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Herrera AL, Potts R, Huber VC, Chaussee MS. Influenza enhances host susceptibility to non-pulmonary invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infections. Virulence 2023; 14:2265063. [PMID: 37772916 PMCID: PMC10566429 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2265063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus; GAS) causes a variety of invasive diseases (iGAS) such as bacteremia, toxic shock syndrome, and pneumonia, which are associated with high mortality despite the susceptibility of the bacteria to penicillin ex vivo. Epidemiologic studies indicate that respiratory influenza virus infection is associated with an increase in the frequency of iGAS diseases, including those not directly involving the lung. We modified a murine model of influenza A (IAV)-GAS superinfection to determine if viral pneumonia increased the susceptibility of mice subsequently infected with GAS in the peritoneum. The results showed that respiratory IAV infection increased the morbidity (weight loss) of mice infected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with GAS 3, 5, and 10 d after the initial viral infection. Mortality was also significantly increased when mice were infected with GAS 3 and 5 d after pulmonary IAV infection. Increased mortality among mice infected with virus 5 d prior to bacterial infection correlated with increased dissemination of GAS from the peritoneum to the blood, spleen, and lungs. The interval was also associated with a significant increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α, MCP-1 and IL-27 in sera. We conclude, using a murine model, that respiratory influenza virus infection increases the likelihood and severity of systemic iGAS disease, even when GAS infection does not originate in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Herrera
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Rashaun Potts
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Victor C. Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Michael S. Chaussee
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
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2
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Yuan F, Schieber T, Stein TL, Sestak RM, Olson CJ, Chen C, Huber VC, Lechtenberg K, McGill J, Fang Y. Establish a Pregnant Sow–Neonate Model to Assess Maternal Immunity of a Candidate Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030646. [PMID: 36992230 PMCID: PMC10056052 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
While it is well appreciated that maternal immunity can provide neonatal protection, the contribution of maternal vaccination toward generating such immunity is not well characterized. In our previous work, we created a candidate influenza vaccine using our chimeric hemagglutinin (HA) construct, HA-129. The HA-129 was expressed as part of a whole-virus vaccine that was built on the A/swine/Texas/4199-2/98-H3N2 backbone to generate the recombinant virus TX98-129. The TX98-129 candidate vaccine has the ability to induce broadly protective immune responses against genetically diversified influenza viruses in both mice and nursery pigs. In the current study, we established a pregnant sow–neonate model to evaluate the maternal immunity induced by this candidate vaccine to protect pregnant sows and their neonatal piglets against influenza virus infection. In pregnant sows, the results consistently show that TX98-129 induced a robust immune response against the TX98-129 virus and the parental viruses that were used to construct HA-129. After challenge with a field strain of influenza A virus, a significant increase in antibody titers was observed in vaccinated sows at both 5 and 22 days post challenge (dpc). The challenge virus was detected at a low level in the nasal swab of only one vaccinated sow at 5 dpc. Evaluation of cytokine responses in blood and lung tissue showed that levels of IFN-α and IL-1β were increased in the lung of vaccinated sows at 5 dpc, when compared to unvaccinated pigs. Further analysis of the T-cell subpopulation in PBMCs showed a higher ratio of IFN-γ-secreting CD4+CD8+ and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in vaccinated sows at 22 dpc after stimulation with either challenge virus or vaccine virus. Finally, we used a neonatal challenge model to demonstrate that vaccine-induced maternal immunity can be passively transferred to newborn piglets. This was observed in the form of both increased antibody titers and deceased viral loads in neonates born from immunized sows. In summary, this study provides a swine model system to evaluate the impact of vaccination on maternal immunity and fetal/neonatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfeng Yuan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Tara L. Stein
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Rachel M. Sestak
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Callie J. Olson
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Victor C. Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | | | - Jodi McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Correspondence:
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3
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Wu X, Jie F, Li P, Zhuo C, Pan W, Zhong N, Li C, Chen L. Active immunization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine protects mice from secondary Pseudomonas aeruginosa challenge post-influenza virus infection. J Thorac Dis 2023; 15:22-32. [PMID: 36794141 PMCID: PMC9922597 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-22-1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Influenza virus infection complicated by secondary bacterial pneumonia contributes significantly to death during seasonal or pandemic influenza. Secondary infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in influenza virus-infected patients contributes to morbidity and mortality. Methods Mice were first infected with PR8 influenza virus, followed by a secondary infection of P. aeruginosa. Body weights and survival rate of mice was monitored daily over 20 days. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) and lung homogenates were harvested for measuring bacterial titers. Lung tissue section slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for microscopic observation. After vaccination with inactivated P. aeruginosa cells or recombinant PcrV protein, the mice were subjected to PR8 influenza virus infection followed by a secondary infection of a P. aeruginosa. The inhibition against P. aeruginosa of serum was evaluated by detecting the growth of P. aeruginosa in broth containing diluted sera. Results The prior influenza infection greatly enhanced the susceptibility to secondary infection of P. aeruginosa and increased morbidity and mortality in mice. Active immunization with inactivated P. aeruginosa cells could protect mice from secondary P. aeruginosa challenge in influenza virus infected mice. Conclusions To develop an effective P. aeruginosa vaccine might be a promising strategy to decrease the threat of secondary P. aeruginosa infection in influenza patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feilong Jie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gaozhou People’s Hospital, Gaozhou, China
| | - Pingchao Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chufang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China;,Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Aleith J, Brendel M, Weipert E, Müller M, Schultz D, Müller-Hilke B. Influenza A Virus Exacerbates Group A Streptococcus Infection and Thwarts Anti-Bacterial Inflammatory Responses in Murine Macrophages. Pathogens 2022; 11:1320. [PMID: 36365071 PMCID: PMC9699311 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza epidemics pose a considerable hazard for global health. In the past decades, accumulating evidence revealed that influenza A virus (IAV) renders the host vulnerable to bacterial superinfections which in turn are a major cause for morbidity and mortality. However, whether the impact of influenza on anti-bacterial innate immunity is restricted to the vicinity of the lung or systemically extends to remote sites is underexplored. We therefore sought to investigate intranasal infection of adult C57BL/6J mice with IAV H1N1 in combination with bacteremia elicited by intravenous application of Group A Streptococcus (GAS). Co-infection in vivo was supplemented in vitro by challenging murine bone marrow derived macrophages and exploring gene expression and cytokine secretion. Our results show that viral infection of mice caused mild disease and induced the depletion of CCL2 in the periphery. Influenza preceding GAS infection promoted the occurrence of paw edemas and was accompanied by exacerbated disease scores. In vitro co-infection of macrophages led to significantly elevated expression of TLR2 and CD80 compared to bacterial mono-infection, whereas CD163 and CD206 were downregulated. The GAS-inducible upregulation of inflammatory genes, such as Nos2, as well as the secretion of TNFα and IL-1β were notably reduced or even abrogated following co-infection. Our results indicate that IAV primes an innate immune layout that is inadequately equipped for bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Aleith
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Maria Brendel
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Erik Weipert
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Daniel Schultz
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ko-Infekt Study Group
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Müller-Hilke
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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5
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Proaños NJ, Reyes LF, Bastidas A, Martín-Loeches I, Díaz E, Suberviola B, Moreno G, Bodí M, Nieto M, Estella A, Sole-Violán J, Curcio D, Papiol E, Guardiola J, Rodríguez A. Prior influenza vaccine is not a risk factor for bacterial coinfection in patients admitted to the ICU due to severe influenza. Med Intensiva 2022; 46:436-445. [PMID: 35868720 DOI: 10.1016/j.medine.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the prior usage of the flu vaccine is a risk factor for bacterial co-infection in patients with severe influenza. DESIGN This was a retrospective observational cohort study of subjects admitted to the ICU. A propensity score matching, and logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders were carried out to evaluate the association between prior influenza vaccination and bacterial co-infection. SETTINGS 184 ICUs in Spain due to severe influenza. PATIENTS Patients included in the Spanish prospective flu registry. INTERVENTIONS Flu vaccine prior to the hospital admission. RESULTS A total of 4175 subjects were included in the study. 489 (11.7%) received the flu vaccine prior to develop influenza infection. Prior vaccinated patients were older 71 [61-78], and predominantly male 65.4%, with at least one comorbid condition 88.5%. Prior vaccination was not associated with bacterial co-infection in the logistic regression model (OR: 1.017; 95%CI 0.803-1.288; p=0.885). After matching, the average treatment effect of prior influenza vaccine on bacterial co-infection was not statistically significant when assessed by propensity score matching (p=0.87), nearest neighbor matching (p=0.59) and inverse probability weighting (p=0.99). CONCLUSIONS No association was identified between prior influenza vaccine and bacterial coinfection in patients admitted to the ICU due to severe influenza. Post influenza vaccination studies are necessary to continue evaluating the possible benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L F Reyes
- Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia; Clínica Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia.
