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Zhao SY, Li N, Luo WY, Zhang NN, Zhou RY, Li CY, Wang J. Chemical synthesis and antigenic activity of a phosphatidylinositol mannoside epitope from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14067-14070. [PMID: 33104149 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05573e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) have been investigated as lipidic antigens for a new subunit tuberculosis vaccine. A non-natural diacylated phosphatidylinositol mannoside (Ac2PIM2) was designed and synthesized by mimicking the natural PIM6 processing procedure in dentritic cells. This synthetic Ac2PIM2 was achieved from α-methyl d-glucopyranoside 1 in 17 steps in 2.5% overall yield. A key feature of the strategy was extending the use of the chiral myo-inositol building block A to the O-2 and O-6 positions of the inositol unit to allow for introducing the mannose building blocks B1 and B2, and to the O-1 position for the phosphoglycerol building block C. Building block A, being a flexible core unit, may facilitate future access to other higher-order PIM analogues. A preliminary antigenic study showed that the synthetic PIM epitope (Ac2PIM2) was significantly more active than natural Ac2PIM2, which indicated that the synthetic Ac2PIM2 can be strongly immunoactive and may be developed as a potential vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Hope Avenue South Road No. 2, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Na Li
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Hope Avenue South Road No. 2, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Wan-Yue Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Hope Avenue South Road No. 2, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Nan-Nan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Hope Avenue South Road No. 2, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Rong-Ye Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Hope Avenue South Road No. 2, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Chen-Yu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Hope Avenue South Road No. 2, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Hope Avenue South Road No. 2, Yancheng, 224007, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China. and Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France and CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
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Pathogen associated molecular pattern-decorated mesoporous silica-A colloidal model for studying bacterial-host cell interactions. Biointerphases 2020; 15:041003. [PMID: 32668909 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the top infectious disease worldwide and the development of a vaccine and diagnostic tools to control the disease is a priority that requires a better understanding of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the infectious agent. It is known that bacterial cell surface components are released, interact with immune cell receptors, and may traffic toward host cell structures. Many of these compounds are lipids that have been associated with mycobacterial virulence. However, their hydrophobic nature has frequently hampered their biological study. In this work, silica particles were coated with functional lipids to obtain a colloidal bioinspired system based on nonhydrosoluble glycolipids. Mycobacterium tuberculosis phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs), known to interact with receptors of innate immune cells, were purified from the M. tuberculosis H37Rv type strain, and used to prepare large unilamellar liposomes in combination with zwitterionic phosphatidyl choline. Then, bacillary-like Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 (SBA-15) silica particles were cationized and the vesicle fusion method was used to promote the attachment of anionic PIM-containing lipid bilayers. Thermogravimetric analysis, x-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and zeta potential analyses were used to characterize the materials obtained. The as-prepared PIM-containing colloids, named PIM@SBA-15, showed biocompatibility toward human fibroblasts and were found to colocalize with Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 upon their incubation with THP1-derived macrophages. Furthermore, the particles induced the formation of pseudopods and were internalized into phagocytic cells. In all, these data suggest the usefulness of PIM@SBA-15 particles to better comprehend the interactions between immune cells and PIMs.
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Recognition of Mycobacteria by Dendritic Cell Immunoactivating Receptor. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2020. [PMID: 32300915 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteria have unique lipids on their cell walls, and the structures and physiological activities of these lipid components have been the subject of many studies. Although the host receptors for mycobacterial lipid have long been elusive, in recent years C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) have been reported to recognize these components. The dendritic cell immunoactivating receptor (DCAR), a CLR member, is encoded by Clec4b1. DCAR, which was identified in 2003, is reported to be associated with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing adaptor protein, the Fc receptor γ chain (FcRγ). However, its physiological ligand and biological function were unknown. We recently identified DCAR as an activating receptor for mycobacteria. DCAR recognizes acylated phosphatidyl-inositol mannosides (PIMs) in mycobacteria to promote Th1 responses during mycobacterial infection. This review summarizes recent discoveries about the ligands and immunological roles of DCAR.
