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Cai M, Le Y, Gong Z, Dong T, Liu B, Su M, Li X, Peng F, Li Q, Nian X, Yu H, Wu Z, Zhang Z, Zhang J. Production, Passaging Stability, and Histological Analysis of Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells Cultured in a Low-Serum Medium. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:991. [PMID: 39340023 PMCID: PMC11435615 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12090991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells are commonly used to produce cell-based influenza vaccines. However, the role of the low-serum medium on the proliferation of MDCK cells and the propagation of the influenza virus has not been well studied. In the present study, we used 5 of 15 culture methods with different concentrations of a mixed medium and neonatal bovine serum (NBS) to determine the best culture medium. We found that a VP:M199 ratio of 1:2 (3% NBS) was suitable for culturing MDCK cells. Furthermore, the stable growth of MDCK cells and the production of the influenza virus were evaluated over long-term passaging. We found no significant difference in terms of cell growth and virus production between high and low passages of MDCK cells under low-serum culture conditions, regardless of influenza virus infection. Lastly, we performed a comparison of the transcriptomics and proteomics of MDCK cells cultured in VP:M199 = 1:2 (3% NBS) with those cultured in VP:M199 = 1:2 (5% NBS) before and after influenza virus infection. The transcriptome analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were predominantly enriched in the metabolic pathway and MAPK signaling pathway, indicating an activated state. This suggests that decreasing the concentration of serum in the medium from 5% to 3% may increase the metabolic activity of cells. Proteomics analysis showed that only a small number of differentially expressed proteins could not be enriched for analysis, indicating minimal difference in the protein levels of MDCK cells when the serum concentration in the medium was decreased from 5% to 3%. Altogether, our findings suggest that the screening and application of a low-serum medium provide a background for the development and optimization of cell-based influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cai
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- National Key Laboratory for Novel Vaccines Research and Development of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan 430207, China
- Hubei Provincial Vaccine Technology Innovation Center, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Yang Le
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- National Key Laboratory for Novel Vaccines Research and Development of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan 430207, China
- Hubei Provincial Vaccine Technology Innovation Center, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- National Key Laboratory for Novel Vaccines Research and Development of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan 430207, China
- Hubei Provincial Vaccine Technology Innovation Center, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Tianbao Dong
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Inspection of HMPA (Hubei Center for Vaccine Inspection), Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- National Key Laboratory for Novel Vaccines Research and Development of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan 430207, China
- Hubei Provincial Vaccine Technology Innovation Center, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Minne Su
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- National Key Laboratory for Novel Vaccines Research and Development of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan 430207, China
- Hubei Provincial Vaccine Technology Innovation Center, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Xuedan Li
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- National Key Laboratory for Novel Vaccines Research and Development of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan 430207, China
- Hubei Provincial Vaccine Technology Innovation Center, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Feixia Peng
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- National Key Laboratory for Novel Vaccines Research and Development of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan 430207, China
- Hubei Provincial Vaccine Technology Innovation Center, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Qingda Li
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- National Key Laboratory for Novel Vaccines Research and Development of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan 430207, China
- Hubei Provincial Vaccine Technology Innovation Center, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Xuanxuan Nian
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- National Key Laboratory for Novel Vaccines Research and Development of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan 430207, China
- Hubei Provincial Vaccine Technology Innovation Center, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- National Key Laboratory for Novel Vaccines Research and Development of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan 430207, China
- Hubei Provincial Vaccine Technology Innovation Center, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- National Key Laboratory for Novel Vaccines Research and Development of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan 430207, China
- Hubei Provincial Vaccine Technology Innovation Center, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Zhegang Zhang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- National Key Laboratory for Novel Vaccines Research and Development of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan 430207, China
- Hubei Provincial Vaccine Technology Innovation Center, Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Jiayou Zhang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China
- National Key Laboratory for Novel Vaccines Research and Development of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan 430207, China
- Hubei Provincial Vaccine Technology Innovation Center, Wuhan 430207, China
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2
