective delivery strategies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 9:821-33. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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16
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Kurokawa S, Kuroda M, Mejima M, Nakamura R, Takahashi Y, Sagara H, Takeyama N, Satoh S, Kiyono H, Teshima R, Masumura T, Yuki Y. RNAi-mediated suppression of endogenous storage proteins leads to a change in localization of overexpressed cholera toxin B-subunit and the allergen protein RAG2 in rice seeds. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:75-87. [PMID: 24085308 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RNAi-mediated suppression of the endogenous storage proteins in MucoRice-CTB-RNAi seeds affects not only the levels of overexpressed CTB and RAG2 allergen, but also the localization of CTB and RAG2. A purification-free rice-based oral cholera vaccine (MucoRice-CTB) was previously developed by our laboratories using a cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB) overexpression system. Recently, an advanced version of MucoRice-CTB was developed (MucoRice-CTB-RNAi) through the use of RNAi to suppress the production of the endogenous storage proteins 13-kDa prolamin and glutelin, so as to increase CTB expression. The level of the α-amylase/trypsin inhibitor-like protein RAG2 (a major rice allergen) was reduced in MucoRice-CTB-RNAi seeds in comparison with wild-type (WT) rice. To investigate whether RNAi-mediated suppression of storage proteins affects the localization of overexpressed CTB and major rice allergens, we generated an RNAi line without CTB (MucoRice-RNAi) and investigated gene expression, and protein production and localization of two storage proteins, CTB, and five major allergens in MucoRice-CTB, MucoRice-CTB-RNAi, MucoRice-RNAi, and WT rice. In all lines, glyoxalase I was detected in the cytoplasm, and 52- and 63-kDa globulin-like proteins were found in the aleurone particles. In WT, RAG2 and 19-kDa globulin were localized mainly in protein bodies II (PB-II) of the endosperm cells. Knockdown of glutelin A led to a partial destruction of PB-II and was accompanied by RAG2 relocation to the plasma membrane/cell wall and cytoplasm. In MucoRice-CTB, CTB was localized in the cytoplasm and PB-II. In MucoRice-CTB-RNAi, CTB was produced at a level six times that in MucoRice-CTB and was localized, similar to RAG2, in the plasma membrane/cell wall and cytoplasm. Our findings indicate that the relocation of CTB in MucoRice-CTB-RNAi may contribute to down-regulation of RAG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Kurokawa
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
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17
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Shin Y, Kwon T, Seo J, Kim T. Oral immunization of fish against iridovirus infection using recombinant antigen produced from rice callus. Vaccine 2013; 31:5210-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Yuki Y, Mejima M, Kurokawa S, Hiroiwa T, Takahashi Y, Tokuhara D, Nochi T, Katakai Y, Kuroda M, Takeyama N, Kashima K, Abe M, Chen Y, Nakanishi U, Masumura T, Takeuchi Y, Kozuka-Hata H, Shibata H, Oyama M, Tanaka K, Kiyono H. Induction of toxin-specific neutralizing immunity by molecularly uniform rice-based oral cholera toxin B subunit vaccine without plant-associated sugar modification. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:799-808. [PMID: 23601492 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants have been used as expression systems for a number of vaccines. However, the expression of vaccines in plants sometimes results in unexpected modification of the vaccines by N-terminal blocking and sugar-chain attachment. Although MucoRice-CTB was thought to be the first cold-chain-free and unpurified oral vaccine, the molecular heterogeneity of MucoRice-CTB, together with plant-based sugar modifications of the CTB protein, has made it difficult to assess immunological activity of vaccine and yield from rice seed. Using a T-DNA vector driven by a prolamin promoter and a signal peptide added to an overexpression vaccine cassette, we established MucoRice-CTB/Q as a new generation oral cholera vaccine for humans use. We confirmed that MucoRice-CTB/Q produces a single CTB monomer with an Asn to Gln substitution at the 4th glycosylation position. The complete amino acid sequence of MucoRice-CTB/Q was determined by MS/MS analysis and the exact amount of expressed CTB was determined by SDS-PAGE densitometric analysis to be an average of 2.35 mg of CTB/g of seed. To compare the immunogenicity of MucoRice-CTB/Q, which has no plant-based glycosylation modifications, with that of the original MucoRice-CTB/N, which is modified with a plant N-glycan, we orally immunized mice and macaques with the two preparations. Similar levels of CTB-specific systemic IgG and mucosal IgA antibodies with toxin-neutralizing activity were induced in mice and macaques orally immunized with MucoRice-CTB/Q or MucoRice-CTB/N. These results show that the molecular uniformed MucoRice-CTB/Q vaccine without plant N-glycan has potential as a safe and efficacious oral vaccine candidate for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Yuki