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Nanomaterials and nanocomposite applications in veterinary medicine. MULTIFUNCTIONAL HYBRID NANOMATERIALS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRI-FOOD AND ECOSYSTEMS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7252256 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821354-4.00024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, nanotechnology has made huge, significant advancements in biotechnology and biomedicine related to human and animal science, including increasing health safety, production, and the elevation of national income. There are various fields of nanomaterial applications in veterinary medicine such as efficient diagnostic and therapeutic tools, drug delivery, animal nutrition, breeding and reproduction, and valuable additives. Additional benefits include the detection of pathogens, protein, biological molecules, antimicrobial agents, feeding additives, nutrient delivery, and reproductive aids. There are many nanomaterials and nanocomposites that can be used in nanomedicine such as metal nanoparticles, liposomes, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots. In the near future, nanotechnology research will have the ability to produce novel tools for improving animal health and production. Therefore, this chapter was undertaken to spotlight novel methods created by nanotechnology for application in the improvement of animal health and production. In addition, the toxicity of nanomaterials is fully discussed to avoid the suspected health hazards of toxicity for animal health safety.
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Microenvironment of Mycobacterium smegmatis Culture to Induce Cholesterol Consumption Does Cell Wall Remodeling and Enables the Formation of Granuloma-Like Structures. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1871239. [PMID: 31119154 PMCID: PMC6500705 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1871239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic species of mycobacteria are known to use the host cholesterol during lung infection as an alternative source of carbon and energy. Mycobacteria culture in minimal medium (MM) has been used as an in vitro experimental model to study the consumption of exogenous cholesterol. Once in MM, different species of mycobacteria start to consume the cholesterol and initiate transcriptional and metabolic adaptations, upregulating the enzymes of the methylcitrate cycle (MCC) and accumulating a variety of primary metabolites that are known to be important substrates for cell wall biosynthesis. We hypothesized that stressful pressure of cultures in MM is able to induce critical adaptation for the bacteria which win the infection. To identify important modifications in the biosynthesis of the cell wall, we cultured the fast-growing and nonpathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis in MM supplemented with or without glycerol and/or cholesterol. Different from the culture in complete medium Middlebrook 7H9 broth, the bacteria when cultured in MM decreased growth and changed in the accumulation of cell wall molecules. However, the supplementation of MM with glycerol and/or cholesterol recovered the accumulation of phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) and other phospholipids but maintained growth deceleration. The biosynthesis of lipomannan (LM) and of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) was significantly modulated after culture in MM, independently of glycerol and/or cholesterol supplementation, where LM size was decreased (LM13-25KDa) and LAM increased (LAM37-100KDa), when compared these molecules after bacteria culture in complete medium (LM17-25KDa and LAM37-50KDa). These changes modified the cell surface hydrophobicity and susceptibility against H2O2. The infection of J774 macrophages with M. smegmatis, after culture in MM, induced the formation of granuloma-like structures, while supplementation with cholesterol induced the highest rate of formation of these structures. Taken together, our results identify critical changes in mycobacterial cell wall molecules after culture in MM that induces cholesterol accumulation, helping the mycobacteria to increase their capacity to form granuloma-like structures.