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Sharma S, Mahadevan J, Giri L, Mitra K. Identification of optimal flow rate for culture media, cell density, and oxygen toward maximization of virus production in a fed-batch baculovirus-insect cell system. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:3529-3542. [PMID: 37749905 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, it has been realized that novel vaccines are required to combat emerging disease outbreaks, and faster optimization is required to respond to global vaccine demands. Although, fed-batch operations offer better productivity, experiment-based optimization of a new fed-batch process remains expensive and time-consuming. In this context, we propose a novel computational framework that can be used for process optimization and control of a fed-batch baculovirus-insect cell system. Since the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is known to be widely used platforms for recombinant protein/vaccine production, we chose this system to demonstrate the identification of optimal profile. Toward this, first, we constructed a mathematical model that captures the time course of cell and virus growth in a baculovirus-insect cell system. Second, the proposed model was used for numerical analysis to determine the optimal operating profiles of control variables such as culture media, cell density, and oxygen based on a multiobjective optimal control formulation. Third, a detailed comparison between batch and fed-batch culture was perfromed along with a comparison between various alternatives of fed-batch operation. Finally, we demonstrate that a model-based quantification of controlled feed addition in fed-batch culture is capable of providing better productivity as compared to a batch culture. The proposed framework can be utilized for the estimation of optimal operating regions of different control variables to achieve maximum infected cell density and virus yield while minimizing the substrate/media, uninfected cell, and oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Jagadeesh Mahadevan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Lopamudra Giri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Kishalay Mitra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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3
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Greaney AM, Raredon MSB, Kochugaeva MP, Niklason LE, Levchenko A. SARS-CoV-2 leverages airway epithelial protective mechanism for viral infection. iScience 2023; 26:106175. [PMID: 36788793 PMCID: PMC9912025 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite much concerted effort to better understand severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral infection, relatively little is known about the dynamics of early viral entry and infection in the airway. Here we analyzed a single-cell RNA sequencing dataset of early SARS-CoV-2 infection in a humanized in vitro model, to elucidate key mechanisms by which the virus triggers a cell-systems-level response in the bronchial epithelium. We find that SARS-CoV-2 virus preferentially enters the tissue via ciliated cell precursors, giving rise to a population of infected mature ciliated cells, which signal to basal cells, inducing further rapid differentiation. This feedforward loop of infection is mitigated by further cell-cell communication, before interferon signaling begins at three days post-infection. These findings suggest hijacking by the virus of potentially beneficial tissue repair mechanisms, possibly exacerbating the outcome. This work both elucidates the interplay between barrier tissues and viral infections and may suggest alternative therapeutic approaches targeting non-immune response mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Marie Greaney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Micha Sam Brickman Raredon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Maria P. Kochugaeva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Laura E. Niklason
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Humacyte Inc., Durham, NC 27713, USA
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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4
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Sharma S, Keerthi PN, Giri L, Mitra K. Toward Performance Improvement of a Baculovirus–Insect Cell System under Uncertain Environment: A Robust Multiobjective Dynamic Optimization Approach for Semibatch Suspension Culture. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana502284, India
| | - Pujari Nagasree Keerthi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana502284, India
| | - Lopamudra Giri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana502284, India
| | - Kishalay Mitra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana502284, India
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5
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Greaney AM, Raredon MSB, Kochugaeva MP, Niklason LE, Levchenko A. SARS-CoV-2 leverages airway epithelial protective mechanism for viral infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.01.29.478335. [PMID: 35132420 PMCID: PMC8820667 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.29.478335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite much concerted effort to better understand SARS-CoV-2 viral infection, relatively little is known about the dynamics of early viral entry and infection in the airway. Here we analyzed a single-cell RNA sequencing dataset of early SARS-CoV-2 infection in a humanized in vitro model, to elucidate key mechanisms by which the virus triggers a cell-systems-level response in the bronchial epithelium. We find that SARS-CoV-2 virus preferentially enters the tissue via ciliated cell precursors, giving rise to a population of infected mature ciliated cells, which signal to basal cells, inducing further rapid differentiation. This feed-forward loop of infection is mitigated by further cell-cell communication, before interferon signaling begins at three days post-infection. These findings suggest hijacking by the virus of potentially beneficial tissue repair mechanisms, possibly exacerbating the outcome. This work both elucidates the interplay between barrier tissues and viral infections, and may suggest alternative therapeutic approaches targeting non-immune response mechanisms.