| | - A Bastidas
- Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - I Martín-Loeches
- St James's University Hospital, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Department of Anaesthesia and Critica Care, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E Díaz
- ICU Complejo Hospitalario Parc Taulí/UAB, Sabadell, Spain
| | - B Suberviola
- ICU Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - G Moreno
- ICU Hospital Universitario de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - M Bodí
- ICU Hospital Universitario de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain; IISPV/URV/CIBERES, Tarragona, Spain
| | - M Nieto
- ICU Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Estella
- ICU Hospital de Jerez, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
| | - J Sole-Violán
- ICU Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - D Curcio
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E Papiol
- ICU Hospital Univseritario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Guardiola
- University of Louisville and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
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Herrera AL, Chaussee MS. Signaling Peptide SpoV Is Essential for Streptococcus pyogenes Virulence, and Prophylaxis with Anti-SpoV Decreases Disease Severity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112321. [PMID: 34835447 PMCID: PMC8619256 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcal peptide of virulence (SpoV) is a Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus (GAS))-specific peptide that is important for GAS survival in murine blood, and the expression of the virulence factors streptolysin O (slo) and streptolysin S (sagA). We used a spoV mutant in isolate MGAS315 to assess the contribution of the SpoV peptide to virulence by using a murine model of invasive disease and an ex vivo human model (Lancefield assay). We then used antibodies to SpoV in both models to evaluate their ability to decrease morbidity and mortality. Results showed that SpoV is essential for GAS virulence, and targeting the peptide has therapeutic potential.
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7
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Zaman M, Huber VC, Heiden DL, DeHaan KN, Chandra S, Erickson D, Ozberk V, Pandey M, Bailly B, Martin G, Langshaw EL, Zaid A, von Itzstein M, Good MF. Combinatorial liposomal peptide vaccine induces IgA and confers protection against influenza virus and bacterial super-infection. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1337. [PMID: 34527244 PMCID: PMC8432089 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The upper respiratory tract is the major entry site for Streptococcus pyogenes and influenza virus. Vaccine strategies that activate mucosal immunity could significantly reduce morbidity and mortality because of these pathogens. The severity of influenza is significantly greater if a streptococcal infection occurs during the viraemic period and generally viral infections complicated by a subsequent bacterial infection are known as super-infections. We describe an innovative vaccine strategy against influenza virus:S. pyogenes super-infection. Moreover, we provide the first description of a liposomal multi-pathogen-based platform that enables the incorporation of both viral and bacterial antigens into a vaccine and constitutes a transformative development. Methods Specifically, we have explored a vaccination strategy with biocompatible liposomes that express conserved streptococcal and influenza A virus B-cell epitopes on their surface and contain encapsulated diphtheria toxoid as a source of T-cell help. The vaccine is adjuvanted by inclusion of the synthetic analogue of monophosphoryl lipid A, 3D-PHAD. Results We observe that this vaccine construct induces an Immunoglobulin A (IgA) response in both mice and ferrets. Vaccination reduces viral load in ferrets from influenza challenge and protects mice from both pathogens. Notably, vaccination significantly reduces both mortality and morbidity associated with a super-infection. Conclusion The vaccine design is modular and could be adapted to include B-cell epitopes from other mucosal pathogens where an IgA response is required for protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehfuz Zaman
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
| | - Victor C Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical SciencesSanford School of MedicineUniversity of South DakotaVermillionSDUSA
| | - Dustin L Heiden
- Division of Basic Biomedical SciencesSanford School of MedicineUniversity of South DakotaVermillionSDUSA
| | - Katerina N DeHaan
- Division of Basic Biomedical SciencesSanford School of MedicineUniversity of South DakotaVermillionSDUSA
| | - Sanyogita Chandra
- Division of Basic Biomedical SciencesSanford School of MedicineUniversity of South DakotaVermillionSDUSA
| | - Demi Erickson
- Division of Basic Biomedical SciencesSanford School of MedicineUniversity of South DakotaVermillionSDUSA
| | - Victoria Ozberk
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
| | - Benjamin Bailly
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
| | - Gael Martin
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
| | - Emma L Langshaw
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
| | - Ali Zaid
- The Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics GroupMenzies Health Institute QueenslandGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
- School of Medical SciencesGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in ArbovirusesGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
| | | | - Michael F Good
- Institute for GlycomicsGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
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8
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Proaños NJ, Reyes LF, Bastidas A, Martín-Loeches I, Díaz E, Suberviola B, Moreno G, Bodí M, Nieto M, Estella A, Sole-Violán J, Curcio D, Papiol E, Guardiola J, Rodríguez A. Prior influenza vaccine is not a risk factor for bacterial coinfection in patients admitted to the ICU due to severe influenza. Med Intensiva 2021; 46:S0210-5691(21)00118-2. [PMID: 34175139 DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the prior usage of the flu vaccine is a risk factor for bacterial co-infection in patients with severe influenza. DESIGN This was a retrospective observational cohort study of subjects admitted to the ICU. A propensity score matching, and logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders were carried out to evaluate the association between prior influenza vaccination and bacterial co-infection. SETTINGS 184 ICUs in Spain due to severe influenza. PATIENTS Patients included in the Spanish prospective flu registry. INTERVENTIONS Flu vaccine prior to the hospital admission. RESULTS A total of 4175 subjects were included in the study. 489 (11.7%) received the flu vaccine prior to develop influenza infection. Prior vaccinated patients were older 71 [61-78], and predominantly male 65.4%, with at least one comorbid condition 88.5%. Prior vaccination was not associated with bacterial co-infection in the logistic regression model (OR: 1.017; 95%CI 0.803-1.288; p=0.885). After matching, the average treatment effect of prior influenza vaccine on bacterial co-infection was not statistically significant when assessed by propensity score matching (p=0.87), nearest neighbor matching (p=0.59) and inverse probability weighting (p=0.99). CONCLUSIONS No association was identified between prior influenza vaccine and bacterial coinfection in patients admitted to the ICU due to severe influenza. Post influenza vaccination studies are necessary to continue evaluating the possible benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L F Reyes
- Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia; Clínica Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia.