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Sarmiento ME, Alvarez N, Chin KL, Bigi F, Tirado Y, García MA, Anis FZ, Norazmi MN, Acosta A. Tuberculosis vaccine candidates based on mycobacterial cell envelope components. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 115:26-41. [PMID: 30948174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Even after decades searching for a new and more effective vaccine against tuberculosis, the scientific community is still pursuing this goal due to the complexity of its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb is a microorganism with a robust variety of survival mechanisms that allow it to remain in the host for years. The structure and nature of the Mtb envelope play a leading role in its resistance and survival. Mtb has a perfect machinery that allows it to modulate the immune response in its favor and to adapt to the host's environmental conditions in order to remain alive until the moment to reactivate its normal growing state. Mtb cell envelope protein, carbohydrate and lipid components have been the subject of interest for developing new vaccines because most of them are responsible for the pathogenicity and virulence of the bacteria. Many indirect evidences, mainly derived from the use of monoclonal antibodies, support the potential protective role of Mtb envelope components. Subunit and DNA vaccines, lipid extracts, liposomes and membrane vesicle formulations are some examples of technologies used, with encouraging results, to evaluate the potential of these antigens in the protective response against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - N Alvarez
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research Institute, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - K L Chin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FPSK), Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Sabah, Malaysia
| | - F Bigi
- Institute of Biotechnology, INTA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Y Tirado
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, La Habana, Cuba
| | - M A García
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, La Habana, Cuba
| | - F Z Anis
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - M N Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - A Acosta
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Bai DP, Lin XY, Huang YF, Zhang XF. Theranostics Aspects of Various Nanoparticles in Veterinary Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113299. [PMID: 30352960 PMCID: PMC6274759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscience and nanotechnology shows immense interest in various areas of research and applications, including biotechnology, biomedical sciences, nanomedicine, and veterinary medicine. Studies and application of nanotechnology was explored very extensively in the human medical field and also studies undertaken in rodents extensively, still either studies or applications in veterinary medicine is not up to the level when compared to applications to human beings. The application in veterinary medicine and animal production is still relatively innovative. Recently, in the era of health care technologies, Veterinary Medicine also entered into a new phase and incredible transformations. Nanotechnology has tremendous and potential influence not only the way we live, but also on the way that we practice veterinary medicine and increase the safety of domestic animals, production, and income to the farmers through use of nanomaterials. The current status and advancements of nanotechnology is being used to enhance the animal growth promotion, and production. To achieve these, nanoparticles are used as alternative antimicrobial agents to overcome the usage alarming rate of antibiotics, detection of pathogenic bacteria, and also nanoparticles being used as drug delivery agents as new drug and vaccine candidates with improved characteristics and performance, diagnostic, therapeutic, feed additive, nutrient delivery, biocidal agents, reproductive aids, and finally to increase the quality of food using various kinds of functionalized nanoparticles, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, micellar nanoparticles, and metal nanoparticles. It seems that nanotechnology is ideal for veterinary applications in terms of cost and the availability of resources. The main focus of this review is describes some of the important current and future principal aspects of involvement of nanotechnology in Veterinary Medicine. However, we are not intended to cover the entire scenario of Veterinary Medicine, despite this review is to provide a glimpse at potential important targets of nanotechnology in the field of Veterinary Medicine. Considering the strong potential of the interaction between the nanotechnology and Veterinary Medicine, the aim of this review is to provide a concise description of the advances of nanotechnology in Veterinary Medicine, in terms of their potential application of various kinds of nanoparticles, secondly we discussed role of nanomaterials in animal health and production, and finally we discussed conclusion and future perspectives of nanotechnology in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Ping Bai
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xin-Yu Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yi-Fan Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xi-Feng Zhang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
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Colombo C, Pitirollo O, Lay L. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Glycoconjugates for Vaccine Development. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071712. [PMID: 30011851 PMCID: PMC6099631 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade there has been a growing interest in glycoimmunology, a relatively new research field dealing with the specific interactions of carbohydrates with the immune system. Pathogens’ cell surfaces are covered by a thick layer of oligo- and polysaccharides that are crucial virulence factors, as they mediate receptors binding on host cells for initial adhesion and organism invasion. Since in most cases these saccharide structures are uniquely exposed on the pathogen surface, they represent attractive targets for vaccine design. Polysaccharides isolated from cell walls of microorganisms and chemically conjugated to immunogenic proteins have been used as antigens for vaccine development for a range of infectious diseases. However, several challenges are associated with carbohydrate antigens purified from natural sources, such as their difficult characterization and heterogeneous composition. Consequently, glycoconjugates with chemically well-defined structures, that are able to confer highly reproducible biological properties and a better safety profile, are at the forefront of vaccine development. Following on from our previous review on the subject, in the present account we specifically focus on the most recent advances in the synthesis and preliminary immunological evaluation of next generation glycoconjugate vaccines designed to target bacterial and fungal infections that have been reported in the literature since 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Olimpia Pitirollo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Luigi Lay