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6
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Nigg JC, Mongelli V, Blanc H, Saleh MC. Innovative Toolbox for the Quantification of Drosophila C Virus, Drosophila A Virus, and Nora Virus. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167308. [PMID: 34678301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of viral replication underlies investigations into host-virus interactions. In Drosophila melanogaster, persistent infections with Drosophila C virus, Drosophila A virus, and Nora virus are commonly observed in nature and in laboratory fly stocks. However, traditional endpoint dilution assays to quantify infectious titers are not compatible with persistently infecting isolates of these viruses that do not cause cytopathic effects in cell culture. Here we present a novel assay based on immunological detection of Drosophila C virus infection that allows quantification of infectious titers for a wider range of Drosophila C virus isolates. We also describe strand specific RT-qPCR assays for quantification of viral negative strand RNA produced during Drosophila C virus, Drosophila A virus, and Nora virus infection. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of these assays for quantification of viral replication during oral infections and persistent infections with each virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared C Nigg
- Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France.
| | - Vanesa Mongelli
- Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France.
| | - Hervé Blanc
- Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France.
| | - Maria-Carla Saleh
- Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France.
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7
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Rüdiger D, Pelz L, Hein MD, Kupke SY, Reichl U. Multiscale model of defective interfering particle replication for influenza A virus infection in animal cell culture. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009357. [PMID: 34491996 PMCID: PMC8448327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell culture-derived defective interfering particles (DIPs) are considered for antiviral therapy due to their ability to inhibit influenza A virus (IAV) production. DIPs contain a large internal deletion in one of their eight viral RNAs (vRNAs) rendering them replication-incompetent. However, they can propagate alongside their homologous standard virus (STV) during infection in a competition for cellular and viral resources. So far, experimental and modeling studies for IAV have focused on either the intracellular or the cell population level when investigating the interaction of STVs and DIPs. To examine these levels simultaneously, we conducted a series of experiments using highly different multiplicities of infections for STVs and DIPs to characterize virus replication in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney suspension cells. At several time points post infection, we quantified virus titers, viable cell concentration, virus-induced apoptosis using imaging flow cytometry, and intracellular levels of vRNA and viral mRNA using real-time reverse transcription qPCR. Based on the obtained data, we developed a mathematical multiscale model of STV and DIP co-infection that describes dynamics closely for all scenarios with a single set of parameters. We show that applying high DIP concentrations can shut down STV propagation completely and prevent virus-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, the three observed viral mRNAs (full-length segment 1 and 5, defective interfering segment 1) accumulated to vastly different levels suggesting the interplay between an internal regulation mechanism and a growth advantage for shorter viral RNAs. Furthermore, model simulations predict that the concentration of DIPs should be at least 10000 times higher than that of STVs to prevent the spread of IAV. Ultimately, the model presented here supports a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between STVs and DIPs during co-infection providing an ideal platform for the prediction and optimization of vaccine manufacturing as well as DIP production for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rüdiger
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lars Pelz
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marc D. Hein
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Faculty of Process & Systems Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Y. Kupke
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Faculty of Process & Systems Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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8
