1
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Shen K, Zhang J, Zhao Z, Ma H, Wang Y, Zheng W, Xu J, Li Y, Wang B, Zhang Z, Wu S, Hou L, Chen W. Microparticulated Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide shows potent vaccine adjuvant effect. Int J Pharm 2024; 652:123802. [PMID: 38218508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Adjuvants are necessary for protein vaccines and have been used for nearly 100 years. However, developing safe and effective adjuvants is still urgently needed. Polysaccharides isolated from traditional Chinese medicine are considered novel vaccine adjuvant sources. This study aimed to investigate the adjuvant activity and immune-enhancing mechanisms of the microparticulated Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (MP-PSP) modified by calcium carbonate. PSP demonstrated adjuvant activity, and MP-PSP further showed a higher humoral response compared to PSP. Subsequently, MP-PSP was elucidated to improving the immunity by slowing the rate of antigen release and activating dendritic cells along with interleukin-6 secretion through toll-like receptor 4 signaling, followed by T follicular helper cell and B cell interactions. Moreover, MP-PSP had a good safety profile in vaccinated mice. Thus, MP-PSP may be a promising vaccine adjuvant and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shen
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China; Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 West Temple Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhenghao Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hao Ma
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yudong Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Wanru Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jinghan Xu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yao Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Busen Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shipo Wu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lihua Hou
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China.
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2
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Yilmaz-Ozturk R, Calik H, Yaman S, Ustun-Karatop E, Cakir-Koc R. Immunogenic evaluation of multi-epitope peptide-loaded PCPP microparticles as a vaccine candidate against Toxoplasma Gondii. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 92:101927. [PMID: 36528908 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a major health problem and socioeconomic burden, affecting around 30-50% of the global population. Poly(dicarboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene (PCPP) polymer was chosen as adjuvant for the immunogenic peptide antigen. Peptide-loaded PCPP microparticles were synthesized via the coacervation method and the characterization studies of microparticles were conducted to determine their size, charge, morphology, encapsulation efficacy, and loading capacity. To evaluate in vivo efficacy of the vaccine candidate, Balb/c mice were immunized with the formulations. Brain and spleen tissues were isolated from animals to investigate cytokine levels, lymphocyte proliferation, and brain cyst formation. As a result, antibody and cytokine responses in groups immunized with peptide-loaded PCPP microparticles were found to be significantly higher when compared to the control group. In conclusion, our novel multi-epitope peptide-loaded PCPP microparticle-based vaccine formulation demonstrated considerable humoral and cellular immune responses against T. gondii and protected mice against T. gondii infection during Toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Yilmaz-Ozturk
- Yildiz Technical University, Department of Bioengineering, Istanbul 34220, Turkey; Health Institutes of Turkey (TUSEB), Turkey Biotechnology Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hilal Calik
- Yildiz Technical University, Department of Bioengineering, Istanbul 34220, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yaman
- Gumushane University, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Gumushane 29100, Turkey; Health Institutes of Turkey (TUSEB), Turkey Biotechnology Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eslin Ustun-Karatop
- University of Ottawa, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ottawa, ON K1N6N5, Canada
| | - Rabia Cakir-Koc
- Yildiz Technical University, Department of Bioengineering, Istanbul 34220, Turkey; Health Institutes of Turkey (TUSEB), Turkey Biotechnology Institute, Istanbul, Turkey.
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3
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Lipid Microparticles Show Similar Efficacy With Lipid Nanoparticles in Delivering mRNA and Preventing Cancer. Pharm Res 2023; 40:265-279. [PMID: 36451070 PMCID: PMC9713120 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Messenger RNA (mRNA) has shown great promise for vaccine against both infectious diseases and cancer. However, mRNA is unstable and requires a delivery vehicle for efficient cellular uptake and degradation protection. So far, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) represent the most advanced delivery platform for mRNA delivery. However, no published studies have compared lipid microparticles (LMPs) with lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in delivering mRNA systematically, therefore, we compared the impact of particle size on delivery efficacy of mRNA vaccine and subsequent immune responses. METHODS Herein, we prepared 3 different size lipid particles, from nano-sized to micro-sized, and they loaded similar amounts of mRNA. These lipid particles were investigated both in vitro and in vivo, followed by evaluating the impact of particle size on inducing cellular and humoral immune responses. RESULTS In this study, all mRNA vaccines showed a robust immune response and lipid microparticles (LMPs) show similar efficacy with lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in delivering mRNA and preventing cancer. In addition, immune adjuvants, either toll like receptors or active molecules from traditional Chinese medicine, can improve the efficacy of mRNA vaccines. CONCLUSIONS Considering the efficiency of delivery and endocytosis, besides lipid nanoparticles with size smaller than 150 nm, lipid microparticles (LMPs) also have the potential to be an alternative and promising delivery system for mRNA vaccines.