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Toyonaga K, Torigoe S, Motomura Y, Kamichi T, Hayashi JM, Morita YS, Noguchi N, Chuma Y, Kiyohara H, Matsuo K, Tanaka H, Nakagawa Y, Sakuma T, Ohmuraya M, Yamamoto T, Umemura M, Matsuzaki G, Yoshikai Y, Yano I, Miyamoto T, Yamasaki S. C-Type Lectin Receptor DCAR Recognizes Mycobacterial Phosphatidyl-Inositol Mannosides to Promote a Th1 Response during Infection. Immunity 2016; 45:1245-1257. [PMID: 27887882 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidyl-inositol mannosides (PIM) are glycolipids unique to mycobacteria and other related bacteria that stimulate host immune responses and are implicated in mycobacteria pathogenicity. Here, we found that the FcRγ-coupled C-type lectin receptor DCAR (dendritic cell immunoactivating receptor; gene symbol Clec4b1) is a direct receptor for PIM. Mycobacteria activated reporter cells expressing DCAR, and delipidation of mycobacteria abolished this activity. Acylated PIMs purified from mycobacteria were identified as ligands for DCAR. DCAR was predominantly expressed in small peritoneal macrophages and monocyte-derived inflammatory cells in lungs and spleen. These cells produced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) upon PIM treatment, and absence of DCAR or FcRγ abrogated MCP-1 production. Upon mycobacterial infection, Clec4b1-deficient mice showed reduced numbers of monocyte-derived inflammatory cells at the infection site, impaired IFNγ production by T cells, and an increased bacterial load. Thus, DCAR is a critical receptor for PIM that functions to promote T cell responses against mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Toyonaga
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shota Torigoe
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Motomura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takane Kamichi
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jennifer M Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yasu S Morita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Naoto Noguchi
- Division of Host Defense, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nakagawa
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Masayuki Umemura
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, and Department of Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Goro Matsuzaki
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, and Department of Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Yoshikai
- Division of Host Defense, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ikuya Yano
- Japan BCG Laboratory, Kiyose 204-0022, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Miyamoto
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan.
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Marzabadi CH, Franck RW. Small-Molecule Carbohydrate-Based Immunostimulants. Chemistry 2016; 23:1728-1742. [PMID: 27385422 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss small-molecule, carbohydrate-based immunostimulants that target Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and cluster of differentiation 1D (CD1d) receptors. The design and use of these molecules in immunotherapy as well as results from their use in clinical trials are described. How these molecules work and their utilization as vaccine adjuvants are also discussed. Future applications and extensions for the use of these analogues as therapeutic agents will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia H Marzabadi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Ave., South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Richard W Franck
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Hunter College/CUNY, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
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Agger EM. Novel adjuvant formulations for delivery of anti-tuberculosis vaccine candidates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 102:73-82. [PMID: 26596558 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a new and improved vaccine against tuberculosis for controlling this disease that continues to pose a global health threat. The current research strategy is to replace the present BCG vaccine or boost BCG-immunity with subunit vaccines such as viral vectored- or protein-based vaccines. The use of recombinant proteins holds a number of production advantages including ease of scalability, but requires an adjuvant inducing cell-mediated immune responses. A number of promising novel adjuvant formulations have recently been designed and show evidence of induction of cellular immune responses in humans. A common trait of effective TB adjuvants including those already in current clinical testing is a two-component approach combining a delivery system with an appropriate immunomodulator. This review summarizes the status of current TB adjuvant research with a focus on the division of labor between delivery systems and immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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Highly purified mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol mannosides drive cell-mediated responses and activate NKT cells in cattle. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 22:178-84. [PMID: 25499010 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00638-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial lipids play an important role in the modulation of the immune response upon contact with the host. Using novel methods, we have isolated highly purified phosphatidylinositol mannoside (PIM) molecules (phosphatidylinositol dimannoside [PIM2], acylphosphatidylinositol dimannoside [AcPIM2], diacyl-phosphatidylinositol dimannoside [Ac2PIM2], acylphosphatidylinositol hexamannoside [AcPIM6], and diacylphosphatidylinositol hexamannoside [Ac2PIM6]) from virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis to assess their potential to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) responses in Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle. Of these molecules, one (AcPIM6) induced significant levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in bovine PBMCs. Three PIM molecules (AcPIM6, Ac2PIM2, and Ac2PIM6) were shown to drive significant proliferation in bovine PBMCs. AcPIM6 was subsequently used to phenotype the proliferating cells by flow cytometry. This analysis demonstrated that AcPIM6 was predominantly recognized by CD3(+) CD335(+) NKT cells. In conclusion, we have identified PIM lipid molecules that interact with bovine lymphocyte populations, and these lipids may be useful as future subunit vaccines or diagnostic reagents. Further, these data demonstrate, for the first time, lipid-specific NKT activation in cattle.