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Bissinger T, Wu Y, Marichal-Gallardo P, Riedel D, Liu X, Genzel Y, Tan WS, Reichl U. Towards integrated production of an influenza A vaccine candidate with MDCK suspension cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3996-4013. [PMID: 34219217 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza epidemics occur both in northern and southern hemispheres every year. Despite the differences in influenza virus surface antigens and virulence of seasonal subtypes, manufacturers are well-adapted to respond to this periodical vaccine demand. Due to decades of influenza virus research, the development of new influenza vaccines is relatively straight forward. In similarity with the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, vaccine manufacturing is a major bottleneck for a rapid supply of the billions of doses required worldwide. In particular, egg-based vaccine production would be difficult to schedule and shortages of other egg-based vaccines with high demands also have to be anticipated. Cell culture-based production systems enable the manufacturing of large amounts of vaccines within a short time frame and expand significantly our options to respond to pandemics and emerging viral diseases. In this study, we present an integrated process for the production of inactivated influenza A virus vaccines based on a Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) suspension cell line cultivated in a chemically defined medium. Very high titers of 3.6 log10 (HAU/100 µl) were achieved using fast-growing MDCK cells at concentrations up to 9.5 × 106 cells/ml infected with influenza A/PR/8/34 H1N1 virus in 1 L stirred tank bioreactors. A combination of membrane-based steric-exclusion chromatography followed by pseudo-affinity chromatography with a sulfated cellulose membrane adsorber enabled full recovery for the virus capture step and up to 80% recovery for the virus polishing step. Purified virus particles showed a homogenous size distribution with a mean diameter of 80 nm. Based on a monovalent dose of 15 µg hemagglutinin (single-radial immunodiffusion assay), the level of total protein and host cell DNA was 58 µg and 10 ng, respectively. Furthermore, all process steps can be fully scaled up to industrial quantities for commercial manufacturing of either seasonal or pandemic influenza virus vaccines. Fast production of up to 300 vaccine doses per liter within 4-5 days makes this process competitive not only to other cell-based processes but to egg-based processes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bissinger
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yixiao Wu
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Pavel Marichal-Gallardo
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Riedel
- Facility for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Xuping Liu
- Shanghai BioEngine Sci-Tech Co., Shanghai, China
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai BioEngine Sci-Tech Co., Shanghai, China
| | - Udo Reichl
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.,Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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9
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High-Throughput MicroRNA Profiles of Permissive Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cell Line Infected with Influenza B Viruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11110986. [PMID: 31717720 PMCID: PMC6893747 DOI: 10.3390/v11110986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Victoria and Yamagata lineages of influenza B viruses are globally circulating in seasonal epidemics. Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells are permissive for viral isolation and vaccine manufacture. Nevertheless, the interplay between influenza B viruses and host microRNAs has not been investigated in this cell line. Therefore, the present study aims at high-throughput analysis of canine microRNA profile upon infection of influenza B viruses. Briefly, MDCK cells were infected with Victoria or Yamagata lineage at MOI of 0.01. After being harvested at 6, 12 and 24 h post infection, microRNAs were subjected to high-throughput sequencing based on MiSeq platform (Illumina). The results demonstrated that five microRNAs including cfa-miR-197, cfa-miR-215, cfa-miR361, cfa-miR-1841, and cfa-miR-1842 were overexpressed in both Victoria and Yamagata lineage infections. Interestingly, computational prediction showed that karyopherin alpha 6 (KPNA6) was targeted by cfa-miR-197 and cfa-miR-215. Moreover, the binding sites of both microRNAs were assessed by 3′-UTR reporter assay. The results showed that only cfa-miR-197 could bind to the target sites of KPNA6, leading to suppressing luciferase activity. Additionally, silencing of KPNA6 was confirmed by overexpression of cfa-miR-197. This study provides canine microRNA responses to seasonal influenza B viruses, suggesting that virus-mediated microRNAs might play crucial roles in host gene regulation.