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4
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Ustun-Karatop E, Cakır-Koc R. Biocompatibility of Poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)-phosphazene] Polymer: In Vitro Cytotoxicity in Cell Culture. J Pharm Innov 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-021-09598-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Chand DJ, Magiri RB, Wilson HL, Mutwiri GK. Polyphosphazenes as Adjuvants for Animal Vaccines and Other Medical Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:625482. [PMID: 33763409 PMCID: PMC7982900 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.625482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphazenes are a class of experimental adjuvants that have shown great versatility as vaccine adjuvants in many animal species ranging from laboratory rodents to large animal species. Their adjuvant activity has shown promising results with numerous viral and bacterial antigens, as well as with crude and purified antigens. Vaccines adjuvanted with polyphosphazenes can be delivered via systemic and mucosal administration including respiratory, oral, rectal, and intravaginal routes. Polyphosphazenes can be used in combination with other adjuvants, further enhancing immune responses to antigens. The mechanisms of action of polyphosphazenes have not fully been defined, but several systematic studies have suggested that they act primarily by activating innate immunity. In the present review, we will highlight progress in the development of polyphosphazenes as adjuvants in animals and their other medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Chand
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Royford B Magiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, Nausori, Fiji
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - George K Mutwiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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6
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Andrianov AK, Langer R. Polyphosphazene immunoadjuvants: Historical perspective and recent advances. J Control Release 2021; 329:299-315. [PMID: 33285104 PMCID: PMC7904599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of successful vaccines has been increasingly reliant on the use of immunoadjuvants - additives, which can enhance and modulate immune responses to vaccine antigens. Immunoadjuvants of the polyphosphazene family encompass synthetic biodegradable macromolecules, which attain in vivo activity via antigen delivery and immunostimulation mechanisms. Over the last decades, the technology has witnessed evolvement of next generation members, expansion to include various antigens and routes of administration, and progression to clinical phase. This was accompanied by gaining important insights into the mechanism of action and the development of a novel class of virus-mimicking nano-assemblies for antigen delivery. The present review evaluates in vitro and in vivo data generated to date in the context of latest advances in understanding the primary function and biophysical behavior of these macromolecules. It also provides an overview of relevant synthetic and characterization methods, macromolecular biodegradation pathways, and polyphosphazene-based multi-component, nanoparticulate, and microfabricated formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Andrianov
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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7
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Frandoloso R, Chaudhuri S, Frandoloso GCP, Yu RH, Schryvers AB. Proof of Concept for Prevention of Natural Colonization by Oral Needle-Free Administration of a Microparticle Vaccine. Front Immunol 2020; 11:595320. [PMID: 33193449 PMCID: PMC7645216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been substantial interest in the development of needle-free vaccine administration that has led to a variety of approaches for delivery through the skin for induction of a systemic immune response. The mucosal administration of vaccines has inherently been needle-free, but the simple application of vaccines on the mucosal surface by itself does not lead to mucosal immunity. Since many important bacterial infections develop after initial colonization of the upper respiratory tract of the host, prevention of colonization could not only prevent infection but also eliminate the reservoir of pathogens that reside exclusively in that ecologic niche. This study was designed to provide proof of concept for a needle-free immunization approach that would reduce or eliminate colonization and prevent infection. In order to accomplish this a microparticle vaccine preparation was delivered just below the oral mucosal epithelial cell layer where it would lead to a robust immune response. A vaccine antigen (mutant transferrin binding protein B) shown to be capable of preventing infection in pigs was incorporated into a polyphosphazene microparticle preparation and delivered by a needle-free device to the oral sub-epithelial space of pigs. This vaccination regimen not only provided complete protection from infection after intranasal challenge by Glaesserella parasuis but also eliminated natural colonization by this bacterium. Notably, the complete prevention of natural colonization was dependent upon delivery of the microparticle preparation below the epithelial layer in the oral mucosa as intradermal or intramuscular delivery was not as effective at preventing natural colonization. This study also demonstrated that a primary immunization in the presence of maternal antibody limited the resulting antibody response but a robust antibody response after the second immunization indicated that maternal antibody did not prevent induction of B-cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Frandoloso
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Somshukla Chaudhuri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Rong-hua Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Anthony Bernard Schryvers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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8
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Hsu W, Csaba N, Alexander C, Garcia‐Fuentes M. Polyphosphazenes for the delivery of biopharmaceuticals. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Hsin Hsu
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS)Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation School of PharmacyUniversity of Nottingham UK
| | - Noemi Csaba
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS)Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cameron Alexander
