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Even Z, Meli AP, Tyagi A, Vidyarthi A, Briggs N, de Kouchkovsky DA, Kong Y, Wang Y, Waizman DA, Rice TA, De Kumar B, Wang X, Palm NW, Craft J, Basu MK, Ghosh S, Rothlin CV. The amalgam of naive CD4 + T cell transcriptional states is reconfigured by helminth infection to dampen the amplitude of the immune response. Immunity 2024; 57:1893-1907.e6. [PMID: 39096910 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Naive CD4+ T cells in specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice are characterized by transcriptional heterogeneity and subpopulations distinguished by the expression of quiescence, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cytoskeleton, type I interferon (IFN-I) response, memory-like, and T cell receptor (TCR) activation genes. We demonstrate that this constitutive heterogeneity, including the presence of the IFN-I response cluster, is commensal independent insofar as being identical in germ-free and SPF mice. By contrast, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection altered this constitutive heterogeneity. Naive T cell-intrinsic transcriptional changes acquired during helminth infection correlated with and accounted for decreased immunization response to an unrelated antigen. These compositional and functional changes were dependent variables of helminth infection, as they disappeared at the established time point of its clearance in mice. Collectively, our results indicate that the naive T cell pool is subject to dynamic transcriptional changes in response to certain environmental cues, which in turn permutes the magnitude of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Even
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Alexandre P Meli
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Antariksh Tyagi
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale School of Medicine, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Aurobind Vidyarthi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Neima Briggs
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Yong Kong
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yaqiu Wang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Daniel A Waizman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tyler A Rice
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Bony De Kumar
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale School of Medicine, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Xusheng Wang
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Noah W Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Malay K Basu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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2
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Kandel A, Li L, Wang Y, Tuo W, Xiao Z. Differentiation and Regulation of Bovine Th2 Cells In Vitro. Cells 2024; 13:738. [PMID: 38727273 PMCID: PMC11083891 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine Th2 cells have usually been characterized by IL4 mRNA expression, but it is unclear whether their IL4 protein expression corresponds to transcription. We found that grass-fed healthy beef cattle, which had been regularly exposed to parasites on the grass, had a low frequency of IL4+ Th2 cells during flow cytometry, similar to animals grown in feedlots. To assess the distribution of IL4+ CD4+ T cells across tissues, samples from the blood, spleen, abomasal (draining), and inguinal lymph nodes were examined, which revealed limited IL4 protein detection in the CD4+ T cells across the examined tissues. To determine if bovine CD4+ T cells may develop into Th2 cells, naïve cells were stimulated with anti-bovine CD3 under a Th2 differentiation kit in vitro. The cells produced primarily IFNγ proteins, with only a small fraction (<10%) co-expressing IL4 proteins. Quantitative PCR confirmed elevated IFNγ transcription but no significant change in IL4 transcription. Surprisingly, GATA3, the master regulator of IL4, was highest in naïve CD4+ T cells but was considerably reduced following differentiation. To determine if the differentiated cells were true Th2 cells, an unbiased proteomic assay was carried out. The assay identified 4212 proteins, 422 of which were differently expressed compared to those in naïve cells. Based on these differential proteins, Th2-related upstream components were predicted, including CD3, CD28, IL4, and IL33, demonstrating typical Th2 differentiation. To boost IL4 expression, T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation strength was reduced by lowering anti-CD3 concentrations. Consequently, weak TCR stimulation essentially abolished Th2 expansion and survival. In addition, extra recombinant bovine IL4 (rbIL4) was added during Th2 differentiation, but, despite enhanced expansion, the IL4 level remained unaltered. These findings suggest that, while bovine CD4+ T cells can respond to Th2 differentiation stimuli, the bovine IL4 pathway is not regulated in the same way as in mice and humans. Furthermore, Ostertagia ostertagi (OO) extract, a gastrointestinal nematode in cattle, inhibited signaling via CD3, CD28, IL4, and TLRs/MYD88, indicating that external pathogens can influence bovine Th2 differentiation. In conclusion, though bovine CD4+ T cells can respond to IL4-driven differentiation, IL4 expression is not a defining feature of differentiated bovine Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Kandel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wenbin Tuo
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Zhengguo Xiao
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.K.); (L.L.)
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3
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Bhoj P, Togre N, Khatri V, Goswami K. Harnessing Immune Evasion Strategy of Lymphatic Filariae: A Therapeutic Approach against Inflammatory and Infective Pathology. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081235. [PMID: 36016123 PMCID: PMC9415972 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human lymphatic filariae have evolved numerous immune evasion strategies to secure their long-term survival in a host. These strategies include regulation of pattern recognition receptors, mimicry with host glycans and immune molecules, manipulation of innate and adaptive immune cells, induction of apoptosis in effector immune cells, and neutralization of free radicals. This creates an anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory milieu in the host: a modified Th2 immune response. Therefore, targeting filarial immunomodulators and manipulating the filariae-driven immune system against the filariae can be a potential therapeutic and prophylactic strategy. Filariae-derived immunosuppression can also be exploited to treat other inflammatory diseases and immunopathologic states of parasitic diseases, such as cerebral malaria, and to prevent leishmaniasis. This paper reviews immunomodulatory mechanisms acquired by these filariae for their own survival and their potential application in the development of novel therapeutic approaches against parasitic and inflammatory diseases. Insight into the intricate network of host immune-parasite interactions would aid in the development of effective immune-therapeutic options for both infectious and immune-pathological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Namdev Togre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (K.G.)
| | | | - Kalyan Goswami
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Saguna, Kalyani 741245, India
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (K.G.)