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10
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Bora M, Yousuf RW, Dhar P, Manu M, Zafir I, Mishra B, Rajak KK, Singh RP. Characterization of defective interfering (DI) particles of Pestedes petitsruminants vaccine virus Sungri/96 strain-implications in vaccine upscaling. Biologicals 2019; 62:57-64. [PMID: 31588012 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present investigation deals with the characterization of defective interfering (DI) particles of Peste-des-petits ruminants (PPR) vaccine Sungri/96 strain generated as a result of high MOI in Vero cells. During the serial 10 passages, infectivity titres drastically reduced from 6.5 to 2.25 log10TCID50/ml at high MOI. Further, attenuation of CPE with high MOI indicated generation of DI particles that resulted in no/slow progression of CPE during the late passages. Monoclonal antibody based cell ELISA indicated normal protein (N & H) packaging in samples with DI activity. At genomic level, inconsistency in amplicon intensity of H gene was observed in RT-PCR, indicating a possible defect of H gene. Further analysis of copy number of PPRV by RT-qPCR indicated intermittent fluctuations of viral genomic RNA copies. The significant decline of viral RNA copies with MOI 3 (314 copies) compared to low MOI (512804 copies), proved that higher DI multiplicities cause more interference with the replication process of the standard virus. Therefore, MOI is critical for manufacturing of vaccines. These investigations will help in upscaling of PPR vaccines in view of ongoing National and Global PPR control and eradication programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Bora
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raja Wasim Yousuf
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pronab Dhar
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M Manu
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Insha Zafir
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bina Mishra
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kaushal Kishor Rajak
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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11
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Whitman J, Dhanji A, Hayot F, Sealfon SC, Jayaprakash C. Spatio-temporal dynamics of Host-Virus competition: A model study of influenza A. J Theor Biol 2019; 484:110026. [PMID: 31574283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We present results of a study of the early-time response of the innate immune system to influenza virus infection in an agent-based model (ABM) of epithelial cell layers. We find that the competition between the anti-viral immune response and viral antagonism can lead to viral titers non-monotonic in the initial infection fraction as found in experiments. Our model includes a coarse-grained version of intra-cellular processes and inter-cellular communication via cytokine and virion diffusion. We use ABM to follow the propagation of viral infection in the layer and the increase of the viral load as a function of time for different values of the multiplicity of infection (MOI), the initial number of viruses added per cell. We find that for moderately strong host immune response, the number of infected cells and viral load for a smaller MOI exceeds that for larger MOI, as seen in experiments. We elucidate the mechanism underlying this result as the synergistic action of cytokines secreted by infected cells in controlling viral amplification for larger MOI. We investigate the length and time scales that determine this non-monotonic behavior within the ABM. We study the diffusive spread of virions and cytokines from a single infected cell in an absorbing medium analytically and numerically and deduce the length scale that yields a good estimate of the MOI at which we find non-monotonicity. Detailed computations of the temporal behavior of averaged quantities and spatial measures provide further insights into host-viral interactions and connections to experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Whitman
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, 191 W. Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43201, United States.
| | - Aleya Dhanji
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, 191 W. Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43201, United States; Highline College, 2400 S. 240th St, Des Moines, WA 98198, United States.
| | - Fernand Hayot
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Systems Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Stuart C Sealfon
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Systems Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Ciriyam Jayaprakash
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, 191 W. Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43201, United States.
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Growth enhancement of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in Vero E6 cells expressing PEDV nucleocapsid protein. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212632. [PMID: 30840701 PMCID: PMC6402621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
More recently emerging strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) cause severe diarrhea and especially high mortality rates in infected piglets, leading to substantial economic loss to worldwide swine industry. These outbreaks urgently call for updated and effective PEDV vaccines. Better understanding in PEDV biology and improvement in technological platforms for virus production can immensely assist and accelerate PEDV vaccine development. In this study, we explored the ability of PEDV nucleocapsid (N) protein in improving viral yields in cell culture systems. We demonstrated that PEDV N expression positively affected both recovery of PEDV from infectious clones and PEDV propagation in cell culture. Compared to Vero E6 cells, Vero E6 cells expressing PEDV N could accelerate growth of a slow-growing PEDV strain to higher peak titers by 12 hours or enhance the yield of a vaccine candidate strain by two orders of magnitude. Interestingly, PEDV N also slightly enhances replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory virus, a PEDV relative in the Nidovirales order. These results solidify the importance of N in PEDV recovery and propagation and suggest a potentially useful consideration in designing vaccine production platforms for PEDV or closely related pathogens.