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation School of PharmacyUniversity of Nottingham UK
| | - Marcos Garcia‐Fuentes
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS)Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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9
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Bose RJC, Kim M, Chang JH, Paulmurugan R, Moon JJ, Koh WG, Lee SH, Park H. Biodegradable polymers for modern vaccine development. J IND ENG CHEM 2019; 77:12-24. [PMID: 32288512 PMCID: PMC7129903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Most traditional vaccines are composed either of a whole pathogen or its parts; these vaccines, however, are not always effective and can even be harmful. As such, additional agents known as adjuvants are necessary to increase vaccine safety and efficacy. This review summarizes the potential of biodegradable materials, including synthetic and natural polymers, for vaccine delivery. These materials are highly biocompatible and have minimal toxicity, and most biomaterial-based vaccines delivering antigens or adjuvants have been shown to improve immune response, compared to formulations consisting of the antigen alone. Therefore, these materials can be applied in modern vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran JC Bose
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5427, United States
| | - Minwoo Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Chang
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5427, United States
| | - James J. Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, YONSEI University, 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Soo-Hong Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University Biomedical, Campus 32, Gyeonggi 10326, South Korea
| | - Hansoo Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
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10
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Levast B, Hogan D, van Kessel J, Strom S, Walker S, Zhu J, Meurens F, Gerdts V. Synthetic Cationic Peptide IDR-1002 and Human Cathelicidin LL37 Modulate the Cell Innate Response but Differentially Impact PRRSV Replication in vitro. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:233. [PMID: 31355218 PMCID: PMC6640542 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) show both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties making them important mediators of the host immune system. In humans but also in pigs many HDPs have been identified and important families such as cathelicidins and defensins have been established. In our study, we assessed: (i) the potential interactions that could occur between three peptides (LL37, PR39, and synthetic innate defense regulator (IDR)-1002) and a common TLR ligand called poly(I:C); (ii) the impact of selected peptides on the response of alveolar macrophage (AM) to poly(I:C) stimulation; (iii) the anti-porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) properties of the peptides; and (iv) their adjuvant potential in a PRRSV challenge experiment after immunization with different vaccine formulations. The results are as following: LL37, PR39, and IDR-1002 were able to interact with poly(I:C) using an agarose gel migration assay. Then, an alteration of AM's response to poly(I:C) stimulation was observed when the cells were co-stimulated with LL37 and IDR-1002. Regarding the anti-PRRSV potential of the peptides only LL37 showed a PRRSV inhibition in infected AM as well as precision cut lung slices (PCLS). However, in our conditions and despite their immunomodulatory properties, neither LL37 nor IDR-1002 showed any convincing potential as an adjuvant when associated to killed PRRSV in a challenge experiment. In conclusion, both antiviral and immunomodulatory properties could be identified for LL37, only immunomodulatory properties for IDR-1002, and both peptides failed to improve the immune response consecutive to an immunization with a killed vaccine in a PPRSV challenge experiment. However, further studies are needed to fully decipher and explain differences between peptide properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Levast
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Daniel Hogan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jill van Kessel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Stacy Strom
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Stew Walker
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China
| | | | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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11
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Magiri R, Mutwiri G, Wilson HL. Recent advances in experimental polyphosphazene adjuvants and their mechanisms of action. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:465-471. [PMID: 30294754 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2929-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination continues to be a very important public health intervention to control infectious diseases in the world. Subunit vaccines are generally poorly immunogenic and require the addition of adjuvants to induce protective immune responses. Despite their critical role in vaccines, adjuvant mechanism of action remains poorly understood, which is a barrier to the development of new, safe and effective vaccines. In the present review, we focus on recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of action of the experimental adjuvants poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] (PCPP) and poly[di(sodiumcarboxylatoethyl-phenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP) (in this review, adjuvants PCPP and PCEP are collectively referred to as PZ denoting polyphosphazenes). PZs are high molecular weight, water-soluble, synthetic polymers that have been shown to regulate innate immune response genes, induce cytokines and chemokines secretion at the site of injection and, also, induce immune cell recruitment to the site of injection to create a local immune-competent environment. There is an evidence that as well as its role as an immunoadjuvant (that activate innate immune responses), PZ can also act as a vaccine carrier. The mechanism of action that explains how PZ leads to these effects is not known and is a barrier to the development of designer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royford Magiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - George Mutwiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
- VIDO-InterVac, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Canada.