| | - A Bastidas
- Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - I Martín-Loeches
- St James's University Hospital, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Department of Anaesthesia and Critica Care, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E Díaz
- ICU Complejo Hospitalario Parc Taulí/UAB, Sabadell, Spain
| | - B Suberviola
- ICU Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - G Moreno
- ICU Hospital Universitario de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - M Bodí
- ICU Hospital Universitario de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain; IISPV/URV/CIBERES, Tarragona, Spain
| | - M Nieto
- ICU Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Estella
- ICU Hospital de Jerez, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
| | - J Sole-Violán
- ICU Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - D Curcio
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E Papiol
- ICU Hospital Univseritario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Guardiola
- University of Louisville and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
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Bajpai G, Nahrendorf M. Infectious and lifestyle modifiers of immunity and host resilience. Immunity 2021; 54:1110-1122. [PMID: 34107270 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The interindividual heterogeneity of the immune system likely determines the personal risk for acquiring infections and developing diseases with inflammatory components. In addition to genetic factors, the immune system's heterogeneity is driven by diverging exposures of leukocytes and their progenitors to infections, vaccinations, and health behavior, including lifestyle-related stimuli such as diet, physical inactivity, and psychosocial stress. We review how such experiences alter immune cell responses to concurrent and subsequent challenges, leading to either improved host resilience or disease susceptibility due to a muted or overzealous immune system, with a primary focus on the contribution of innate immune cells. We explore the involvement of diverse mechanisms, including trained immunity, and their relevance for infections and cardiovascular disease, as these prevalent conditions are heavily influenced by immune cell abundance and phenotypic adaptions. Understanding the mechanistic bases of immune modulations by prior or co-exposures may lead to new therapies targeting dysfunctional inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Bajpai
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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10
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Li Z, Zaiser SA, Shang P, Heiden DL, Hajovsky H, Katwal P, DeVries B, Baker J, Richt JA, Li Y, He B, Fang Y, Huber VC. A chimeric influenza hemagglutinin delivered by parainfluenza virus 5 vector induces broadly protective immunity against genetically divergent influenza a H1 viruses in swine. Vet Microbiol 2020; 250:108859. [PMID: 33039727 PMCID: PMC7500346 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An HA-based vaccine candidate, created by DNA shuffling (HA-113), can be immunogenic when recombinant antigen is expressed by PIV5 (PIV5-113). Immunity induced by the PIV5-113 vaccine can protect mice against infection with 4 of 5 parental HAs used to create the vaccine. Immunity induced by PIV5-113 can protect pigs against infection with an influenza virus isolate that is known to be infectious in pigs.
Pigs are an important reservoir for human influenza viruses, and influenza causes significant economic loss to the swine industry. As demonstrated during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, control of swine influenza virus infection is a critical step toward blocking emergence of human influenza virus. An effective vaccine that can induce broadly protective immunity against heterologous influenza virus strains is critically needed. In our previous studies [McCormick et al., 2015; PLoS One, 10(6):e0127649], we used molecular breeding (DNA shuffling) strategies to increase the breadth of the variable and conserved epitopes expressed within a single influenza A virus chimeric hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Chimeric HAs were constructed using parental HAs from the 2009 pandemic virus and swine influenza viruses that had a history of zoonotic transmission to humans. In the current study, we used parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV-5) as a vector to express one of these chimeric HA antigens, HA-113. Recombinant PIV-5 expressing HA-113 (PIV5-113) were rescued, and immunogenicity and protective efficacy were tested in both mouse and pig models. The results showed that PIV5-113 can protect mice and pigs against challenge with viruses expressing parental HAs. The protective immunity was extended against other genetically diversified influenza H1-expressing viruses. Our work demonstrates that PIV5-based influenza vaccines are efficacious as vaccines for pigs. The PIV5 vaccine vector and chimeric HA-113 antigen are discussed in the context of the development of universal influenza vaccines and the potential contribution of PIV5-113 as a candidate universal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, United States
| | - Sarah A Zaiser
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States
| | - Pengcheng Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, United States
| | - Dustin L Heiden
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States
| | - Heather Hajovsky
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States
| | - Pratik Katwal
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States
| | - Baylor DeVries
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States
| | - Jack Baker
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States
| | - Juergen A Richt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, United States
| | - Yanhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, United States
| | - Biao He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, United States.
| | - Ying Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, United States.
| | - Victor C Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States.
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11
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Falynskova IN, Egorov AY, Poddubikov AV, Vartanova NO, Kartashova NP, Glubokova EA, Mkhitarov VA, Dzhalilova DS, Makarova OV, Leneva IA. [Vaccination with virus-like particles containing hemagglutinin protects the lungs of mice with postifluenza bacterial pneumonia: virological, microbiological and clinical data]. Vopr Virusol 2020; 65:150-158. [PMID: 33533217 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-3-150-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza is a severe viral disease, a frequent complication of which is a secondary bacterial pneumonia. Influenza vaccines prevent secondary bacterial complications. Virus-like particles are one of the promising areas for the development of new vaccines. The aim of this work is to study the correlation of the pathomorphological characteristics of the lungs with clinical, virological, and microbiological markers of the disease at vaccination with virus-like particles (VLPs), containing hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus (HA-Gag-VLPs) in a murine model of secondary bacterial pneumonia induced by S. pneumoniae after influenza infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS BALB/c mice were vaccinated with VLPs containing influenza HA. After 21 days, mice were infected with two strains of influenza viruses, homologous and non-homologous, and 5 days after viral infection, were infected with S. pneumoniae. The vaccination effect was evaluated by morphological, virological (titer of the virus in the lungs) and microbiological (titer of bacteria in the lungs) data, and was confirmed by clinical data (survival, change in body weight). RESULTS Immunization with HA-Gag-VLPs, followed by infection with a homologous influenza virus and S. pneumoniae, reduced the area of foci of inflammation, inhibited the replication of the virus and bacteria in the lungs, and also protected animals from death and reduced their weight loss. Immunization with HA-Gag-VLPs upon infection with a heterologous strain and S. pneumoniae did not affect these criteria. CONCLUSION The immunization with HA-Gag-VLPs prevented the viral replication, providing a reduction of S. pneumoniae titer and the degree of lung damage, protecting animals from the disease in a murine model of secondary bacterial pneumonia, induced by S. pneumoniae, after influenza infection with homologous strain of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Yu Egorov
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera; Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza
| | | | - N O Vartanova
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera
| | | | - E A Glubokova
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera
| | | | | | | | - I A Leneva
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera
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12
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Herrera AL, Van Hove C, Hanson M, Dale JB, Tweten RK, Huber VC, Diel D, Chaussee MS. Immunotherapy targeting the Streptococcus pyogenes M protein or streptolysin O to treat or prevent influenza A superinfection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235139. [PMID: 32574205 PMCID: PMC7310742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections complicated by a bacterial infection are typically referred to as coinfections or superinfections. Streptococcus pyogenes, the group A streptococcus (GAS), is not the most common bacteria associated with influenza A virus (IAV) superinfections but did cause significant mortality during the 2009 influenza pandemic even though all isolates are susceptible to penicillin. One approach to improve the outcome of these infections is to use passive immunization targeting GAS. To test this idea, we assessed the efficacy of passive immunotherapy using antisera against either the streptococcal M protein or streptolysin O (SLO) in a murine model of IAV-GAS superinfection. Prophylactic treatment of mice with antiserum to either SLO or the M protein decreased morbidity compared to mice treated with non-immune sera; however, neither significantly decreased mortality. Therapeutic use of antisera to SLO decreased morbidity compared to mice treated with non-immune sera but neither antisera significantly reduced mortality. Overall, the results suggest that further development of antibodies targeting the M protein or SLO may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of invasive GAS diseases, including IAV-GAS superinfections, which may be particularly important during influenza pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Herrera
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
| | - Christopher Van Hove
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
| | - Mary Hanson
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
| | - James B. Dale
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Rodney K. Tweten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Victor C. Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
| | - Diego Diel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Chaussee
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
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13