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13
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Rüdiger D, Kupke SY, Laske T, Zmora P, Reichl U. Multiscale modeling of influenza A virus replication in cell cultures predicts infection dynamics for highly different infection conditions. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006819. [PMID: 30779733 PMCID: PMC6396949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are commonly used to infect animal cell cultures for research purposes and vaccine production. Their replication is influenced strongly by the multiplicity of infection (MOI), which ranges over several orders of magnitude depending on the respective application. So far, mathematical models of IAV replication have paid little attention to the impact of the MOI on infection dynamics and virus yields. To address this issue, we extended an existing model of IAV replication in adherent MDCK cells with kinetics that explicitly consider the time point of cell infection. This modification does not only enable the fitting of high MOI measurements, but also the successful prediction of viral release dynamics of low MOI experiments using the same set of parameters. Furthermore, this model allows the investigation of defective interfering particle (DIP) propagation in different MOI regimes. The key difference between high and low MOI conditions is the percentage of infectious virions among the total virus particle release. Simulation studies show that DIP interference at a high MOI is determined exclusively by the DIP content of the seed virus while, in low MOI conditions, it is predominantly controlled by the de novo generation of DIPs. Overall, the extended model provides an ideal framework for the prediction and optimization of cell culture-derived IAV manufacturing and the production of DIPs for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rüdiger
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sascha Young Kupke
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Laske
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Pawel Zmora
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Faculty of Process & Systems Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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14
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Inoculation of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) on common carp brain cells-influence of process parameters on virus yield. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2017; 53:579-585. [PMID: 28656389 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-017-0170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Research of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is focused on the infection mechanism and disease development in animals using genetic and immunological approaches to improve treatments and diagnostics. In contrast, only few tried to investigate the CyHV-3 replication behaviour in available cell cultures. Whereas, obtaining high virus yields by in vitro replication enables achieving of the mentioned above goals easier and more reliable. The following work presents an attempt to illuminate the KHV replication in common carp brain (CCB) cell cultures from the engineering point of view. The isolate KHV-TP30 was used testing the influence on process parameters, such as multiplicity of infection (MOI), time of infection (TOI) and time of harvest (TOH). Virus concentrations and infectivity at different time points of infection were examined using hydrolyzed probe qPCR (Gilad et al. 2004) and 50% tissue culture infectivity dose (TCID50). The data obtained show that while the amount of the virus DNA remains constant after reaching its maximum, the infectivity of the virus decreases. Thus, especially, TOH can be crucial for generating a high-quality virus stock. Applying optimized parameters improved the infectivity of the harvested virus and reached a robust titre as high as 1.9 × 108 TCID50/mL. To our knowledge, so far, there is no information in the peer-reviewed literature showing comparably high virus titres. Such virus yields not only facilitate conduction of further studies, including stability tests of the virus stock under various supplementation or disinfection trails, but also provide enough virus material to perform more detailed examinations of the infection mechanism.
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15
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In vitro exposure system for study of aerosolized influenza virus. Virology 2016; 500:62-70. [PMID: 27771560 PMCID: PMC5221479 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infection of adherent cell monolayers using a liquid inoculum represents an established method to reliably and quantitatively study virus infection, but poorly recapitulates the exposure and infection of cells in the respiratory tract that occurs during infection with aerosolized pathogens. To better simulate natural infection in vitro, we adapted a system that generates viral aerosols similar to those exhaled by infected humans to the inoculation of epithelial cell monolayers. Procedures for cellular infection and calculation of exposure dose were developed and tested using viruses characterized by distinct transmission and pathogenicity phenotypes: an HPAI H5N1, an LPAI H7N9, and a seasonal H3N2 virus. While all three aerosolized viruses were highly infectious in a human bronchial epithelial cell line (Calu-3) cultured submerged in media, differences between the viruses were observed in primary human alveolar epithelial cells and in Calu-3 cells cultured at air-liquid interface. This system provides a novel enhancement to traditional in vitro experiments, particularly those focused on the early stages of infection. Human respiratory epithelial cells were exposed to aerosolized influenza virus. Fewer than ten PFU were required to infect the Calu-3 human cell line. Infection route influenced susceptibility of primary alveolar cells to infection. Aerosolized virus was able to penetrate an apical mucin layer.