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12
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Gao M, Peng Y, Jiang L, Qiu L. Effective intracellular delivery and Th1 immune response induced by ovalbumin loaded in pH-responsive polyphosphazene polymersomes. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:1609-1618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Magiri R, Lai K, Chaffey A, Zhou Y, Pyo HM, Gerdts V, Wilson HL, Mutwiri G. Intradermal immunization with inactivated swine influenza virus and adjuvant polydi(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene (PCEP) induced humoral and cell-mediated immunity and reduced lung viral titres in pigs. Vaccine 2018; 36:1606-1613. [PMID: 29454517 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Swine influenza virus is endemic worldwide and it is responsible for significant economic losses to the swine industry. A vaccine that stimulates a rapid and long-lasting protective immune response to prevent this infection is highly sought. Poly[di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)-phosphazene (PCEP) has demonstrated adjuvant activity when formulated as part of multiple vaccines in mice and pigs. In this study we examined the magnitude and type of immune response induced in pigs vaccinated via the intramuscular or intradermal routes with inactivated swine influenza virus (SIV) H1N1 vaccine formulated with PCEP. Intradermal administration of PCEP-adjuvanted inactivated SIV vaccine stimulated significant anti-SIV antibody titres, increased neutralizing antibodies, and significantly reduced lung virus load with limited reduction of gross lung lesions after challenge with virulent H1N1 relative to control animals. These results indicate that PCEP may be effective as a vaccine adjuvant against swine influenza viruses in pigs and should be considered a potential candidate adjuvant for future swine intradermal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royford Magiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada; Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ken Lai
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Alyssa Chaffey
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada; Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yan Zhou
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Hyun-Mi Pyo
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada; Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - George Mutwiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada; Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Canada
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14
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15
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Schulze K, Ebensen T, Babiuk LA, Gerdts V, Guzman CA. Intranasal vaccination with an adjuvanted polyphosphazenes nanoparticle-based vaccine formulation stimulates protective immune responses in mice. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:2169-2178. [PMID: 28579436 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The most promising strategy to sustainably prevent infectious diseases is vaccination. However, emerging as well as re-emerging diseases still constitute a considerable threat. Furthermore, lack of compliance and logistic constrains often result in the failure of vaccination campaigns. To overcome these hurdles, novel vaccination strategies need to be developed, which fulfill maximal safety requirements, show maximal efficiency and are easy to administer. Mucosal vaccines constitute promising non-invasive approaches able to match these demands. Here we demonstrate that nanoparticle (polyphosphazenes)-based vaccine formulations including c-di-AMP as adjuvant, cationic innate defense regulator peptides (IDR) and ovalbumin (OVA) as model antigen were able to stimulate strong humoral and cellular immune responses, which conferred protection against the OVA expressing influenza strain A/WSN/OVAI (H1N1). The presented results confirm the potency of nanoparticle-based vaccine formulations to deliver antigens across the mucosal barrier, but also demonstrate the necessity to include adjuvants to stimulate efficient antigen-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Schulze
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Ebensen
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization and Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
| | - Carlos A Guzman