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Mycobacterial membrane vesicles administered systemically in mice induce a protective immune response to surface compartments of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio 2014; 5:e01921-14. [PMID: 25271291 PMCID: PMC4196239 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01921-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic and nonpathogenic species of bacteria and fungi release membrane vesicles (MV), containing proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids, into the extracellular milieu. Previously, we demonstrated that several mycobacterial species, including bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, release MV containing lipids and proteins that subvert host immune response in a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent manner (R. Prados-Rosales et al., J. Clin. Invest. 121:1471–1483, 2011, doi:10.1172/JCI44261). In this work, we analyzed the vaccine potential of MV in a mouse model and compared the effects of immunization with MV to those of standard BCG vaccination. Immunization with MV from BCG or M. tuberculosis elicited a mixed humoral and cellular response directed to both membrane and cell wall components, such as lipoproteins. However, only vaccination with M. tuberculosis MV was able to protect as well as live BCG immunization. M. tuberculosis MV boosted BCG vaccine efficacy. In summary, MV are highly immunogenic without adjuvants and elicit immune responses comparable to those achieved with BCG in protection against M. tuberculosis. This work offers a new vaccine approach against tuberculosis using mycobacterial MV. Mycobacterium MV are a naturally released product combining immunogenic antigens in the context of a lipid structure. The fact that MV do not need adjuvants and elicit protection comparable to that elicited by the BCG vaccine encourages vaccine approaches that combine protein antigens and lipids. Consequently, mycobacterium MV establish a new type of vaccine formulation.
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Hans S, Altiti A, Mootoo DR. Synthesis of the C-glycoside of α-(D)-mannose-(1 → 6)-(D)-myo-inositol. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 11:6952-9. [PMID: 24057020 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41337c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dimannosylatedinositol pseudotrisaccharide phospholipid of the lipoarabinomannan (LAM) component of the mycobacterial cell wall has attracted interest as a therapeutic target because of its uniqueness to mycobacteria, its assembly at an early stage in LAM biosynthesis and the immunological activity of oligosaccharides containing this subunit. Accordingly, analogues of this pseudotrisaccharide, α-d-mannose-(1 → 2)-α-d-mannose-(1 → 6)-d-myo-inositol are of interest as mechanistic probes and drug leads. C-glycosides are of special interest because of their hydrolytic stability and conformational differences compared to O-glycosides. Herein, as a prelude to C-glycoside analogues of this pseudotrisaccharide, we describe the synthesis of the C-glycoside of α-d-mannose-(1 → 6)-d-myo-inositol. The synthetic strategy centers on the elaboration of a C1-linked glycal-inositol, the glycone segment of which is assembled via an oxocarbenium ion cyclization on a thioacetal-enol ether precursor that originates from "glycone" and "aglycone" components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunej Hans
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Tuberculosis diagnosis using immunodominant, secreted antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2013; 93:381-8. [PMID: 23602700 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health concern in most low-income countries. Hence, rapid and sensitive TB diagnostics play an important role in detecting and preventing the disease. In addition to established diagnostic methods, several new approaches have been reported. Some techniques are simple but time-consuming, while others require complex instrumentation. One prominent and readily available approach is to detect proteins that Mycobacterium tuberculosis secretes, such as Mpt64, the 6-kDa early secreted antigenic target (Esat6), the 10-kDa culture filtrate protein (Cfp10), and the antigen 85 (Ag85) complex. Although their functions are not fully understood, a growing body of molecular evidence implicates them in M. tuberculosis virulence. Currently these biomarkers are either being used or investigated for use in skin patch tests, biosensor analyses, and immunochromatographic, immunohistochemical, polymerase chain reaction-based, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of the roles these immunodominant antigens play in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis and compares diagnostic methods based on the detection of these proteins with more established tests for TB.
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Regioselective glucosylation of inositols catalyzed by Thermoanaerobacter sp. CGTase. Carbohydr Res 2012; 360:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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