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Hefferon K. Plant-derived pharmaceuticals for the developing world. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:1193-202. [PMID: 23857915 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant-produced vaccines and therapeutic agents offer enormous potential for providing relief to developing countries by reducing the incidence of infant mortality caused by infectious diseases. Vaccines derived from plants have been demonstrated to effectively elicit an immune response. Biopharmaceuticals produced in plants are inexpensive to produce, require fewer expensive purification steps, and can be stored at ambient temperatures for prolonged periods of time. As a result, plant-produced biopharmaceuticals have the potential to be more accessible to the rural poor. This review describes current progress with respect to plant-produced biopharmaceuticals, with a particular emphasis on those that target developing countries. Specific emphasis is given to recent research on the production of plant-produced vaccines toward human immunodeficiency virus, malaria, tuberculosis, hepatitis B virus, Ebola virus, human papillomavirus, rabies virus and common diarrheal diseases. Production platforms used to express vaccines in plants, including nuclear and chloroplast transformation, and the use of viral expression vectors, are described in this review. The review concludes by outlining the next steps for plant-produced vaccines to achieve their goal of providing safe, efficacious and inexpensive vaccines to the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Hefferon
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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20
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Pastor M, Pedraz JL, Esquisabel A. The state-of-the-art of approved and under-development cholera vaccines. Vaccine 2013; 31:4069-78. [PMID: 23845813 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cholera remains a huge public health problem. Although in 1894, the first cholera vaccination was reported, an ideal vaccine that meets all the requirements of the WHO has not yet been produced. Among the different approaches used for cholera vaccination, attenuated vaccines represent a major category; these vaccines are beneficial in being able to induce a strong protective response after a single administration. However, they have possible negative effects on immunocompromised patient populations. Both the licensed CVD103-HgR and other vaccine approaches under development are detailed in this article, such as the Vibrio cholerae 638 vaccine candidate, Peru-15 or CholeraGarde(®) and the VA1.3, VA1.4, IEM 108 VCUSM2 and CVD 112 vaccine candidates. In another strategy, killed V. cholerae vaccines have been developed, including Dukoral(®), mORCAX(®) and Sanchol™. The killed vaccines are already sold, and they have successfully demonstrated their potential to protect populations in endemic areas or after natural disasters. However, these vaccines do not fulfill all the requirements of the WHO because they fail to confer long-term protection, are not suitable for children under two years, require more than a single dose and require a distribution chain with cold storage. Lastly, other vaccine strategies under development are summarized in this review. Among these strategies, vaccine candidates based on alternative drug delivery systems that have been reported lately in the literature are discussed, such as microparticles, proteoliposomes, LPS subunits, DNA vaccines and rice seeds containing toxin subunits. Preliminary results reported by many groups working on alternative delivery systems for cholera vaccines demonstrate the importance of new technologies in addressing old problems such as cholera. Although a fully ideal vaccine has not yet been designed, promising steps have been reported in the literature resulting in hope for the fight against cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pastor