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Burova TV, Grinberg NV, Dubovik AS, Olenichenko EA, Orlov VN, Grinberg VY. Interpolyelectrolyte complexes of lysozyme with short poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene]. Binding energetics and protein conformational stability. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Magiri RB, Lai K, Chaffey AM, Wilson HL, Berry WE, Szafron ML, Mutwiri GK. Response of immune response genes to adjuvants poly [di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP), CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and emulsigen at intradermal injection site in pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 175:57-63. [PMID: 27269793 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms by which adjuvants mediate their effects provide critical information on how innate immunity influences the development of adaptive immunity. Despite being a critical vaccine component, the mechanisms by which adjuvants mediate their effects are not fully understood and this is especially true when they are used in large animals. This lack of understanding limits our ability to design effective vaccines. In the present study, we administered polyphosphazene (PCEP), CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG), emulsigen or saline via an intradermal injection into pigs and assessed the impact on the expression of reported 'adjuvant response genes' over time. CpG induced a strong upregulation of the chemokine CXL10 several 'Interferon Response Genes', as well as TNFα, and IL-10, and a down-regulation of IL-17 genes. Emulsigen upregulated expression of chemokines CCL2 and CCL5, proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFα, as well as TLR9, and several IFN response genes. PCEP induced the expression of chemokine CCL2 and proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. These results suggest that emulsigen and CpG may promote recruitment of innate immune cells and Th1 type cytokine production but that PCEP may promote a Th-2 type immune response through the induction of IL-6, an inducer of B cell activity and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Magiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - K Lai
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - A M Chaffey
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - H L Wilson
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - W E Berry
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - M L Szafron
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - G K Mutwiri
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health at the University of Saskatchewan, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Pasternak JA, Ng SH, Buchanan RM, Mertins S, Mutwiri GK, Gerdts V, Wilson HL. Oral antigen exposure in newborn piglets circumvents induction of oral tolerance in response to intraperitoneal vaccination in later life. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:50. [PMID: 25889479 PMCID: PMC4357157 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously determined that newborn piglets orally gavaged with Ovalbumin (OVA) responded to systemic OVA re-exposure with tolerance; if adjuvants were included in oral vaccine, piglets responded with antibody-mediated immunity (Vet Immunol Immunopathol 161(3–4):211–21, 2014). Here, we will investigate whether newborn piglets gavaged with a vaccine comprised of OVA plus unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG; soluble component; OVA/CpG) combined with OVA plus CpG encapsulated within polyphosphazene microparticles (MP; particulate component) responded with systemic and mucosal immunity. To monitor the response to systemic antigen re-exposure, piglets were i.p.-immunized with OVA plus Incomplete Freund’s Adjuvant (IFA) one month later. Results Newborn piglets (n = 5/group) were gavaged with a combined soluble and particulate vaccine consisting of OVA (0.5-0.05 mg) plus 50 μg CpG and 0.5 mg OVA plus 50 μg CpG encapsulated within a polyphosphazene MP (0.5 mg) referred to as OVA/CpG + MP. Control piglets were gavaged with saline alone. Piglets were i.p. immunized with 10 mg OVA (or saline) in IFA at four weeks of age and then euthanized at eight weeks of age. We observed significantly higher titres of serum anti-OVA immunoglobulin (Ig) IgM, IgA, IgG, IgG1, IgG2 and IgG in piglets immunized with 0.05 mg OVA/CpG + MP relative to saline control animals. Thus, a single oral exposure at birth to a combined soluble and particulate OVA vaccine including adjuvants can circumvent induction of oral tolerance which impacts response to i.p. vaccination in later life. Further, piglets gavaged with 0.05 mg OVA/CpG + MP generated significant anti-OVA IgG and IgG1 titres in lung compared to saline control piglets but results were comparable to titres measured in parenteral control piglets. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) ex vivo-stimulated with OVA showed markedly decreased production of IL-10 cytokine after 72 hours relative to animal-matched cells incubated with media alone. No production of IFN-γ was observed from any groups. Conclusion Newborn piglets gavaged with low dose soluble and particulate OVA plus CpG ODN and polyphosphazene adjuvants produced antigen-specific antibodies in serum and lung after systemic re-exposure in later life. These data indicate circumvention of oral tolerance but not induction of oral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alex Pasternak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Siew Hon Ng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Rachelle M Buchanan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Sonja Mertins
- Current address: Klinikum der Universität zu Köln, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Goldenfelsstraße 19-21, 50935, Köln, Germany.