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16
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Yu W, Yang F, Yang J, Ma L, Cun Y, Song S, Liao G. Construction high-yield candidate influenza vaccine viruses in Vero cells by reassortment. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1914-21. [PMID: 27101353 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Usage of influenza vaccine is the best choice measure for preventing and conclusion of influenza virus infection. Although it has been used of chicken embryo to produce influenza vaccine, following with WHO recommended vaccine strain, there were uncontrollable factors and its deficiencies, specially, during an influenza pandemic in the world. The Vero cells are used for vaccine production of a few strains including influenza virus, because of its homology with human, recommended by WHO. However, as known most of the influenza viruses strains could not culture by Vero cells. It was used two high-yield influenza viruses adapted in Vero cells as donor viruses, such as A/Yunnan/1/2005Va (H3N2) and B/Yunnan/2/2005Va (B), to construct high-yield wild influenza virus in Vero cells under antibody selection pressure. After reassortment and passages, it obtained the new Vaccine strains with A/Tianjin/15/2009Va (H1N1), A/Fujian/196/2009Va (H3N2) and B/Chongqing/1384/2010Va (B), which was not only completely keeping their original antigenic (HA and NA), but also grown well in Vero cells with high-yield. All results of gene analysis and HA, HI shown that this reassortment method could be used to find new direction to product the influenza vaccine. J. Med. Virol. 88:1914-1921, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China.,Pharmaceutical Department, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghui Yang
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Ma
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yina Cun
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohui Song
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyang Liao
- The Fifth Department of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
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17
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Frensing T. Defective interfering viruses and their impact on vaccines and viral vectors. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:681-9. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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18
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19
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Rational design of medium supplementation strategy for improved influenza viruses production based on analyzing nutritional requirements of MDCK Cells. Vaccine 2014; 32:7091-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Intranasal chitosan-DNA vaccines that protect across influenza virus subtypes. Int J Pharm 2014; 473:113-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Trabelsi K, Majoul S, Rourou S, Kallel H. Process intensification for an enhanced replication of a newly adapted RM-65 sheep pox virus strain in Vero cells grown in stirred bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Frensing T, Pflugmacher A, Bachmann M, Peschel B, Reichl U. Impact of defective interfering particles on virus replication and antiviral host response in cell culture-based influenza vaccine production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8999-9008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Cold adaptation improves the growth of seasonal influenza B vaccine viruses. Vaccine 2014; 32:2474-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Comparison of influenza virus yields and apoptosis-induction in an adherent and a suspension MDCK cell line. Vaccine 2013; 31:5693-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Streefland M, Martens DE, Beuvery EC, Wijffels RH. Process analytical technology (PAT) tools for the cultivation step in biopharmaceutical production. Eng Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Streefland
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; Wageningen; The Netherlands
| | - Dirk E. Martens
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; Wageningen; The Netherlands
| | | | - René H. Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering; Wageningen University; Wageningen; The Netherlands
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26
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Genzel Y, Frensing T, Reichl U. Herstellung moderner Grippeimpfstoffe. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.201200606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Emma P, Kamen A. Real-time monitoring of influenza virus production kinetics in HEK293 cell cultures. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 29:275-84. [PMID: 22848016 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is an increased interest from the vaccine industry to use mammalian cell cultures for influenza vaccine manufacturing. Therefore, it became important to study the influenza infection mechanism, the viral-host interaction, and the replication kinetics from a bioprocessing stand point to maximize the influenza viral production yield in cell culture. In the present work, influenza replication kinetics was studied in HEK293 cells. Two infection conditions were evaluated, a low (0.01) and a high multiplicity of infection (1.0). Critical time points of the viral production cycle (infection, protein synthesis, viral assembly and budding, viral release, and host-cell death) were identified in small-scale cell cultures. Additionally, cell growth, viability, and viral titers were monitored in the viral production process. The infection state of the cultivated cell population was assessed by influenza immunolabeling throughout the culture period. Influenza virus production kinetics were also on-line monitored by dielectric spectroscopy and successfully correlated to real-time capacitance measures. Overall, this work provided insights into the mechanisms associated with the infection of human HEK293 cell line by the influenza virus and demonstrated, once again, the usefulness of multifrequency scanning permittivity for in-line monitoring and supervision of cell-based viral production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petiot Emma