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4
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Pre-existing helminth infection impairs the efficacy of adjuvanted influenza vaccination in mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266456. [PMID: 35358281 PMCID: PMC8970517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The world health organization estimates that more than a quarter of the human population is infected with parasitic worms that are called helminths. Many helminths suppress the immune system of their hosts to prolong their survival. This helminth-induced immunosuppression “spills over” to unrelated antigens and can suppress the immune response to vaccination against other pathogens. Indeed, several human studies have reported a negative correlation between helminth infections and responses to vaccinations. Using mice that are infected with the parasitic nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis as a model for chronic human filarial infections, we reported previously that concurrent helminth infection impaired the vaccination-induced protection against the human pathogenic 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus (2009 pH1N1). Vaccinated, helminth-infected mice produced less neutralizing, influenza-specific antibodies than vaccinated naïve control mice. Consequently helminth-infected and vaccinated mice were not protected against a challenge infection with influenza virus but displayed high virus burden in the lung and a transient weight loss. In the current study we tried to improve the vaccination efficacy using vaccines that are licensed for humans. We either introduced a prime-boost vaccination regimen using the non-adjuvanted anti-influenza vaccine Begripal or employed the adjuvanted influenza vaccine Fluad. Although both strategies elevated the production of influenza-specific antibodies and protected mice from the transient weight loss that is caused by an influenza challenge infection, sterile immunity was not achieved. Helminth-infected vaccinated mice still had high virus burden in the lung while non-helminth-infected vaccinated mice rapidly cleared the virus. In summary we demonstrate that basic improvements of influenza vaccination regimen are not sufficient to confer sterile immunity on the background of helminth-induced immunosuppression, despite amelioration of pathology i.e. weight loss. Our findings highlight the risk of failed vaccinations in helminth-endemic areas, especially in light of the ongoing vaccination campaign to control the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Akelew Y, Andualem H, Ebrahim E, Atnaf A, Hailemichael W. Immunomodulation of COVID‐19 severity by helminth co‐infection: Implications for COVID‐19 vaccine efficacy. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e573. [PMID: 34861106 PMCID: PMC8926508 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), an emerging virus in late 2019 causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), has caused a catastrophic effect, resulting in an unprecedented global crisis. The immunopathology of COVID‐19 appears to be clearly associated with a dysregulated immune response leading to organ failure and death. Similarly, over two billion people worldwide are infected with helminth, with those living in low‐middle‐income countries disproportionately affected. Helminth infections have been shown to possess immunomodulatory effects in several conditions. Helminth co‐infection in COVID‐19 patients is one of the potential reasons for global attention to answer why COVID‐19 severity is still lower in helminth endemic countries. Recent studies have shown that helminth endemic countries showed fewer cases and deaths so far and helminth co‐infection might reduce the severity of COVID‐19. Moreover, lessons from other diseases with helminth co‐infection have been shown to substantially reduce vaccine efficacy that could also be implicated for COVID‐19. This immunomodulatory effect of helminth has intended and unintended consequences, both advantageous and disadvantageous which could decrease the severity of COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine efficacy respectively. Herewith, we discuss the overview of COVID‐19 immune response, immunomodulatory effects of helminth co‐infections in COVID‐19, lessons from other diseases, and perspectives on the efficacy of COVID‐19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Akelew
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences Debre Markos University Debre Markos Ethiopia
| | - Henok Andualem
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences Debre Tabor University Debre Tabor Ethiopia
| | - Endris Ebrahim
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences Wollo University Dessie Ethiopia
| | - Aytenew Atnaf
- Hematology and Immunohematology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences Debre Markos University Debre Markos Ethiopia
| | - Wasihun Hailemichael
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences Debre Tabor University Debre Tabor Ethiopia
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6
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Stetter N, Hartmann W, Brunn ML, Stanelle-Bertram S, Gabriel G, Breloer M. A Combination of Deworming and Prime-Boost Vaccination Regimen Restores Efficacy of Vaccination Against Influenza in Helminth-Infected Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 12:784141. [PMID: 34992602 PMCID: PMC8724120 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.784141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths still infect a quarter of the human population. They manage to establish chronic infections by downmodulating the immune system of their hosts. Consequently, the immune response of helminth-infected individuals to vaccinations may be impaired as well. Here we study the impact of helminth-induced immunomodulation on vaccination efficacy in the mouse system. We have previously shown that an underlying Litomosoides sigmodontis infection reduced the antibody (Ab) response to anti-influenza vaccination in the context of a systemic expansion of type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1). Most important, vaccine-induced protection from a challenge infection with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus (2009 pH1N1) was impaired in vaccinated, L. sigmodontis-infected mice. Here, we aim at the restoration of vaccination efficacy by drug-induced deworming. Treatment of mice with Flubendazole (FBZ) resulted in elimination of viable L. sigmodontis parasites in the thoracic cavity after two weeks. Simultaneous FBZ-treatment and vaccination did not restore Ab responses or protection in L. sigmodontis-infected mice. Likewise, FBZ-treatment two weeks prior to vaccination did not significantly elevate the influenza-specific Ig response and did not protect mice from a challenge infection with 2009 pH1N1. Analysis of the regulatory T cell compartment revealed that L. sigmodontis-infected and FBZ-treated mice still displayed expanded Tr1 cell populations that may contribute to the sustained suppression of vaccination responses in successfully dewormed mice. To outcompete this sustained immunomodulation in formerly helminth-infected mice, we finally combined the drug-induced deworming with an improved vaccination regimen. Two injections with the non-adjuvanted anti-influenza vaccine Begripal conferred 60% protection while MF59-adjuvanted Fluad conferred 100% protection from a 2009 pH1N1 infection in FBZ-treated, formerly L. sigmodontis-infected mice. Of note, applying this improved prime-boost regimen did not restore protection in untreated L. sigmodontis-infected mice. In summary our findings highlight the risk of failed vaccinations due to helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Stetter
- Section for Molecular Biology and Immunology, Helminth-Immunology Group, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hartmann
- Section for Molecular Biology and Immunology, Helminth-Immunology Group, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Brunn
- Section for Molecular Biology and Immunology, Helminth-Immunology Group, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Stanelle-Bertram
- Research Department for Viral Zoonoses - One Health, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology Heinrich Pette Institute (HPI), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gülsah Gabriel
- Research Department for Viral Zoonoses - One Health, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology Heinrich Pette Institute (HPI), Hamburg, Germany.,Institute for Virology, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Minka Breloer