| | - George K Mutwiri
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
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Chhour P, Gallo N, Cheheltani R, Williams D, Al-Zaki A, Paik T, Nichol JL, Tian Z, Naha PC, Witschey WR, Allcock HR, Murray CB, Tsourkas A, Cormode DP. Nanodisco balls: control over surface versus core loading of diagnostically active nanocrystals into polymer nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2014; 8:9143-53. [PMID: 25188401 PMCID: PMC4174093 DOI: 10.1021/nn502730q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles of complex architectures can have unique properties. Self-assembly of spherical nanocrystals is a high yielding route to such systems. In this study, we report the self-assembly of a polymer and nanocrystals into aggregates, where the location of the nanocrystals can be controlled to be either at the surface or in the core. These nanospheres, when surface decorated with nanocrystals, resemble disco balls, thus the term nanodisco balls. We studied the mechanism of this surface loading phenomenon and found it to be Ca(2+) dependent. We also investigated whether excess phospholipids could prevent nanocrystal adherence. We found surface loading to occur with a variety of nanocrystal types including iron oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, and nanophosphors, as well as sizes (10-30 nm) and shapes. Additionally, surface loading occurred over a range of polymer molecular weights (∼30-3000 kDa) and phospholipid carbon tail length. We also show that nanocrystals remain diagnostically active after loading onto the polymer nanospheres, i.e., providing contrast in the case of magnetic resonance imaging for iron oxide nanoparticles and fluorescence for quantum dots. Last, we demonstrated that a fluorescently labeled protein model drug can be delivered by surface loaded nanospheres. We present a platform for contrast media delivery, with the unusual feature that the payload can be controllably localized to the core or the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Chhour
- Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiology, Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nicolas Gallo
- Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiology, Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Rabee Cheheltani
- Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiology, Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Dewight Williams
- Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiology, Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ajlan Al-Zaki
- Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiology, Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Taejong Paik
- Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiology, Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jessica L. Nichol
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zhicheng Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Pratap C. Naha
- Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiology, Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Walter R. Witschey
- Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiology, Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Harry R. Allcock
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Christopher B. Murray
- Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiology, Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Andrew Tsourkas
- Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiology, Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - David P. Cormode
- Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiology, Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Wilson HL, Obradovic MR. Evidence for a common mucosal immune system in the pig. Mol Immunol 2014; 66:22-34. [PMID: 25242212 PMCID: PMC7132386 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that the common mucosal immune system exists in pigs. Vaccination at an easily accessible mucosal site may assist in providing protection at other mucosal sites. Local and distal mucosal sites should be sampled after vaccinations to define the optimal dose and formulation which promotes the common mucosal immune system in pigs.
The majority of lymphocytes activated at mucosal sites receive instructions to home back to the local mucosa, but a portion also seed distal mucosa sites. By seeding distal sites with antigen-specific effector or memory lymphocytes, the foundation is laid for the animal's mucosal immune system to respond with a secondary response should to this antigen be encountered at this site in the future. The common mucosal immune system has been studied quite extensively in rodent models but less so in large animal models such as the pig. Reasons for this paucity of reported induction of the common mucosal immune system in this species may be that distal mucosal sites were examined but no induction was observed and therefore it was not reported. However, we suspect that the majority of investigators simply did not sample distal mucosal sites and therefore there is little evidence of immune response induction in the literature. It is our hope that more pig immunologists and infectious disease experts who perform mucosal immunizations or inoculations on pigs will sample distal mucosal sites and report their findings, whether results are positive or negative. In this review, we highlight papers that show that immunization/inoculation using one route triggers mucosal immune system induction locally, systemically, and within at least one distal mucosal site. Only by understanding whether immunizations at one site triggers immunity throughout the common mucosal immune system can we rationally develop vaccines for the pig, and through these works we can gather evidence about the mucosal immune system that may be extrapolated to other livestock species or humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Milan R Obradovic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada.
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21
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Polarized immune responses modulated by layered double hydroxides nanoparticle conjugated with CpG. Biomaterials 2014; 35:9508-16. [PMID: 25145853 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of the immune response is an important step in the induction of protective humoral and cellular immunity against pathogens. In this study, we investigated the possibility of using a nanomaterial conjugated with the toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand CpG to modulate the immune response towards the preferred polarity. MgAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanomaterial has a very similar chemical composition to Alum, an FDA approved adjuvant for human vaccination. We used a model antigen, ovalbumin (OVA) to demonstrate that MgAl-LDH had comparable adjuvant activity to Alum, but much weaker inflammation. Conjugation of TLR9 ligand CpG to LDH nanoparticles significantly enhanced the antibody response and promoted a switch from Th2 toward Th1 response, demonstrated by a change in the IgG2a:IgG1 ratio. Moreover, immunization of mice with CpG-OVA-conjugated LDH before challenge with OVA-expressing B16/F10 tumor cells retarded tumor growth. Together, these data indicate that LDH nanomaterial can be used as an immune adjuvant to promote Th1 or Th2 dominant immune responses suitable for vaccination purposes.