- National Research Council, Bioprocessing and Manufacturing, Vaccine Program, Montreal, QC, Canada
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28
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Lohr V, Genzel Y, Jordan I, Katinger D, Mahr S, Sandig V, Reichl U. Live attenuated influenza viruses produced in a suspension process with avian AGE1.CR.pIX cells. BMC Biotechnol 2012; 12:79. [PMID: 23110398 PMCID: PMC3505166 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-12-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current influenza vaccines are trivalent or quadrivalent inactivated split or subunit vaccines administered intramuscularly, or live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) adapted to replicate at temperatures below body temperature and administered intranasally. Both vaccines are considered safe and efficient, but due to differences in specific properties may complement each other to ensure reliable vaccine coverage. By now, licensed LAIV are produced in embryonated chicken eggs. In the near future influenza vaccines for human use will also be available from adherent MDCK or Vero cell cultures, but a scalable suspension process may facilitate production and supply with vaccines. RESULTS We evaluated the production of cold-adapted human influenza virus strains in the duck suspension cell line AGE1.CR.pIX using a chemically-defined medium. One cold-adapted A (H1N1) and one cold-adapted B virus strain was tested, as well as the reference strain A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). It is shown that a medium exchange is not required for infection and that maximum virus titers are obtained for 1 × 10⁻⁶ trypsin units per cell. 1 L bioreactor cultivations showed that 4 × 10⁶ cells/mL can be infected without a cell density effect achieving titers of 1 × 10⁸ virions/mL after 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study demonstrates that AGE1.CR.pIX cells support replication of LAIV strains in a chemically-defined medium using a simple process without medium exchanges. Moreover, the process is fast with peak titers obtained 24 h post infection and easily scalable to industrial volumes as neither microcarriers nor medium replacements are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Lohr
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Jordan
- ProBioGen AG, Goethestr. 54, 13086, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Katinger
- Polymun Scientific GmbH, Donaustr. 99, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Mahr
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
- University for Applied Sciences, Robert-Gerwig-Platz 1, 78120, Furtwangen, Germany
| | | | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
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29
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Genzel Y, Behrendt I, Rödig J, Rapp E, Kueppers C, Kochanek S, Schiedner G, Reichl U. CAP, a new human suspension cell line for influenza virus production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:111-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Isken B, Genzel Y, Reichl U. Productivity, apoptosis, and infection dynamics of influenza A/PR/8 strains and A/PR/8-based reassortants. Vaccine 2012; 30:5253-61. [PMID: 22698452 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In cell culture-based influenza vaccine production significant efforts are directed towards virus seed optimization for maximum yields. Typically, high growth reassortants (HGR) containing backbones of six gene segments of e.g. influenza A/PR/8, are generated from wild type strains. Often, however, HA and TCID₅₀ titres obtained do not meet expectations and further optimization measures are required. Flow cytometry is an invaluable tool to improve our understanding of mechanism related to progress of infection, virus-induced apoptosis, and cell-specific productivity. In this study, we performed infections with two influenza A/PR/8 variants (from NIBSC and RKI) and two A/PR/8-based HGRs (Wisconsin-like and Uruguay-like) to investigate virus replication, apoptosis and virus titres at different multiplicities of infection (MOI 0.0001, 0.1, 3). Flow cytometric analyses showed similar dynamics in the time course of infected and apoptotic cell populations for all four tested strains at MOI 0.0001. Interestingly, higher MOI resulted in an earlier increase of the populations of infected and apoptotic cells and showed strain-specific differences. Infections with A/PR/8 NIBSC resulted in an earlier increase in both cell populations compared to A/PR/8 RKI. The Uruguay-like reassortant showed the earliest increase in the concentration of infected cells and a late induction of apoptosis at all tested MOIs. In contrast, the Wisconsin-like reassortant showed strong apoptosis induction at high MOIs resulting in reduced titres compared to lower MOI. Maximum HA titres were unaffected by changes in the MOI for the two A/PR/8 and the Uruguay-like reassortant. Maximum TCID₅₀ titres, however, decreased with increasing MOI for all strains. Overall, infections at very low MOI (0.0001) resulted not only in similar dynamics concerning progress of infection and induction of apoptosis but also in maximum virus yields. Highest HA titres were obtained for virus seed strains combining a fast progress in infection with a late onset of apoptosis. Therefore, both factors should be considered for the establishment of robust influenza vaccine production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Isken
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
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31
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Josefsberg JO, Buckland B. Vaccine process technology. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:1443-60. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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Roedig JV, Rapp E, Genzel Y, Reichl U. Impact of different influenza cultivation conditions on HA N-Glycosylation. BMC Proc 2011; 5 Suppl 8:P113. [PMID: 22373320 PMCID: PMC3284982 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-5-s8-p113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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