- Section for Molecular Biology and Immunology, Helminth-Immunology Group, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,Department for Biology, University Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Nouatin O, Mengue JB, Dejon-Agobé JC, Fendel R, Ibáñez J, Ngoa UA, Edoa JR, Adégbité BR, Honkpéhédji YJ, Zinsou JF, Hounkpatin AB, Moutairou K, Homoet A, Esen M, Kreidenweiss A, Hoffman SL, Theisen M, Luty AJF, Lell B, Agnandji ST, Mombo-Ngoma G, Ramharter M, Kremsner P, Mordmüller B, Adegnika AA. Exploratory analysis of the effect of helminth infection on the immunogenicity and efficacy of the asexual blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate GMZ2. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009361. [PMID: 34061838 PMCID: PMC8195366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helminths can modulate the host immune response to Plasmodium falciparum and can therefore affect the risk of clinical malaria. We assessed here the effect of helminth infections on both the immunogenicity and efficacy of the GMZ2 malaria vaccine candidate, a recombinant protein consisting of conserved domains of GLURP and MSP3, two asexual blood-stage antigens of P. falciparum. Controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) was used to assess the efficacy of the vaccine. Methodology In a randomized, double-blind Phase I clinical trial, fifty, healthy, lifelong malaria-exposed adult volunteers received three doses of GMZ2 adjuvanted with either Cationic Adjuvant Formulation (CAF) 01 or Alhydrogel, or a control vaccine (Rabies) on days (D) 0, D28 and D56, followed by direct venous inoculation (DVI) of 3,200 P. falciparum sporozoites (PfSPZ Challenge) approximately 13 weeks after last vaccination to assess vaccine efficacy. Participants were followed-up on a daily basis with clinical examinations and thick blood smears to monitor P. falciparum parasitemia for 35 days. Malaria was defined as the presence of P. falciparum parasites in the blood associated with at least one symptom that can be associated to malaria over 35 days following DVI of PfSPZ Challenge. Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection was assessed by microscopy and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on stool, and Schistosoma infection was assessed by microscopy on urine. Participants were considered as infected if positive for any helminth either by PCR and/or microscopy at D0 and/or at D84 (Helm+) and were classified as mono-infection or co-infection. Total vaccine-specific IgG concentrations assessed on D84 were analysed as immunogenicity outcome. Main findings The helminth in mono-infection, particularly Schistosoma haematobium and STH were significantly associated with earlier malaria episodes following CHMI, while no association was found in case of coinfection. In further analyses, the anti-GMZ2 IgG concentration on D84 was significantly higher in the S. haematobium-infected and significantly lower in the Strongyloides stercoralis-infected groups, compared to helminth-negative volunteers. Interesting, in the absence of helminth infection, a high anti-GMZ2 IgG concentration on D84 was significantly associated with protection against malaria. Conclusions Our results suggest that helminth infection may reduce naturally acquired and vaccine-induced protection against malaria. Vaccine-specific antibody concentrations on D84 may be associated with protection in participants with no helminth infection. These results suggest that helminth infection affect malaria vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy in helminth endemic countries. Helminths, mainly because of their immune regulatory effects, are able to impact the response induced by vaccines. In the context of clinical trial designs that measure accrual of natural infections during follow up or outcome of controlled human malaria infection (CHMI), their effect on vaccine efficacy can be measured. Indeed, most of such clinical trials on malaria vaccine candidates conducted in Africa, especially where the prevalence of helminths is high, have shown a certain limit in their efficacy and immunogenicity, as compared to results observed in European and U.S volunteers. The present analysis assessed the effect of helminths on GMZ2, a malaria vaccine candidate. We found a high level of anti-GMZ2 antibodies among volunteers not infected with helminths and protected against CHMI, indicating efficacy of the candidate vaccine in this population. We found a species-dependent effect of helminths on the level of post-immunization GMZ2-specific IgG concentration, and an association of helminths with an early onset of malaria in CHMI. Our findings reveal that helminths are associated with immunogenicity and may decrease the protective effect of antibodies induced by vaccination. Helminth infection status shall be determined when measuring the immunogenicity and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidates in helminth endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odilon Nouatin
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Département de Biochimie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
| | | | - Jean Claude Dejon-Agobé
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Fendel
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Javier Ibáñez
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Bayodé Roméo Adégbité
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Fondation pour la Recherche Scientifique, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Yabo Josiane Honkpéhédji
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Fondation pour la Recherche Scientifique, Cotonou, Bénin.,Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeannot Fréjus Zinsou
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Fondation pour la Recherche Scientifique, Cotonou, Bénin.,Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aurore Bouyoukou Hounkpatin
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kabirou Moutairou
- Département de Biochimie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Andreas Homoet
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Meral Esen
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Kreidenweiss
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Theisen
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adrian J F Luty
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance, Calavi, Bénin.,Université de Paris, MERIT, IRD, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Lell
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Selidji Todagbe Agnandji
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ghyslain Mombo-Ngoma
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I, Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I, Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kremsner
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ayôla Akim Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Fondation pour la Recherche Scientifique, Cotonou, Bénin.,Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
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8
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Hartmann W, Brunn ML, Stetter N, Gagliani N, Muscate F, Stanelle-Bertram S, Gabriel G, Breloer M. Helminth Infections Suppress the Efficacy of Vaccination against Seasonal Influenza. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2243-2256.e4. [PMID: 31747598 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth parasites infect more than a quarter of the human population and inflict significant changes to the immunological status of their hosts. Here, we analyze the impact of helminth infections on the efficacy of vaccinations using Litomosoides sigmodontis-infected mice. Concurrent helminth infection reduces the quantity and quality of antibody responses to vaccination against seasonal influenza. Vaccination-induced protection against challenge infections with the human pathogenic 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus is drastically impaired in helminth-infected mice. Impaired responses are also observed if vaccinations are performed after clearance of a previous helminth infection, suggesting that individuals in helminth-endemic areas may not always benefit from vaccinations, even in the absence of an acute and diagnosable helminth infection. Mechanistically, the suppression is associated with a systemic and sustained expansion of interleukin (IL)-10-producing CD4+CD49+LAG-3+ type 1 regulatory T cells and partially abrogated by in vivo blockade of the IL-10 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Hartmann
- Section for Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Brunn
- Section for Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Stetter
- Section for Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- I Department of Medicine and Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Franziska Muscate