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Klausberger M, Leneva IA, Egorov A, Strobl F, Ghorbanpour SM, Falynskova IN, Poddubikov AV, Makhmudova NR, Krokhin A, Svitich OA, Grabherr R. Off-target effects of an insect cell-expressed influenza HA-pseudotyped Gag-VLP preparation in limiting postinfluenza Staphylococcus aureus infections. Vaccine 2020; 38:859-867. [PMID: 31718898 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and historical data underscore the ability of influenza viruses to ally with Staphylococcus aureus and predispose the host for secondary bacterial pneumonia, which is a leading cause of influenza-associated mortality. This is fundamental because no vaccine for S. aureus is available and the number of antibiotic-resistant strains is alarmingly rising. Hence, this leaves influenza vaccination the only strategy to prevent postinfluenza staphylococcal infections. In the present work, we assessed the off-target effects of a Tnms42 insect cell-expressed BEI-treated Gag-VLP preparation expressing the HA of A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) in preventing S. aureus superinfection in mice pre-infected with a homologous or heterologous H1N1 viral challenge strain. Our results demonstrate that matched anti-hemagglutinin immunity elicited by a VLP preparation may suffice to prevent morbidity and mortality caused by lethal secondary bacterial infection. This effect was observed even when employing a single low antigen dose of 50 ng HA per animal. However, induction of anti-hemagglutinin immunity alone was not helpful in inhibiting heterologous viral replication and subsequent bacterial infection. Our results indicate the potential of the VLP vaccine approach in terms of immunogenicity but suggest that anti-HA immunity should not be considered as the sole preventive method for combatting influenza and postinfluenza bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Klausberger
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Irina A Leneva
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Egorov
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia; Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Florian Strobl
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Irina N Falynskova
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Poddubikov
- Department of Microbiology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nailya R Makhmudova
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem Krokhin
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Oxana A Svitich
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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14
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Volatile scents of influenza A and S. pyogenes (co-)infected cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18894. [PMID: 31827195 PMCID: PMC6906285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A is a serious pathogen itself, but often leads to dangerous co-infections in combination with bacterial species such as Streptococcus pyogenes. In comparison to classical biochemical methods, analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in headspace above cultures can enable destruction free monitoring of metabolic processes in vitro. Thus, volatile biomarkers emitted from biological cell cultures and pathogens could serve for monitoring of infection processes in vitro. In this study we analysed VOCs from headspace above (co)-infected human cells by using a customized sampling system. For investigating the influenza A mono-infection and the viral-bacterial co-infection in vitro, we analysed VOCs from Detroit cells inoculated with influenza A virus and S. pyogenes by means of needle-trap micro-extraction (NTME) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Besides the determination of microbiological data such as cell count, cytokines, virus load and bacterial load, emissions from cell medium, uninfected cells and bacteria mono-infected cells were analysed. Significant differences in emitted VOC concentrations were identified between non-infected and infected cells. After inoculation with S. pyogenes, bacterial infection was mirrored by increased emissions of acetaldehyde and propanal. N-propyl acetate was linked to viral infection. Non-destructive monitoring of infections by means of VOC analysis may open a new window for infection research and clinical applications. VOC analysis could enable early recognition of pathogen presence and in-depth understanding of their etiopathology.
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15
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TIV Vaccination Modulates Host Responses to Influenza Virus Infection that Correlate with Protection against Bacterial Superinfection. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030113. [PMID: 31547409 PMCID: PMC6789870 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Influenza virus infection predisposes to secondary bacterial pneumonia. Currently licensed influenza vaccines aim at the induction of neutralizing antibodies and are less effective if the induction of neutralizing antibodies is low and/or the influenza virus changes its antigenic surface. We investigated the effect of suboptimal vaccination on the outcome of post-influenza bacterial superinfection. Methods: We established a mouse vaccination model that allows control of disease severity after influenza virus infection despite inefficient induction of virus-neutralizing antibody titers by vaccination. We investigated the effect of vaccination on virus-induced host immune responses and on the outcome of superinfection with Staphylococcus aureus. Results: Vaccination with trivalent inactivated virus vaccine (TIV) reduced morbidity after influenza A virus infection but did not prevent virus replication completely. Despite the poor induction of influenza-specific antibodies, TIV protected from mortality after bacterial superinfection. Vaccination limited loss of alveolar macrophages and reduced levels of infiltrating pulmonary monocytes after influenza virus infection. Interestingly, TIV vaccination resulted in enhanced levels of eosinophils after influenza virus infection and recruitment of neutrophils in both lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes after bacterial superinfection. Conclusion: These observations highlight the importance of disease modulation by influenza vaccination, even when suboptimal, and suggest that influenza vaccination is still beneficial to protect during bacterial superinfection in the absence of complete virus neutralization.
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16
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Shepardson K, Larson K, Cho H, Johns LL, Malkoc Z, Stanek K, Wellhman J, Zaiser S, Daggs-Olson J, Moodie T, Klonoski JM, Huber VC, Rynda-Apple A. A Novel Role for PDZ-Binding Motif of Influenza A Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 in Regulation of Host Susceptibility to Postinfluenza Bacterial Superinfections. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:131-143. [PMID: 30822217 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) have multiple mechanisms for altering the host immune response to aid in virus survival and propagation. While both type I and II interferons (IFNs) have been associated with increased bacterial superinfection (BSI) susceptibility, we found that in some cases type I IFNs can be beneficial for BSI outcome. Specifically, we have shown that antagonism of the type I IFN response during infection by some IAVs can lead to the development of deadly BSI. The nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) from IAV is well known for manipulating host type I IFN responses, but the viral proteins mediating BSI severity remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that the PDZ-binding motif (PDZ-bm) of the NS1 C-terminal region from mouse-adapted A/Puerto Rico/8/34-H1N1 (PR8) IAV dictates BSI susceptibility through regulation of IFN-α/β production. Deletion of the NS1 PDZ-bm from PR8 IAV (PR8-TRUNC) resulted in 100% survival and decreased bacterial burden in superinfected mice compared with 0% survival in mice superinfected after PR8 infection. This reduction in BSI susceptibility after infection with PR8-TRUNC was due to the presence of IFN-β, as protection from BSI was lost in Ifn-β-/- mice, resembling BSI during PR8 infection. PDZ-bm in PR8-infected mice inhibited the production of IFN-β posttranscriptionally, and both delayed and reduced expression of the tunable interferon-stimulated genes. Finally, a similar lack of BSI susceptibility, due to the presence of IFN-β on day 7 post-IAV infection, was also observed after infection of mice with A/TX98-H3N2 virus that naturally lacks a PDZ-bm in NS1, indicating that this mechanism of BSI regulation by NS1 PDZ-bm may not be restricted to PR8 IAV. These results demonstrate that the NS1 C-terminal PDZ-bm, like the one present in PR8 IAV, is involved in controlling susceptibility to BSI through the regulation of IFN-β, providing new mechanisms for NS1-mediated manipulation of host immunity and BSI severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Shepardson
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Kyle Larson
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Hanbyul Cho
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Laura Logan Johns
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Zeynep Malkoc
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Kayla Stanek
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Julia Wellhman
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Sarah Zaiser
- 2 Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Jaelyn Daggs-Olson
- 2 Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Travis Moodie
- 2 Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Joshua M Klonoski
- 2 Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Victor C Huber
- 2 Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Agnieszka Rynda-Apple
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
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17
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Asai N, Suematsu H, Sakanashi D, Kato H, Hagihara M, Watanabe H, Shiota A, Koizumi Y, Yamagishi Y, Mikamo H. A severe case of Streptococcal pyogenes empyema following influenza A infection. BMC Pulm Med 2019; 19:25. [PMID: 30691434 PMCID: PMC6350381 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-019-0787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Any immunological mechanisms induced by influenza virus could cause severe secondary bacterial superinfection such as those by Streptococcus pyogenes [group A streptococcus (GAS)], Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus. Over recent years, the frequency of pleural empyema has increased in children with influenza infection. We present a severe case of acute empyema caused by S.pyogenes after influenza A infection. CASE PRESENTATION A previously healthy 39-year old woman was diagnosed as influenza A and received oral Oseltamivir 75 mg twice daily for 5 days. She had no vaccination of influenza A. Although her influenza A infection improved, she complained of fever and cough to our institute. Chest radiography showed encapsulated pleural effusion of the left lung and pleural effusion which was consistent with acute empyema. Then, she was diagnosed as having acute empyema and was admitted to our institute. Streptococcus pyogenes was identified by pleural fluid culture on day 4. thus, MNZ was changed to clindamycin (CLDM) 600 mg three times a day. While thoracic drainage with intrapleural urokinase and combination antibiotic therapy of ceftriaxone and CLDM were performed, her general condition and chest radiographic findings were not improved. She received video-assisted thoracic debridement on day 10. After the operation, the antibiotic therapy was changed to ABPC 6 g daily iv. Due to good clinical course, the antibiotic therapy was switched to oral amoxicillin 500 mg three times daily on day 28. Then, she was discharged. CONCLUSION Influenza A virus infection could lead to severe GAS infection, while the latter can occur in otherwise healthy individual as well. Physician must consider the possibility of severe GAS infection after influenza A infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Asai
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suematsu
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakanashi
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideo Kato
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mao Hagihara
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan
| | - Arufumi Shiota
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Koizumi
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamagishi
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Mikamo
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan. .,Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan.