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Levast B, Awate S, Babiuk L, Mutwiri G, Gerdts V, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Vaccine Potentiation by Combination Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:297-322. [PMID: 26344621 PMCID: PMC4494260 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are crucial components of vaccines. They significantly improve vaccine efficacy by modulating, enhancing, or extending the immune response and at the same time reducing the amount of antigen needed. In contrast to previously licensed adjuvants, current successful adjuvant formulations often consist of several molecules, that when combined, act synergistically by activating a variety of immune mechanisms. These "combination adjuvants" are already registered with several vaccines, both in humans and animals, and novel combination adjuvants are in the pipeline. With improved knowledge of the type of immune responses needed to successfully induce disease protection by vaccination, combination adjuvants are particularly suited to not only enhance, but also direct the immune responses desired to be either Th1-, Th2- or Th17-biased. Indeed, in view of the variety of disease and population targets for vaccine development, a panel of adjuvants will be needed to address different disease targets and populations. Here, we will review well-known and new combination adjuvants already licensed or currently in development-including ISCOMs, liposomes, Adjuvant Systems Montanides, and triple adjuvant combinations-and summarize their performance in preclinical and clinical trials. Several of these combination adjuvants are promising having promoted improved and balanced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Levast
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Sunita Awate
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Lorne Babiuk
- University Hall, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J9, Canada.
| | - George Mutwiri
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Volker Gerdts
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
- Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Sylvia van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
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Garg R, Shrivastava P, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. The role of dendritic cells in innate and adaptive immunity to respiratory syncytial virus, and implications for vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 11:1441-57. [PMID: 23252388 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common human pathogen that causes cold-like symptoms in most healthy adults and children. However, RSV often moves into the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children predisposed to respiratory illness, making it the most common cause of pediatric broncheolitis and pneumonia. The development of an appropriate balanced immune response is critical for recovery from RSV, while an unbalanced and/or excessively vigorous response may lead to immunopathogenesis. Different dendritic cell (DC) subsets influence the magnitude and quality of the host response to RSV infection, with myeloid DCs mediating and plasmacytoid DCs modulating immunopathology. Furthermore, stimulation of DCs through Toll-like receptors is essential for induction of protective immunity to RSV. These characteristics have implications for the rational design of a RSV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravendra Garg
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
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Garlapati S. Do we know the Th1/Th2/Th17 determinants of vaccine response? Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 11:1307-10. [PMID: 23249229 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
EVALUATION OF: Kamath AT, Mastelic B, Christensen D et al. Synchronization of dendritic cell activation and antigen exposure is required for the induction of Th1/Th17 responses. J. Immunol. 188(10), 4828–4837 (2012).The determinants of Th1/Th2/Th17 responses elicited by vaccine formulations are largely undefined and are an intense area of research. Most of the present licensed alum-adjuvanted subunit vaccines fail to elicit Th1/Th17 immune responses, and Th2 antibody responses are weak and often require repeated immunizations. Moreover, such responses are not sufficient for eliminating intracellular pathogens. Th1 responses have been traditionally elicited by live-attenuated, vector-based or Toll-like receptor ligand-adjuvanted formulations for optimal stimulation of the innate immune system and immunomodulation. The linkage of adjuvant and antigen (Ag) physically, and/or in a formulation, is essential to overcome systemic effects of the adjuvant and elicit Th1/Th17 responses. The role of delivery systems for codelivery of adjuvant and Ag to the same dendritic cell has gained acceptance. The milieu in which dendritic cells process and present Ag to naive CD4+ T cells determines their polarization into different subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Garlapati
- University of Quebec in Montreal, 606-4760 Côte-des-Neiges, Montreal, QC, H3V1G3, Canada.