- I Department of Medicine and Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Stanelle-Bertram
- Research Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gülsah Gabriel
- Research Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Virology, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Minka Breloer
- Section for Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
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9
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Wait LF, Dobson AP, Graham AL. Do parasite infections interfere with immunisation? A review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 2020; 38:5582-5590. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Abdoli A, Ardakani HM. Helminth infections and immunosenescence: The friend of my enemy. Exp Gerontol 2020; 133:110852. [PMID: 32007545 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated alterations of the immune system, which known as "immunosenescence", is characterized by a decline in innate and adaptive immunity, which leading to increased susceptibility to age-associated diseases, such as infectious diseases, rheumatic disease and malignancies. On the other hand, helminth infections are among the most prevalent infections in older individuals, especially in the nursing homes. Most of helminth infections have minor clinical symptoms and usually causing chronic infections without treatment. Nevertheless, chronic helminthiasis alters immune responses somewhat similar to the immunosenescence. Some similarities also exist between helminth infections and immunosenescence: 1) both of them led to declining the immune responses; 2) undernutrition is a consequence of immunosenescence and helminthiasis; 3) vaccine efficacy declines in aging and individuals with helminth infections; 4) increase incidence and prevalence of infectious diseases in the elder individuals and patients with helminth infections; and 5) both of them promote tumorigenesis. Hence, it is probable that helminth infections in the elderly population can intensify the immunosenescence outcomes due to the synergistic immunoregulatory effects of each of them. It would be suggested that, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of helminth infections should be more considered in older individuals. Also, it would be suggested that helminths or their antigens can be used for investigation of immunosenescence because both of them possess some similarities in immune alterations. Taken together, this review offers new insights into the immunology of aging and helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abdoli
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Research Center for Noncommunicable Diseases, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
| | - Hoda Mirzaian Ardakani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Coelho CH, Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH, Howard J, Barnafo E, Alani NAH, Muratova O, McCormack A, Kelnhofer E, Urban JF, Narum DL, Anderson C, Langhorne J, Nutman TB, Duffy PE. Chronic helminth infection does not impair immune response to malaria transmission blocking vaccine Pfs230D1-EPA/Alhydrogel® in mice. Vaccine 2019; 37:1038-1045. [PMID: 30685251 PMCID: PMC6382667 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pfs230 is a candidate malaria transmission blocking vaccine against P. falciparum. Pfs230 vaccine is being tested in areas where malaria and helminth infections are co-endemic. Chronic helminth infection induces a marked increase in systemic Th2 and regulatory cytokine levels in mice. Chronic H. polygyrus bakeri infection does not alter Pfs230 vaccine specific-antibody levels. Functional activity of Pfs230 vaccine was not impaired by chronic helminth infection in mice.
Introduction Malaria transmission blocking vaccines (TBV) are innovative approaches that aim to induce immunity in humans against Plasmodium during mosquito stage, neutralizing the capacity of the infected vectors to transmit malaria. Pfs230D1-EPA/Alhydrogel®, a promising protein-protein conjugate malaria TBV, is currently being tested in human clinical trials in areas where P. falciparum malaria is coendemic with helminth parasites. Helminths are complex metazoans that share the master capacity to downregulate the host immune response towards themselves and also to bystander antigens, including vaccines. However, it is not known whether the activity of a protein-based malaria TBV may be affected by a chronic helminth infection. Methods Using an experimental murine model for a chronic helminth infection (Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri - Hpb), we evaluated whether prior infection alters the activity of Pfs230D1-EPA/Alhydrogel® TBV in mice. Results After establishment of a chronic infection, characterized by a marked increase of parasite antigen-specific IgG1, IgA and IgE antibody responses, concomitant with an increase of systemic IL-10, IL-5 and IL-6 levels, the Hpb-infected mice were immunized with Pfs230D1-EPA/Alhydrogel® and the vaccine-specific immune response was compared with that in non-infected immunized mice. TBV immunizations induced an elevated vaccine specific-antibody response, however Pfs230D1 specific-IgG levels were similar between infected and uninfected mice at days 15, 25 and 35 post-vaccination. Absolute numbers of Pfs230D1-activated B cells generated in response to the vaccine were also similar among the vaccinated groups. Finally, vaccine activity assessed by reduction of oocyst number in P. falciparum infected mosquitoes was similar between Hpb-infected and immunized mice with non-infected immunized mice. Conclusion Pfs230D1-EPA/Alhydrogel® efficacy is not impaired by a chronic helminth infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila H Coelho
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Howard
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Emma Barnafo
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Nada A H Alani
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Olga Muratova
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ashley McCormack
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Emily Kelnhofer
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomic and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - David L Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Charles Anderson
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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12
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Machelart A, Potemberg G, Van Maele L, Demars A, Lagneaux M, De Trez C, Sabatel C, Bureau F, De Prins S, Percier P, Denis O, Jurion F, Romano M, Vanderwinden JM, Letesson JJ, Muraille E. Allergic Asthma Favors Brucella Growth in the Lungs of Infected Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1856. [PMID: 30147700 PMCID: PMC6095999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic Th2 inflammatory disease of the lower airways affecting a growing number of people worldwide. The impact of infections and microbiota composition on allergic asthma has been investigated frequently. Until now, however, there have been few attempts to investigate the impact of asthma on the control of infectious microorganisms and the underlying mechanisms. In this work, we characterize the consequences of allergic asthma on intranasal (i.n.) infection by Brucella bacteria in mice. We observed that i.n. sensitization with extracts of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae or the mold Alternaria alternata (Alt) significantly increased the number of Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, and Brucella abortus in the lungs of infected mice. Microscopic analysis showed dense aggregates of infected cells composed mainly of alveolar macrophages (CD11c+ F4/80+ MHCII+) surrounded by neutrophils (Ly-6G+). Asthma-induced Brucella susceptibility appears to be dependent on CD4+ T cells, the IL-4/STAT6 signaling pathway and IL-10, and is maintained in IL-12- and IFN-γR-deficient mice. The effects of the Alt sensitization protocol were also tested on Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis pulmonary infections. Surprisingly, we observed that Alt sensitization strongly increases the survival of S. pneumoniae infected mice by a T cell and STAT6 independent signaling pathway. In contrast, the course of M. tuberculosis infection is not affected in the lungs of sensitized mice. Our work demonstrates that the impact of the same allergic sensitization protocol can be neutral, negative, or positive with regard to the resistance of mice to bacterial infection, depending on the bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Machelart
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d’Immunologie et de Microbiologie, NAmur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Georges Potemberg