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18
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The Streptococcus pyogenes fibronectin/tenascin-binding protein PrtF.2 contributes to virulence in an influenza superinfection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12126. [PMID: 30108238 PMCID: PMC6092322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) and Streptococcus pyogenes (the group A Streptococcus; GAS) are important contributors to viral-bacterial superinfections, which result from incompletely defined mechanisms. We identified changes in gene expression following IAV infection of A549 cells. Changes included an increase in transcripts encoding proteins with fibronectin-type III (FnIII) domains, such as fibronectin (Fn), tenascin N (TNN), and tenascin C (TNC). We tested the idea that increased expression of TNC may affect the outcome of an IAV-GAS superinfection. To do so, we created a GAS strain that lacked the Fn-binding protein PrtF.2. We found that the wild-type GAS strain, but not the mutant, co-localized with TNC and bound to purified TNC. In addition, adherence of the wild-type strain to IAV-infected A549 cells was greater compared to the prtF.2 mutant. The wild-type strain was also more abundant in the lungs of mice 24 hours after superinfection compared to the mutant strain. Finally, all mice infected with IAV and the prtF.2 mutant strain survived superinfection compared to only 42% infected with IAV and the parental GAS strain, indicating that PrtF.2 contributes to virulence in a murine model of IAV-GAS superinfection.
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19
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Klonoski JM, Watson T, Bickett TE, Svendsen JM, Gau TJ, Britt A, Nelson JT, Schlenker EH, Chaussee MS, Rynda-Apple A, Huber VC. Contributions of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin and Host Immune Responses Toward the Severity of Influenza Virus: Streptococcus pyogenes Superinfections. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:457-469. [PMID: 29870311 PMCID: PMC6043403 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections can be complicated by bacterial superinfections, which are medically relevant because of a complex interaction between the host, the virus, and the bacteria. Studies to date have implicated several influenza virus genes, varied host immune responses, and bacterial virulence factors, however, the host-pathogen interactions that predict survival versus lethal outcomes remain undefined. Previous work by our group showed that certain influenza viruses could yield a survival phenotype (A/swine/Texas/4199-2/98-H3N2, TX98), whereas others were associated with a lethal phenotype (A/Puerto Rico/8/34-H1N1, PR8). Based on this observation, we developed the hypothesis that individual influenza virus genes could contribute to a superinfection, and that the host response after influenza virus infection could influence superinfection severity. The present study analyzes individual influenza virus gene contributions to superinfection severity using reassortant viruses created using TX98 and PR8 viral genes. Host and pathogen interactions, relevant to survival and lethal phenotypes, were studied with a focus on pathogen clearance, host cellular infiltrates, and cytokine levels after infection. Specifically, we found that the hemagglutinin gene expressed by an influenza virus can contribute to the severity of a secondary bacterial infection, likely through modulation of host proinflammatory responses. Altogether, these results advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying influenza virus-bacteria superinfections and identify viral and corresponding host factors that may contribute to morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Klonoski
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Trevor Watson
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Thomas E. Bickett
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Joshua M. Svendsen
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Tonia J. Gau
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Alexandra Britt
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Jeff T. Nelson
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Evelyn H. Schlenker
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Michael S. Chaussee
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Agnieszka Rynda-Apple
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Victor C. Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
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20
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Okamoto S, Nagase S. Pathogenic mechanisms of invasive group AStreptococcusinfections by influenza virus-group AStreptococcussuperinfection. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:141-149. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigefumi Okamoto
- Department of Laboratory Sciences; Faculty of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University; 5-11-80 Kodatsuno Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-0942 Japan
- Wellness Promotion Science Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa University; 5-11-80 Kodatsuno Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-0942 Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagase
- Department of Laboratory Sciences; Faculty of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University; 5-11-80 Kodatsuno Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-0942 Japan
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21
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Siemens N, Oehmcke-Hecht S, Mettenleiter TC, Kreikemeyer B, Valentin-Weigand P, Hammerschmidt S. Port d'Entrée for Respiratory Infections - Does the Influenza A Virus Pave the Way for Bacteria? Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2602. [PMID: 29312268 PMCID: PMC5742597 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and viral co-infections of the respiratory tract are life-threatening and present a global burden to the global community. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes are frequent colonizers of the upper respiratory tract. Imbalances through acquisition of seasonal viruses, e.g., Influenza A virus, can lead to bacterial dissemination to the lower respiratory tract, which in turn can result in severe pneumonia. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about bacterial and viral co-infections of the respiratory tract and focus on potential experimental models suitable for mimicking this disease. Transmission of IAV and pneumonia is mainly modeled by mouse infection. Few studies utilizing ferrets, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and non-human primates are also available. The knowledge gained from these studies led to important discoveries and advances in understanding these infectious diseases. Nevertheless, mouse and other infection models have limitations, especially in translation of the discoveries to humans. Here, we suggest the use of human engineered lung tissue, human ex vivo lung tissue, and porcine models to study respiratory co-infections, which might contribute to a greater translation of the results to humans and improve both, animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Siemens
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sonja Oehmcke-Hecht
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Center for Infection Medicine, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Smith AM, Huber VC. The Unexpected Impact of Vaccines on Secondary Bacterial Infections Following Influenza. Viral Immunol 2017; 31:159-173. [PMID: 29148920 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections remain a significant health burden worldwide, despite available vaccines. Factors that contribute to this include a lack of broad coverage by current vaccines and continual emergence of novel virus strains. Further complicating matters, when influenza viruses infect a host, severe infections can develop when bacterial pathogens invade. Secondary bacterial infections (SBIs) contribute to a significant proportion of influenza-related mortality, with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Haemophilus influenzae as major coinfecting pathogens. Vaccines against bacterial pathogens can reduce coinfection incidence and severity, but few vaccines are available and those that are, may have decreased efficacy in influenza virus-infected hosts. While some studies indicate a benefit of vaccine-induced immunity in providing protection against SBIs, a comprehensive understanding is lacking. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of viral and bacterial vaccine availability, the generation of protective immunity from these vaccines, and the effectiveness in limiting influenza-associated bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Smith
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Victor C Huber
- 2 Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota , Vermillion, South Dakota
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Herrera AL, Suso K, Allison S, Simon A, Schlenker E, Huber VC, Chaussee MS. Binding host proteins to the M protein contributes to the mortality associated with influenza- Streptococcus pyogenes superinfections. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1445-1456. [PMID: 28942759 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The mortality associated with influenza A virus (IAV) is often due to the development of secondary bacterial infections known as superinfections. The group A streptococcus (GAS) is a relatively uncommon cause of IAV superinfections, but the mortality of these infections is high. We used a murine model to determine whether the surface-localized GAS M protein contributes to the outcome of IAV-GAS superinfections. A comparison between wild-type GAS and an M protein mutant strain (emm3) showed that the M3 protein was essential to virulence. To determine whether the binding, or recruitment, of host proteins to the bacterial surface contributed to virulence, GAS was suspended with BALF collected from mice that had recovered from a sub-lethal infection with IAV. Following intranasal inoculation of naïve mice, the mortality associated with the wild-type strain, but not the emm3 mutant strain, was greater compared to mice inoculated with GAS suspended with either BALF from uninfected mice or PBS. Further analyses showed that both albumin and fibrinogen (Fg) were more abundant in the respiratory tract 8 days after IAV infection, that M3 bound both proteins to the bacterial surface, and that suspension of GAS with either protein increased GAS virulence in the absence of antecedent IAV infection. Overall, the results showed that M3 is essential to the virulence of GAS in an IAV superinfection and suggested that increased abundance of albumin and Fg in the respiratory tract following IAV infection enhanced host susceptibility to secondary GAS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Herrera