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, University of the Basque Country, School of Pharmacy, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Kurokawa S, Nakamura R, Mejima M, Kozuka-Hata H, Kuroda M, Takeyama N, Oyama M, Satoh S, Kiyono H, Masumura T, Teshima R, Yuki Y. MucoRice-cholera toxin B-subunit, a rice-based oral cholera vaccine, down-regulates the expression of α-amylase/trypsin inhibitor-like protein family as major rice allergens. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:3372-82. [PMID: 23763241 DOI: 10.1021/pr4002146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To develop a cold chain- and needle/syringe-free rice-based cholera vaccine (MucoRice-CTB) for human use, we previously advanced the MucoRice system by introducing antisense genes specific for endogenous rice storage proteins and produced a molecularly uniform, human-applicable, high-yield MucoRice-CTB devoid of plant-associated sugar. To maintain the cold chain-free property of this vaccine for clinical application, we wanted to use a polished rice powder preparation of MucoRice-CTB without further purification but wondered whether this might cause an unexpected increase in rice allergen protein expression levels in MucoRice-CTB and prompt safety concerns. Therefore, we used two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis and shotgun MS/MS proteomics to compare rice allergen protein expression levels in MucoRice-CTB and wild-type (WT) rice. Both proteomics analyses showed that the only notable change in the expression levels of rice allergen protein in MucoRice-CTB, compared with those in WT rice, was a decrease in the expression levels of α-amylase/trypsin inhibitor-like protein family such as the seed allergen protein RAG2. Real-time PCR analysis showed mRNA of RAG2 reduced in MucoRice-CTB seed. These results demonstrate that no known rice allergens appear to be up-reregulated by genetic modification of MucoRice-CTB, suggesting that MucoRice-CTB has potential as a safe oral cholera vaccine for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Kurokawa
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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22
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Takaiwa F. Update on the use of transgenic rice seeds in oral immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:301-12. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice seed provides an ideal production platform for pharmaceuticals in terms of high productivity and stability, as well as the scalability, safety and economy that are expected in plant production systems. Furthermore, these therapeutic products are bioencapsulated in protein bodies, which are seed-specific storage organelles that provide protection from digestion by gastrointestinal enzymes during delivery to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Thus, rice seed provides an ideal delivery system for the mucosal immune system. Oral immunotherapy using unprocessed transgenic rice seed containing therapeutic products has been demonstrated to induce effective mucosal immune tolerance and immune reactions against allergies and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Takaiwa
- Functional Transgenic Crop Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2–1–2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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Sharma S, Hinds LA. Formulation and delivery of vaccines: Ongoing challenges for animal management. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2012; 4:258-66. [PMID: 23248557 PMCID: PMC3523519 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.103231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a commercially successful animal vaccine is not only influenced by various immunological factors, such as type of antigen but also by formulation and delivery aspects. The latter includes the need for a vector or specific delivery system, the choice of route of administration and the nature of the target animal population and their habitat. This review describes the formulation and delivery aspects of various types of antigens such as killed microorganisms, proteins and nucleic acids for the development of efficacious and safe animal vaccines. It also focuses on the challenges associated with the different approaches that might be required for formulating and delivering species specific vaccines, particularly if their intended use is for improved animal management with respect to disease and/or reproductive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Sharma
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Kim SH, Lee KY, Jang YS. Mucosal Immune System and M Cell-targeting Strategies for Oral Mucosal Vaccination. Immune Netw 2012; 12:165-75. [PMID: 23213309 PMCID: PMC3509160 DOI: 10.4110/in.2012.12.5.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most effective methods available to prevent infectious diseases. Mucosa, which are exposed to heavy loads of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms, are one of the first areas where infections are established, and therefore have frontline status in immunity, making mucosa ideal sites for vaccine application. Moreover, vaccination through the mucosal immune system could induce effective systemic immune responses together with mucosal immunity in contrast to parenteral vaccination, which is a poor inducer of effective immunity at mucosal surfaces. Among mucosal vaccines, oral mucosal vaccines have the advantages of ease and low cost of vaccine administration. The oral mucosal immune system, however, is generally recognized as poorly immunogenic due to the frequent induction of tolerance against orally-introduced antigens. Consequently, a