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d’Immunologie et de Microbiologie, NAmur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Laurye Van Maele
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aurore Demars
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d’Immunologie et de Microbiologie, NAmur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Maxime Lagneaux
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d’Immunologie et de Microbiologie, NAmur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Carl De Trez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Sabatel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA- Research & WELBIO, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Bureau
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA- Research & WELBIO, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Prins
- Immunology Unit, Scientific Institute for Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline Percier
- Immunology Unit, Scientific Institute for Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Denis
- Immunology Unit, Scientific Institute for Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Jurion
- Immunology Unit, Scientific Institute for Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marta Romano
- Immunology Unit, Scientific Institute for Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Jean-Jacques Letesson
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d’Immunologie et de Microbiologie, NAmur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Eric Muraille
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d’Immunologie et de Microbiologie, NAmur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Sanya RE, Nkurunungi G, Andia Biraro I, Mpairwe H, Elliott AM. A life without worms. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2018; 111:3-11. [PMID: 28340138 PMCID: PMC5412073 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trx010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Worms have co-evolved with humans over millions of years. To survive, they manipulate host systems by modulating immune responses so that they cause (in the majority of hosts) relatively subtle harm. Anthelminthic treatment has been promoted as a measure for averting worm specific pathology and to mitigate subtle morbidities which may include effects on anaemia, growth, cognitive function and economic activity. With our changing environment marked by rapid population growth, urbanisation, better hygiene practices and anthelminthic treatment, there has been a decline in worm infections and other infectious diseases and a rise in non-communicable diseases such as allergy, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This review reflects upon our age-old interaction with worms, and the broader ramifications of life without worms for vaccine responses and susceptibility to other infections, and for allergy-related and metabolic disease. We touch upon the controversy around the benefits of mass drug administration for the more-subtle morbidities that have been associated with worm infections and then focus our attention on broader, additional aspects of life without worms, which may be either beneficial or detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Sanya
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit, Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.,College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gyaviira Nkurunungi
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit, Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | - Harriet Mpairwe
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit, Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Alison M Elliott
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit, Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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14
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Flanagan KL, Fink AL, Plebanski M, Klein SL. Sex and Gender Differences in the Outcomes of Vaccination over the Life Course. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 33:577-599. [PMID: 28992436 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Both sex (i.e., biological differences) and gender (i.e., social or cultural influences) impact vaccine acceptance, responses, and outcomes. Clinical data illustrate that among children, young adults, and aged individuals, males and females differ in vaccine-induced immune responses, adverse events, and protection. Although males are more likely to receive vaccines, following vaccination, females typically develop higher antibody responses and report more adverse effects of vaccination than do males. Human, nonhuman animal, and in vitro studies reveal numerous immunological, genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors that differ between males and females and contribute to sex- and gender-specific vaccine responses and outcomes. Herein, we address the impact of sex and gender variables that should be considered in preclinical and clinical studies of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Flanagan
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3800; ,
| | - Ashley L Fink
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; ,
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3800; ,
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; ,
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15
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Olotu A, Urbano V, Hamad A, Eka M, Chemba M, Nyakarungu E, Raso J, Eburi E, Mandumbi DO, Hergott D, Maas CD, Ayekaba MO, Milang DN, Rivas MR, Schindler T, Embon OM, Ruben AJ, Saverino E, Abebe Y, Kc N, James ER, Murshedkar T, Manoj A, Chakravarty S, Li M, Adams M, Schwabe C, Segura JL, Daubenberger C, Tanner M, Richie TL, Billingsley PF, Lee Sim BK, Abdulla S, Hoffman SL. Advancing Global Health through Development and Clinical Trials Partnerships: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Assessment of Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of PfSPZ Vaccine for Malaria in Healthy Equatoguinean Men. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:308-318. [PMID: 29141739 PMCID: PMC5928718 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Equatorial Guinea (EG) has implemented a successful malaria control program on Bioko Island. A highly effective vaccine would be an ideal complement to this effort and could lead to halting transmission and eliminating malaria. Sanaria® PfSPZ Vaccine (Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite Vaccine) is being developed for this purpose. To begin the process of establishing the efficacy of and implementing a PfSPZ Vaccine mass vaccination program in EG, we decided to conduct a series of clinical trials of PfSPZ Vaccine on Bioko Island. Because no clinical trial had ever been conducted in EG, we first successfully established the ethical, regulatory, quality, and clinical foundation for conducting trials. We now report the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity results of the first clinical trial in the history of the country. Thirty adult males were randomized in the ratio 2:1 to receive three doses of 2.7 × 105 PfSPZ of PfSPZ Vaccine (N = 20) or normal saline placebo (N = 10) by direct venous inoculation at 8-week intervals. The vaccine was safe and well tolerated. Seventy percent, 65%, and 45% of vaccinees developed antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, PfSPZ by automated immunofluorescence assay, and PfSPZ by inhibition of sporozoite invasion assay, respectively. Antibody responses were significantly lower than responses in U.S. adults who received the same dosage regimen, but not significantly different than responses in young adult Malians. Based on these results, a clinical trial enrolling 135 subjects aged 6 months to 65 years has been initiated in EG; it includes PfSPZ Vaccine and first assessment in Africa of PfSPZ-CVac. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02418962.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ally Olotu
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Vicente Urbano
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Ali Hamad
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Martin Eka
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Mwajuma Chemba
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Elizabeth Nyakarungu
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jose Raso
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Esther Eburi
- Medical Care Development International, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Dolores O Mandumbi
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Dianna Hergott