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Kuta Suso
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Stephanie Allison
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Abby Simon
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Evelyn Schlenker
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Victor C Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Michael S Chaussee
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
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Peripheral Leukocyte Migration in Ferrets in Response to Infection with Seasonal Influenza Virus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157903. [PMID: 27315117 PMCID: PMC4912066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to better understand inflammation associated with influenza virus infection, we measured cell trafficking, via flow cytometry, to various tissues in the ferret model following infection with an A(H3N2) human seasonal influenza virus (A/Perth/16/2009). Changes in immune cells were observed in the blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and spleen, as well as lymph nodes associated with the site of infection or distant from the respiratory system. Nevertheless clinical symptoms were mild, with circulating leukocytes exhibiting rapid, dynamic, and profound changes in response to infection. Each of the biological compartments examined responded differently to influenza infection. Two days after infection, when infected ferrets showed peak fever, a marked, transient lymphopenia and granulocytosis were apparent in all infected animals. Both draining and distal lymph nodes demonstrated significant accumulation of T cells, B cells, and granulocytes at days 2 and 5 post-infection. CD8+ T cells significantly increased in spleen at days 2 and 5 post-infection; CD4+ T cells, B cells and granulocytes significantly increased at day 5. We interpret our findings as showing that lymphocytes exit the peripheral blood and differentially home to lymph nodes and tissues based on cell type and proximity to the site of infection. Monitoring leukocyte homing and trafficking will aid in providing a more detailed view of the inflammatory impact of influenza virus infection.
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Shah NS, Greenberg JA, McNulty MC, Gregg KS, Riddell J, Mangino JE, Weber DM, Hebert CL, Marzec NS, Barron MA, Chaparro-Rojas F, Restrepo A, Hemmige V, Prasidthrathsint K, Cobb S, Herwaldt L, Raabe V, Cannavino CR, Hines AG, Bares SH, Antiporta PB, Scardina T, Patel U, Reid G, Mohazabnia P, Kachhdiya S, Le BM, Park CJ, Ostrowsky B, Robicsek A, Smith BA, Schied J, Bhatti MM, Mayer S, Sikka M, Murphy-Aguilu I, Patwari P, Abeles SR, Torriani FJ, Abbas Z, Toya S, Doktor K, Chakrabarti A, Doblecki-Lewis S, Looney DJ, David MZ. Bacterial and viral co-infections complicating severe influenza: Incidence and impact among 507 U.S. patients, 2013-14. J Clin Virol 2016; 80:12-9. [PMID: 27130980 PMCID: PMC7185824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
22.5% of adult patients with H1N1 developed bacterial co-infection. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common cause of co-infection. Bacterial and viral co-infections were associated with death in bivariate. Patients with a bacterial co-infection had greater use of resources.
Background Influenza acts synergistically with bacterial co-pathogens. Few studies have described co-infection in a large cohort with severe influenza infection. Objectives To describe the spectrum and clinical impact of co-infections. Study design Retrospective cohort study of patients with severe influenza infection from September 2013 through April 2014 in intensive care units at 33 U.S. hospitals comparing characteristics of cases with and without co-infection in bivariable and multivariable analysis. Results Of 507 adult and pediatric patients, 114 (22.5%) developed bacterial co-infection and 23 (4.5%) developed viral co-infection. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common cause of co-infection, isolated in 47 (9.3%) patients. Characteristics independently associated with the development of bacterial co-infection of adult patients in a logistic regression model included the absence of cardiovascular disease (OR 0.41 [0.23–0.73], p = 0.003), leukocytosis (>11 K/μl, OR 3.7 [2.2–6.2], p < 0.001; reference: normal WBC 3.5–11 K/μl) at ICU admission and a higher ICU admission SOFA score (for each increase by 1 in SOFA score, OR 1.1 [1.0–1.2], p = 0.001). Bacterial co-infections (OR 2.2 [1.4–3.6], p = 0.001) and viral co-infections (OR 3.1 [1.3–7.4], p = 0.010) were both associated with death in bivariable analysis. Patients with a bacterial co-infection had a longer hospital stay, a longer ICU stay and were likely to have had a greater delay in the initiation of antiviral administration than patients without co-infection (p < 0.05) in bivariable analysis. Conclusions Bacterial co-infections were common, resulted in delay of antiviral therapy and were associated with increased resource allocation and higher mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirav S Shah
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Jared A Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Moira C McNulty
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kevin S Gregg
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - James Riddell
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Julie E Mangino
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Devin M Weber
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Courtney L Hebert
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Natalie S Marzec
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Michelle A Barron
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | | | - Alejandro Restrepo
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vagish Hemmige
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Sandra Cobb
- Department of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Loreen Herwaldt
- Department of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Vanessa Raabe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Christopher R Cannavino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Green Hines
- Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Sara H Bares
- Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Philip B Antiporta
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Edward Hines VA Hospital, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Tonya Scardina
- Department of Pharmacy, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Ursula Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Edward Hines VA Hospital, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Gail Reid
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Edward Hines VA Hospital, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Parvin Mohazabnia
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Suresh Kachhdiya
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Binh-Minh Le
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Connie J Park
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Belinda Ostrowsky
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ari Robicsek
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Northshore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Becky A Smith
- Department of Medicine, Northshore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Jeanmarie Schied
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Micah M Bhatti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stockton Mayer
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Monica Sikka
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ivette Murphy-Aguilu
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Priti Patwari
- Department of Medicine, Community Care Networks, Inc., Munster, IN, United States
| | - Shira R Abeles
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Francesca J Torriani
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Zainab Abbas
- Department of Medicine, Methodist Hospitals, Merrillville, IN, United States
| | - Sophie Toya
- Department of Medicine, Methodist Hospitals, Merrillville, IN, United States
| | - Katherine Doktor
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami/Jackson Health System, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anindita Chakrabarti
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami/Jackson Health System, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Susanne Doblecki-Lewis
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami/Jackson Health System, Miami, FL, United States
| | - David J Looney
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego/University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michael Z David
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Herrera AL, Huber VC, Chaussee MS. The Association between Invasive Group A Streptococcal Diseases and Viral Respiratory Tract Infections. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:342. [PMID: 27047460 PMCID: PMC4800185 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections of the upper respiratory tract are associated with a variety of invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, the group A streptococcus, including pneumonia, necrotizing fasciitis, toxic shock syndrome, and bacteremia. While these polymicrobial infections, or superinfections, are complex, progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of disease. Areas of investigation have included the characterization of virus-induced changes in innate immunity, differences in bacterial adherence and internalization following viral infection, and the efficacy of vaccines in mitigating the morbidity and mortality of superinfections. Here, we briefly summarize viral-S. pyogenes superinfections with an emphasis on those affiliated with influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Herrera
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Victor C Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Michael S Chaussee
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota Vermillion, SD, USA