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25
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Polewicz M, Gracia A, Garlapati S, van Kessel J, Strom S, Halperin SA, Hancock REW, Potter AA, Babiuk LA, Gerdts V. Novel vaccine formulations against pertussis offer earlier onset of immunity and provide protection in the presence of maternal antibodies. Vaccine 2013; 31:3148-55. [PMID: 23684829 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Whooping cough is a respiratory illness most severe in infants and young children. While the introduction of whole-cell (wP) and acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines has greatly reduced the burden of the disease, pertussis remains a problem in neonates and adolescents. New vaccines are needed that can provide early life and long-lasting protection of infants. Vaccination at an early age, however, is problematic due to the interference with maternally derived antibodies (MatAbs) and the bias towards Th2-type responses following vaccination. Here we report the development of a novel vaccine formulation against pertussis that is highly protective in the presence of MatAbs. We co-formulated pertussis toxoid (PTd) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) with cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN), cationic innate defense regulator (IDR) peptide and polyphosphazene (PP) into microparticle and soluble vaccine formulations and tested them in murine and porcine models in the presence and absence of passive immunity. Vaccines composed of the new adjuvant formulations induced an earlier onset of immunity, higher anti-pertussis IgG2a and IgA titers, and a balanced Th1/Th2-type responses when compared to immunization with Quadracel(®), one of the commercially available vaccines for pertussis. Most importantly, the vaccines offered protection against challenge infection in the presence of passively transferred MatAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Polewicz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, SK, Canada
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Buchanan RM, Tetland S, Wilson HL. Low dose antigen exposure for a finite period in newborn rats prevents induction of mucosal tolerance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51437. [PMID: 23251533 PMCID: PMC3520849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In adult rats, initial exposure to antigens by a mucosal route triggers tolerance such that any subsequent re-exposure, even by a systemic route, results in suppression of immunity. The newborn’s gut is semi-permeable for a finite period to allow maternal antibodies to enter the newborn’s circulation. We propose that antigens introduced in extreme early life can readily traverse the gut wall and therefore circumvent induction of mucosal tolerance. Methodology/Principle Findings Rat pups were gavaged with low-doses of ovalbumin (OVA; oral exposure group) or saline (parenteral control group) every second day for several weeks followed by an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection at 1 month of age. When gavage was initiated the day after birth, newborn oral exposure pups responded with significantly higher anti-OVA IgA, IgM, IgG2a, and IgG1 titres in their serum and anti-OVA IgA, IgG2a and IgG1 titres in their lungs compared to negative control pups. Oral exposure alone failed to induce immunity. Pups exposed to the same treatment regimen starting at 14 days of age showed induction of mucosal tolerance after i.p. immunization. Newborn oral exposure groups subjected to secondary i.p. immunization responded with significantly increased humoral immunity in lung and sera suggesting that once antigen-specific mucosal tolerance if circumvented, it persists. Lymphocytes derived from mesenteric lymph node cells re-simulated with OVA ex vivo, from newborn oral exposure pups exposed to secondary immunization produced significantly higher IFN-γ expression and lymphocyte proliferation relative to control pups indicating prevention of tolerance in the cell-mediated immune system. Conclusions/Significance This work demonstrates that newborns may be uniquely qualified to prevent induction of mucosal tolerance to oral antigens. These results should be further explored to establish whether prevention of tolerance by early life oral vaccination can be exploited to prime for mucosal as well as systemic immunity and thus protect this susceptible population against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle M. Buchanan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Sherry Tetland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Heather L. Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Immunization with PCEP microparticles containing pertussis toxoid, CpG ODN and a synthetic innate defense regulator peptide induces protective immunity against pertussis. Vaccine 2011; 29:6540-8. [PMID: 21771625 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the efficacy of a novel microparticle (MP) based vaccine formulation consisting of pertussis toxoid (PTd), polyphosphazene (PCEP), CpG ODN 10101 and synthetic cationic innate defense regulator peptide 1002 (IDR) against Bordetella pertussis in mice. We studied whether encapsulation of these IDR-CpG ODN complexes into polyphosphazene-based microparticles further enhanced their immunomodulatory activity compared to soluble formulations containing PCEP (SOL), or without PCEP (AQ). In vitro stimulation of murine macrophages showed MP induced significantly higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. When assessed in a B. pertussis infection challenge model, a single immunization with MP formulation led to significantly lower bacterial loads compared to other formulations and non-vaccinated animals. ELISPOT of splenocytes showed that MP group mice had significantly higher number of antigen-specific IL-17 secreting cells. The cytokine profile in lung homogenates of MP group mice after challenge showed significantly higher amounts of MCP-1, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-17 and significantly lowered IL-10 levels suggesting a strong Th1 shift. Protection was observed against challenge infection with B. pertussis. On the other hand protective immune responses elicited in Quadracel(®) immunized mice were Th2 skewed. Hence, we conclude that formulation of PTd, PCEP, CpG ODN and IDR into MP generates a protective immune response in mice against pertussis emphasizing the potential of MP as a delivery vehicle for the potential development of single-shot vaccines.
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28
|
|