- Medical Care Development International, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Carl D Maas
- Marathon EG Production Ltd, Punta Europa, Bioko Norte, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Mitoha O Ayekaba
- Marathon EG Production Ltd, Punta Europa, Bioko Norte, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Diosdado N Milang
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Matilde R Rivas
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | | | - Oscar M Embon
- La Paz Medical Center, Sipopo, Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew Adams
- Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - J Luis Segura
- Medical Care Development International, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Marcel Tanner
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Hartmann W, Schramm C, Breloer M. Litomosoides sigmodontis induces TGF-β receptor responsive, IL-10-producing T cells that suppress bystander T-cell proliferation in mice. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2568-81. [PMID: 26138667 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasites suppress immune responses to prolong their survival within the mammalian host. Thereby not only helminth-specific but also nonhelminth-specific bystander immune responses are suppressed. Here, we use the murine model of Litomosoides sigmodontis infection to elucidate the underlying mechanisms leading to this bystander T-cell suppression. When OT-II T cells specific for the third-party antigen ovalbumin are transferred into helminth-infected mice, these cells respond to antigen-specific stimulation with reduced proliferation compared to activation within non-infected mice. Thus, the presence of parasitic worms in the thoracic cavity translates to suppression of T cells with a different specificity at a different site. By eliminating regulatory receptors, cytokines, and cell populations from this system, we provide evidence for a two-staged process. Parasite products first engage the TGF-β receptor on host-derived T cells that are central to suppression. In a second step, host-derived T cells produce IL-10 and subsequently suppress the adoptively transferred OT-II T cells. Terminal suppression was IL-10-dependant but independent of intrinsic TGF-β receptor- or PD-1-mediated signaling in the suppressed OT-II T cells. Blockade of the same key suppression mediators, i.e. TGF-β- and IL-10 receptor, also ameliorated the suppression of IgG response to bystander antigen vaccination in L. sigmodontis-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Hartmann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Minka Breloer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Efunshile AM, Olawale T, Stensvold CR, Kurtzhals JAL, König B. Epidemiological study of the association between malaria and helminth infections in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:578-82. [PMID: 25624401 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between intestinal helminth infection and susceptibility to malaria remains unclear. We studied the relationship between these infections. Seven schools in Ilero, Nigeria referred all pupils with febrile illness to our study center for free malaria treatment during a 3-month study period. At the end, all pupils submitted a stool sample for microscopic investigation for helminth eggs. We used an unmatched case-control design to calculate the odds ratios for helminth infection in children with at least one attack of malaria (cases) and children with no malaria episodes during the study (controls). We recorded 115 malaria cases in 82 of 354 (23.2%), 16 of 736 (2.2%), and 17 of 348 (4.7%) children ages ≤ 5, 6-10, and 11-15 years old, respectively (P = 0.001). Helminth infection rate in cases was 21 of 115 (18.3%) compared with 456 of 1,327 (34.4%) in controls. Weighted odds ratio stratified by age group for helminth infection in cases versus controls was 0.50 (95% confidence interval = 0.2-0.84, P < 0.01). Ascaris and hookworm were the most common helminths detected, with prevalence rates of 14 (12.2%) and 6 (5.2%) among cases compared with 333 (25.1%) and 132 (10.0%) in controls, respectively (P = 0.001). The negative association between helminth infection and malaria may be of importance in the design of deworming programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinwale Michael Efunshile
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Temitope Olawale
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christen Rune Stensvold
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen A L Kurtzhals
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brigitte König
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Haben I, Hartmann W, Breloer M. Nematode-induced interference with vaccination efficacy targets follicular T helper cell induction and is preserved after termination of infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3170. [PMID: 25255463 PMCID: PMC4177885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One-third of the human population is infected with parasitic worms. To avoid being eliminated, these parasites actively dampen the immune response of their hosts. This immune modulation also suppresses immune responses to third-party antigens such as vaccines. Here, we used Litomosoides sigmodontis-infected BALB/c mice to analyse nematode-induced interference with vaccination. Chronic nematode infection led to complete suppression of the humoral response to thymus-dependent vaccination. Thereby the numbers of antigen-specific B cells as well as the serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G titres were reduced. TH2-associated IgG1 and TH1-associated IgG2 responses were both suppressed. Thus, nematode infection did not bias responses towards a TH2 response, but interfered with Ig responses in general. We provide evidence that this suppression indirectly targeted B cells via accessory T cells as number and frequency of vaccine-induced follicular B helper T cells were reduced. Moreover, vaccination using model antigens that stimulate Ig response independently of T helper cells was functional in nematode-infected mice. Using depletion experiments, we show that CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells did not mediate the suppression of Ig response during chronic nematode infection. Suppression was induced by fourth stage larvae, immature adults and mature adults, and increased with the duration of the infection. By contrast, isolated microfilariae increased IgG2a responses to vaccination. This pro-inflammatory effect of microfilariae was overruled by the simultaneous presence of adults. Strikingly, a reduced humoral response was still observed if vaccination was performed more than 16 weeks after termination of L. sigmodontis infection. In summary, our results suggest that vaccination may not only fail in helminth-infected individuals, but also in individuals with a history of previous helminth infections. Parasitic worms, called helminths, infect one-third of the world population. Despite exposure to their host's immune system many helminths establish chronic infections and survive several years within their host. They avoid elimination by dampening the immune response of their hosts. This immune suppression also affects immune responses to third-party antigens such as vaccines. Indeed, accumulating evidence suggests that helminth-infected humans display impaired responses to vaccination. Thus, anthelminthic treatment before vaccination is discussed. Here, we use helminth-infected mice to analyse kinetics and mechanism of helminth-induced interference with vaccination efficacy more precisely. We show that chronic helminth infection completely suppressed antibody responses to a model vaccine. Thereby helminths suppressed the antibody-producing B cells indirectly via suppression of accessory T helper cells. The suppression was more pronounced at later time points of infection and still observed in mice that had terminated the helminth infection for more than 16 weeks. In summary, our results suggest that vaccination may not only fail in helminth-infected individuals, but also in individuals with a history of previous helminth infections. Thus, our report highlights the importance to develop vaccination strategies that are functional despite concurrent helminth infection rather than deworming humans before vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Haben