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McCormick K, Jiang Z, Zhu L, Lawson SR, Langenhorst R, Ransburgh R, Brunick C, Tracy MC, Hurtig HR, Mabee LM, Mingo M, Li Y, Webby RJ, Huber VC, Fang Y. Construction and Immunogenicity Evaluation of Recombinant Influenza A Viruses Containing Chimeric Hemagglutinin Genes Derived from Genetically Divergent Influenza A H1N1 Subtype Viruses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127649. [PMID: 26061265 PMCID: PMC4465703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Influenza A viruses cause highly contagious diseases in a variety of hosts, including humans and pigs. To develop a vaccine that can be broadly effective against genetically divergent strains of the virus, in this study we employed molecular breeding (DNA shuffling) technology to create a panel of chimeric HA genes. METHODS AND RESULTS Each chimeric HA gene contained genetic elements from parental swine influenza A viruses that had a history of zoonotic transmission, and also from a 2009 pandemic virus. Each parental virus represents a major phylogenetic clade of influenza A H1N1 viruses. Nine shuffled HA constructs were initially screened for immunogenicity in mice by DNA immunization, and one chimeric HA (HA-129) was expressed on both a A/Puerto Rico/8/34 backbone with mutations associated with a live, attenuated phenotype (PR8LAIV-129) and a A/swine/Texas/4199-2/98 backbone (TX98-129). When delivered to mice, the PR8LAIV-129 induced antibodies against all four parental viruses, which was similar to the breadth of immunity observed when HA-129 was delivered as a DNA vaccine. This chimeric HA was then tested as a candidate vaccine in a nursery pig model, using inactivated TX98-129 virus as the backbone. The results demonstrate that pigs immunized with HA-129 developed antibodies against all four parental viruses, as well as additional primary swine H1N1 influenza virus field isolates. CONCLUSION This study established a platform for creating novel genes of influenza viruses using a molecular breeding approach, which will have important applications toward future development of broadly protective influenza virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara McCormick
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, United States of America
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States of America
| | - Longchao Zhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Lawson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States of America
| | - Robert Langenhorst
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States of America
| | - Russell Ransburgh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States of America
| | - Colin Brunick
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, United States of America
| | - Miranda C. Tracy
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, United States of America
| | - Heather R. Hurtig
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, United States of America
| | - Leah M. Mabee
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, United States of America
| | - Mark Mingo
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, United States of America
| | - Yanhua Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, United States of America
| | - Victor C. Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, United States of America
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States of America
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HAMADA S, KAWABATA S, NAKAGAWA I. Molecular and genomic characterization of pathogenic traits of group A Streptococcus pyogenes. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2015; 91:539-59. [PMID: 26666305 PMCID: PMC4773581 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.91.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (GAS) or Streptococcus pyogenes causes various diseases ranging from self-limiting sore throat to deadly invasive diseases. The genome size of GAS is 1.85-1.9 Mb, and genomic rearrangement has been demonstrated. GAS possesses various surface-associated substances such as hyaluronic capsule, M proteins, and fibronectin/laminin/immunoglobulin-binding proteins. These are related to the virulence and play multifaceted and mutually reflected roles in the pathogenesis of GAS infections. Invasion of GAS into epithelial cells and deeper tissues provokes immune and non-immune defense or inflammatory responses including the recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells in hosts. GAS frequently evades host defense mechanisms by using its virulence factors. Extracellular products of GAS may perturb cellular and subcellular functions and degrade tissues enzymatically, which leads to the aggravation of local and/or systemic disorders in the host. In this review, we summarize some important cellular and extracellular substances that may affect pathogenic processes during GAS infections, and the host responses to these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki HAMADA
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Japan-Thailand Collaboration Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infections, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: S. Hamada, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Shigetada KAWABATA
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichiro NAKAGAWA
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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29
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Campigotto A, Mubareka S. Influenza-associated bacterial pneumonia; managing and controlling infection on two fronts. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 13:55-68. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.981156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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A bivalent vaccine based on a replication-incompetent influenza virus protects against Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza virus infection. J Virol 2014; 88:13410-7. [PMID: 25210171 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01205-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major causative pathogen in community-acquired pneumonia; together with influenza virus, it represents an important public health burden. Although vaccination is the most effective prophylaxis against these infectious agents, no single vaccine simultaneously provides protective immunity against both S. pneumoniae and influenza virus. Previously, we demonstrated that several replication-incompetent influenza viruses efficiently elicit IgG in serum and IgA in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Here, we generated a replication-incompetent hemagglutinin knockout (HA-KO) influenza virus possessing the sequence for the antigenic region of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA). Although this virus (HA-KO/PspA virus) could replicate only in an HA-expressing cell line, it infected wild-type cells and expressed both viral proteins and PspA. PspA- and influenza virus-specific antibodies were detected in nasal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and in sera from mice intranasally inoculated with HA-KO/PspA virus, and mice inoculated with HA-KO/PspA virus were completely protected from lethal challenge with either S. pneumoniae or influenza virus. Further, bacterial colonization of the nasopharynx was prevented in mice immunized with HA-KO/PspA virus. These results indicate that HA-KO/PspA virus is a promising bivalent vaccine candidate that simultaneously confers protective immunity against both S. pneumoniae and influenza virus. We believe that this strategy offers a platform for the development of bivalent vaccines, based on replication-incompetent influenza virus, against pathogens that cause respiratory infectious diseases. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza viruses cause contagious diseases, but no single vaccine can simultaneously provide protective immunity against both pathogens. Here, we used reverse genetics to generate a replication-incompetent influenza virus carrying the sequence for the antigenic region of pneumococcal surface protein A and demonstrated that mice immunized with this virus were completely protected from lethal doses of infection with either influenza virus or Streptococcus pneumoniae. We believe that this strategy, which is based on a replication-incompetent influenza virus possessing the antigenic region of other respiratory pathogens, offers a platform for the development of bivalent vaccines.
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31
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Klonoski JM, Hurtig HR, Juber BA, Schuneman MJ, Bickett TE, Svendsen JM, Burum B, Penfound TA, Sereda G, Dale JB, Chaussee MS, Huber VC. Vaccination against the M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes prevents death after influenza virus: S. pyogenes super-infection. Vaccine 2014; 32:5241-9. [PMID: 25077423 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infections are associated with a significant number of illnesses and deaths on an annual basis. Many of the deaths are due to complications from secondary bacterial invaders, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pyogenes. The β-hemolytic bacteria S. pyogenes colonizes both skin and respiratory surfaces, and frequently presents clinically as strep throat or impetigo. However, when these bacteria gain access to normally sterile sites, they can cause deadly diseases including sepsis, necrotizing fasciitis, and pneumonia. We previously developed a model of influenza virus:S. pyogenes super-infection, which we used to demonstrate that vaccination against influenza virus can limit deaths associated with a secondary bacterial infection, but this protection was not complete. In the current study, we evaluated the efficacy of a vaccine that targets the M protein of S. pyogenes to determine whether immunity toward the bacteria alone would allow the host to survive an influenza virus:S. pyogenes super-infection. Our data demonstrate that vaccination against the M protein induces IgG antibodies, in particular those of the IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes, and that these antibodies can interact with macrophages. Ultimately, this vaccine-induced immunity eliminated death within our influenza virus:S. pyogenes super-infection model, despite the fact that all M protein-vaccinated mice showed signs of illness following influenza virus inoculation. These findings identify immunity against bacteria as an important component of protection against influenza virus:bacteria super-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Klonoski
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Heather R Hurtig
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Brian A Juber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Margaret J Schuneman
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Thomas E Bickett
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Joshua M Svendsen
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Brandon Burum
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Thomas A Penfound
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center Research Service, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Grigoriy Sereda
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - James B Dale
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center Research Service, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Michael S Chaussee
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Victor C Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States.