prerequisite for successful mucosal vaccination is that the orally introduced antigen should be transported across the mucosal surface into the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). In particular, M cells are responsible for antigen uptake into MALT, and the rapid and effective transcytotic activity of M cells makes them an attractive target for mucosal vaccine delivery, although simple transport of the antigen into M cells does not guarantee the induction of specific immune responses. Consequently, development of mucosal vaccine adjuvants based on an understanding of the biology of M cells has attracted much research interest. Here, we review the characteristics of the oral mucosal immune system and delineate strategies to design effective oral mucosal vaccines with an emphasis on mucosal vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Hae Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
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Fujkuyama Y, Tokuhara D, Kataoka K, Gilbert RS, McGhee JR, Yuki Y, Kiyono H, Fujihashi K. Novel vaccine development strategies for inducing mucosal immunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:367-79. [PMID: 22380827 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To develop protective immune responses against mucosal pathogens, the delivery route and adjuvants for vaccination are important. The host, however, strives to maintain mucosal homeostasis by responding to mucosal antigens with tolerance, instead of immune activation. Thus, induction of mucosal immunity through vaccination is a rather difficult task, and potent mucosal adjuvants, vectors or other special delivery systems are often used, especially in the elderly. By taking advantage of the common mucosal immune system, the targeting of mucosal dendritic cells and microfold epithelial cells may facilitate the induction of effective mucosal immunity. Thus, novel routes of immunization and antigen delivery systems also show great potential for the development of effective and safe mucosal vaccines against various pathogens. The purpose of this review is to introduce several recent approaches to induce mucosal immunity to vaccines, with an emphasis on mucosal tissue targeting, new immunization routes and delivery systems. Defining the mechanisms of mucosal vaccines is as important as their efficacy and safety, and in this article, examples of recent approaches, which will likely accelerate progress in mucosal vaccine development, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Fujkuyama
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, The Immunobiology Vaccine Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Yuki Y, Mejima M, Kurokawa S, Hiroiwa T, Kong IG, Kuroda M, Takahashi Y, Nochi T, Tokuhara D, Kohda T, Kozaki S, Kiyono H. RNAi suppression of rice endogenous storage proteins enhances the production of rice-based Botulinum neutrotoxin type A vaccine. Vaccine 2012; 30:4160-6. [PMID: 22554467 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal vaccines based on rice (MucoRice) offer a highly practical and cost-effective strategy for vaccinating large populations against mucosal infections. However, the limitation of low expression and yield of vaccine antigens with high molecular weight remains to be overcome. Here, we introduced RNAi technology to advance the MucoRice system by co-introducing antisense sequences specific for genes encoding endogenous rice storage proteins to minimize storage protein production and allow more space for the accumulation of vaccine antigen in rice seed. When we used RNAi suppression of a combination of major rice endogenous storage proteins, 13 kDa prolamin and glutelin A in a T-DNA vector, we could highly express a vaccine comprising the 45 kDa C-terminal half of the heavy chain of botulinum type A neurotoxin (BoHc), at an average of 100 μg per seed (MucoRice-BoHc). The MucoRice-Hc was water soluble, and was expressed in the cytoplasm but not in protein body I or II of rice seeds. Thus, our adaptation of the RNAi system improved the yield of a vaccine antigen with a high molecular weight. When the mucosal immunogenicity of the purified MucoRice-BoHc was examined, the vaccine induced protective immunity against a challenge with botulinum type A neurotoxin in mice. These findings demonstrate the efficiency and utility of the advanced MucoRice system as an innovative vaccine production system for generating highly immunogenic mucosal vaccines of high-molecular-weight antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Yuki