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hartmann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Minka Breloer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Luo K, Zhang H, Zavala F, Biragyn A, Espinosa DA, Markham RB. Fusion of antigen to a dendritic cell targeting chemokine combined with adjuvant yields a malaria DNA vaccine with enhanced protective capabilities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90413. [PMID: 24599116 PMCID: PMC3943962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sterilizing immunity to malaria can be elicited by irradiated sporozoite vaccination, no clinically practical subunit vaccine has been shown to be capable of preventing the approximately 600,000 annual deaths attributed to this infection. DNA vaccines offer several potential advantages for a disease that primarily affects the developing world, but new approaches are needed to improve the immunogenicity of these vaccines. By using a novel, lipid-based adjuvant, Vaxfectin, to attract immune cells to the immunization site, in combination with an antigen-chemokine DNA construct designed to target antigen to immature dendritic cells, we elicited a humoral immune response that provided sterilizing immunity to malaria challenge in a mouse model system. The chemokine, MIP3αCCL20, did not significantly enhance the cellular infiltrate or levels of cytokine or chemokine expression at the immunization site but acted with Vaxfectin to reduce liver stage malaria infection by orders of magnitude compared to vaccine constructs lacking the chemokine component. The levels of protection achieved were equivalent to those observed with irradiated sporozoites, a candidate vaccine undergoing development for further large scale clinical trial. Only vaccination with the combined regimen of adjuvant and chemokine provided 80–100% protection against the development of bloodstream infection. Treating the immunization process as requiring the independent steps of 1) attracting antigen-presenting cells to the site of immunization and 2) specifically directing vaccine antigen to the immature dendritic cells that initiate the adaptive immune response may provide a rational strategy for the development of a clinically applicable malaria DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Luo
- The Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hong Zhang
- The Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fidel Zavala
- The Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Diego A. Espinosa
- The Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Markham
- The Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Helpful or a Hindrance: Co-infections with Helminths During Malaria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 828:99-129. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1489-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Schabussova I, Ul-Haq O, Hoflehner E, Akgün J, Wagner A, Loupal G, Joachim A, Ruttkowski B, Maizels RM, Wiedermann U. Oesophagostomum dentatum extract modulates T cell-dependent immune responses to bystander antigens and prevents the development of allergy in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67544. [PMID: 23844022 PMCID: PMC3699627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One third of the human population is currently infected by one or more species of parasitic helminths. Certain helminths establish long-term chronic infections resulting in a modulation of the host’s immune system with attenuated responsiveness to “bystander” antigens such as allergens or vaccines. In this study we investigated whether parasite-derived products suppress the development of allergic inflammation in a mouse model. We show that extract derived from adult male Oesophagostomum dentatum (eMOD) induced Th2 and regulatory responses in BALB/c mice. Stimulation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells induced production of regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-beta. In a mouse model of birch pollen allergy, co-administration of eMOD with sensitizing allergen Bet v 1 markedly reduced the production of allergen-specific antibodies in serum as well as IgE-dependent basophil degranulation. Furthermore, eMOD prevented the development of airway inflammation, as demonstrated by attenuation of bronchoalveolar lavages eosinophil influx, peribronchial inflammatory infiltrate, and mucus secretion in lungs and IL-4 and IL-5 levels in lung cell cultures. Reduced secretion of Th2-related cytokines by birch pollen-re-stimulated splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node cells was observed in eMOD-treated/sensitized and challenged mice in comparison to sensitized and challenged controls. The suppressive effects of eMOD were heat-stable. Immunization with model antigens in the presence of eMOD reduced production of antibodies to thymus-dependent but not to thymus-independent antigen, suggesting that suppression of the immune responses by eMOD was mediated by interference with antigen presenting cell or T helper cell function but did not directly suppress B cell function. In conclusion, we have shown that eMOD possesses immunomodulatory properties and that heat-stable factors in eMOD are responsible for the dramatic suppression of allergic responses in a mouse model of type I allergy. The identification and characterization of parasite-derived immune-modulating molecules might have potential for designing novel prophylactic/therapeutic strategies for immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Schabussova
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Hartmann W, Eschbach ML, Breloer M. Strongyloides ratti infection modulates B and T cell responses to third party antigens. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Kolbaum J, Tartz S, Hartmann W, Helm S, Nagel A, Heussler V, Sebo P, Fleischer B, Jacobs T, Breloer M. Nematode-induced interference with the anti-Plasmodium CD8+ T-cell response can be overcome by optimizing antigen administration. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:890-900. [PMID: 22161305 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is still responsible for up to 1 million deaths per year worldwide, highlighting the need for protective malaria vaccines. Helminth infections that are prevalent in malaria endemic areas can modulate immune responses of the host. Here we show that Strongy-Ioides ratti, a gut-dwelling nematode that causes transient infections, did not change the efficacy of vaccination against Plasmodium berghei. An ongoing infection with Litomosoides sigmodontis, a tissue-dwelling filaria that induces chronic infections in BALB/c mice, significantly interfered with vaccination efficacy. The induction of P. berghei circumspor-ozoite protein (CSP)-specific CD8(+) T cells, achieved by a single immunization with a CSP fusion protein, was diminished in L. sigmodontis-infected mice. This modulation was reflected by reduced frequencies of CSP-specific CD8(+) T cells, reduced CSP-specific IFN-y and TNF-a production, reduced CSP-specific cytotoxicity, and reduced protection against P. berghei challenge infection. Implementation of a more potent vaccine regime, by first priming with CSP-expressing recombinant live Salmonella prior to CSP fusion protein immunization, restored induction of CSP-specific CD8(+) T cells and conferred almost sterile immunity to P. berghei challenge infection also in L. sigmodontis-infected mice. In summary, we show that appropriate vaccination regimes can overcome helminth-induced interference with vaccination efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kolbaum
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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24
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Markus MB. Dormancy in mammalian malaria. Trends Parasitol 2011; 28:39-45. [PMID: 22118814 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This analysis principally concerns biological aspects of dormancy in mammalian malaria, with particular reference to the hypnozoite. Research is needed to reveal what happens to sporozoites of Plasmodium cynomolgi between the time of inoculation and when hypnozoites are first seen in the liver 36-40 h later. It is likely that hypnozoites of relapsing malarial parasites will prove to be directly sporozoite-derived rather than merozoite-derived. There is indirect evidence that, contrary to what is generally assumed, activation of hypnozoites might not be the only cause of recurrent Plasmodium vivax malaria. Latent stages pose a threat to success in eradicating malaria; some suggestions are therefore made for demystifying work on hypnozoites and quiescent merozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles B Markus
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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25