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Compans RW, Oldstone MBA. Secondary bacterial infections in influenza virus infection pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 385:327-56. [PMID: 25027822 PMCID: PMC7122299 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is often complicated by bacterial pathogens that colonize the nasopharynx and invade the middle ear and/or lung epithelium. Incidence and pathogenicity of influenza-bacterial coinfections are multifactorial processes that involve various pathogenic virulence factors and host responses with distinct site- and strain-specific differences. Animal models and kinetic models have improved our understanding of how influenza viruses interact with their bacterial co-pathogens and the accompanying immune responses. Data from these models indicate that considerable alterations in epithelial surfaces and aberrant immune responses lead to severe inflammation, a key driver of bacterial acquisition and infection severity following influenza. However, further experimental and analytical studies are essential to determining the full mechanistic spectrum of different viral and bacterial strains and species and to finding new ways to prevent and treat influenza-associated bacterial coinfections. Here, we review recent advances regarding transmission and disease potential of influenza-associated bacterial infections and discuss the current gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W. Compans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia USA
| | - Michael B. A. Oldstone
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California USA
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Music N, Reber AJ, Lipatov AS, Kamal RP, Blanchfield K, Wilson JR, Donis RO, Katz JM, York IA. Influenza vaccination accelerates recovery of ferrets from lymphopenia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100926. [PMID: 24968319 PMCID: PMC4072694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferrets are a useful animal model for human influenza virus infections, since they closely mimic the pathogenesis of influenza viruses observed in humans. However, a lack of reagents, especially for flow cytometry of immune cell subsets, has limited research in this model. Here we use a panel of primarily species cross-reactive antibodies to identify ferret T cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), B cells, and granulocytes in peripheral blood. Following infection with seasonal H3N2 or H1N1pdm09 influenza viruses, these cell types showed rapid and dramatic changes in frequency, even though clinically the infections were mild. The loss of B cells and CD4 and CD8 T cells, and the increase in neutrophils, were especially marked 1–2 days after infection, when about 90% of CD8+ T cells disappeared from the peripheral blood. The different virus strains led to different kinetics of leukocyte subset alterations. Vaccination with homologous vaccine reduced clinical symptoms slightly, but led to a much more rapid return to normal leukocyte parameters. Assessment of clinical symptoms may underestimate the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in restoring homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedzad Music
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Adrian J. Reber
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aleksandr S. Lipatov
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ram P. Kamal
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kristy Blanchfield
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Wilson
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ruben O. Donis
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M. Katz
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ian A. York
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
As the threat of exposure to emerging and reemerging viruses within a naive population increases, it is vital that the basic mechanisms of pathogenesis and immune response be thoroughly investigated. By using animal models in this endeavor, the response to viruses can be studied in a more natural context to identify novel drug targets, and assess the efficacy and safety of new products. This is especially true in the advent of the Food and Drug Administration's animal rule. Although no one animal model is able to recapitulate all the aspects of human disease, understanding the current limitations allows for a more targeted experimental design. Important facets to be considered before an animal study are the route of challenge, species of animals, biomarkers of disease, and a humane endpoint. This chapter covers the current animal models for medically important human viruses, and demonstrates where the gaps in knowledge exist.
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McCullers JA. Do specific virus-bacteria pairings drive clinical outcomes of pneumonia? Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 19:113-8. [PMID: 23231363 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia is a common contributor to severe outcomes of influenza. Epidemiological data suggest that the incidence, severity and associated bacterial pathogens differ between epidemics and by geographical location within epidemics. Data from animal models demonstrate that differences in both viral and bacterial strains alter the incidence and outcomes of pneumonia. For influenza viruses, evolutionary changes to specific virulence factors appear to alter the ability of viruses within particular lineages to prime the host for secondary bacterial infection. Although bacterial strains differ considerably in disease potential in the setting of viral co-infection, the bacterial virulence factors underlying this finding are currently unknown. The hypothesis that geographical variation exists in the prevalence of bacterial strains expressing factors that enable efficient disease potentiation during viral epidemics should be considered as one explanation for regional differences in severity. This would have implications for surveillance, vaccine development, and the conduct of clinical trials for the prevention or treatment of pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A McCullers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA.
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Wong SS, Yuen KY. Streptococcus pyogenes and re-emergence of scarlet fever as a public health problem. Emerg Microbes Infect 2012; 1:e2. [PMID: 26038416 PMCID: PMC3630912 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2012.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Explosive outbreaks of infectious diseases occasionally occur without immediately obvious epidemiological or microbiological explanations. Plague, cholera and Streptococcus pyogenes infection are some of the epidemic-prone bacterial infections. Besides epidemiological and conventional microbiological methods, the next-generation gene sequencing technology permits prompt detection of genomic and transcriptomic profiles associated with invasive phenotypes. Horizontal gene transfer due to mobile genetic elements carrying virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance, or mutations associated with the two component CovRS operon are important bacterial factors conferring survival advantage or invasiveness. The high incidence of scarlet fever in children less than 10 years old suggests that the lack of protective immunity is an important host factor. A high population density, overcrowded living environment and a low yearly rainfall are environmental factors contributing to outbreak development. Inappropriate antibiotic use is not only ineffective for treatment, but may actually drive an epidemic caused by drug-resistant strains and worsen patient outcomes by increasing the bacterial density at the site of infection and inducing toxin production. Surveillance of severe S. pyogenes infection is important because it can complicate concurrent chickenpox and influenza. Concomitant outbreaks of these two latter infections with a highly virulent and drug-resistant S. pyogenes strain can be disastrous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Sy Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Research Centre for Infection and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Research Centre for Infection and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
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Naturally occurring swine influenza A virus PB1-F2 phenotypes that contribute to superinfection with Gram-positive respiratory pathogens. J Virol 2012; 86:9035-43. [PMID: 22674997 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00369-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of viral, bacterial, and host factors contributes to the severity and overall mortality associated with influenza virus-bacterium superinfections. To date, the virulence associated with the recently identified influenza virus protein PB1-F2 has been largely defined using models of primary influenza virus infection, with only limited assessment in models of Streptococcus pneumoniae superinfection. Specifically, these studies have incorporated isogenic viruses that differ in the PB1-F2 expressed, but there is still knowledge to be gained from evaluation of natural variants derived from a nonhuman host species (swine). Using this rationale, we developed the hypothesis that naturally occurring viruses expressing variants of genes, like the PB1-F2 gene, can be associated with the severity of secondary bacterial infections. To test this hypothesis, we selected viruses expressing variants in PB1-F2 and evaluated outcomes from superinfection with three distinct Gram-positive respiratory pathogens: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Our results demonstrate that the amino acid residues 62L, 66S, 75R, 79R, and 82L, previously proposed as molecular signatures of PB1-F2 virulence for influenza viruses in the setting of bacterial superinfection, are broadly associated with enhanced pathogenicity in swine in a bacterium-specific manner. Furthermore, truncated PB1-F2 proteins can preferentially increase mortality when associated with Streptococcus pyogenes superinfection. These findings support efforts to increase influenza virus surveillance to consider viral genotypes that could be used to predict increased severity of superinfections with specific Gram-positive respiratory pathogens.
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McCullers JA, Huber VC. Correlates of vaccine protection from influenza and its complications. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:34-44. [PMID: 22252001 DOI: 10.4161/hv.8.1.18214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite use of influenza vaccines for more than 65 y, influenza and its complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Most deaths during influenza virus infections are due to underlying co-morbidities or secondary bacterial pneumonia. The measures of immune response currently used for licensure of influenza vaccines are relevant mainly for protection from viral infection in healthy adults. Development of new or improved influenza vaccines will require a definition of novel, and specific correlates of protection. These correlates should associate immune responses with outcomes that are relevant to specific risk groups, such as asthma exacerbation, hospitalization or disruptions to care or daily activities. Assessment of vaccine effectiveness for both viral and bacterial vaccines should include measures of impact on secondary bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A McCullers
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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