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underlying the induction of immunity in the gastrointestinal mucosa following oral immunization and the cross-talk between mucosal and systemic immunity should expedite the development of vaccines to diminish the global burden caused by enteric pathogens. Identifying an immunological correlate of protection in the course of field trials of efficacy, animal models (when available), or human challenge studies is also invaluable. In industrialized country populations, live attenuated vaccines (e.g. polio, typhoid, and rotavirus) mimic natural infection and generate robust protective immune responses. In contrast, a major challenge is to understand and overcome the barriers responsible for the diminished immunogenicity and efficacy of the same enteric vaccines in underprivileged populations in developing countries. Success in developing vaccines against some enteric pathogens has heretofore been elusive (e.g. Shigella). Different types of oral vaccines can selectively or inclusively elicit mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A and serum immunoglobulin G antibodies and a variety of cell-mediated immune responses. Areas of research that require acceleration include interaction between the gut innate immune system and the stimulation of adaptive immunity, development of safe yet effective mucosal adjuvants, better understanding of homing to the mucosa of immunologically relevant cells, and elicitation of mucosal immunologic memory. This review dissects the immune responses elicited in humans by enteric vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela F Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St., Room 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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McNeela EA, Lavelle EC. Recent Advances in Microparticle and Nanoparticle Delivery Vehicles for Mucosal Vaccination. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 354:75-99. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Secretory IgA-mediated protection against V. cholerae and heat-labile enterotoxin-producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by rice-based vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8794-9. [PMID: 20421480 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914121107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are among the most common causes of acute infantile gastroenteritis globally. We previously developed a rice-based vaccine that expressed cholera toxin B subunit (MucoRice-CTB) and had the advantages of being cold chain-free and providing protection against cholera toxin (CT)-induced diarrhea. To advance the development of MucoRice-CTB for human clinical application, we investigated whether the CTB-specific secretory IgA (SIgA) induced by MucoRice-CTB gives longstanding protection against diarrhea induced by Vibrio cholerae and heat-labile enterotoxin (LT)-producing ETEC (LT-ETEC) in mice. Oral immunization with MucoRice-CTB stored at room temperature for more than 3 y provided effective SIgA-mediated protection against CT- or LT-induced diarrhea, but the protection was impaired in polymeric Ig receptor-deficient mice lacking SIgA. The vaccine gave longstanding protection against CT- or LT-induced diarrhea (for > or = 6 months after primary immunization), and a single booster immunization extended the duration of protective immunity by at least 4 months. Furthermore, MucoRice-CTB vaccination prevented diarrhea in the event of V. cholerae and LT-ETEC challenges. Thus, MucoRice-CTB is an effective long-term cold chain-free oral vaccine that induces CTB-specific SIgA-mediated longstanding protection against V. cholerae- or LT-ETEC-induced diarrhea.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent advances that contribute to the development of new vaccines against gastrointestinal infections. RECENT FINDINGS The main themes of this review include epidemiology assessing disease burden of enteric pathogens, increasing antibiotic resistance, positive effect of existing enteric vaccines in developed and developing countries, and recommendations of advisory bodies; antigen discovery and preclinical testing, including live vector systems expressing heterologous antigens, conjugation of antigen to carrier proteins, and plant-based expression systems; as well as clinical studies highlighting recently published enteric vaccine candidates, studies assessing immune correlates of protection, as well as a trend for technology transfer to developing countries where enteric vaccines can be produced less expensively. SUMMARY It is an exciting time for the development of novel vaccines against gastrointestinal infections. Better understanding of disease burden, interest from funding sources, identification of novel antigens, better understanding of protective immune responses, and steady progress in the conduct of clinical trials make the development of new enteric vaccines a goal that is attainable in the near future.
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YUKI Y, KIYONO H. MucoRice: Development of rice-based oral vaccine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 31:369-74. [DOI: 10.2177/jsci.31.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu YUKI
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hiroshi KIYONO
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo
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