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Plasmodium falciparum and helminth coinfections among schoolchildren in relation to agro-ecosystems in Mvomero District, Tanzania. Acta Trop 2011; 120:95-102. [PMID: 21741929 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Sub-Saharan Africa, some individuals infected with malaria are also infected with helminths. However, the magnitude and distribution of such coinfections in relation to eco-systems remains poorly defined. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and helminth coinfections among schoolchildren in relation to agro-ecosystems in Mvomero District, Tanzania. METHODS The agro-ecosystems were categorised as sugarcane, traditional flooding rice irrigation, improved non-flooding rice irrigation and savannah. Schoolchildren had their blood examined for P. falciparum and Wuchereria bancrofti; urine for Schistosoma haematobium and stool for intestinal helminths. Blood samples were also examined for haemoglobin concentration. RESULTS A total of 578 schoolchildren (mean age = 7.96 years) were involved in the study. Overall, 60% of all schoolchildren had at least an infection of either P. falciparum, W. bancrofti, S. haematobium or hookworm. The highest prevalence of P. falciparum (75.3%), W. bancrofti (62.9%) and hookworm (24.7%) infections was observed among children in flooding rice irrigation ecosystem. P. falciparum+S. haematobium (10.9%) and P. falciparum+W. bancrofti (11.1%) were the most prevalent types of coinfection in the area. The highest prevalence of double parasitic infections was observed among children in the flooding rice irrigation ecosystems. The risk for acquiring coinfections of P. falciparum+W. bancrofti was significantly higher among children in the flooding rice irrigation ecosystem. Forty-five (7.8%) children were coinfected with three types of parasitic infections. The risk of acquiring triple infection among children from flooding rice irrigation was higher for P. falciparum+S. haematobium+W. bancrofti (p<0.001). Seven schoolchildren (1.2%) were found infected with four parasites and all were from the flooding rice irrigation ecosystem. Significantly high P. falciparum geometric parasite density was observed among children coinfected with either hookworms or W. bancrofti (p<0.001). On average, 17.8% (103/578) of the children had enlarged spleens. Over 3- and 4-folds increase in the risk of having an enlarged spleen were observed among children coinfected with P. falciparum+S. haematobium and P. falciparum+W. bancrofti, respectively. The overall prevalence of anaemia (<11.5g/dl) was 61.9% (358/578). CONCLUSION Malaria-helminth coinfections are prevalent among schoolchildren in rural Tanzania and the pattern varies between agro-ecosystems. Results of this study suggest that integrated control of malaria and helminthes should be designed based on the local agro-ecosystems.
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26
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Nacher M. Interactions between worms and malaria: good worms or bad worms? Malar J 2011; 10:259. [PMID: 21910854 PMCID: PMC3192711 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade there have been an increasing number of studies on co-infections between worms and malaria. However, this increased interest has yielded results that have been at times conflicting and made it difficult to clearly grasp the outcome of this interaction. Despite the heterogeneity of study designs, reviewing the growing body of research may be synthesized into some broad trends: Ascaris emerges mostly as protective from malaria and its severe manifestations, whereas hookworm seems to increase malaria incidence. As efforts are made to de-worm populations in malaria endemic areas, there is still no clear picture of the impact these programmes have in terms of quantitative and qualitative changes in malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nacher
- Centre d'investigation Clinique épidémiologie Clinique Antilles-Guyane, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, French Guiana.
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Harris N, Gause WC. To B or not to B: B cells and the Th2-type immune response to helminths. Trends Immunol 2010; 32:80-8. [PMID: 21159556 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Similar T helper (Th)2-type immune responses are generated against different helminth parasites, but the mechanisms that initiate Th2 immunity, and the specific immune components that mediate protection against these parasites, can vary greatly. B cells are increasingly recognized as important during the Th2-type immune response to helminths, and B cell activation might be a target for effective vaccine development. Antibody production is a function of B cells during helminth infection and understanding how polyclonal and antigen-specific antibodies contribute should provide important insights into how protective immunity develops. In addition, B cells might also contribute to the host response against helminths through antibody-independent functions including, antigen presentation, as well as regulatory and effector activity. In this review, we examine the role of B cells during Th2-type immune response to these multicellular parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Harris
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute and Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Reyes JL, Espinoza-Jiménez AF, González MI, Verdin L, Terrazas LI. Taenia crassiceps infection abrogates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cell Immunol 2010; 267:77-87. [PMID: 21185554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infections induce strong immunoregulation that can modulate subsequent pathogenic challenges. Taenia crassiceps causes a chronic infection that induces a Th2-biased response and modulates the host cellular immune response, including reduced lymphoproliferation in response to mitogens, impaired antigen presentation and the recruitment of suppressive alternatively activated macrophages (AAMФ). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the ability of T. crassiceps to reduce the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Only 50% of T. crassiceps-infected mice displayed EAE symptoms, which were significantly less severe than uninfected mice. This effect was associated with both decreased MOG-specific splenocyte proliferation and IL-17 production and limited leukocyte infiltration into the spinal cord. Infection with T. crassiceps induced an anti-inflammatory cytokine microenvironment, including decreased TNF-α production and high MOG-specific production of IL-4 and IL-10. While the mRNA expression of TNF-α and iNOS was lower in the brain of T. crassiceps-infected mice with EAE, markers for AAMФ were highly expressed. Furthermore, in these mice, there was reduced entry of CD3(+)Foxp3(-) cells into the brain. The T. crassiceps-induced immune regulation decreased EAE severity by dampening T cell activation, proliferation and migration to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Reyes
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Edo, México 54090, Mexico
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29
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Cruz-Chan JV, Rosado-Vallado M, Dumonteil E. Malaria vaccine efficacy: overcoming the helminth hurdle. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:707-11. [PMID: 20624043 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have documented that helminth infections can interfere with the development of the immune response of vaccines against different diseases, although some results have been contradictory. The mechanisms involved in the inhibition of the immune response to vaccination by helminth are still unclear, and murine models of helminth-malaria coinfections have proven helpful in investigating some aspects of the interactions involved. The study evaluated here focuses on the effect of helminth infection in mice on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of two distinct malaria vaccine candidates, a transmission-blocking DNA vaccine based on Pfs25 antigen and a pre-erythrocytic vaccine based on irradiated sporozoites. Interestingly, the authors found that helminth infection dramatically reduced DNA vaccine immunogenicity, while immunization with irradiated sporozoites was able to induce a high level of antibodies and protection, independently of helminth infection. Immune suppression by helminth infection affected all IgG isotypes, suggesting no particular polarization of the immune response, but the generation of memory B cells was not affected. It will be of key interest to understand the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of the sporozoite vaccine, and its ability to overcome helminth immunosuppression, as this may help in the design of more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Vladimir Cruz-Chan
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Ave. Itzaes #490 x 59, 97000 Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico
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